Unit IV, Section 1 Objectives Understand the development of early civilizations along the Indus and Huang He River Valleys. Analyze the influence of the Asian markets on global trade. Discuss the development of Aboriginal and later Australian cultures; focusing on influences of Western nations. Understand the regions challenges economically, politically, and socially. Geographic Features Himalayas Abode of the snow in Sanskrit Range of Mt. Everest 1,500 miles long, 400 to 93 miles wide Ganges River 1,569 miles in length Begins in the W. Himalayas and empties into the Bay of Bengal 5 th most polluted river in the World Used for irrigation, transportation, and a Hindu holy site History Indus Culture Based around the Indus River BCE Afghanistan, Pakistan, & Northern India Harappan Culture Collective name for the civilization Major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Modern urban planning No evidence of large-scale building projects No evidence of leadership/armies Society of traders & artisans Declined due to loss of trade, drought, & invasion Continued Mughals Islamic, Personate Empire, Founded by Babur Saw expansion with European trade companies Emperor Akbar Development of a new nobility and a stable economy 1712, the empire begins to weaken 1719, four emperors would sit on the throne Political factions begin to break the empire apart 1784, Maratha warriors seize control 1857, Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar deposed by the Brits The Taj Mahal White marble mausoleum Agra, India Built by Shah Jahan Memorialized his 3 rd wife, Mumtaz Mahal Finest example of Mughal architecture Combines Islamic, Persian, Ottoman, & Indian styles Visited annually by nearly 2 million tourists History Continued Europeans First establishments of trade in 18 th century Annexation of India by 1820s by the British Supplier of raw materials Indian Revolution of 1857 Back-lash of European policy Unification of Hindu & Muslim groups Greater call for independence after WWI Eventual independence came in 1947 Creation of (E & W) Pakistan & India Gandhi Born into a middle caste family Trained as a lawyer in London First fought for civil rights in South Africa Returned to India in 1915 Began pushing for changes and independence Sought a non-violent form of protest Salt March protests Sought peace between religious factions after independence Nathrum Godse, assassinated Gandhi Jan. 30, 1948 Religion Birthplace of Hindu, Buddhist, Jainist, & Sikh faiths Hinduism 80% of Indians Polytheistic faith 33 deities Karma, reincarnation, & caste society Jainism Proscription of non-violence toward living things Sikhism Monotheistic faith Control over the five thieves Lust, rage, greed, attachment, & ego Hinduism Potentially the oldest of the Major religions Began along the Indus River Deities One supreme god that all others emanate from The Triumvirate Brahma- the Creator Vishnu- the Preserver Shiva- the Destroyer Reincarnation through Karma Actions now effect next life Continued Worship Individual worship Study of scriptures, charts, and saying of Mantras Daily & festive worship Pilgrimages Holy writings are Vedas Temples & shrines used for worship Ideas of, Dharma: Power that upholds the universe and society Varna: Established class system Buddhism Gautama, 5 th Century BC Sheltered prince Shocked by worldly suffering Age, disease, decay, and denial Journey to Enlightenment No true stance on a supreme being Purpose of life is to end suffering Ideas of meditation, reincarnation, & reaching Nirvana Two Main Types Theravada: Southern Buddhism, orthodox Buddhism Mahayana: Northern Buddhism, spiritual beings as guides Continued Four Noble Truths Life has suffering There is a cause to suffering There is an end to suffering Sufferings end is found in the Eight Fold Path The Eight Fold Path Know truth, Free your mind from evil, Say nothing to harm others, Work for the good of others Respect life, resist evil, Meditate, & Control your thoughts Bollywood Based out of Mumbai (Bombay), India First films produced in s thru the 1960s saw the Golden Age Big budgets Musical numbers, dances, exotic locations Themes Feuds, star-crossed lovers, sacrifice, & corruption 1000 films produced annually Around 800 films produced in the US Slumdog Millionaire The Regional Economics 2 nd in Global agricultural output Manufacturing growing/improving due to outside competition 1991 reforms $41 Billion in gold and gem production Cultural influence of gold Expanding gold reserves Hub for outsourcing jobs Major importer of Crude oil Foreign luxury goods Growing middle class Huang He River Yellow River, 3395 miles long Birthplace of Chinese civilization Violent & unpredictable flooding Chinas Sorrow floods, 7 million dead Used for irrigation & aquaculture Soft-shelled turtles 16 hydroelectric power dams 1/3 unsuitable for use Three Gorges Dam Located on the Yangtze River Worlds second largest power station 83.7 terawatts (1 TW = 1 Trillion Watts) Fully opened July 4, 2012 Hopes to Off-set greenhouse gas emissions Control flooding Allow for improved shipping Highly controversial 1.3 million displaced, flooding of cultural sites, etc. Historical Highlights Dynasties A line of ruling family members over a period of years Mandate of Heaven Shang Dynasty BCE First true dynasty of China Earliest evidence of writing Oracle bones Human sacrifice The Great Wall Unification of wall systems in 271 BCE, Qin Dynasty Meant to protect northern states from nomadic invaders Series of towers/forts built along the fortifications Built by force (slaves, peasants, criminals) 5500 miles long Cannot be seen from space Longest fortification ever built Some parts will disappear within 20 years Continued Yuan Dynasty Khans Leadership fell to Mongolian tribal rulers Kublai Khan Grandson of Genghis The Great Khan Expanded the Chinese Empire Met Marco Polo Temur Khan Grandson of Kublai Ousted by the Ming Dynasty Continued Ming Dynasty Last ethnically Han dynasty Supported million man army & navy Junk ships set out on global expeditions Achievements Modernized the Great Wall Ousted the court eunuchs World renowned artistry Furthered relations with Europeans Little Ice Age Lost the Mandate of Heaven Fell to the Manchu The Forbidden City 1406 to buildings covering 7.8 million sq. ft. 9,900 rooms Decorated with precious marbles, metals, woods, and glazed yellow tiles Yellow, color of Chinese royalty Seat of the Imperial house until 1912 The number of statues in a room denote its importance 10 is the maximum Continued Qing Dynasty Nurhaci first Qing emperor Pensive relationship with Europeans Opium Wars The Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager Cixi) Emperor Puyi (6 years old) abdicated in 1912 Died in 1967 Europeans in China Silk Trade Valuable commodity since ancient times Silk worms early on domesticated Silk making techniques forbidden to leave China Opium Wars, & British aggression over opening Chinese trade High European demand for Chinese goods Boxer Rebellion Opposed foreign imperialism 55 day siege of foreign personal in Beijing August of 1900 siege ended 20,000 foreign troops defeat the imperial army Culture & Religion Confucianism Developed by Confucius ( BCE) Humanist stance Five relationships Ruler & ruled, father & son, husband & wife, elder brother & younger brother, & friend & friend Daoism (Taoism) Living in balance (yin yang) Three stances Compassion, moderation, & humility Buddhism Arrived in China around 206 BCE Brought by Indian missionaries through the silk road Chinese influence help spread Buddhism across South East Asia Communist Movement Sun Yat-sen Played major role in ousting the Qing First president of the Republic of China 3 principles; Nationalism, democracy, & the peoples livelihood Mao Zedong Founder of Communist China, 1949 Lead China toward a fully Communist state Cultural Revolution Purge of the country Commune Communal living and sharing of resources Millions dead as a result Dismantled after the death of Mao Modern Issues One-Child Policy, 1979 Population control Sanctioned through fines Flexibility for exceptions Gender gap Slacking control in recent years Pollution Global economic growth Command System Human rights Freedom of speech, protest, etc. Hong Kong 420 square mile island chain 200 islands Ranked 5 th in the World for life expectancy (81 years old) Seized by the British after the Opium Wars China regained control 1997 Special Administrative Region Limited democracy Free Market Economy Link between Command China & the West Islands of Japan 6,852 islands in the Japanese archipelago Four Main Islands Hokkaido Shikoku Kyushu Honshu Main Island 810 miles long, 31 to 142 miles wide Seismically active region 2011 earthquake/tsunami Mt. Fuji, 12,388 ft History of the Nation Japan first inhabited around 30,000 BCE Early Japanese society worked toward copying China Development of an imperial house Emperor Buddhist influences Cultural norms Technological advancements Nara period saw the rise of a strong Japan 8 th Continued Feudal Japan Contemporary of Middle Age Europe Saw the rise of a strong warrior class The Samurai & the Shogun Shoguns were Military governors, Held great influence over land and the imperial court Rewarded for their service with Land, agricultural surplus, & peasant labor Continued Samurai Highly trained & educated warrior class (both male & female) Far more advanced than contemporary European warriors Armor built for mobility Weapons developed were slender but lethal Katana sword Popular but feared segments of society Seppuku Taking ones own life when bushido was broken The Samurai Way Edo Period Controlled by the Tokugawa Shogunate Est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu Achievements Division of the country into 300 Daimyos Economic growth and stability Strict social norms Furthering of the arts Isolationist toward foreign policy Modern Japanese History Meiji Restoration Opening up of Japan to the outside world Modernization efforts WWII Territorial aggression & expansion in the 1930s China, Oceania, & Southeast Asia Surprise attacks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii First atomic bombs dropped by US airmen Hiroshima & Nagasaki Japanese Culture Shinto Way of the gods Worship of Kami (spirits or gods) shrines No true set rules/standards 80% of the pop. practice, 10% are true Shintoists Kabuki Theatre style Dance, singing, heavy make-up, & dramatic staging Developed during the Edo Period Three styles Historical, domestic, & dance pieces Continued Geisha Traditional Japanese entertainers Trained in hosting, conversation, music, dance, & games Highly ordered ranking and training system Provided confidence for women in a male dominated culture Sumo Full-contact wrestling sport Shinto in background Highly ordered and excessively trained Japan, level of professionalism Japan Today Democratic-monarchy Emperor Akihito & Empress Michiko 3 rd largest nation economy in the World After the US & China Major exporter of technology & motor vehicles Close ally for the US in the region Concerns Urban planning- limited land Radiation from the Fukushima plant Physical Features Great Dividing Range Eastern highlands 3 rd largest land based range in the World 2,175 miles long Great Barrier Reef Worlds largest reef 1,400 miles, 344,400 square miles Largest naturally built structure, coral polyps Under threat from pollution, damage, and UV bleaching Lost at least half of its coral cover since 1985 Continued The Outback The bush country of Australias interior Arid and dry Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru) Continued The Outback The bush country of Australias interior Arid and dry Famous for Ayers Rock (Uluru) Native Wildlife Geographic separation has allowed for development of unique species Largest collection of marsupials in the World Kangaroos, koala bears, wallabies, wombats, etc. Dingo, salt water crocodiles, & emu Feral populations of Horses, camels, and water buffalo Aboriginal Culture Arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago One of the oldest people groups on Earth Characteristics Blue eyes Blonde, red, or brown hair Hunter-gather cultures History of oral traditions and rock art Pushed to extremes by European settlers Conflict, kidnappings, & force relocations Slow gains in citizenship/land rights in modern times Cottage industries Economic activity carried out at home Source of income European Discovery & Influence First sighted by the Dutch in 1606 Capt. Cook Mapped the Eastern Coast, 1770 Claimed it for Britain Est. New South Wales Developed as a penal colony after the loss of the American colonies in 1783 In the 19 th century pushed to assimilate aborigines Taking native children to be raised Continued Europeans pushed into the interior Land opportunities Gold Ranching Stations Central location for cattle and sheep farming Beef, mutton, & wool ventures Self-sufficient Limited contact, advanced through technological improvements Telegraph, radio, telephone, aircraft Still important part of Australias agricultural network Continued 1907, Dominion of Australia est. 1931, Statute of Westminster ended most constitutional links with the UK 1970, Immigration encouraged Saw the end of the White Australia Act Massive influx from Asia 1986, Australia Act, ends all British control over remain segments of government Modern Australia States New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, & Western Australia Territories Northern Territory & the Australian Capital Territory Issues Push for closer relations with Pacific Rim neighbors Bringing together a multi-cultural country Healing and compromise with aboriginal peoples Public government apologies Species decline and climate change Maintaining a stable economy Ranked 12 th for economic output 5 th for per capita output North Korea Once controlled by China, & Japan, and split after WWII North Korea under communist control since 1950s Government diversion of funds to military ventures 1million man army, nuclear arms programs Food scarcity during the 1990s and early 2000s North Korean economy was shrinking during the 90s 2003 saw the relaxation on private ownership and markets Experimenting with a free market Vietnam War , Anti-Colonial war against France Supported by the US Gained independence in 1956 Division between Communist (N) and anti-Communist (S) 1958, Viet Cong begin guerrilla offensive 1963, S. Vietnam begins loosing ground Mekong Delta US ups military involvement 1968, Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive 1973, US would withdraw from Vietnam 1975, Vietnam reunited with a North Vietnamese victory Helicopter evacuation of Saigon (Operation Frequent Wind) 1 to 2 million dead