Université Sorbonne Paris Nordtoulouse/doc/publi/... · 2006. 1. 13. · o ºH» ÅÇÀÏÐÆÍlÅ...

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Transcript of Université Sorbonne Paris Nordtoulouse/doc/publi/... · 2006. 1. 13. · o ºH» ÅÇÀÏÐÆÍlÅ...

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    n-oqp r ÀÏÐÆìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�ÀÏÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo un-oqp�oqp v É�w ÀÏÐÌÄyxvÍÏÀ{zIÉ�w ÉkÃVìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�À*¿kÀ

    NPO | o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo un-oqp�o}n á Ô�~�ÃkÑâÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã�ÐÑâÃ�¿[ÑÇÐÌìPÀlÃ�Ð�Â6skÅÇÀÏÐ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo n-o}n r ÀlÉkÊÊÒÔÏÐÒÎ~ÅâÉkÄÌÑÇÎ~à o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopN

    n-o}n-oqp r ÂMt ÑÇÐ�ÐÌÑÇÎ~à ¿kÀ�Åw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃìPÎ~ÅâËIÃ�Î$t Ñ ÂaÅÇÀ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopNn-o}n-o}n ø Î~ÃÂaÊ�t�À oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopN

    n-o} r ÀlÉkÊãÔlÁ~ÂaÅâÉ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~à o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGop�pn-o}-oqp ÀlÊ¿kÀ Å ÂaÃ�ÍÏÀ*¿kÀ Åw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃìPÎ~ÅâËIÃ�Î$t Ñ ÂaÅÇÀ�ÅâÀ�Ê�ÂaìkìPÎ~ÊÌÄãÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐÌÑTzIÉ�À o&oGop�pn-o}-o}n Ã�ÀÂaÅâÄÒÀlÊÌÃ�ÂaÄÌÑâÁïÀ�ÅÇÀ Ê�Âaì�ìPÎ~ÊÌÄ¿[ÑÓù�ÔlÊÒÀlÃIÄÌÑÇÀlÅ oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopNnn-o}-o} r w ÀcÊÒÊÒÀlÉkÊ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopNn

    n-o á ÀlúÊÒÔÏпiw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎN[Ñ'teÂaÄÒÑâÎà o&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopNn-o oqp ìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã2Ê�ÂaìkìPÎ~ÊÌÄãÍÏÎ~Ã�ÐÌÄ�ÂaÃIÄ

    r0o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopN

    n-o o}n ìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~Ãr r ÂaÉ�ÐÒÐÌÑ�ìkÊÒÎIÍ�ä�À*¿kÀ 1 zIÉ�À Åw Î~à ÁïÀcÉ�Ä o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGop(n-o} á Ô�~�ÃkÑâÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃóÅÇÎ~úÑTzïÉ�À oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGop(

    n-o}-oqpMaxNP0

    oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGop(n-o}-o}n

    MaxSNP0o&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopN

    n-o}-o} r Î~úÑTzïÉ�À*ÀlÄÂaìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~à o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGopNn-o} ù�ÀlÄÒпkÀ�ÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐ�À o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon�

    n-o}-oqp r À ìkÊÌÑâÃ�ÍlÑâìPÀ*¿kÀ�ÊÒÔÏ¿[É�ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~à o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon�Á

  • n-o}-o}n r Â2Ã�Î~ÄÒÑâÎ~ÿkÀÍÏÎ$t ìkÅÇÔlÄÌÉ�¿kÀ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon�n-o}-o} r Â3ÀlÊ�t�ÀlÄÌÉkÊÒÀ o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon@u

    n-ou ÃkÑâÄÒÔÀlÃIÄÌÊÒÀ�ìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�ÀÏÐ o&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon@un-ou�oqp ë ÔÏ¿[É�ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã�ÐÍÏÎ~ÃIÄÌÑâÃIÉ�ÀÏÐ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon@un-ou�o}n ë ÔÏ¿[É�ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã�Ðã Ã�ÀÏÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGon�

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    « ¬ �qöêÛ«þôéqþ ÚàÞÖ�ÚtØ?ÖkçhÖ�×PöêÛ « m-oqp v É�ÀlÅTzIÉ�ÀÏÐÍÏÎ~Ã�ÍÏÀlìkÄÒÐ o&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo@u

    -oqp�oqp v É�w ÀÏÐÌÄyxvÍÏÀ{zIÉ�w ÉkÃóÂaÅâúÎ~ÊÌÑâÄÌä#t�À¥¿kÀ ÊÒÀÏÍ�ä�ÀlÊÒÍ�ä�À*ÅâÎIͯÂaÅÇÀ | o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo@u-oqp�o}n Î~ÑÇÐÌÑâÃ�ÂaúÀÏÐhxsPÎ~ÊÌÃ�ÔÏÐ oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo¡�

    -o}n r ÀÏÐÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐÒÀÏÐGLO[R]

    o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo¡�-o} kÀ(t ìkÅÇÀÏÐÐÒÑqt ìkÅÇÀÏЪìPÎ~ÉkÊÆÁïÎ~ÑÇÐÌÑâÃ�ÂaúÀÏÐ p xsPÎ~ÊÌÃ�ÔÏÐ o&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo®�-o r Ñqt ÑâÄÒÀ*¿kÀÏÐÆÁÎ~ÑÇÐÌÑâÃ�ÂaúÀÏÐ

    hxsPÎ~ÊÌÃ�ÔÏÐ o&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo¡Eu

    -o} ë ÔÏ¿[É�ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã�ÐÆìkÊÒÔÏÐÒÀlÊÌÁÂaÃIÄÆÅw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎNnÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃÅÇÎIͯÂaÅÇÀ oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo®�-o}-oqp Ê�ÔlÐ�ÀlÊÌÁÀlÊÆÅÇÀ�ÁïÎ~ÑÇÐÌÑâÃ�ÂaúÀ oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo®�-o}-o}n r Â2ÊÒÔÏ¿[É�ÍcÄÒÑâÎ~Ã

  • o ºH» ÅÇÀÏÐÆÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐ�ÀÏÐGLO[R]

    ÐÒÀ�ÐÒÑâÄÌÉ�ÀlÃIÄyxvÀlÅâÅÇÀÏÐ | o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGou¶ o oqpGLO[R]

    ÀlĪÅÇÀÏÐÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐÒÀÏÐÆ¿iw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~à oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGou$ o o}n

    GLO[R]ÀlĪÅÇÀÏÐÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐÒÀÏЪÅÇÎ~úÑTzIÉ�ÀÏÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGou$

    o o} v É�ÀlÅâÅÇÀÉkÃkÑâÄÒÔ¿�ÂaÃ�ÐÆÄÒÎ~Ékļ¯Â | o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo¸u$ o} ë ÔÏͯÂaìkÑâÄÌÉkÅ ÂaÄÌÑ'°¿kÀÏЪÊÒÔÏÐÌÉkÅâÄ�ÂaÄÒÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo�² õ ßÖ�×qØ�ÙIà?×qÜ�Ú¹½âÖ�×qØ?ÚÙóñqÙ:�éÙ ¾ «

    -oqp r  ÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐ�ÀPLS

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    -oqp�oqp Ê�ÔlÐ�ÀlÃIÄ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~à o&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN�-oqp�o}n Ç Î~É�п�ÂaÃ�ÐÆÅÇÀ�tÁµ(t�À*Ð�Â~Í oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN�

    -o}nGLO

    ÀcÄãÂ~ÐÒÐÒÎIÍlÑÇÔÏÐ oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN�-o}n-oqp Î~ÑÇÐÌÑâÃ�ÂaúÀÏÐÈt ÑâÊÒÎ~ÑâÊÒÐÀlÄÆÅ ÂWÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐ�À

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    -o}n-o}n º ìkÄÌÑqteÂeÂaÅâÄÒÔlÊÒÔÏÐÀlÄGGLO[R]

    o&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;p�pN-o}n-o} É Ñ'�ÂaúÀ�Î~É

    CGGLO[R]o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo;p�pNn

    -o} á ÔÏÍlÅâÑâÃ�ÂaÑÇÐÒÎ~ÿkÀÏЪìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�ÀÏÐã¿kÀÐ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÐy{ÂaÑÇÐ�Â6skÑâÅâÑâÄÒÔGte¶nÑqt¥É#t ÀlÃGLO

    oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;p�pN-o}-oqp Ã�À�Î~ìkìPÎÐÌÑâÄÌÑÇÎ~ÿkÀ�ìkÅâÉ�ÐÆÀlÃnÄÌÊÒÀ�Ê�ÂaìkìPÎ~ÊÌÄÒÐÍlÅ Â~ÐÒÐÒÑTzïÉ�À�ÀlÄ¿[ÑÓù�ÔlÊÒÀlÃIÄÌÑÇÀlÅ oGo&o&oGo;p�pN-o}-o}n

    MaxSatÀlÄCGLO

    oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o;p�pN-o}-o}

    Maxk − SatÀlÄGLO

    o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o;p�pN-o}-o

    Maxk − SatÀlÄCGLO

    o&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o;p�pN-o}-o}

    MaxNAE k − SatÀlÄGLO

    oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oCp�pN-o}-o}

    Maxk − SatÀlÄGCGLO

    o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oCp�pN-o r ÀÏÐÆìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�ÀÏÐã¿kÀÐ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÐy{Â~ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~à ¿kÀÍÏÎ~ÃIÄÌÊ�ÂaÑâÃIÄÒÀÏÐãÍÏÎ~Ã$�ÌÎ~Ã�ÍlÄÌÑâÁÀÏÐ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;p�pN

    -o oqp ÃVìkÊÒÎ$skÅÇå(t�À*¿[Ñ ÍlÑâÅÇÀ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;p�pN-o o}n ÀlÊÒЪÅÇÀ pËʶ ¿[ÑÓù�ÔlÊÒÀlÃIÄÌÑÇÀlÅ oqoqoDo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pNn�n

    ÁnÑâÑ

  • -o o} ìkìkÊÒÎN[ÑqteÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~à pËÊ$Yo&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pNn�-o} r Ñqt ÑâÄÒÀÏÐã¿kÀ�Åw ÂaìkìkÊÒÎIÍ�ä�À

    GLOoGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pNn@u

    -o}-oqp pËÊ$ ÅÇÀGt�ÀlÑâÅâÅÇÀlÉkÊã¿kÀ CGLO ìPÎ~ÉkÊ Max 2− CCSP o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oCpNn@u-o}-o}n pËÊ$ ÅÇÀGt�ÀlÑâÅâÅÇÀlÉkÊãÀÏÐÌìPÎ~ÑâÊ¿kÀ CGLO[δ] ìPÎ~ÉkÊ Max 2− CCSP o&o&oGo&o&o&oCpNn�-o}-o} pËÊ$n ÅÇÀGt�ÀlÑâÅâÅÇÀlÉkÊã¿kÀ GLO ìPÎ~ÉkÊ MaxNAE 2− Sat o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oCpN�-o}-o pËÊ$ ÅÇÀGt�ÀlÑâÅâÅÇÀlÉkÊãÀÏÐÌìPÎ~ÑâÊ¿kÀ GLO[δ] ìPÎ~ÉkÊ MaxNAE 2− Sat o&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN-p-o} ë ÔÏͯÂaìkÑâÄÌÉkÅ ÂaÄÌÑ'°¿kÀÏЪÊÒÔÏÐÌÉkÅâÄ�ÂaÄÒÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN-pm �OüIñ|éqÞöêÛà?×qÜ ñ|Ö�×Ü

    GLO[δ]Ùö

    APX[δ]j�«

  • -o} ë ÔÏͯÂaìkÑâÄÌÉkÅ ÂaÄÌÑ'°¿kÀÏЪìkÊÌÑâÃ�ÍlÑâì�ÂaÉ-VÊÒÔÏÐÒÉkÅâÄ�ÂaÄÒÐ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pN�³

    δ−Ö#�Þ�qçaà�hÛ«þRÖ[öêÛà?× ñé

    TSPab ß «;à-¯ j m j-oqp r w ÂaÅâúÎ~ÊÌÑâÄÌä#teÀ o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pËu�p-oqp�oqp r À n xvÍÏÎ~ÉkìkÅ ÂaúÀ*ÑâÃkÑâÄÌÑ ÂaÅ o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pËu$n-oqp�o}n Ê�Ôcì?ÂaÊ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃWÅ ÂWÍÏÎ~Ã�ÐÒÄÌÊÌÉ�ÍlÄÌÑÇÎ~ÿ[ÉVÄÒÎ~ÉkÊ oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pËu$-oqp�o} r ÂWÐ�Î~ÅâÉkÄÌÑÇÎ~ÃÂaìkìkÊÒÎIÍ�ä�ÔÏÀ oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pËu$-oqp�o Ý ÁÂaÅâÉ�ÂaÄÌÑÇÎ~ÿkÀ�Å ÂWÐ�Î~ÅâÉkÄÌÑÇÎ~Ã

    T̃oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo&o&oGo;pËu$

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