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of Utah

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Apple’s response

• Jef Raskin• Apple Lisa (1983)

- attempt to commercialize Xerox-style GUI- $10,000- failure

http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=24405&rendTypeId=4

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of Utah

22

Macintosh

• 1984• First commercially successful GUI

computer• $1,995

http://www.cedmagic.com/history/macintosh-128k.jpg

University

of Utah

33

Macintosh

• Motorola 68000 processor- Based on PDP-11 architecture

• 128K RAM• 3-1/2 floppy drive• “closed” architecture

University

of Utah

44

Macintosh

• commercial break!

University

of Utah

55

Attack of the Clones

• IBM PC consisted primarily of 3rd party hardware and software

• So what was truly IBM’s about it?

University

of Utah

66

Attack of the Clones

• IBM PC consisted primarily of 3rd party hardware and software

• So what was truly IBM’s about it?• The BIOS!

- and it’s copyrighted.

University

of Utah

77

Compaq

• “Compatibility and Quality”• Reverse-engineered BIOS

- “clean room” technique• Compaq Portable (1983)

- $2995- 25 pounds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Compaq_portable.jpg

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of Utah

88

Phoenix Technologies

• Also reverse-engineered IBM’s BIOS• Sold BIOS chip to others

- Opened the floodgates!• ...and the rest is history...

University

of Utah

99

The others

• Not everyone embraced IBM standard- Commodore- Atari- Texas Instruments- Tandy / Radio Shack- Coleco- Sinclair / Timex

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of Utah

1010

Sinclair Research

• Sir Clive Sinclair• Radios, calculators, watches...• ...and computers! (1980)

University

of Utah

1111

Sinclair ZX81

• ZX81 (1981)- follow-on to earlier machine, ZX80.- Zilog Z80 processor- 1K RAM

expandable to 16K- BASIC in ROM- Black-and-white display

University

of Utah

1212

Sinclair ZX81

• ZX81 (1981)- follow-on to earlier machine, ZX80.- Zilog Z80 processor- 1K RAM

expandable to 16K- BASIC in ROM- Black-and-white display

• The price: $100

University

of Utah

1313

Sinclair ZX81

• demo

University

of Utah

1414

Commodore VIC-20

• 1980• 5K RAM• 6502 chip for processor• VIC chip for color/graphics/sound

- “video interface chip”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commodore_VIC_20_computer1.jpg

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of Utah

1515

Commodore VIC-20

• Sold at normal retailers (K-Mart)• Brilliant advertising

- William Shatner as spokesman

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:JamesTKirk.jpg

University

of Utah

1616

Commodore VIC-20

• commercial break

University

of Utah

1717

Commodore 64

• 1982• Same packaging as VIC-20, but much

more powerful- 64K RAM- 6510 chip for processor- VIC-II chip for graphics

8 sprites- SID chip for sound

3 concurrent “voices”

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of Utah

1818

Commodore 64

• Most popular computer of all time- 30 million sold (1982 – 1994)- $595

University

of Utah

1919

Commodore 64

• demo

University

of Utah

2020

Crash of ‘83

• Jack Tramiel: “Business is war”• 1983

- January: price drops to $399- February: $100 rebate- October: TI quits

University

of Utah

2121

Crash of ‘83

• Jack Tramiel: “Business is war”• 1983

- January: price drops to $399- February: $100 rebate- October: TI quits

• 1984- Tandy/Radio Shack starts making IBM PC

compatibles- Atari almost goes bankrupt

University

of Utah

2222

Friendly Reminder

• If you haven’t already...- Mid-semester course evaluation- “Center for Teaching and Learning

Excellence”• Essay due Friday

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of Utah

2323

“Test Question”

• On a scrap of paper, write a question that encapsulates one of the points from today's class, and turn it in.

• (Put your name on it!)