Urbanization, Centripetal and Centrifugal Movements
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Transcript of Urbanization, Centripetal and Centrifugal Movements
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Urbanization, Centripetal and Centrifugal Movements
IB Geography II
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PART 1: URBANIZATION
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Bell Ringer: Make a list of 5 valid claims relating to patterns of urbanization you can see in the map
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The Process of Urbanization
• Urbanization: the process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities. It may involve both rural-urban migration and natural increase.
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Causes of urbanization
1. Rural to urban migration2. Natural Increase
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Rural – urban migration• Rural to urban migration – result of push and pull factors
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Push and pull factors
Push factors Pull factors
Difficult/harsh climate – eg. droughts Chance of a better life
Struggle to provide food for family Better housing and amenities
Very low income Chance of good jobs – higher wages, more varied employment
High rates of population growth have put pressure on natural resources such as water/energy/land
Better medical/health care
Can’t afford to fertilizers to increase yields Children able to go to school
Mechanization of farming favors rich farmer and leads to unemployment or underemployment of poor farmer.
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Natural increase
• The people that migrate into towns and cities tend to be young resulting in high levels of natural increase
• high % of young adults = high levels of births• Falling death rates due to improved medical care means more
babies are born than people dying, further increasing the urban population
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% urban population
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World Urban Population
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Elbow Partner Discussions
• Using the last two data slides, discuss this question: – Why are there higher rates of urbanization in
developing nations compared to developed nations?
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Graphing Global Urbanization Activity • Step 1: Take 5 minutes to read/annotate data set. Be
sure to read definition of agglomerations for notecards!
• Step 2: In elbow partners, answer the following questions: – How many urban agglomerations had a population greater
than 10 million in 1950? Where were these urban areas? – Describe the changes in the number and location of urban
agglomerations in 1975, 2000, and 2010. – What changes does the UN project for 2025?
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• Step 3: Graph the Data. – Create a comparative bar graph showing bars for
each of the following continents (N. America, S. America, Europe, Asia, Africa) and different colors for each time period in the handout
– Y axis will be number of urban areas in each time period in each continent
Graphing Global Urbanization Activity
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• Step 4: Analyze the data. In one paragraph, answer the following prompt using data from your graph as resources.
• Discuss changing patterns of urbanization from 1950-2025.
Graphing Global Urbanization Activity
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PART 2: CENTRIPETAL MOVEMENTS
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Centripetal Movements involve the migration of people into
towns and cities
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Inward Movement (Centripetal)Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanization, urban renewal
Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements
Outward Movement (Centrifugal)Suburbanization, urban sprawl, counter-urbanization
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Rural Push Factors
• High rates of population growth have put pressure on natural resource such as water and energy and reduced the size of land holdings
• New farming technology favors the rich farmer, but for others it leads to unemployment or underemployment
• Migration for work is often the only option• (See complete list of rural push factors in
yesterday’s notes)
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Urban Pull Factors
• Higher wages• More varied employment • Educational opportunities • (See complete list in earlier notes)
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The Consequences of Urbanization
• Economic Growth: – Urban economies are
almost always more productive than rural ones
– Industrial productivity is higher in cities.
– Cities are usually responsible for a greater percentage of total GDP
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The Consequences of Urbanization
• Gentrification – The Reinvestment of capital into inner-city areas. – Improvement in residential areas– It is a type of filtering that may lead to the social
displacement of poor people (as a place becomes gentrified, housing prices rise and the poor are unable to afford it– often times minorities)
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The Consequences of Urbanization
– Re-urbanization: (urban renewal) the development of activities to increase residential population densities within the existing built-up area of a city.
– This may include the redevelopment of vacant land and the refurbishment of housing and the development of new businesses.
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The Consequences of Urbanization
– Brownfield Sites: abandoned or underused industrial buildings and land, which may be contaminated but have potential for redevelopment
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Centrifugal Movements
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Centrifugal Movements
• Also known as Decentralization • The outward movements of a population from
the center of a city towards its edge or periphery, resulting in the expansion of a city.
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Suburbanization
• Suburb: a residential area just outside the boundaries of a city.
• Suburbanization: the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas. This may result from the out-migration of population from the inner urban areas to the suburbs.
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Urban Sprawl
• The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. It is closely linked with the process of suburbanization.
• Good examples of Urban Sprawl include Mexico City
• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2401975/Amazing-aerial-photos-Mexico-City-natural-boundaries-stand-way.html
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Counter-Urbanization
• A process involving the movement of populations away from inner urban areas to a new town, new estate, commuter town or village on the edge or just beyond the city limits or rural-urban fringe.
• Characteristic of wealthy cities in MEDCs • It is a response to increasing stress of
overcrowding, congestion, pollution and crime.
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Reasons for counter-urbanization
• Increased car ownership• Increased wealth• De-industrialization• Relocation of industry/employment to rural urban
fringe• Desire for safe, pleasant environment, the rural
ideal/utopia• Perception of urban areas as dangerous, high
levels of crime, racial/ethnic problems – ‘white flight’
• Change in tenure from public/renting to private ownership. Sell property and move out.
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The Consequences of Centrifugal Movements
• Centrifugal movements involve a shift of population and economic activity from the center of the urban area to its periphery and beyond, which is detrimental to the center.
• Construction of roads and buildings destroy open space and increases air pollution
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Response to Consequences
• Urban Planners have focused on ways of reviving the urban center(urban renewal/gentrification) and restricting new construction in urban hinterlands
• Hinterlands: the zone surrounding a city
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The Family Life Cycle
• Intra-urban population movement may involve shifts of population during the family life cycle.
• A person is likely to move around different zones of city depending on their age and their need for a house of a certain size.