UNIT IUNIT I

ANCIENT WORLD:ANCIENT WORLD:

CIVILIZATIONS AND CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGIONSRELIGIONS

Elements of Culture:Elements of Culture:

1. Religion1. Religion 2. Means of subsistence2. Means of subsistence 3. Tools, dwellings, clothing3. Tools, dwellings, clothing 4. Forms of art and architecture4. Forms of art and architecture 5. Language5. Language 6. Family6. Family 7. Traditions, beliefs, and laws7. Traditions, beliefs, and laws

VocabularyVocabulary

Anthropology – study of cultural Anthropology – study of cultural development and differences among development and differences among humanshumans

Paleontology – study of life in Paleontology – study of life in prehistoric timesprehistoric times

Prehistory – time before writingPrehistory – time before writing Archaeology – study of artifactsArchaeology – study of artifacts

Early PeoplesEarly Peoples

Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age Old Stone AgeOld Stone Age Hunters/Hunters/

GatherersGatherers NeanderthalsNeanderthals CromagnonCromagnon Evidence found in Evidence found in

Lascaux, France Lascaux, France and Altimira, and Altimira, SpainSpain

Neolithic Age Neolithic Age New Stone AgeNew Stone Age Farming/villages Farming/villages

Skara Brae, Skara Brae, ScotlandScotland

Tools, wheel, Tools, wheel, plow, specialized plow, specialized weapons, weapons, weaving clothweaving cloth

Characteristics of Characteristics of CivilizationsCivilizations 1. cities1. cities 2. central government2. central government 3. traditional economy3. traditional economy 4. organized religion4. organized religion 5. social classes5. social classes 6. art and architecture6. art and architecture 7. roads, bridges, and other public 7. roads, bridges, and other public

worksworks 8. system of writing8. system of writing 9. specialized jobs9. specialized jobs

Ancient River CivilizationsAncient River Civilizations Egypt – NileEgypt – Nile water for drinking and irrigation left silt that water for drinking and irrigation left silt that

fertilized the landfertilized the land polytheistic – Amon-Re/Osirispolytheistic – Amon-Re/Osiris government – pharaohgovernment – pharaoh social structure pharaoh, priest, nobles, social structure pharaoh, priest, nobles,

craftsman, merchants, farmers, slavescraftsman, merchants, farmers, slaves Contributions – Contributions – 1. science mummification, diagnose illness, 1. science mummification, diagnose illness,

surgery surgery 2. calendar 3. hieroglyphics 4. pyramids2. calendar 3. hieroglyphics 4. pyramids

Mesopotamia – Tigris /EuphratesMesopotamia – Tigris /Euphrates Fertile Crescent; Cradle of CivilizationFertile Crescent; Cradle of Civilization Sumerian Sumerian PolytheisticPolytheistic City-statesCity-states Government - hereditary ruler enforce laws/collected taxesGovernment - hereditary ruler enforce laws/collected taxes Social structure – priests, middle class, peasantsSocial structure – priests, middle class, peasants Economy – tradeEconomy – trade Contributions – wheeled vehicles, irrigations systems Contributions – wheeled vehicles, irrigations systems

cuneiform, ziggurats, algebra and geometry cuneiform, ziggurats, algebra and geometry Assyria Babylon – Hammurabi – lawgiver – Code of Assyria Babylon – Hammurabi – lawgiver – Code of

Hammurabi – 1st written code of law; favored the richHammurabi – 1st written code of law; favored the rich

Indus RiverIndus River

Two main cities – Two main cities – Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro Cities set up in grid patternCities set up in grid pattern FortressesFortresses Granaries to store foodGranaries to store food Plumbing with baths and chutesPlumbing with baths and chutes

China – Hung He / China – Hung He / YellowYellow Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom

Government – dynastyGovernment – dynasty Social structure – ruling family, nobles, Social structure – ruling family, nobles,

merchants, craftsmen, peasantsmerchants, craftsmen, peasants Religion – polytheistic; yin-yangReligion – polytheistic; yin-yang ContributionsContributions Written Chinese - pictographs and ideographs Written Chinese - pictographs and ideographs

Demography: study of Demography: study of human populationhuman population

Bantu Migrations: originally Bantu Migrations: originally from West Africa, when from West Africa, when Sahara dried up, farmers Sahara dried up, farmers /herders moved south and /herders moved south and east in search of fertile east in search of fertile land > cultural diffusionland > cultural diffusion

Classical Civilizations Classical Civilizations ChinaChina:: Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty:: Mandate of Heaven – divine right to rule; Mandate of Heaven – divine right to rule;

dynastic cycledynastic cycle FeudalismFeudalism Contributions – 1st book, astrology, calendar, Contributions – 1st book, astrology, calendar,

silksilk Qin DynastyQin Dynasty:: Shi Huangdi-leaderShi Huangdi-leader Centralized gov’t, system of measurement, Centralized gov’t, system of measurement,

national coins, uniform writing, canals and roadsnational coins, uniform writing, canals and roads

China con’t China con’t

Han Dynasty – Golden Age of ChinaHan Dynasty – Golden Age of China:: Emperor WudiEmperor Wudi Contributions – Civil Service Exam, Contributions – Civil Service Exam,

paper, wheelbarrow, reel, rudder, paper, wheelbarrow, reel, rudder, acupuncture, anestesia, acupuncture, anestesia,

Silk RoadSilk Road

IndiaIndia Aryans:Aryans: Contributions – Vedas – sacred writings Contributions – Vedas – sacred writings Mauryan Empire:Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta Maurya – Maurya DynastyChandragupta Maurya – Maurya Dynasty Government with a bureaucracy – Government with a bureaucracy –

collected taxes, built roads and harborscollected taxes, built roads and harbors Asoka – grandson; Asoka – grandson; Spread Buddhismm Spread Buddhismm Contributions – schools, libraries Contributions – schools, libraries

Greece Greece Polis – city state Polis – city state AthensAthens Limited democracyLimited democracy Laws by assemblyLaws by assembly Education for boysEducation for boys

Athens-Sparta Athens-Sparta Common languageCommon language Shared heroes Shared heroes Olympic Games Olympic Games Same gods and religious beliefsSame gods and religious beliefs

SpartaSparta Monarchy Monarchy

Military societyMilitary society Military training Military training

for boysfor boys

GreeceGreece Hellenistic Age/Alexander the GreatHellenistic Age/Alexander the Great Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian

lifelife Contributions:Contributions: Philosophy – Socrates, Plato, AristotlePhilosophy – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Literature – Homer – Odyssey and IliadLiterature – Homer – Odyssey and Iliad Medicine – Hippocrates – causes of Medicine – Hippocrates – causes of

illnesses and curesillnesses and cures Science – Archimedes – lever and pulleyScience – Archimedes – lever and pulley Math – Pythagorium Theory and Math – Pythagorium Theory and

GeometryGeometry

Rome Rome Government – RepublicGovernment – Republic Senate patricians – upper house Senate patricians – upper house plebians – lower houseplebians – lower house Pax Romana – 200 years of peacePax Romana – 200 years of peace Contributions – Contributions – Government, Twelve Tables of Law, Government, Twelve Tables of Law, Art and architectureArt and architecture Engineering – roads, bridges, Engineering – roads, bridges,

aqueductsaqueducts

Rise and Fall of Great EmpiresRise and Fall of Great Empires HanHan Strong gov’t Strong gov’t Civil Service Exam Civil Service Exam Strong military under Strong military under

Wudi Wudi Silk Road Silk Road Fall of EmpireFall of Empire High taxes, High taxes, Poor maintenance of Poor maintenance of

roads, canals, invadersroads, canals, invaders

RomeRome Strong gov’t Strong gov’t Civil Service Exam Civil Service Exam

profitable tradeprofitable trade Fall of EmpireFall of Empire Invasions Invasions High taxes, slave High taxes, slave

labor, no middle classlabor, no middle class Corrupt gov’t and Corrupt gov’t and

divided empiredivided empire

Religions/PhilosophiesReligions/PhilosophiesAnimismAnimismLocation Location

World-WideWorld-WideBookBook

None – Oral TraditionsNone – Oral TraditionsBeliefsBeliefs

Nature and Ancestor WorshipNature and Ancestor Worship

JudaismJudaism Founder: AbrahamFounder: Abraham Location: IsraelLocation: Israel Book: Torah/TalmudBook: Torah/Talmud BeliefsBeliefs

–MonotheisticMonotheistic

–Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments

–Worship in synagoguesWorship in synagogues

–Rabbis – Jewish ScholarsRabbis – Jewish Scholars

ChristianityChristianity Founder – JesusFounder – Jesus Location – IsraelLocation – Israel Book – Holy Bible (Old/New Testament)Book – Holy Bible (Old/New Testament) BeliefsBeliefs

– MonotheisticMonotheistic

– Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments

– Salvation/Eternal LifeSalvation/Eternal Life

– Mercy/Sympathy for PoorMercy/Sympathy for Poor

– Worship in Church/PriestsWorship in Church/Priests

IslamIslam Founder – MohammadFounder – Mohammad Location – Arabian PeninsulaLocation – Arabian Peninsula Book – Qur’anBook – Qur’an BeliefsBeliefs

– Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam

– Worship in mosquesWorship in mosques

– Caliph - religious leaderCaliph - religious leader

HinduismHinduism Founder – no one personFounder – no one person Location – Indian subcontinentLocation – Indian subcontinent Book – Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad GitaBook – Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad Gita BeliefsBeliefs

– Polytheistic (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)Polytheistic (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)

– Karma/DharmaKarma/Dharma

– Reincarnation > MokshaReincarnation > Moksha

– AhimsaAhimsa

– Caste SystemCaste System

BuddhismBuddhism Founder – Siddhartha GautamaFounder – Siddhartha Gautama Location – IndiaLocation – India Book – Tripitka(Three Baskets of Wisdom)Book – Tripitka(Three Baskets of Wisdom) BeliefsBeliefs

–Four Noble Truths/Eightfold PathsFour Noble Truths/Eightfold Paths

–Reincarnation > NirvanaReincarnation > Nirvana

–Religious Leader – Dalai LamaReligious Leader – Dalai Lama

ConfucianismConfucianism

Founder – Confucius – Kong Fu ZiFounder – Confucius – Kong Fu ZiLocation – ChinaLocation – ChinaBook – The AnalectsBook – The AnalectsBeliefsBeliefs

–Five RelationshipsFive Relationships

–Filial Piety – respect of eldersFilial Piety – respect of elders

TaosimTaosim Founder – Lao TzeFounder – Lao Tze Location – ChinaLocation – China Book – Tao-te-ChingBook – Tao-te-Ching BeliefsBeliefs

–““The Way”The Way”

–Follow nature’s wayFollow nature’s way

–Symbol – Yin-YangSymbol – Yin-Yang