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Motivation & Emotion

Unit outline

James NeillCentre for Applied Psychology

University of Canberra

2017Image source

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Outline� Acknowledgement of

country� Teaching staff� Learning outcomes� Syllabus� Graduate attributes� Flexible delivery� Schedule� Lectures� Tutorials

� Textbook� Access� Table of contents

� Websites� Equipment� Assessment

� Topic development� Book chapter� Multimedia� Quizzes

� Key dates� Questions

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellowpin.svg

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We acknowledge the traditional Indigenous

human custodians of the land upon which the

main UC campus sits, and pay respect to Elders

past and present.

Acknowledgement of country

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Teaching staffDr. James Neill

(convener, lecturer & tutor)

● Face to face: Before or after tutorials or lectures or by appointment.

● Online: Moodle discussion, Twitter (jtneill) #emot17, Wikiversity talk page (jtneill)

● Direct message: Email james.neill@canberra.edu.au

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Integrate theories and

current research towards explaining the role of

motivation and emotions

in human behaviour.

Learning outcomes

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1. Drives and instincts2. Theories of motivation,

consciousness, and volitional behaviour

3. Self-control and self-regulation4. Structure and function of emotions 5. Relationships between emotion and

cognition6. Regulation of emotions

Syllabus

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Graduate attributes: Professional

1. Communicate effectively2. Initiative and drive, use organisation skills to

plan and manage workload3. Up-to-date and relevant knowledge and

skills4. Use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and

research skills to solve real-world and theoretical problem

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Graduate attributes: Global citizens

1. Adopt an informed and balanced approach across professional and international boundaries

2. Communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings

3. Make creative use of technology in learning and professional lives

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1. Adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas

2. Be self-aware3. Evaluate and adopt new technology

Graduate attributes: Lifelong learners

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1. On-campus activities (lectures and tutorials) are recorded, with accompanying online notes.

2. The learning outcomes can be achieved via face to face, online, or blended modes of engagement → your choice

Flexible delivery mode

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Schedule

Image source: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Schedule 12

� Wednesdays 13:30-15:30 12B2 Weeks 1-7, 9-13

� 12 x 2 hour weekly lectures based on the 17 Reeve (2015) textbook chapters�~1st half = motivation�~2nd half = emotion

� Lectures will be recorded and accessible via Echo360 on the Moodle site.

Lectures

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Lectures - Topics

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Lectures 14

1. Introduction2. Historical development &

assessment skills3. Brain & physiological needs4. Extrinsic motivation &

psychological needs5. Motives & goals6. Mindsets, control, & the self

Lectures - Topics

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7. Nature of emotion8. Aspects of emotion9. Individual emotions10. Unconscious motivation11. Growth psychology12. Interventions & review

Lectures - Topics

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1. 6 x 2hr x fortnightly tutorials2. Structure

● ~20% content review● ~50% activities● ~30% assessment task skills

3. Virtual tutorials are recorded and available via Moodle

4. Tutorial attendance is strongly recommended but not compulsory

5. Bring your own device (if available)

Tutorials

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Tutorials - Timetable

Wednesday fortnightlyT1 Wed 15:30 12B16 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12

T2 Wed 15:30 12B16 W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13

T3 Wed 17:30 12B16 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12

T4 Wed 18:00 Online W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13

If you can't make your scheduled tutorial, try coming along at another time or watching the recording.

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Tutorials - Topics

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Tutorials

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1. Introduction2. Needs3. Goals & self4. Emotion5. Individual emotions6. Growth psychology

Tutorials - Topics

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1. No Week 5 17:30 tutorial1. Due to clash with the PG Psychology and

Counselling Info Evening2. Either attend the Week 5 15:30 12B16 tutorial,

Week 6 18:00 virtual tutorial, or watch recording.

2. No lecture or tutorials in Week 7 1. Due to unit convener on leave2. Lecture in Week 7 (Nature of emotion) will

consist of the 2016 online recording only3. Either attend the Week 9 15:30 12B16 tutorial,

18:00 virtual tutorial, or watch recording

Timetable variations in 2017

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Textbook - AccessReeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.).

Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

UC Library has� 5 copies on 3 day loan� 1 copy on 3 hour loan 22

Textbook - Table of contents

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Assessment - Overview

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1. Topic development (5%) Due 9am Mon Week 05

2. Book chapter (45%) Due 9am Mon Week 12

3. Multimedia (20%) Due 9am Mon Week 14

4. Quizzes (30%) Due 9am Mon Week 15

Assessment - Overview

45 hours

90 hours

10 hours

5 hours

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Topic development

Quizzes

01 to 17

Multimedia

Book chapter

Assessment - Workflow

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Best aspects? “Choosing our own topic and writing a chapter

that was meaningful to us, using a new medium that extended our skills. Learning to use the

Wiki, and writing in this way was more relevant to real life than an essay. Really engaging unit!”

Worst aspects?“Did not like at all the focus on Wikiversity and

multimedia/social media aspect ... overly challenging to be learning the content as well as

the medium.”

Student feedback - Examples

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Evaluation 30

Topic development - Task� Register a Wikiversity account.� Create a Wikiversity user page. � Sign up to an approved topic. � Share a chapter plan which includes:

� major section headings� key points within those sections� at least one relevant image

� Comment on the development of at least one other book chapter

� Summarise social contributions on your Wikiversity user page.

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Topic development - Guidelines

1. Topic● Unique, related to motivation or emotion, applicable to

everyday life

2. Content plan: ● Major headings and key points within each section.● Example image● Some key citations

3. Length● No minimum or maximum

4. Submission● Submit chapter URL via online drop-box● Can keep editing – last version prior to deadline will be

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1. Title, sub-title, TOC listing (10%) 2. User page (10%)3. Social contribution (10%)4. Section headings (10%)5. Key points (30%)6. Image (10%)7. References (10%)8. Resources (10%)

Topic development - Marking criteria

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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2017

� One topic per author.� Some possible topics are available

– sign up anytime.� Or propose your own topic.� Topic development and chapter planning will

be discussed during Tutorial 1.� Sign up is recommended by the end of Week

2 to allow development of a chapter plan during Week 3 and 4.

Topic development - Sign up

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To propose a topic, email convener: � Title� Subtitle (in the form of a question(s)) � Topics must be unique (not previously covered in

the Motivation and Emotion book project on Wikiversity). Search previous chapters:https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book

� Wikiversity username� If approved, the topic will be added and you will

be signed up� If not approved, feedback will be provided

Topic development - Proposal

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Topic examples - Motivation� What motivates people to A? or

How can we be more/less motivated to A? where A = a model or theory such as:

� gamble� exercise aerobically� eat healthily� use drug Y etc.

� What is the B model/theory? orHow can B be applied to improving C? where B = a model or theory such as:

� self-determination theory� transtheoretical model of change and motivation� theory of planned behaviour 36

Topic examples - Motivation

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2017https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2017

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Topic examples - Emotion� Why do we experience emotion D? or

How can we better manage our experience of emotion D?where D = an emotion, emotional quality, or mood state such as:

� anger, anxiety, fear, joy, jealousy, pride etc.� emotional intelligence, psychological resilience etc.

� What is the effect of E on emotion D and what can be done about it? where E = a life event such as:

� goal achievement� pregnancy� ageing 38

Topic examples - Emotion� What is the F model/theory of emotion and

how can it be applied? where F = a model or theory such as:

� broaden and build theory of positive emotion� stress recovery theory� reversal theory

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Topic examples - Emotion

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2017https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2017

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Create a stand-alone, online, multimedia presentation about the same topic as the book chapter. Max. 3 minutes

Multimedia - Task

Image source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_film.png

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1. Structure and content (25%): Well-designed, logical content which overviews the chapter content

2. Communication (50%): Clear, well-paced, engaging communication of ideas

3. Production quality (25%): Clear picture and sound. Informative title, description, license, etc.

Multimedia - Marking criteria

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Multimedia - Guidelines

1. Topic overview● Provide a non-technical overview● Don't try to cover everything - just the really

interesting stuff● Present less content effectively, rather than more

content ineffectively

2. Style and format● Any style or format – as long as it consists of

audio and image

3. Platform● Any platform as long it is openly available on the

internet

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Multimedia - Guidelines

4. Scripting● Develop a script and record several takes

5. Equipment● Record audio using a microphone

6. Length● 3 minutes max.

7. Submission● Submit chapter URL via online drop-box● Can keep editing – last version prior to deadline

will be marked

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Multimedia - Guidelines

7. Attribution● Only use images which have a license for re-use● Acknowledge the source of all images

8. Copyright● Indicate a copyright license for the presentation

9. Links● Provide hyperlinks between the book chapter and

the multimedia

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Quizzes1. Availability

● All 17 quizzes are available online 24/7 until Monday 9am of Week 15

2. Content● One quiz per textbook chapter● 10 multiple-choice questions per quiz, drawn

randomly from a larger test bank

3. Time limit● 10 minutes per quiz

4. Academic integrity● Complete independently, on your own● Do not share answers

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Quizzes 52

Quizzes5. Attempts

● One or two attempts are permitted● If attempted twice, the average of the two attempts

is used● Second attempts will involve a new random

selection of questions

6. Reviewing results● Results (questions and answers) will be available

for review immediately after submitting, but not later on, except under face to face supervision

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Quizzes

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Quizzes7. Bonus marks

● Email the unit convener if you identify a:● quiz error● quiz improvement

● Accepted revisions will earn bonus quiz marks

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Quizzes 54

● W02 (Fri) – Recommended topic sign up● W04 (Fri) – Census day - Withdraw without

academic or financial penalty● W05 (Mon 9am) – Topic development due ● W07 – Online recorded lecture & tutorial only● W08 – No classes - Mid-semester break● W08 (Fri) – Withdraw without incurring fail● W13 (Mon 9am) - Book chapter due● W14 (Mon 9am) - Multimedia due● W15 (Mon 9am) - Quizzes due● W16 (Fri 3pm) - Results released

Key dates

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Questions?

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_blue_question.svg 56

References

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

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Motivation and emotion:Etymology

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Samburu_Boy.jpg

"motivation" and

“emotion”have a common root

in the Latin verb:

movere (to move)

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Motivation and emotion: Scientific process

Reality(In all its complexity)

Applications;

Recommendations

(How to support and enhance motivation and

emotion in applied settings)

Theory(Created by

psychologists)

Hypo-theses(Derived from

theory)

Data(To test the adequacy of each hypothesis)

Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1

Representation

Application

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Motivation:Pink blobs

Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg,

CC-by-A 4.0

Pink

blob

Pink

blob

Why aren't we just pink blobs?

Why do we ever do anything at all?

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Motivation:Energy + Direction

Motivation = processes that give behaviour energy and direction.

� Energy (Strength): Behaviour's strength, intensity, and persistence.

� Direction (Purpose): Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals.

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Motivational theory example: Reasons to exercise

Based on Reeve (2015), Table 1.1

Why exercise? Source of motivation

Fun, enjoyment Intrinsic motivation

Personal challenge Flow

Forced to do so External regulation

Accomplish a goal Goal

Health benefits Value

Inspired to do so Possible self

Pursuit of a standard of excellence Achievement strivings

Satisfaction from a job well done Perceived competence

An emotion kick Opponent process

Good mood Positive afffect

Alleviate guilt Introjection

Relieve stress Personal control

Hang out with friends Relatedness

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Motivation:Perennial questions

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)

What causes behaviour?

“Why did she do that?”

“Why do people do what they do?”

?

Why does behaviour vary in

its intensity?

“Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way

at another time?”

“What are the motivational differences among individuals, and

how do such differences arise?”

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Motivation:Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,

CC-by-SA 3.0

1.What starts behaviour?2.Why is behaviour sustained over time?3.Why is behaviour directed towards

some goals yet away from others?4.Why does behaviour change its

direction?5.Why does behaviour stop?

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Motivation: Sources

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)

Antecedent conditions• External events• Social contexts

Internal motives

Needs Cognitions Emotions

Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action

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Expressions of motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)

Behaviour

Physiology &

brain activations

Engage-ment

Self-report

Motivation cannot be directly measured; but expressions of motivation can be measured.

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Expressions of motivation: Behaviour

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13)

Probability of response

Choice

Latency

Persistence

Effort

Facial expressions

Bodily gestures

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Expressions of motivation:Engagement

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)

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Extent of engagement

Behaviour Emotion Cognition Agency

• On-task behaviour• Effort• Persistence

• Presence of interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm• Absence of distress, anger, anxiety, frustration

● Using sophisticated learning strategies● Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge● Self-regulation, such as planning

• Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better• Asking questions• Expressing preferences

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Expressions of motivation:Physiological & brain activity

Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14)

Brain

Hormonal

Cardiovascular

Ocular

Electrodermal

Skeletal

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Expressions of motivation:Self-report

Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)

� People can typically self-report the nature of their motivation (e.g., via interview or questionnaire).

� But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological expressions (unconscious motivation).

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Framework for understanding and studying motivation

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)

Antecedent conditions

● Environmental events

● Social contexts

Motivestatus

Energising, directing, and

sustaining:• Behaviour• Enagement• Brain activity• Psychophysiology• Self-report

Changes in life outcomes:

• Performance• Achievement• Learning• Adjustment• Skill, talent• Well-being

Needs Cognitions Emotions

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Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour

Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)

Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.

e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk

Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.

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Stream of behaviour and changes in the strength of its

underlying motives

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20) 22

Using motivational theories to solve practical problems

Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)

Practicalproblem

Given what I know abouthuman motivation & emotion

Proposed solution/intervention, if any

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e.g., • Student dropout• Mediocre performance

• Theories• Empirical findings• Practical experience

• How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits?• Do no harm

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Understanding the motivational agent

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

• What is the behavioural phenomena?• What is its opposite?• Where does it come from?• Is it malleable or fixed?• What does it related to, or predict?

Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)

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Theoretical understanding of the problem to be solved

Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)

• What is the model? (theory)• How does it work? (diagram?)• What causes the behavioural

phenomena to change? Under what conditions?

• What causes high and low levels of the behaviour?

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Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion

� Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries.

� Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library.

� Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, “Motivation and Emotion”.

� Explore the previous (2010-2015) books on Wikiversity.

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Summary� Key questions:

Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed?

� Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root – to move

� Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.

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References

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.