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Motivation & Emotion

Unit outline

Dr James NeillCentre for Applied Psychology

University of Canberra

2016Image source

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Outline� Teaching staff� Learning outcomes� Syllabus� Graduate attributes� Flexible delivery� Lectures� Tutorials

� Textbook� Equipment� Unit websites� Assessment

� Book chapter� Multimedia� Quizzes

� Key dates

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We acknowledge the Ngunnawal peoples as traditional custodians

of the land upon which the Uni of Canberra main campus sits,

and pay respect to Elders past and present.

Acknowledgement of country

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Integrate theories and

current research towards explaining the role of

motivation and emotions

in human behaviour .

Learning outcomes

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1. Drives and instincts2. Theories of motivation,

consciousness, and volitional behaviour

3. Self-control and self-regulation4. Structure and function of emotions 5. Relationships between emotion and

cognition6. Regulation of emotions

Syllabus

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Graduate attributes: Professional

1. Communicate effectively2. Initiative and drive, use organisation skills to

plan and manage workload3. Up-to-date and relevant knowledge and

skills4. Use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and

research skills to solve real-world and theoretical problem

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Graduate attributes: Global citizens

1. Adopt an informed and balanced approach across professional and international boundaries

2. Communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings

3. Make creative use of technology in learning and professional lives

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1. Adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas

2. Be self-aware3. Evaluate and adopt new technology

Graduate attributes: Lifelong learners

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1. On-campus activities (lectures and tutorials) are recorded, with accompanying online notes.

2. The learning outcomes can be achieved via face to face, online, or blended modes of engagement → your choice

Flexible delivery mode

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�Wednesdays 13:30-15:30 12B2 Weeks 1-7, 9-13

� 12 x 2 hour weekly lectures based on the 17 Reeve (2015) textbook chapters�~1st half = motivation�~2nd half = emotion

� Lectures will be recorded and accessible via Echo360 on the Moodle site.

Lectures

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Lecture topics

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Lectures

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1. Unit outline and introduction2. Historical development and

assessment skills3. Brain & physiological needs4. Psych. needs & implicit motives5. Ext. motivation & goal setting6. Mindsets, control, & the self

Lecture topics

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7. Nature of emotion8. Aspects of emotion9. Individual emotions10. Unconscious motivation11. Growth psychology12. Interventions and conclusion

Lecture topics

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1. 6 x 2hr x fortnightly tutorials2. Structure

1. ~20% content review2. ~50% activities3. ~30% assessment task skills

3. Virtual tutorials are recorded and available via Moodle

4. Tutorial attendance is strongly recommended but not compulsory

Tutorials

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Tutorial topics

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Tutorials

Wed/Thu fortnightlyT1 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12T2 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13T3 Wed 18:00 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12T4 Wed 18:00 Onl W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13T5 Thu 10:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12

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1. Introduction + Wiki editing2. Needs (Physiological, Psychological, Social)

3. Motivation, optimism, & self4. Emotion5. Individual emotions6. Growth psychology

Tutorials - Topics

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TextbookReeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.).

Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

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1. Book chapter (50%) Due 9am Mon Week 13

2. Multimedia (20%) Due 9am Mon Week 14

3. Quizzes (30%) Due 9am Mon Week 15

Assessment - Overview

50 hours

90 hours

10 hours

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Book chapter - Task� Author an interesting, well-written,

freely available, online, book chapter about a specific, unique motivation or emotion topic.

� Consider how psychological theory and research knowledge can be used to help people live more effective motivational or emotional lives.

� Contribute meaningfully to the development of other book chapters.

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1. Theme2. Wikiversity

1. User name2. Licensing

3. Topic

Book chapter – Guidelines

4. Collaboration & peer feedback

5. Length6. Submission

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Topic examples - Motivation� What motivates people to do X and

how can we be more or less motivated to do A? (e.g., body modification, exercise, eat healthily, use drug Y)

� What is the B model/theory and how can it be applied? (e.g., goal setting, self-affirmation, willpower)

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Topic examples - Emotion� Why do we experience emotion W and

how can we experience more or less of it? (e.g., happiness, jealousy, emotional intelligence)

� What is the effect of (emotion) X on (outcome) Y? (e.g., anger on health, health on happiness)

� What is the Z model/theory of emotion and how can it be applied? (e.g., Emotion-Focused Therapy, Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, Lövheim cube of emotion)

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1. Theory (30%): Effective use of key theoretical concepts, critical thinking & application of theory.

2. Research (30%): Key peer-reviewed research discussed in relation to theoretical aspects of the topic.

3. Written expression (30%): Interesting and readable, logical structure, interactive learning features, APA style.

4. Social contribution (10%): Helping others to improve book quality. Logged.

Book chapter - Marking criteria

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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2016

� Sign up : � One topic per author.� Some possible topics are available – sign

up anytime. � Or propose your own topic (via email).� Topics will be discussed during Tutorial 1.� Sign up by the end of Week 3.

Book chapter - Topic sign up 1

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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2016

Proposed topics – email the convener : � Title� Subtitle (in the form of a question(s)) � Topics must be unique (not previously covered in

the Motivation and Emotion book project on Wikiversity)

� Wikiversity username

Book chapter - Topic sign up 2

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Multimedia – Guidelines

1. Topic overview2. Style and format3. Platform4. Equipment

5. Length6. Copyright7. Attribution8. Links

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1. Structure and content (25%): Well-designed, logical content which overviews the chapter content

2. Communication (50%): Clear, well-paced, engaging communication of ideas

3. Production quality (25%): Clear picture and sound. Informative title, description, license, etc.

Multimedia - Marking criteria

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Best aspects? “Choosing our own topic and writing a chapter

that was meaningful to us, using a new medium that extended our skills. Learning to use the

Wiki, and writing in this way was more relevant to real life than an essay. Really engaging unit!”

Worst aspects?“did not like at all the focus on wikiversity and

multimedia/social media aspect ... overly challenging to be learning the content as well as

the medium.”

Student feedback (2011)

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Evaluation 34

Quizzes1. Availability2. Content

1.Online quizzes about each of the 17 textbook chapters

2.Equally-weighted 10-item multiple-choice quizzes

3. Time limit4. Academic integrity5. Attempts6. Reviewing results

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Quizzes

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● W03 (Fri) – Sign up for chapter topic● W04 (Fri) – Census day - Withdraw without academic or financial penalty

● W08 – No classes - Mid-semester break● W08 (Fri) – Withdraw without incurring fail● W13 (Mon 9am) - Book chapter due● W14 (Mon 9am) - Multimedia due● W15 (Mon 9am) - Quizzes due● W16 (Fri 3pm) – Results released

Key dates

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Summary� Teaching staff� Learning outcomes� Syllabus� Graduate attributes� Flexible delivery� Lectures� Tutorials

� Textbook� Equipment� Unit websites� Lectures� Tutorials� Assessment

� Book chapter� Multimedia� Quizzes

� Key dates

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References

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

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Motivation & Emotion

Introduction to motivation and emotion

Dr James NeillCentre for Applied Psychology

University of Canberra

2016Image source

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Motivation and emotion: Definition activity

1. Write your own definition of:● motivation = ? ● emotion = ?

2. Share and discuss your definitions with someone else.

3. Improve/modify your definitions.

4. Let's hear some definitions …

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Motivation and emotion: Scientific process

Reality(In all its complexity)

Applications;

Recommendations

(How to support and enhance motivation and

emotion in applied settings)

Theory(Created by

psychologists)

Hypo-theses(Derived from

theory)

Data(To test the adequacy of each hypothesis)

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1

Representation

Application

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Motivation:Pink blobs

Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg,

CC-by-A 4.0

Pink

blob

Pink

blob

Why aren't we just pink blobs?

Why do we ever do anything at all?

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Motivation:Energy + Direction

Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour energy and direction.

� Energy (Strength): Behaviours have strength, intensity, and persistence.

� Direction (Purpose): Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals.

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Motivational theory example: Reasons to exercise

Reeve (2009), Table 1.1

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Motivation:Perennial questions

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)

What causes behaviour?

“Why did she do that?”

“Why do people do what they do?”

?

Why does behaviour vary in

its intensity?

“Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way

at another time?”

“What are the motivational differences among individuals, and

how do such differences arise?”

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Motivation:Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,

CC-by-SA 3.0

1.What starts behaviour?2.Why is behaviour sustained over time?3.Why is behaviour directed towards

some goals yet away from others?4.Why does behaviour change its

direction?5.Why does behaviour stop?

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Motivation: Sources

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)

Antecedent conditions• External events• Social contexts

Internal motives

Needs Cognitions Emotions

Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action

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Expressions of motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)

Behaviour

Physiology &

brain activations

Engage-ment

Self-report

Motivation cannot be directly measured; but expressions of motivation can be measured.

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Expressions of motivation: Behaviour

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13)

Probability of response

Choice

Latency

Persistence

Effort

Facial expressions

Bodily gestures

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Expressions of motivation:Engagement

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)

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Extent of engagement

Behaviour Emotion Cognition Agency

• On-task behaviour• Effort• Persistence

• Presence of interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm• Absence of distress, anger, anxiety, frustration

● Using sophisticated learning strategies● Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge● Self-regulation, such as planning

• Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better• Asking questions• Expressing preferences

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Expressions of motivation:Physiological & brain activity

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14)

Brain

Hormonal

Cardiovascular

Ocular

Electrodermal

Skeletal

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Expressions of motivation:Self-report

Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)

� People can typically self-report the nature of their motivation (e.g., via interview or questionnaire).

� But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological expressions (unconscious motivation).

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Framework for understanding and studying motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)

Antecedent conditions

● Environmental events

● Social contexts

Motivestatus

Energising, directing, and

sustaining:• Behaviour• Enagement• Brain activity• Psychophysiology• Self-report

Changes in life outcomes:

• Performance• Achievement• Learning• Adjustment• Skill, talent• Well-being

Needs Cognitions Emotions

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Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour

Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)

Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.

e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk

Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.

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Stream of behaviour and changes in the strength of its

underlying motives

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20)

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Using motivational theories to solve practical problems

Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)

Practicalproblem

Given what I know abouthuman motivation & emotion

Proposed solution/intervention, if any

e.g., • Student dropout• Mediocre performance

• Theories• Empirical findings• Practical experience

• How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits?• Do no harm

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Understanding the motivational agent

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

• What is the behavioural phenomena?• What is its opposite?• Where does it come from?• Is it malleable or fixed?• What does it related to, or predict?

Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)

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Theoretical understanding of the problem to be solved

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

• What is the model? (theory)• How does it work? (diagram?)• What causes the behavioural

phenomena to change? Under what conditions?

• What causes high and low levels of the behaviour?

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Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion

� Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries.

� Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library.

� Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, “Motivation and Emotion”.

� Explore the previous (2010-2015) books on Wikiversity.

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Summary1. Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel,

and how can this be changed?2. Motivation and emotion have a common

etymological and theoretical root – to move3. Motivation is a dynamic process which

combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.

1. Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed?

2. Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root – to move

3. Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.

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References

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.