Unit 4.1 Review. Essential Question # 1 What are the structures that make up the human heart and how...
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Transcript of Unit 4.1 Review. Essential Question # 1 What are the structures that make up the human heart and how...
Essential Question # 1What are the structures that make up the human heart
and how are they organized?
Essential Question # 2: How do the heart and lungs work together to
pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?
• The cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes
• The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to unload CO2 and pick up O2
• The systemic circulation carries blood throughout the body
Mechanism for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood
(remember, it’s all based on the gases’ partial pressure)
Plasma
Alveolarair
space
O2 pickup O2 delivery
Systemiccapillary
Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillary
O2
O2
O2
O2Hb
Hb
Hb O2
Plasma
Alveolarair
space
O2 pickup O2 delivery
Systemiccapillary
Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillary
Cells inperipheraltissues
O2
O2
O2
O2Hb
Hb
Hb O2 O2
Hb O2
O2
CO2 delivery CO2 pickup
Systemiccapillary
Pulmonarycapillary
Chlorideshift
CO2
CO2Hb
HCO3–
Cl–
Hb
HCO3–
Cl–H+ + HCO3–
H2CO3
H2O
H+Hb
CO2Hb
Hb CO2
CO2
CO2 delivery
H+
Hb
CO2 pickup
Systemiccapillary
Pulmonarycapillary
Chlorideshift
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
Hb
Hb
H+ + HCO3–
HCO3–
Cl–
H2CO3
H2O
Hb
HCO3–
Cl–H+ + HCO3–
H2CO3
H2O
H+Hb
CO2Hb
Hb CO2
CO2
CO2 delivery
H+
Hb
CO2 pickup
Systemiccapillary
Pulmonarycapillary
Chlorideshift
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
Hb
Hb
Hb
H+ + HCO3–
HCO3–
Cl–
H2CO3
H2O
Hb
HCO3–
Cl–H+ + HCO3–
H2CO3
H2O
H+Hb
CO2Hb
Hb CO2
CO2
Essential Question # 4What is the function of valves in the heart?
• To prevent the backflow of blood. – The A-V valves prevent backflow of blood into the
atria – The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood
into the ventricles
Essential Question # 5How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their functions?
• Blood Vessel Review– Arteries carry blood away from the heart• High pressure• Pulmonary trunk to lungs• Aorta to everything else
– Microcirculation is where exchange occurs• Arterioles to feed the capillaries• Capillaries exchange with the tissues• Venules to receive capillary blood
– Veins bring it back to the heart• Low pressure
Autopsy Report• Pacemaker: issues with heart
rhythm require a pacemaker to maintain a normal rhythm
• Enlarged heart: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy– L.V. works too hard and
becomes overly thick– Due to high blood pressure
and obesity– Coronary arteries can cut off
the blood supply to the heart– Linked to heart attacks,
arrhythmias, and heart failure
Autopsy Report
• Mitral Valve Prolapse– Mitral valve doesn’t close properly– It can lead to mitral valve regurgitation (some blood flows back into
the L.A.)• Complications include arrhythmias and heart valve infection (endocarditis)
• Atherosclerosis– The formation of plaques on the inside of vessels.– Excess of cholesterol deposited on the inside of arteries supplying
both the heart and the brain• Complications include heart attack and stroke
• Peripheral Vascular Disease– Plaques are beginning to form in the vessels of the legs
• Stent in LAD – Coronary arteries are blocked and stent opens up the vessels to
allow for blood flow