UNIT 9Indian

Removal Cattle Drives

Railroads

1866- U.S. sent soldiers to build forts & protect the settlers in TX.

 * Not effective• Too spread out• Not enough soldiers /supplies• Untrained in Indian warfare

1867- Treaty of Medicine Lodge:Native Americans would stop raiding & move to reservations in

exchange for food & shelter.

* Not Effective• Some tribes would not sign or

go to reservations• Agents provided inadequate

shelter & food• Some Native Americans left

reservations to raid

1871 –1876 Frontier CampaignsArmy was sent out to destroy N. American camps & force them onto reservation.

Several chiefs fought back.• Satanta – Kiowa killed himself in

the Huntsville prison• Quanah Parker – Comanche

w/white mother Cynthia Ann, surrender in 1875 at Ft. Sill

• Victorio – Apache captured & killed by buffalo soldiers in Mex. 1880

Reasons -the army defeated the Plains

Indians• Invention -colt six shooter & other repeating guns evens the odds• Buffalo hunter destroyed their way of life–* 3.7 million were killed in 2yrs

Cattle Drives- started after the Civil War (1865)

• North needed beef• RR’s expanded into Central Plains• Est. 5 million wild longhorns in TX.

Profitable• Free cattle sold for $5 in the south up to $40 in the North•Moved in the Spring to feed on grass•Needed only 10 -12 men to move 2,000

Trail drives hard work• 18 hr. days (night hawking)• Most cowboys were young• 20% dropped out of the drive• Dangerous:• River crossings• Stampedes• Weather• Rustlers

African American cowhand

1 out of 6 cowboys were:* Black* Mexican* Native American

* Even women & children went on cattle drive

Famous Trails & Ranches• Chisholm – named after Native

American Jessie Chisholm• Sedalia – closed due to Texas fever• Great Western – ended in Ogallala, Neb.• Goodnight Loving – ended in Wyoming

http://www.wchm-tx.org/Chisholm_trail.htm

Reasons Why Trail Driving Ended

• RR’s came to Texas• Price of cattle dropped• Disease closed some trails• Invention of barbwire- closed the trails

Railroads – move people and goods quickly and cheaply

400 miles of track before the Civil War

10,000 miles by 1900

Land grants encourage RR’s to build

Cities w/several RR’s became trade centers

Unit 11 Westward Expansion

•Campaign•Agent•Commissary•Renegade•Open Range

•Vaquero• Stockyard•Drover•Wrangler•Quarantine