1 | P a g e

Unit 5: The Development of Nation-States during the 16th

– 19th

Centuries

Standard MWH-5:

The student will demonstrate an understanding of the influence of ideas and technology on the development of

nation-states and empires in the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries.

Enduring Understanding

New ideas and technological developments during this period led to changes in how people viewed the world and

how people, in turn, changed their social, economic, and political circumstances. To understand how ideas and

technology led to the development of modern society, the student will utilize the knowledge and skills set forth in

the following indicators:

Indicators

• MWH-5.1 Explain how the scientific revolution in Europe led to the questioning of orthodox ideas.

• MWH-5.2 Analyze the ideas of social equality, democracy, constitutionalism, and nationalism brought about by

the Enlightenment and their effects on institutions.

• MWH-5.3 Identify the major technological and social characteristics of the Industrial Revolution.

• MWH-5.4 Analyze the relationship between the expanding world market economy and the development of

industrialization in Great Britain, the United States, Germany, and Japan, including shifts in world demography

and urbanization and changing class and race relations.

• MWH-5.5 Compare capitalism with other forms of political and economic ideologies, including socialism,

communism, and anarchism.

• MWH-5.6 Analyze Asia’s relationship with European states through 1800, including Japan’s policy of limiting

contacts with foreigners.

Social Studies Literacy Skills for the Twenty-First Century

• Examine the relationship of the present to the past and use a knowledge of the past to make informed decisions

in the present and to extrapolate into the future.

• Trace and describe continuity and change across cultures.

• Assess the relative importance of multiple causes on outcomes.

UNIT VOCABULARY:

GROUP 1 – Ch. 21 GROUP 2 – Ch. 22 Group 3 - Ch. 23 GROUP 3 – Ch. 24

1. Philip II 2. Absolute monarch 3. divine right 4. Edict of Nantes 5. Cardinal Richelieu 6. skepticism 7. Louis XIV 8. intendant 9. Jean Baptiste Colbert 10. War of Spanish

Succession 11. Thirty Years’ War 12. Maria Theresa 13. Frederick the Great 14. Seven Years’ War 15. Ivan the Terrible 16. boyar 17. Peter the Great 18. westernization 19. Charles I 20. English Civil War 21. Oliver Cromwell

Old Regime estate Louis XVI Marie Antoinette Estates-General National Assembly Tennis Court Oath Great Fear Legislative Assembly émigré sans-culotte Jacobin guillotine Maximilien Robespierre Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte coup d’état plebiscite lycée concordat Napoleonic Code Battle of Trafalgar

1. Old Regime 2. estate 3. Louis XVI 4. Marie Antoinette 5. Estates-General 6. National Assembly 7. Tennis Court Oath 8. Great Fear 9. Legislative Assembly 10. émigré 11. sans-culotte 12. Jacobin 13. guillotine 14. Maximilien Robespierre 15. Reign of Terror 16. Napoleon Bonaparte 17. coup d’état 18. plebiscite 19. lycée 20. concordat 21. Napoleonic Code 22. Battle of Trafalgar

1. peninsulare 2. creole 3. mulatto 4. Simón Bolívar 5. José de San Martín 6. Miguel Hidalgo 7. José María Morelos 8. conservative 9. liberal 10. radical 11. nationalism 12. nation-state 13. the Balkans 14. Louis-Napoleon 15. Alexander II 16. Russification 17. Camillo di Cavour 18. Giuseppe Garibaldi 19. Junker 20. Otto von Bismarck 21. realpolitik 22. Kaiser

2 | P a g e

22. Restoration 23. habeas corpus 24. Glorious Revolution 25. Constitutional monarchy 26. cabinet

blockade Continental System guerrilla Peninsular War scorched earth policy Waterloo Hundred Days Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich balance of power legitimacy Holy Alliance Concert of Europe

23. blockade 24. Continental System 25. guerrilla 26. Peninsular War 27. Scorched earth policy 28. Waterloo 29. Hundred Days 30. Congress of Vienna 31. Klemens von Metternich 32. balance of power 33. legitimacy 34. Holy Alliance 35. Concert of Europe

23. romanticism 24. realism 25. impressionism

3 | P a g e

UNIT NOTES:

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 1 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

During a time of religious and economic instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand.

A Powerful Spanish Empire / A New Spanish Ruler

• In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its Possessions

Philip II’s Empire

• Philip seizes Portugal in 1580

• Gold and silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy

Defender of Catholicism

• Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims, Protestants

• Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571

• Spanish Armada defeated by British in 1588

Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature

El Greco and Velázquez

• El Greco uses unusual style to convey religious themes

• Works of Velázquez show Spanish court life

4 | P a g e

Don Quixote

• In 1605, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is published

• Novel marks birth of modern European novel

The Spanish Empire Weakens

Inflation and Taxes

• Inflation weakens Spain’s economy

• Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle class

Making Spain’s Enemies Rich

• Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s enemies rich

• Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak Economy

The Dutch Revolt

• Protestants in Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579

The Independent Dutch Prosper

A Different Society

• Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration

Dutch Art

• In 1600s, Netherlands becomes center of European art

• Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch painters

Dutch Trading Empire

• Dutch merchants engage in world trade

• Dutch have world’s largest trading fleet

• Dutch replace Italians as Europe’s bankers

Absolutism in Europe

The Theory of Absolutism

• Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power

• Believe in divine right—idea that monarchs represent God on earth

Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs

• Decline of feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain power

• Decline in Church authority also increases power

Crises Lead to Absolutism

• The 17th century is period of great upheaval

Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power

5 | P a g e

6 | P a g e

SUMMARY

7 | P a g e

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 2 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

The Reign of Louis XIV

After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time.

Religious Wars and Power Struggles

Henry of Navarre

• Henry ascends to French throne in 1589 and adopts Catholicism

• Issues Edict of Nantes—a declaration of religious Toleration

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

• Cardinal Richelieu—Louis XIII’s minister who rules France

• Increases power of the Bourbons by limiting Huguenots’ freedom

• Also weak

A New Attitude

Skepticism—the idea that nothing can be known for certain

Montaigne and Descartes

• Montaigne explores ideas about life’s meaning in essays

• Descartes uses observation and reason to create new philosophy

Louis XIV Comes to Power

A New French Ruler

• Louis XIV—the most powerful ruler in French history

Louis, the Boy King

• Hatred of Mazarin—young Louis’s minister—leads to riots

Louis Weakens the Nobles’ Authority

• Louis takes control in 1661

• Appoints intendants—government agents—to collect taxes

Economic Growth

• Jean Baptiste Colbert—finance minister—helps economy grow

• In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; Huguenots flee France

The Sun King’s Grand Style: A Life of Luxury

• Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast

Louis Controls the Nobility

• Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his power over them

• Builds magnificent palace at Versailles

Patronage of the Arts

• Versailles is a center of arts during reign of Louis XIV

• Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars

Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries

8 | P a g e

• Louis fights wars in 1660s, 1670s to expand France

• In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg

• France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, high taxes

War of the Spanish Succession

• War of the Spanish Succession begins in 1701

• Attempts to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones

• Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions

Louis’s Death and Legacy

• Louis dies leaving mixed legacy

• Rule makes France a major military and cultural power in Europe

• His wars and palace leave France with heavy debts

9 | P a g e

SUMMARY

10 | P a g e

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 3 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

Central European Monarchs Clash

The Thirty Years’ War

Rising Tension

• Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe

Bohemian Protestants Revolt

• In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers

• Result is Thirty Years’ War—conflict over religion, land, power

Hapsburg Triumphs

• From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories

• Troops plunder many German village Hapsburg Defeats

• In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants Peace of Westphalia

• War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population

• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends war

• Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France

• Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace

Beginning of Modern States

• Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states

States Form in Central Europe

Economic Contrasts with the West

• Economy in central Europe still based on serfs, agriculture

Several Weak Empires

• Landowning nobles in central Europe block growth of kings’ power

• Ottoman and Holy Roman empires are also weak

Austria Grows Stronger

• Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empire

Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne

• Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria, faces years of war

Prussia Challenges Austria

The Rise of Prussia

• Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s best army

• Call themselves kings and become absolute monarchs

• Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty

Frederick the Great

• Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia

• Enforces father’s military policies but softens some of his laws

War of the Austrian Succession

• In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to gain Silesia

• Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty

• As result of war, Prussia becomes a major power in Europe

The Seven Years’ War

• Austria allies with France against Britain and Prussia

• In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, launching Seven Years’ War

• France loses colonies in North America; Britain gains India

11 | P a g e

SUMMARY

12 | P a g e

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 4 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

Absolute Rulers of Russia

The First Czar

Ivan the Terrible

• In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia

• Struggles for power with boyars—landowning nobles

• Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”

Rule by Terror

• In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands

Rise of the Romanovs

• Ivan’s heir is weak, leading to period of turmoil

• In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar

Peter the Great Comes to Power

The Rise of Peter

• Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia

Russia Contrasts with Europe

• Land of boyars and serfs

• Cut off geographically from Europe

• Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe

• Religious differences widen gap

Peter Visits the West

• In 1697, Peter visits Western Europe to learn European ways Peter Rules Absolutely

Peter’s Goal

• Goal of westernization—using Western Europe as model for change

Peter’s Reforms

• Brings Orthodox Church under state control

• Reduces power of great landowners

• Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers

Westernizing Russia

• Introduces potatoes

• Starts Russia’s first newspaper

• Raises women’s status

• Adopts Western fashion

• Advances education

Establishing St. Petersburg

• Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier

• Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea

• In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg

• Building city takes many years; many serfs die in process

• By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is a power to be reckoned with in Europe

13 | P a g e

14 | P a g e

15 | P a g e

SUMMARY

16 | P a g e

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 5 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Monarchs Defy Parliament

James’s Problems

• James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603

• Struggles with Parliament over money, Church Reform

Charles I Fights Parliament

• James’s son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625

• Also fights with Parliament over money

• Parliament forces him to sign Petition of Right in 1628

• Petition limits Charles’s power, but he ignores it

English Civil War

War Topples a King

• In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit king’s power

• Result is English Civil War (1642–1649) between Puritans, king

• In 1644, Oliver Cromwell becomes general on Puritan side

• After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649

Cromwell’s Rule

• In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, House of Lords

• Becomes military dictator

• Suppresses rebellion in Ireland

Puritan Morality

• Puritans abolish activities they find sinful

Restoration and Revolution

Cromwell’s End

• After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses

• Next year, Parliament asks son of Charles I to Rule

Charles II Reigns

• Restoration—return of monarchy under Charles II

• Habeas corpus—law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime

James II and the Glorious Revolution

• Charles’s Catholic brother James becomes king in 1685

• Glorious Revolution—bloodless overthrow of James in 1688

Limits on Monarch’s Power

A New Type of Monarchy

• Protestants William and Mary become rulers of England

• Agree to constitutional monarchy—legal limits on royal power

Bill of Rights

17 | P a g e

• In 1689, Parliament drafts Bill of Rights

• Sets limits on royal power

Cabinet System Develops

• In 1700s, cabinet, a group of government ministers, develops

• Ministers link majority party in Parliament with monarch

18 | P a g e

19 | P a g e

20 | P a g e

SUMMARY

21 | P a g e

Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DATE: ________________________ TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 5 NUMBER: _________

NOTES

Chapter 21 Review

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Section 1 (pages 589–595) What three actions demonstrated that Philip II of Spain saw himself as a defender of Catholicism? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ According to French writer Jean Bodin, should a prince share power with anyone else? Explain why or why not. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Reign of Louis XIV Section 2 (pages 596–602) What strategies did Louis XIV use to control the French nobility? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In what ways did Louis XIV cause suffering to the French people? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Central European Monarchs Clash Section 3 (pages 603–607) What were six results of the Peace of Westphalia? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why did Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great fight two wars against each other? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Absolute Rulers of Russia Section 4 (pages 608–613) What were three differences between Russia and western Europe? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What was Peter the Great’s primary goal for Russia? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Section 5 (pages 614–617) List the causes, participants, and outcome of the English Civil War. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How did Parliament try to limit the power of the English monarchy?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22 | P a g e

23 | P a g e

SUMMARY

24 | P a g e