US Market Access Project - Horticulture Innovation Australia · 2018-12-19 · Hort Innovation –...

Final Report

US Market Access Project

Project leader:

Jill Houser

Delivery partner:

Australia Lychee Growers Association

Project code:

LY15001

Hort Innovation – Final Report

Project:

US Marketing Access Project – LY15001

Disclaimer:

Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (Hort Innovation) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in this Final Report.

Users of this Final Report should take independent action to confirm any information in this Final Report before relying on that information in any way.

Reliance on any information provided by Hort Innovation is entirely at your own risk. Hort Innovation is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from Hort Innovation or any other person’s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non‐use of the Final Report or from reliance on information contained in the Final Report or that Hort Innovation provides to you by any other means.

Funding statement:

This project has been funded by Hort Innovation, using the lychee research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower‐owned, not‐for‐profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture.

Publishing details:

ISBN 978 0 7341 4432 4

Published and distributed by: Hort Innovation

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Telephone: (02) 8295 2300

www.horticulture.com.au

© Copyright 2018 Horticulture Innovation Australia

Hort Innovation – Final Report: LY15001 – US Market Access Project

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Content Content 3 Summary 4 Public summary

Keywords 4 Introduction 5 Methodology 6 Outputs 6 Outcomes 7 Monitoring and evaluation 7 Recommendations 8 Refereed scientific publications 8 References 8 Intellectual property, commercialisation and confidentiality 8 Acknowledgements 9 Appendices 10


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Summary The Australian Lychee Industry is represented by the Australian Lychee Growers Association with the industry made up of approx 250 lychee orchards in Queensland and NSW. The bulk of the annual production is produced in the Northern Qld Tablelands, Central Qld and South East Qld. Australia is a commercial producer of lychee with current annual production ranging from 2,500 to 3,500 tonnes, depending on climatic & seasonal conditions. Grower numbers have reduced over the past 10 years although a number of existing growers have increased their plantings. Because of this the annual tonnage has not altered too dramatically.

Some of the advantages for lychee production in Australia are:

Well known and liked by those of Asian heritage

Limited seasonal competition for export markets, particularly during Chinese New Year

Speed to both domestic and export markets

Cool chain management

Superior varieties

The opportunity to export fresh Australian lychee to the US is relevant to all lychee growers, whether they took part in the 3 year Pilot Program or sold their produce on the domestic market. The bottom line of gaining more export markets for Australian Lychee is to increase the return to the grower. Australia can produce lychees counter seasonal to lychee produced in the US, which is a definite advantage. Small amounts of lychees are being exported into the US from other countries but majority of these imports are during the US season and are competing against each other. The US Export Market Access project is a result of the Australian Lychee industry gaining approval to export Lychees into the US. Access for Australia’s fresh lychees and mangoes was negotiated under the US‐Australia Free Trade Agreement. New market access to the US is an opportunity to take quality Australian produce to the rest of the world, building upon Australia’s reputation for high quality produce and bringing greater returns at the farm‐gate.

Keywords Lychee; Australia; USA; export; protocol; irradiation; quarantine; fresh lychee; production; tonnage; lychee pests


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Introduction The approval to export Australian Lychees into the continental United States with the exception of the State of Florida was announced in 2013. An Operational Work Plan (OWP) was developed jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and the Department of Agriculture & Water Resources of Australia (DAWR). The OWP was a 3 year Pilot Program commencing in the 2015/16 lychee season and during the 3 years the OWP was reviewed and modified each year as needed to reflect changes to the program operations. ALGA worked closely with The Dept of Agriculture (DAWR) Canberra to ensure all requirements and timelines were met. 2015/2016 season Year 1 of the 3 year Pilot Program 2016/2017 season Year 2 2017/2018 season Year 3 The 2017/18 season was the final year for the 3 Year Pilot Program to export Australian lychees into the USA. The industry had 2 successful shipments of lychee in both Year 2 and Year 3 which also resulted in a higher volume of lychee exported to the USA in Year 3. Two different varieties of lychee were exported, in December 2016 & 2017 a grower from the Mareeba Tablelands exported the Tai So variety with the Kwai Mai Pink variety exported by a Sunshine Coast grower during January 2017 & 2018. As this was a combined mango & lychee 3 Year Pilot Program, both industries then needed to wait to see if the export trade to the USA would remain open. These discussions were between the Department of Agriculture & Water Resources (DAWR) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). During the past 3 years, ALGA has been working towards making the exporting of lychee to the USA as uncomplicated and streamline as most export growers would expect to achieve from their existing growing, spraying, grading and packing standards. This program is vital to the forward planning of the lychee industry and with the continuation of lychee exports to the USA, the end result that ALGA has achieved will be of interest to all lychee growers in particular lychee growers with an eye on exporting to the USA.


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Methodology The project involved: ‐ information gathering & reporting ‐ developing Grower guides ‐ summaries on Pest & Diseases of quarantine concern ‐ developing Pest Monitor guides ‐ summaries on Chemicals & MRL’s for Australia & USA ‐ sourcing & submitting packaging for approval with DAWR & USDA ‐ grower registration and auditing. Information pertaining to the pest monitoring guide and template, the grower guides and QA material were accessed from various industry and DAWR resources. ALGA sourced, collated, wrote and edited all information & summaries needed for the pest monitor guide and pest monitoring template. The final approval was done by Dept of Agriculture Canberra. Following approval of the information in the guide, designs and layouts were added by a Graphic Design studio, with the completed guides distributed to USA registered growers and registered pest/crop monitors Information which needed to be covered:

The complete list of pests and diseases of concern for USA

Physical characteristics & life history of all life stages of the pest Plant symptoms and damage associated with the pests/diseases

The locations on a tree/ fruit/ flower/ leaf etc where pests or disease are most likely to be found as part of surveys

The climatic conditions when pests / diseases are most likely to be detected and Key stages during the growth phase of trees when each of the pests and diseases are likely to infect/infest the trees and be detected and monitored through inspection

The key times where pests and diseases are best addressed through infield controls

Identify appropriate measures for addressing pests and diseases both preventative and for control to levels accepted by the importing country

Comprehensive treatment record (ie spray diaries) must be kept for flowering to end of harvest that detail chemical, cultural or biological treatments that are essential to demonstrate effective management of the pests of concern. The department and USDA will be looking for examples such as, if a pest was found & recorded on crop monitor record, where is the entry in the spray diary or other document/system that shows a control measure? And in the crop monitor records a couple of weeks later, can we see evidence that the controls were effective?

Identify when to best implement these measures to suitably address the level of infestation or infection to a level acceptable to the importing country

Monitoring must occur for all pests and diseases at least fortnightly. Even absences must be recorded.

Records need to be kept from flowering through to end of harvest for that particular country. Auditors from USDA/Dept Agriculture may request to see these records at any time throughout the season, and if records are incomplete, that grower is noncompliant and will be suspended from the season for the country of relevance.

Pest Monitor training sessions were arranged in various venues throughout Queensland for Year 1 & 2 of the Pilot Program. Online pest monitor training through Tocal College commenced in Year 3 and will continue for future lychee export seasons.

Outputs Growers were supplied with full and clear explanations of the requirements needed to register and be approved to take part in the 3 Year Pilot Program to export lychees to the USA from the following services, manuals and guides being produced:

Pest Monitor Training Guide for pest and diseases of quarantine concern

Pest Monitoring template for recording inspections and actions needed

Pest Monitor training sessions and approval of monitors

Growers guide to register orchard block/s and pack‐houses Growers guide to help with inspections and audits Approved packaging requirements

Correct carton labelling for irradiation MRL Summary & Chemical table

Recommendations & additional chemical permit approvals


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New Chemical permits

Growers guide to approved chemicals

Growers guide to US MRL’s

Growers guide to Quality Assurance and Food Safety requirements

Guide to FDA Food & Drug USA registration Grower orchard & pack‐house registration forms approval and recording

Outcomes The United States has a small domestic industry of around 500 tonnes of lychee per year, mainly in Hawaii, where 104 tonnes were harvested in 2008. Florida and California are also minor producers. Lychee production in the US is during May & June which is counter seasonal to the Australian lychee season. Opening up more export markets i.e. USA, for Australian lychees, would significantly change the supply/demand balance of Australian lychees. During the peak harvesting season in Australia, domestic markets can be over supplied, thus causing the price of lychees to fall. Growers need to maintain a reasonable profit margin to continue growing lychee as the financial outlays are outpacing the prices that growers receive for their produce. A limited number of growers were registered & audited for each of the 3 years, although due to quarantine protocols and incompatible chemicals between Australia and the USA, it was impossible to export any lychees during Year 1 of the program. Due to the difficulties of working around required chemical protocols fewer growers registered for Year 2 & 3 with some registered growers declining to export even after registering their packhouse and orchard and paying their audit costs. 2.5 tonnes of lychee were exported in Year 2 by 2 registered growers and 8 tonnes exported in Year 3 by the same 2 growers. 2 Australian export agents and 2 USA importers worked together to ensure growers received higher returns than the domestic market price. As additional costs are involved to export to the USA for both the grower and exporter the returns must cover or exceed the domestic price which should then encourage more growers to take part in the USA export market. Australian Lychees are now in demand in the USA during the USA counter seasonal period, November to March. The 3 Year Pilot Program has been successful and export of Australian Lychee to the USA will now continue under a new agreement.

Monitoring and evaluation The Australian Lychee Industry will continue to work with growers to achieve further exports to the USA. Additional compatible chemicals which can be used in both Australia & USA will need to be investigated as this is still an area of concern for growers. With a limited amount of compatible chemicals currently available the decision to spray or not to spray could result in a substantial loss for the grower. Currently the USA protocol for irradiation is 400 Gy minimum and 1000 Gy maximum, ALGA will be exploring the possibility of raising the minimum level to 500 Gy. This will take some time and substantial cost for industry, in the meantime a current project and work on the control of small pests is proceeding. ALGA believes the outcomes and findings from this project could result in significant reduction or elimination of targeted and non‐targeted pests of quarantine concern. The approved packaging required to export lychee to the USA was sourced by ALGA from Canada and China. The cardboard carton is produced in Australia but as yet there is no facility in Australia which is able to produce the plastic bag with the required perforation size approved for exporting to the USA. ALGA will continue to explore other options with the hope of achieving a cost saving for the grower. All USA exporting growers will need to be registered and approved growers with individual DAWR audits conducted on a yearly basis. Grower’s orchard and packhouse registration applications will be submitted to ALGA for checking and approval prior to forwarding to DAWR. USA exporting growers will need to have approved crop/pest monitors with online pest monitor training now available via Tocal College. USA growers will need MRL tests done on their approved blocks prior to exporting to the USA; a copy of the MRL tests is required to be forwarded to the Importing agent. ALGA will receive email reports and photos of all shipments of Australian Lychee to the USA from Australian exporters and USA importers.


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Recommendations Continuation of Australian lychee exports to the USA

Additional project funding may be needed for further work on eliminating pests of quarantine concern

Additional funding may be needed for approval of compatible chemicals

Recognition of the work that ALGA has done to achieve successful exports to the USA

Refereed scientific publications Chapter in a book or Paper in conference proceedings

The Lychee Production Guide AgriLink 2012 Qld Department of Agriculture & Fisheries

Chapter 14: Pests, diseases and disorders

Chapter 15: Managing pests diseases and other problems

References ALGA

Training Guide for Pest monitors

APVMA Australian Lychee Chemicals and MRL limits

Global MRL Database

USA Lychee Chemicals and MRL limits FDA – USA Food & Drug Administration

Grower registration MICoR – Manual for Importing Country Requirements

Grower registration

Operational Work Plan

Joint agreement between APHIS & NPPO (DAWR)

Intellectual property, commercialisation and confidentiality No project IP, project outputs, commercialisation or confidentiality issues to report


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Acknowledgements Australian Lychee Growers

ALGA Management Committee

Derek Foley – President ALGA

Jill Houser – Executive Officer ALGA

Marcello & Katrina Avolio ‐ Year 1, 2 & 3 USA registered growers & exporters

Chris Salta & Jill Houser ‐ Year 1, 2 & 3 USA registered growers & exporters

Lychee SIAP Members

Department of Agriculture & Water Resources

Steritech

Hort Innovation

Yan Diczbalis – Principal Horticulturist QDAF

iGraphix Design Studio

Daniel Lutman ‐ J E Tipper Pty Ltd

John Nardi ‐ Favco Qld

Chris Lee – First Genesis Inc.

Kevin Bodnaruk ‐ AKC Consulting

Bill Gerlach – Melissa’s World Variety Produce

Michael Daysh – Dept Primary Industry & Resources

Australian Mango Industry


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Appendices Pest Monitor training guide to meet USA Export Program conditions

Australian Chemicals registered for use on Lychees in Australia

USA Chemicals registered for use on Lychees in USA

Pest Monitoring template

PEST MONITORING TO MEET USA EXPORT PROGRAM CONDITIONS

AUSTRALIAN LYCHEE GROWERS ASSOCIATION

Lychee - Litchi fruit (Litchi sinensis)

TRAINING GUIDE fOR PEST MONITORS

e: [email protected]

w: www.australianlychee.com.au

Disclaimer: No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission of ALGA.

While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of contents, ALGA accept no liability for the information.

• The export of fresh lychee (litchi) fruit from Australia into the continental United States with the exception of the State of Florida based on the Australia-United States of America Pilot Audit Program for Irradiation Treatment and Certification of Mango and Lychee (Fruit) from Australia, Operational Work Plan (OWP).

ORGANISATIONS PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAM:

• United States Dept of Agriculture (USDA)

• Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS)

• National Plant Protection Organization of Australia (NPPO)

• Australian Department of Agriculture

• Australian Lychee Growers Association (ALGA)

• Growers - Producers

• Pack houses

• Treatment facilities

• Exporters

AUSTRALIAN LYCHEE EXPORT OPERATIONAL WORK PLAN fOR USA (OWP)

PEST MONITORING TO MEET USA EXPORT

PROGRAM CONDITIONS

CONTENTS

Training Course for Pest Monitors

Course Outline 1 Grower Requirements 2 Pests of Quarantine Concern 3 Pest Monitor - Requirements and Responsibilities 4 Pest Monitor - Monitoring and Surveillance 5

Identify Quarantine Pests & Diseases 6 Erinose Mite 7 Jarvis’s Fruit Fly 9 Queensland Fruit Fly 10 Mediterranean Fruit Fly 11 Pink/Red Wax Scale 12 Macadamia Nut-borer 13 Yellow Peach Moth 15 Orange Fruit Borer 16 Snout Moth/Macadamia Kernel Borer 17 Bright Cornelian Butterfly 18 Dull/Blue Cornelian Butterfly 19 Mealybug 20 Flower Caterpillars 21

Managing Quarantine Pests & Diseases 22 Management Approach 23 Pest Monitoring 23 Integrated Pest Management 23 Quality Management 24 Freshcare 24 Corrective Actions 25 Documentation 25 Acknowledgements 26

COURSE OUTLINE:

• Grower requirements

• Pests of quarantine concern

• Pest Monitor - Requirements & responsibilities

• Pest Monitor - Monitoring & surveillance

• Pest Monitor - Identify pests & diseases of quarantine concern

• Pest Monitor - Managing pests & diseases of quarantine concern

• Pest Monitor - Verifying free of pests & diseases of quarantine concern

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TRAINING COURSE fOR PEST MONITORS

GROWER REQUIREMENTS:

• Grower and orchard export approval with the Dept Agriculture for the USA program

• Apply for approval for whole orchard or individual block/s

• Farm plan, map with block/s location submitted with export approval form

• Farm plan, map with block/s location supplied to crop monitor who has been trained with materials endorsed and approved by Dept Agriculture

• Ensure orchard and export fruit meet requirements as specified in OWP

• Approved chemicals as specified by importing country

• Maintain up-to-date chemical and spray diary records

• Spray diary must include a reference to any findings of any pest of quarantine concern

• Spray diary must include suitable control measures taken for pest of quarantine concern

• Pest and disease free fruit - US MRL table

• Orchard controls and Crop monitors

• Orchard suspension

• Records & Documentation

COURSE OUTLINE

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PESTS Of QUARANTINE CONCERN:

Aceria litchi (Keifer) (Acari:Eriophyidae) - Erinose mite

Bactrocera jarvisi (Tyron) (DIPTERA:Tephritidae) - Jarvis’s fruit fly

Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (DIPTERA:Tephritidae) - Qld fruit fly

Cateremna quadriguttella Walker (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) - Snout moth

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (DIPTERA:Tephritidae) - Mediterranean fruit fly

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (HEMIPTERA:Coccidae) - Pink/red wax scale

Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) - Yellow peach moth

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) - Macadamia nut-borer

Deudorix diovis Hewitson (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae) - Bright cornelian butterfly

Deudorix epijarbas dido Waterhouse (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae) - Dull/Blue cornelian butterfly

Isotenes miserana Walker (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) - Orange fruit borer moth

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) - Spherical mealy bug

Phycita leucomilta Lower (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) - Flower caterpillar

COURSE OUTLINE

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PEST MONITOR – REQUIREMENTS & RESPONSIBILITIES:

• Trained with materials approved and endorsed by Department of Agriculture

• Approved by Australian Lychee Growers Association (ALGA), who will pass on names of approved persons to the Dept Agriculture

• The current Lychee Growers Guide will be made available to approved Pest Monitors

• Pest monitoring every 2 weeks from flowering through to end of harvest

• Monitor for pests of quarantine concern

• To be familiar with and understand the importing countries MRL’s for lychee

• Ensure that all pests of quarantine concern, whether they are absent or present, are noted and recorded on crop monitoring documents

• Records and Documentation

COURSE OUTLINE

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PEST MONITOR – MONITORING & SURVEILLANCE:

• Determine the orchard or block areas to be inspected

• Orchard block/s plan and map supplied by grower

• Work out the monitoring frequency - fortnightly at least

• Develop an inspection method & plan

• Relay findings to grower

• Corrective actions or recommendations upon detection of pests, if necessary

• Crop monitoring record to be completed, signed and dated

• If complete crop monitor records are not kept and cannot be produced by grower as part of USDA or Dept Agriculture audit, that orchard/blocks will be suspended for remainder of season

COURSE OUTLINE

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IDENTIfY QUARANTINE

PESTS & DISEASES

IDENTIfY QUARANTINE PESTS & DISEASES

Erinose mite / Lychee erinose mite-Aceria litchi (Keifer) (Acari:Eriophyidae)

Description & life cycle: Erinose mite (Aceria litchii) is also often referred to as lychee erinose mite. The active stages and eggs are very small and may be difficult to find even with a 10x magnification hand-lens. The adults are light coloured, about 0.2mm long, with 8 legs and a spider-like appearance.

Adult mites migrate from older infested leaves to infest young leaves. They lay eggs on these leaves and the young hatch in 3-4 days. The life cycle completes in 13 days under favourable conditions. The adults live in the velvety erinose produced on leaves as a reaction to their feeding. As trees produce new leaf and flower flushes, the mites migrate to these where they establish new pockets of erinose in which to feed and shelter.

Symptoms & damage: Major and frequent pest of foliage, flowers and fruit. Extensive leaf distortion (bubbling) with greenish brown velvety fuzz on the underside of leaves, flowers, flower stalks, new growth or young fruit.

Lychee erinose mite is a serious pest that deforms the plant and produces reddish-brown velvety growth (erinose) on the underside of the leaves, leading to leaf distortion, and eventually leaf fall. Erinose is also produced on flower stalks and young fruit.

Upper leaf surface shows light green blister-like galls, and leaf thickening, wrinkling and distortion. The underside of the bubbles is covered with brown felt-like fuzz. Heavy infestations of the foliage reduce photosynthetic activity and so debilitate the tree.

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Erinose mite / Lychee erinose mite-Aceria litchi (Keifer) (Acari:Eriophyidae) cont’d

New flushes do not get the chance to contribute energy to the tree if they are infested as soon as they emerge. Heavy infestations on foliage below flower panicles will inevitably result in flower damage. Set fruit may also be damaged cosmetically. In severe cases flowers are destroyed and fruit-setting prevented

Monitoring & treatment: When erinose is evident on the trees, time miticide sprays to leaf flushing or panicle emergence. It is important to control erinose mite before the flowers are infested. Satisfactory control can usually be achieved with a strict program of three successive sprays of a suitable miticide targeting the growth flushes.

The first spray should be applied to infested trees and their neighbours as a new flush begins to emerge (about the size of a pinhead). The second spray is applied when the flush has fully emerged and just before the new leaves start to expand. The third spray should be applied after the new leaves have fully expanded but before they harden off. These sprays will be about 2 weeks apart.

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Jarvis’s Fruit Fly-Bactrocera jarvisi (Tyron) (DIPTERA:Tephritidae)

Description & life cycle: The Jarvis’s Fruit Fly belonging to the subgenus Afrodacus Adults: a yellow to orange-brown species with lateral yellow stripes on the scutum, facial spots, prescutellar, acrostichal setae, 2 scutellar setae, and a typical dacine wing pattern. Male with a pectern. Without supra-alar setae.

Fruit flies lay eggs in semi-mature or ripe fruit, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs 2 to 3 days later and burrow into the fruit. The larvae develop to about 9mm long and are pale yellow when fully grown.

Symptoms & damage: Infected split or damaged fruit may show signs of Fruit Fly by “sting” marks, indicating egg-laying or the presence of Maggots. Jarvis Fruit Fly is found in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia.

Monitoring & treatment: Lychees are not normally attacked by Fruit Fly unless the fruit has split. Damaged or split fruit is not marketable, so there is no need to spray.

Bactrocera jarvisi

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Queensland Fruit Fly-Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (DIPTERA:Tephritidae)

Description & life cycle: The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is a species of tephritidae fruit fly native to Australia. Adult flies are about 5 to 8mm in length in adult stage. Their larvae hatch in various fruit species, causing significant damage to crops. The adult is wasp-like, red-brown with yellow marks, and about 8 mm long.

The female pierces (stings) the maturing fruit and lays a clutch of white, banana-shaped eggs just below the surface. Hatching takes place after two to three days and the resulting larvae are white carrot- shaped maggots (about 7 mm long when mature) that tunnel in the flesh.

Larvae mature in 7-10 days in summer and emerge from the fruit to pupate in the soil. The pupal stage lasts about 10 days. The life cycle takes about 2.5 weeks during summer. These bacterial colonies are more plentiful under humid conditions.

Symptoms & damage: Infected split or damaged fruit may show signs of Fruit Fly by “sting” marks, indicating egg-laying or the presence of Maggots. QFly prefers warm-hot and humid conditions for development. It is a native of Australia, but it is not present in South Australia, Western Australia or Tasmania.


Bactrocera tryoni

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Mediterranean fruit fly-Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (DIPTERA:Tephritidae)

Description & life cycle: The Mediterranean fruit fly, or medfly for short, is a species of fruit fly capable of causing extensive damage to a wide range of fruit crops. It is native to the Mediterranean area, but has spread invasively to many parts of the world, including Australia and North and South America. Adult medflies lay their eggs under the skins of fruit, particularly where the skin is already broken. The eggs hatch within three days, and the larvae develop inside the fruit. The adults have a limited ability to disperse, but the global fruit trade can transport infected fruit over thousands of miles.

The Medfly is 3-5mm long, has a light brown body with mottled wings. The wings have distinctive brown bands extending to the tips. The life cycle in warmer conditions is completed in about a month.

Symptoms & damage: Infected split or damaged fruit may show signs of Fruit Fly by “sting” marks, indicating egg-laying or the presence of Maggots. Only found in Western Australia.


Ceratitis capitata Larvae of Medfly

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Pink/Red Wax Scale-Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (HEMIPTERA:Coccidae)

Description & life cycle: A hard pink to pale red wax covering protects the adult female of pink wax scale. The scale is about 3mm to 4mm long, and globular and smooth in shape, with two lobes on each side and a depression at the top. Eggs are brick red, and after laying them the female holds them in a cavity under her body. The eggs hatch into crawlers, which are small and mobile, with three pairs of legs, two eye-spots and paired antennae. The scale has two generations per year in Queensland. Depending on prevailing temperatures, crawlers of the first generation emerge from mid-September until early December, but mostly from mid-October to mid-November. Crawlers of the second generation emerge in February to late April.

Symptoms & damage: Adults and nymphs suck the sap of shoots, leaves and fruit stalks. Sugary excretion form the scale, which covers the leaves, provides a medium for the growth of black sooty mould. Pink to pale red raised bumps (2-5mm) on leaves, young shoots or fruit: sooty mould may also be present.

Monitoring & treatment: Examine 5 leaves/stems on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the crop. Spray if more than 5 out of 100 of these plant parts are heavily infested with the scale. Check for sooty mould on leaves, stems and fruit to obtain an indication of the level of infestation, especially when conditions are humid. If significant infestation is noted in spring, spray to reduce the population before crawlers hatch. Spray infested trees with the recommended chemicals.

Ceroplastes rubens

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Macadamia nut-borer-Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)Yellow Peach Moth-Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)Orange fruit borer-Isotenes miserana Walker (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)

Macadamia nut-borerDescription & life cycle: Although macadamia nut-borer (Cryptophlebia ombrodelta) and yellow peach moth (Conogethes punctiferalis) are the most common fruit borers, as the fruit start to show colour, several other species such as the orange fruit borer (Isotenes miserana) may also be present.

Moths have a wingspan of about 25 mm. Macadamia nut-borer moths are reddish brown. The female is larger than the male, and has a large dark triangular blotch two thirds of the way along the hind margin of each forewing.

Eggs are laid on the developing fruit. Borer larvae grow up to 20 mm long and spend their entire life in the fruit. Macadamia nut-borer larvae are pinkish with discrete, dark green spots in longitudinal lines down either side of their body. Three or four days before pupation macadamia nut borers construct tightly woven silken cocoons that are sealed with an unobtrusive flap, providing an exit for the emerging moth. Pupation occurs in damaged fruit, and sometimes in sheltered sites in other parts of the tree. When the moth emerges, the pupal case is left protruding from the exit hole.

MNB adults-Cryptophlebia ombrodelta

YPM larvae-Conogethes punctiferalis

YPM adult Orange fruit borer-Isotenes miserana

MNB eggs

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Macadamia nut-borer-Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) cont’d

During summer eggs hatch in 4-6 days. The macadamia nut-borer larval stage lasts 3-4 weeks, and moths emerge after a pupal period of 8-10 days. The life cycle, from egg-laying to moth emergence, takes about five weeks.

Symptoms & damage: Macadamia nut-borer is a major pest of lychee and longan fruit and significant infestations occur in most seasons.

The rind tissue around the entry hole may appear to be scalded, and such damage is sometimes wrongly attributed to fruit fly, which rarely attacks lychees and longans. Entry on the shoulder or near the peduncle is more likely to ensure survival of the larvae enabling it to reach the seed. Mature fruit damaged by macadamia nut-borer may weep and stain other fruit in the cluster or those hanging below.

The larvae bore through the skin and into the fruit in search of the seed. When this occurs in green fruit, the fruit will drop however ripening fruit generally does not fall and the larvae often drown in the flesh before the skin is penetrated where the flesh is thick. Webbed frass is visible around the entry hole on the fruit skin.

Monitoring & treatment: Fruit borers may occur in green fruit, but early infestations are generally insignificant. Start monitoring for nut-borer when fruit are about 10mm long. Continue to monitor young fruit and apply sprays if fresh eggs are found. These will be white or pink, as opposed to parasitised eggs, which are black. Examine 5 fruit panicles on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the orchard. Spray if more than 5% are infested with live, unhatched and unparasitised eggs. Spray with suitable insecticide if thresholds are reached. If an application is required close to harvest, check the withholding period. Check developing fruit weekly for larval entry holes and frass. Infestation levels increase as the fruit mature due to moths moving from alternative hosts. Larval frass and juice oozing from maturing fruit indicate a borer infestation. Damaged fruit will also be examined and found during packing.

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Yellow peach mothDescription & life cycle: The Yellow peach moth is a minor, restricted, and irregular pest. Yellow peach moth adults are bright yellow-orange with numerous black markings. The abdomen is also spotted. Yellow peach moth larvae have a dark head and are grey-pink with darker oval spots on the body. Yellow peach moth larvae pupate on the outside of the fruit in shelters of webbed frass. The yellow peach moth larval stage occupies about three weeks and the pupal stage about two weeks.

Symptoms & damage: Damage to fruit is caused by the larvae tunnelling through the flesh to the seed. Webbed frass is visible around entry hole on the fruit skin. Yellow peach moth is more common later in the season on late varieties.

Monitoring & treatment: Fruit borers may occur in green fruit, but early infestations are generally insignificant. Start monitoring for nut borer when fruit are about 10mm long. Continue to monitor young fruit and apply sprays if fresh eggs are found. These will be white or pink, as opposed to parasitised eggs, which are black. Examine 5 fruit panicles on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the orchard. Spray if more than 5% are infested with live, unhatched and unparasitised eggs. Spray with suitable insecticide if thresholds are reached. If an application is required close to harvest, check the withholding period. Check developing fruit weekly for larval entry holes and frass. Infestation levels increase as the fruit mature due to moths moving from alternative hosts. Larval frass and juice oozing from maturing fruit indicate a borer infestation. Damaged fruit will also be examined and found during packing.

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Orange fruit borerDescription & life cycle: The Orange Fruit Borer (Isotenes miserana) is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. Adult is pale-grey moth, speckled with brown marks with a wingspan about 15mm - 20mm. The young larvae are green with older larvae a cream coloured with 3 red-brown distinguishing long bands and dark brown head-capsule. The larvae are considered a pest for flowers and fruit of a wide variety of agricultural plants and fruit trees.

Symptoms & damage: Scale like eggs are laid in clusters under leaves. On hatching the young larvae feeds on surface cells and soon constructs a silken webbed shelter. There are several generations in a year but less activity in summer. All stages can be found in winter. It is found in the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria

Monitoring & treatment: Damage is minor and sporadic. Larvae bore into maturing and ripe fruit causing it to fall and decay, sometimes they destroy new young fruit in spring. Spray if there is an average of 10 larvae per tree. Damaged fruit will also be examined and found during packing.

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Snout Moth- Assara Cateremna quadriguttella Walker (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)Macadamia kernel borer – Assara Seminivale

Description & life cycle: The Pyralidae or snout moths are a family of Lepidoptera.

Assara Cateremna quadriguttella has only been confirmed in Western Australia. The specimens found in Queensland are more likely to be Assara Seminivale, known as the Macadamia kernel borer not Macadamia nut-borer. Both species are very closely related and they may be variations of the same species.

Immature Lepidoptera generally cause damage by biting off pieces of leaves, stems, flowers etc. Eggs are laid on developing fruit, during summer eggs hatch in 4-6 days, the larval stage lasts 3-4 weeks and the moth emerge after pupal period of 8-10 days. The life cycle, from egg laying to moth emergence, takes five weeks.

Symptoms & damage: Eggs are laid on the developing fruit, the larvae bore through the skin and into the fruit’s kernel. When this happens in green fruit, the fruit will drop however ripening fruit generally does not fall and the larvae often drown in the flesh. Webbed frass is visible around the entry hole on the fruit skin.

Monitoring & treatment: Start monitoring when fruit is about 10mm long, continue to monitor young fruit and apply sprays if fresh eggs are found. These will be white or pink, as opposed to parasite eggs which are black. Monitoring and treatment will be the same as for the Macadamia nut-borer.

Cateremna quadriguttella Assara seminivale

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Bright Cornelian Butterfly - Deudorix diovis Hewitson (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae)Dull/Blue Cornelian Butterfly - Deudorix epijarbas dido Waterhouse (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae)

Bright Cornelian ButterflyDescription & life cycle: The Bright Cornelian, Deudorix diovis mature larvae is pale orange-yellow with black spots on the anterior segments, dark hairs present; head shiny brown. Adult male fore wing is black with an orange central area, hind is orange red with black veins; female is grey, both sexes have a lobe and tail on hind wings; lower surface pale brown with darker bands, hind with iridescent blue-green to black spot ringed with orange, lobe is black.

Symptoms & damage: The female butterfly lays single eggs on the fruit and on hatching the larvae tunnel into green fruit and destroy the flesh and the seed. The Bright Cornelian can be found in the tropical coast of Queensland.

Monitoring & treatment: Start monitoring the same as for nut borer when fruit are about 10mm long. Examine 5 fruit panicles on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the orchard. Spray if more than 5% are infested with live, unhatched and unparasitised eggs. Spray with suitable insecticide if thresholds are reached. If an application is required close to harvest, check the withholding period. Infestation levels increase as the fruit mature due to moths moving from alternative hosts. Larval frass and juice oozing from maturing fruit indicate a borer infestation. Damaged fruit will also be examined and found during packing.

Deudorix diovis Deudorix epijarbas dido

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Dull/Blue Cornelian ButterflyDescription & life cycle: The Dull/Blue Cornelian, Deudorix epijarbas is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly. The slug-like larvae grow to about 25mm long and are purplish brown with orange and green markings. Adult butterflies have a wingspan of 40mm and are two-toned orange and dark blue (female) and overall dark blue (male).

Symptoms & damage: The female butterfly lays single eggs on the fruit and on hatching the larvae tunnel into green fruit and destroy the flesh and the seed. The Dull/Blue Cornelian can be found in the tropical coast of Queensland in Australia.

Monitoring & treatment: Start monitoring the same as for nut borer when fruit are about 10mm long. Examine 5 fruit panicles on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the orchard. Spray if more than 5% are infested with live, unhatched and unparasitised eggs. Spray with suitable insecticide if thresholds are reached. If an application is required close to harvest, check the withholding period. Check developing fruit weekly for larval entry holes and frass. Infestation levels increase as the fruit mature due to moths moving from alternative hosts. Larval frass and juice oozing from maturing fruit indicate a borer infestation. Damaged fruit will also be examined and found during packing.

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Mealybug - Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) (other names Spherical, Lebbeck & Karoo Thorn mealy bug)

Description & life cycle: Mealybugs – The Spherical mealybug (female) is approx 4mm long by 3mm wide with body colour black, purple to blue green with thick white or pale yellow wax. Females produce a wax that is sticky to touch. Large females could lay up to 1000 eggs. The females undergo 3 nymphal stages, often moving after each molt to change their feeding sites. They live up to 50 days, dying soon after depositing their eggs. The emerging crawlers move away from the hatching site, aggregating in cracks on stems, leaves and young fruit.

Symptoms & damage: Direct physical damage is minor, however infested fruit are unsaleable and fruit blemished with sooty mould that grows on the honeydew they produce are also rejected at packing. Colonisation of fruit occurs only when there are heavy infestations in the vicinity of the flowering panicles.

Monitoring & treatment: Monitor at fortnightly intervals from mid fruit growth until harvest. Sample 100 fruit (5 fruit per tree on each of 20 randomly selected trees) per 1 to 5 hectare block. Apply an appropriate pesticide if 25% or more fruit are infested with 1 or more mealy bug.

Nipaecoccus viridis

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Flower caterpillars - Phycita leucomilta Lower (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)

Description & life cycle: The term ‘flower caterpillars’ includes larvae (caterpillars) from several families of moths.

Adults are variable in appearance as they belong to a number of species of moths. Adult moths are generally 10 mm long, grey to fawn in colour. Caterpillars are also variable in shape, but any caterpillar found in the developing flower racemes should be suspect. Larvae are translucent and grow up to 15 mm in length. They may spin silken runways throughout the panicle which are partially covered in frass (droppings).

Symptoms & damage: Flower buds, flowers and young fruit are chewed and damaged – damaged buds and flowers generally fall off. Silken webbing may be present. Note that spiders (which are generally beneficial insects) may also spin webs in panicles. Ensure that the webbing is being caused by caterpillars and not spiders.

Monitoring & treatment: Webbing joins the flowers and becomes partially covered in frass and fallen flowers. Regularly monitor the orchard for early signs of caterpillars and their damage. Examine 5 panicles from 20 trees randomly selected throughout the orchard every week during flowering. Examine for silken webbing and larvae (not all species of caterpillars produce silken webbing). Small number of caterpillars can be tolerated as the tree produces many more flowers than required for good fruit set. No spraying is required for spiders. Only in extreme cases is an insecticide spray warranted. Spray an appropriate chemical in late evening when pollinators are less active.

Phycita leucomilta Webbing

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MANAGING QUARANTINE

PESTS & DISEASES

MANAGEMENT APPROACH:Pests and diseases are managed by a combination of quarantine and crop hygiene, physical and mechanical controls (e.g. netting and light traps), cultural controls (e.g. insect predators and diseases) and the strategic use of pesticides (based on a monitoring strategy and economic thresholds). Pesticides should only be used as a last resort when pests are causing economic damage, as pesticide overuse can result in the pest developing resistance, further adding to costs. Some pesticides affect beneficial insects and pollinators, and their overuse can result in the build-up of other pest problems.

PEST MONITORING:Regular monitoring is the most important component of a pest management program - problems or pest populations can be detected before they cause economic damage.

Beneficial insects and mites that naturally attack crop pests are also monitored. In some cases, they alone will be sufficient to keep pest populations in check.

The critical period for monitoring lychees is from panicle emergence through to the end of harvest. During the remainder of the year, monitor for ongoing pests such as erinose mite and scale.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM):IPM of major lychee pests is based on regular monitoring and a combination of appropriate management options, including cultural, physical, and biological options and the application of appropriate pesticides. If pesticides are required, suitable spray equipment that is capable of delivering the pesticide accurately and effectively must be used. Regular calibration of equipment and replacement of nozzles or other components that are not performing to the manufacturer’s specifications is essential.

Many non-chemical management options are both logical and highly effective. Hygiene, pruning and physical barriers are all examples of cultural options that can be integrated into a management system. For some pests and situations, there are no chemicals registered and the effective use of cultural, physical, hygienic and biological options are essential.

MANAGING QUARANTINE PESTS & DISEASES

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As with any horticultural crop, farm hygiene is an important component of preventing pests from both migrating into the orchard and moving between blocks. High levels of hygiene are required both in the field and the packing shed to ensure potential yields are achieved and fruit quality is maintained through to the marketplace. Additional information and recommendations on pest monitoring can be found in the growers Lychee Production Guide (AgriLink - published by DAFF in 2012).

QUALITY MANAGEMENT:There are five core principles of quality management:

• Quality is defined by the customer, not the grower

• Decisions are based on facts, not feelings

• Problems are identified at the earliest possible point, not at the end point

• Quality management has to be planned, organised and managed – it does not happen by itself

• All those involved in the business, both the workers and the managers, are responsible for quality management

Implementing an effective quality management system requires commitment, good planning, staff involvement and well-organised documents (including records and product specifications).

fRESHCARE:Freshcare is a national, on-farm food safety program for the fresh produce industry. Freshcare is based on HACCP principles and provides independent verification that a recognised food safety program is followed by the certified business.

Certification is achieved through an independent external audit for compliance with the Freshcare code of practice. Growers must have completed spray records/diaries and use agricultural practices that provide assurance that their products are safe to eat and to demonstrate that these practices are a part of everyday operations.


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CORRECTIVE ACTIONS:• Approved pest monitor will inform the grower if any eggs or live larvae of pests of

quarantine concern are found in the orchard

• The presence or absence of pests of quarantine concern will be recorded on the crop monitoring record

• If findings are of concern, the pest monitor will make recommendations to the grower

• Grower options – apply chemical control or reject fruit from the block for export to US

• Crop monitoring records and growers spray diary must record findings of pests of quarantine concern and the effective management control applied

PEST MONITOR – VERIfYING fREE fROM PESTS & DISEASES Of QUARANTINE CONCERN

• Crop monitor records showing free from pests & diseases of quarantine concern

• Crop monitor records showing the absence or presence of pests & diseases of quarantine concern

• Grower to retain original crop monitor record for audit

• Grower to maintain spray records noting pests present and relevant controls taken

• Crop monitor records and spray records available for audit

• Grower to maintain orchard and packhouse hygiene measures


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DOCUMENTATION

INfORMATION & PHOTOS:

Australian Lychee Growers Association

- ALGA Committee members & growers

Queensland Dept of Agriculture

- Lychee Production & growing guide-AgriLink

Canberra Dept of Agriculture

- Adam Dawes & Lucy Merritt

Horticulture Innovation Australia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

e: [email protected]

w: www.australianlychee.com.au

( E )Australian Chemicals registered for

Lychees in AustraliaProduct Name Aust MRL USA MRL Pest/Disease Comments

Abamectin Abamectin T0.05 0.01 Mites (Erinose) Registered in Australia & USA ‐ 14 day WHP Australia

azinphos‐methyl Gusathion 2 No MRLFruit spotting bug,

MacNut borerUnavailable

Beta‐cyfluthrin Bulldock T0.3 No MRL

* Fruit spotting

bug,MacNut borer,

Flattid Planthoppers,

Various

No USA registration ‐ 7 day WHP Australia

Buprofezin Applaud T0.5 0.3Flattid planthoppers,

scale, mealy bugsRegistered in Australia & USA ‐ 28 day WHP Australia

Carfentrazone‐ethyl Nail, Hammer 0.05 0.01 Herbicide Registered in Australia & USA

Chlorantraniliprole Coragen, Altacor *0.01 2 Caterpillars/loopers Registered in Australia & USA

carbaryl Bugmaster *0.01 No MRL No USA registration

Copper 10 Exempt Registered in Australia & USA ‐ 1 day WHP Australia

Cyprodinil Chorus, Switch T2 2 Pepper Spot Registered in Australia & USA ‐ 14 day WHP Australia

didecyl dimethyl NH4Cl 20 No MRL No USA registration

DimethoateDimethoate,

Rogor5 No MRL

Erinose Mite,leaf miner,

Q Fruit fly No USA registration ‐ 7 day WHP Australia

fenthion 5 No MRL No USA registration

fluazifop‐b‐butyl 0.05 No MRL No USA registration

glufosinate‐ammonium 0.2 No MRL No USA registration

glyphosate 0.2 0.2 Herbicide Registered in Australia & USA

haloxyfop *0.05 No MRL No USA registration

mancozeb (PER13659) Mancozeb 5 No MRL Pepper Spot * No USA registration

( E )

Australian Chemicals registered for

Lychees in AustraliaProduct Name Aust MRL USA MRL Pest/Disease Comments

Methidathion Supracide T0.1 No MRLFlattid planthoppers,

MacNut borer, Fruit No USA registration ‐ 21 day WHP Australia

methoxyfenozide Prodigy 2 2 MacNut borer, various Registered in Australia & USA‐ 14 day WHP Australia

oryzalin 0.1 No MRL No USA registration

oxyfluorfen *0.01 No MRL No USA registration

paraffinic oil Paraffinic oil Exempt Exempt Registered in Australia & USA

Paraquat dichloride Paraquat *0.05 0.05 Herbicide Registered

pendimethalin *0.05 No MRL No USA registration

Petroleum oil Petroleum oil Exempt Exempt Scale Registered in Australia & USA ‐ 1 day WHP Australia

Prochloraz Octave T1 No MRL Pepper Spot * No USA registration

Pyraclostrobin Cabrio T2 No MRL Pepper Spot * No USA registration ‐ 3 day WHP Australia

spinetoram Success,Neo 0.3 0.3Caterpillar, leafroller,

loopersRegistered in Australia & USA

SpinosadSuccess

Naturalyte0.3 0.3

Caterpillars/leaf

rollers/loopersRegistered in Australia & USA

Sulfoxaflor Transform 0.01 ? Fruit Spotting bug Not specifically for lychee in USA but use on Tree Crops approved

Sulphur Sulphur Exempt Exempt Erinose Mite Registered in Australia & USA ‐ 1 day WHP Australia

tebufenozide 2 No MRL No USA registration

trichlorfon (PER12450) Dipterex, Lepidex T3 ? No MRLFruit Spotting bug

(PER14743)No USA registration

triclopyr 0.1 No MRL No USA registration

( E )

USA Chemicals registered for

Lychees in USProduct Name Aust MRL US MRL Pest/Disease Comments

Abamectin Abamectin T0.05 0.01 Mites (Erinose) Registered in USA & Australia

Azoxystrobin Amistar None 2 Pepper Spot9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

BifenazateDuramite, Floramite,

AcramiteNone 5 Mites

9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Buprofezin Applaud TO.5 0.3 Scale/Plant Hoppers,Mealybug Registered in USA & Australia

Carfentrazone‐ethyl Nail, Hammer 0.05 0.01 Herbicide Registered in USA & Australia

Chlorantraniliprole Coragen, Altacor 0.01 2 Caterpillars/loopers Registered in USA & Australia

Chlorothalonil Bravo, Barrack None 15 Pepper Spot9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Copper 10 Exempt Registered in USA & Australia

Cymoxanil ? 19‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Cyprodinil Chorus, Switch ? 2 Pepper Spot Registered in USA & Australia

Deltamethrin ? 0.29‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Etofenprox Etofenprox, Trebon None 5 Various insects, mites9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Fenpropathrin Danitol, Tame None 7 Various Insects, mites9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Fludioxonil Scholar None 20 Post‐harvest Post Harvest treatment

Glyphosate Roundup 0.2 0.2 Herbicide Registered in USA & Australia

Imidacloprid Confidor, Couraze None 3 Scale/Plant Hoppers/Mealybug 9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Methoxyfenozide Prodigy 2 2 Caterpillars/loopers,Mac Nut borer Registered in USA & Australia

paraffinic oil Paraffinic oil Exempt Exempt Registered in USA & Australia

Paraquat dichloride Paraquat 0.05 0.05 Herbicide Registered

Petroleum oil Petroleum oil Exempt Exempt Scale Registered in USA & Australia

Pyriproxyfen Admiral, Avante None 0.3 Scale/Plant hoppers/mealybug9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Spinetoram Success, Neo 0.3 0.3 Caterpillars/leaf rollers/loopers Registered in USA & Australia

Spinosad Success Naturalyte 0.3 0.3 Caterpillars/leaf rollers/loopers Registered in USA & Australia

Spirotetramat Movento None 13 Aphids/scale/thrips9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

Sulphur Sulphur Exempt Exempt Erinose Mite Registered in USA & Australia

Tebuconazole Folicur, Launch, None 1.6 Pepper Spot9‐12mnths assessment period for minor

use permit in Aust

AUSTRALIAN LYCHEES TO THE USA

(with the exception of the State of Florida) PESTS & DISEASE OF QUARANTINE CONCERN AS IDENTIFIED IN THE OPERATIONAL WORK PLAN

CROP MONITORING FORM FOR LYCHEES TO USA

EXPORT APPROVED GROWER NAME……………………………………………………………………………..EXPORT APPROVAL NUMBER…………………………………………………….DATE…………………………………………

Fortnightly inspections

Pest Country*

Block/Patch Registration No.

Inspection Date & Time

No. Detection of pests of quarantine concerns and responsive measures used

MITES

Lychee Erinose Mite

Au/USA

Pest:Response:

FRUIT FLY Qld fruit fly

Jarvis’s fruit fly Mediterranean fruit fly

Au/USA USA USA

Pest:Response:

SCALE

Pink/Red wax scale Au/USA Pest:Response:

MOTHS & BORERS

Macadamia Nut borer Yellow peach moth Orange fruit borer Snout moth‐Macadamia kernel borer Bright Cornelian Dull/Blue Cornelian

Au/USA Au/USA Au/USA USA USA USA

Pest:Response:

BUGS Mealy bug Au/USA

Pest:Response:

CATERPILLARS Flower caterpillar Au/USA

Pest:Response:

Registered Crop Monitor/Inspector name…………………………………………………………………………..….…………Signed……………………………………..……………………………….Date……………………………………… This report is to be retained by the nominated grower for auditing purposes (*Au – Australia *USA – United States of America)

AUSTRALIAN LYCHEE OPERATIONAL WORK PLAN

USA PEST LIST

Aceria litchi (Keifer) (Acari:Eriophyidae) ‐ Erinose mite Bactrocera jarvisi (Tyron) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) ‐ Jarvis’s fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (DIPTERA:Tephritidae) ‐ Qld fruit fly Cateremna quadriguttella Walker (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) ‐ Snout moth‐Macadamia kernel borer Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (DIPTERA:Tephritidae) ‐ Mediterranean fruit fly Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (HEMIPTERA:Coccidae) ‐ Pink/red wax scale Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) ‐ Yellow peach moth Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) ‐ Macadamia nut borer Deudorix diovis Hewitson (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae) ‐ Bright cornelian butterfly Deudorix epijarbas dido Waterhouse (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae) ‐ Dull/Blue cornelian butterfly Isotenes miserana Walker (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) ‐ Orange fruit borer moth Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) ‐ Mealy bug (other names ‐

Karoo Thorn mealy bug, Lebbeck mealy bug, Spherical mealy bug) Phycita leucomilta Lower (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) ‐ Flower caterpillar

US Market Access Project - Horticulture Innovation Australia · 2018-12-19 · Hort Innovation –...

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Transcript of US Market Access Project - Horticulture Innovation Australia · 2018-12-19 · Hort Innovation –...