Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
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Transcript of Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
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Forces of Fragmentation and Cohesion:
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
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Centripetal Forces
• Promoting State Cohesion• Nationalism• Unifying Institutions • Organization and Administration• Transportation and Communication• Supranationalism
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Centrifugal Forces
• Challenges to State Authority • Less Nationalism • Devolution, Regionalism • Peripheral Location• Social and Economic Inequality
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Devolution –Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
What causes devolutionary movements?
Ex. Ethnocultural forcesEconomic forcesSpatial forces
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Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements
Eastern Europedevolutionary forces since the fall of communism
Ex. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
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Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, SpainBarcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports
and 40% of its industrial exports.
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Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Honolulu, Hawai’iA history apart from the United States, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive.
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Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals.
* How many supranational organizationsexist in the world today?
At least 60
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United Nations• Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but, due
to isolationist Americans, U.S. never joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations…
• Basics of the UN: – Cooperate with internationally approved standards– 193 members– Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping operations,
human rights
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Global Scale – The United Nations
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Regional Scale - Europe
• Benelux, 1944: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg• Marshall Plan, 1948-’52: US aid to Western European
Countries• Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1952 (OEEC)
toEuropean Economic Community (EEC)
to European Community (EC)
to European Union, 1992 (EU)
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Regional Scale - Europe
• European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members – 12 European Community (EC) members
established the EU – 1992– Euro introduced in 2002– Problems facing the EU?• Bailouts to member countries• To include Turkey or not?
Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland
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Regional Scale – The European Union(27 Current Members)
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Supranationalism Elsewhere…
• NAFTA, ACS, APEC, CIS…• Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate
trade• None like the European Union