UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIApsasir.upm.edu.my/34028/1/FK 2011 166R.pdfkeempat. Sebaliknya, moduli...

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

WAN MOHAMAD HANIFFAH BIN WAN HUSSIN

FK 2011 166

EFFECTS OF REPEATED WATER AND DOMESTIC BLEACH IMMERSION ON KENAF FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES

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EFFECTS OF REPEATED WATER AND

DOMESTIC BLEACH IMMERSION ON KENAF

FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE

COMPOSITES


MASTER OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

2011

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EFFECTS OF REPEATED WATER AND DOMESTIC BLEACH

IMMERSION ON KENAF FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE

COMPOSITES

By


Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science

September 2011

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DEDICATION

My Mother, Rahmah Abdullah

My Father, Wan Hussin Wan Yusoff

My Wife, Soleha Ahmad

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment

of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

EFFECTS OF REPEATED WATER AND DOMESTIC BLEACH

IMMERSION ON KENAF FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE

COMPOSITES

By

WAN MOHAMAD HANIFFAH WAN HUSSIN

December 2011

Chairman : Mohd. Sapuan b. Salit, PhD, PEng

Faculty : Engineering

Most applications of natural fibre composite intended for environment free from

water in order to avoid degradation in mechanical properties due to high water

absorption property of the natural fibre composites. The aim of this research is to

study the pattern of liquid content of kenaf fibre reinforced polypropylene

composites and general changes in tensile properties caused by cyclic immersion and

also the difference between cyclic and continuous immersion effect on tensile

properties of the composites.

The pattern of liquid contents in the composites were compared between 40 and 60%

fibre loadings composites under cyclic immersion for 4 cycles, where each cycle

consist of 3 days of immersion and 4 days of conditioning in room temperature

(28°C and 55% humidity). The liquids used for immersion were water and bleach

(16.17% v/v). Results shown that, for both fibre loadings, liquid content pattern for

composites immersed in bleach deviate from composites under water immersion.

The deviations were more obvious when numbers of cycles were increased.

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Although liquid contents in composites were increased from cycle to cycle; for the

same total duration of immersion, the amount of liquid content in composites

immersed under cyclic immersion were less than continuous immersion for all

composites.

Among 3 factors studied in cyclic immersion; statistical analysis has shown that

fibre compositions in the composites and cycle of immersion gave significant

influence on tensile strength of the composites while liquid of immersion (difference

between water and bleach) only significant on fourth cycle of immersion. On the

other hand, tensile moduli were influenced by all the studied factors. As a

conclusion, bleach did influence tensile modulus of the composites but did not

significantly influenced tensile strength of the composites until the forth cycle of

immersion.

The type of immersion (cyclic and continuous immersion) also influenced tensile

properties of the composites. Statistically, tensile strength of the composites showed

significant difference between cyclic and continuous immersion only occurred for

composite immersed in bleach. Nevertheless statistical analysis showed that tensile

moduli of the composites were not significant between cyclic and continuous

immersion. The results conclusively showed that types of immersions (continuous

and cyclic immersion) only cause significant difference in tensile strength of

composites immersed in bleach.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai

memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

PENGARUH RENDAMAN AIR DAN PELUNTUR DOMESTIK BERULANG

KOMPOSIT POLIPROILENA BERTETULANG GENTIAN KENAF

Oleh

WAN MOHAMAD HANIFFAH WAN HUSSIN

Disember 2011

Pengerusi : Mohd. Sapuan Salit, PhD, PEng

Fakulti : Kejuruteraan

Kebanyakan penggunaan komposit gentian asli disasarkan bagi persekitaran bebas

daripada air untuk menggelakkan degradasi sifat-sifat mekanikal disebabkan ciri

penyerapan air yang tinggi bagi komposit gentian asli. Tujuan penyelidikan ini ialah

untuk memplajari corak kandungan cecair dalam komposit polipropilena diperteguh

gentian kenaf dan perubahan-perubahan am dalam ciri-ciri tegang disebabkan oleh

rendaman berkitar dan juga perbezaan antara rendaman berkitar dan berterusan

terhadap ciri-ciri ketegangan komposit.

Corak kandungan cecair dalam komposit dibandingkan di antara komposit

bermuatan 40 dan 60% gentian dalam rendaman berkitar untuk 4 kitaran, di mana

setiap pusingan terdiri daripada 3 hari rendaman dan disesuaikan selama 4 hari

dalam suhu bilik (28°C dan 55% kelembapan). Cecair digunakan untuk rendaman

ialah air dan peluntur (16.17% v / v). Keputusan membuktikan bahawa, untuk kedua-

dua muatan gentian, corak kandungan cecair untuk komposit direndam dengan

peluntur menyimpang daripada komposit yang direndam dalam air. Penyimpangan

lebih ketara apabila blangan kitaran telah ditambah. Walaupun kandungan cecair

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dalam komposit telah meningkat dari satu kitaran ke kitaran yang lain; bagi jumlah

masa rendaman yang sama, jumlah kandungan cecair dalam komposit yang

direndam melalui rendaman berkitar berkurang berbanding rendaman berterusan

untuk semua komposit.

Antara 3 faktor yang dikaji dalam perendaman berkitar; analisis statistik

membuktikan yang kandunga gentian dalam komposit dan kitaran rendaman

memberi pengaruh penting pada kekuatan tegangan komposit manakala cecair

rendaman (perbezaan antara air dan peluntur) hanya ketara pada rendaman kitaran

keempat. Sebaliknya, moduli tegang dipengaruhi oleh semua faktor-faktor yang

dikaji. Kesimpulannya, peluntur sememangnya mempengaruhi modulus tegangan

komposit tetapi tidak begitu mempengaruhi kekuatan tegangan komposit

sehinggalah rendaman pada kitaran keempat.

Jenis rendaman (rendaman berkitar dan berterusan) juga mempengaruhi ciri-ciri

ketegangan komposit. Secara statistik, kekuatan tegangan komposit menunjukkan

perbezaan antara rendaman berkitar dan berterusan hanya ketara untuk komposit

direndam dengan peluntur. Walau bagaimanapun analisis statistik menunjukkan

yang moduli tegang komposit antara rendaman berkitar dan berterusan tidak ketara.

Keputusan-keputusan dengan pasti menunjukkan bahawa jenis-jenis rendaman

(rendaman berterusan dan berkitar) hanya ketara bagi kekuatan tegangan komposit

yang direndam dengan peluntur.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Most of all, Praise be to Almighty Allah SWT who makes this work reaches its

completion. I would not have been able to make it without His help. I would like to

express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to the supervisory committee:

Chairman, Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd. Sapuan b. Salit and co-supervisor, Dr. Khalina

Abdan for their supervision and guidance of this research also their continuous

support throughout my study in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Special thanks are

due to Associate Professor Dr. Paridah Md. Tahir for lignocelluloses class, Associate

Professor Dr Ahmad Selamat for statistic class and School of Graduate Studies for

workshop and seminars that assisted me throughout my graduate life and beyond.

Special thanks to Ministry of Higher Education for paying my tuition fee with

Second Economic Stimulation Package (Mini Budget 2009) and also to Institute of

Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP) with grants VOT 5488500 from

Economic Planning Unit for facilities and materials provided throughout my works.

Besides, I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to all

technicians and colleagues at Biocomposites Laboratory in INTROP for their

valuable assistance. Last but not least I would like to acknowledge all research

assistants and practical students who helped me in completing this research project.

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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 30 December 2011 to

conduct the final examination of Wan Mohamad Haniffah bin Wan Hussin on his

Master of Science thesis entitled “Effects of Repeated Water and Domestic Bleach

Immersion on Kenaf Fibre-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites” in accordance

with Universities and University College Act 1971 and the Constitution of the

Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The committee

recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science.

Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:

Luqman Chuah Abdullah, PhD

Professor

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Zulkiflle b. Leman, PhD

Associate Professor



(Internal Examiner)

Edi Syams bin. Zainudin, PhD

Senior Lecturer



(Internal Examiner)

Hazizan b. Md. Akil, PhD

Associate Professor

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering

Universiti Sains Malaysia

(External Examiner)

_________________________

SEOW HENG FONG, PhD

Professor and Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date: 23 April 2012

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The

members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Mohd. Sapuan Salit, PhD, PEng

Professor



(Chairman)

Khalina Abdan, PhD

Senior Lecturer



(Member)

________________________________

BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD

Professor and Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date:

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DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which

have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously and is

not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at

any other institution.

____________________________________________


Date: 30 December 2011

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION i

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi

DECLARATION ix

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Problem Statements 3

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives 4

1.4 Significance of the Study 5

1.5 Scope of the Study 5

1.6 Structure of the Thesis 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Lignocelluloses Chemical Composition 8

2.3 Water Sorption of Lignocelluloses Material 14

2.4 Hysteresis of wood 18

2.5 Liquid desorption in porous material 19

2.6 Water and Natural Fibre Composites 21

2.7 Composition and Morphology of Kenaf 27

2.8 Bleach Classification 29

2.8.1 Resistance of Lignocelluloses against Bleach 30

2.8.2 Resistance of Polypropylene against Bleach 31

2.9 Summary of Literature Review 32

3 METHODOLOGY 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Specimen Preparation 35

3.2.1 Fibre Preparation 35

3.2.2 Composite Preparation 36

3.2.3 Specimen Preparation 41

3.3 Treatments 44

3.3.1 Measuring Device and Chemicals 44

3.3.2 Specimen and Parameter Selection 45

3.3.3 Treatment Procedure 47

3.3.4 Testing Procedure 48

3.3.5 Statistical Method 48

3.4 Summary 49

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4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50

4.1 Introduction 50

4.2 Water Absorption in Kenaf/Polypropylene Composites 51

4.3 Liquid Content in the Composite 52

4.3.1 Treatment Effect on Each Composites 55

4.3.2 Cycle by Cycle Analysis 56

4.3.3 Liquid Content of Continuous and Cyclic Immersion 62

4.3.4 Justification of Liquid Content Pattern due to Cyclic Immersion 63

4.4 Tensile Properties of the Composites 66

4.4.1 Tensile strength at Maximum Loading 66

4.4.2 Statistical Analysis for Tensile Strength 67

4.4.3 Tensile Modulus 71

4.4.4 Statistical Analysis for Tensile Modulus 72

4.4.5 Summary of Tensile Properties due to Cyclic Immersion 74

4.5 Difference between Continuous and Cyclic Immersion 75

4.5.1 Difference in Tensile Strength 75

4.5.2 Differences in Tensile Modulus 77

4.6 Visual Observations 79

4.7 Summary 82

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83

5.1 Conclusions 83

5.2 Recommendations 83

REFERENCES 85

APPENDIX A 90

BIODATA OF STUDENT 97

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 98

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