Unit 4: ReproductionUnit 4: ReproductionChapter 4Chapter 4

The nucleus controls the The nucleus controls the functions of life. functions of life.

Traits Traits TraitsTraits: are physical features of an organism. : are physical features of an organism. They can vary in size or form from one individual They can vary in size or form from one individual to another. Examples include eye color, height to another. Examples include eye color, height and tongue rolling ability. and tongue rolling ability.

HeredityHeredityHeredityHeredity: is the process through which trait : is the process through which trait patterns are passed from parents to their patterns are passed from parents to their offspring. Heredity explains why offspring share offspring. Heredity explains why offspring share features with other family members. features with other family members.

Nucleus: The Control CenterNucleus: The Control CenterNucleusNucleus: is the cell organelle that is responsible : is the cell organelle that is responsible for heredity and controlling cell activities such as for heredity and controlling cell activities such as cell division. The nucleus contains the organism’s cell division. The nucleus contains the organism’s

DNA.DNA. The nucleus contains the master set of instructions. These The nucleus contains the master set of instructions. These instructions determine what each cell will become, how it instructions determine what each cell will become, how it will function, when it will grow and divide, and when it will will function, when it will grow and divide, and when it will die. die.

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acidDNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Characteristics of DNACharacteristics of DNADNA is located within the nucleus of cells. DNA is located within the nucleus of cells. DNA carries instructions for cell activities and processes.DNA carries instructions for cell activities and processes.DNA is double stranded. The two strands wrap around each DNA is double stranded. The two strands wrap around each other in a spiral shape called the other in a spiral shape called the Double HelixDouble Helix..The sides of the Double Helix are made of sugar and The sides of the Double Helix are made of sugar and phosphate.phosphate.The sides of the Double Helix are connected by chemical The sides of the Double Helix are connected by chemical bonds between the nitrogenous bases.bonds between the nitrogenous bases.

DNA – Base PairingDNA – Base PairingThe DNA molecule contains 4 The DNA molecule contains 4 nitrogenous bases: nitrogenous bases:

1.1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)

2.2. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)

3.3. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

4.4. Thymine (T)Thymine (T)

The pairing of bases is specific. A always joins The pairing of bases is specific. A always joins with T. C always joins with G.with T. C always joins with G.

ChromosomesChromosomesWhen a cell is ready to undergo cellular division, loosely When a cell is ready to undergo cellular division, loosely coiled DNA folds up and becomes compacted. These coiled DNA folds up and becomes compacted. These compacted forms of DNA are called compacted forms of DNA are called ChromosomesChromosomes. . Chromosomes are X-shaped structures.Chromosomes are X-shaped structures.

ChromosomesChromosomes

GenesGenesGenesGenes: segments (sections) of DNA. They code for : segments (sections) of DNA. They code for producing proteins in cells. Proteins determine what body producing proteins in cells. Proteins determine what body cells will become and how they will function.cells will become and how they will function.

Differences & Similarities: DNA, Differences & Similarities: DNA, Chromosomes and GenesChromosomes and Genes

MutationMutationGene MutationGene Mutation: is a specific, and permanent : is a specific, and permanent change in the chemical make up of a gene. A change in the chemical make up of a gene. A gene mutation is a change in the sequence of A, gene mutation is a change in the sequence of A, C, G and T bases. For example, a change from C, G and T bases. For example, a change from ACCTTGGA to ACTTGGA may result in a ACCTTGGA to ACTTGGA may result in a malfunctioning protein. malfunctioning protein.

Gene mutations can, or may not be, harmful to an Gene mutations can, or may not be, harmful to an organism. Some mutations are beneficial. A gene mutation organism. Some mutations are beneficial. A gene mutation may result in a malfunctioning protein. may result in a malfunctioning protein.

MutagensMutagensMutagensMutagens: are substances or factors that can cause mutations. : are substances or factors that can cause mutations. These factors result in changes to Gene Sequences. These factors result in changes to Gene Sequences.

There are There are 2 sources 2 sources of mutagens.of mutagens.

(1)(1) Mutagens that occur naturally. Mutagens that occur naturally.

Examples include X-rays, UV rays and viruses.Examples include X-rays, UV rays and viruses.

(2) Mutagens that are created by human activities.(2) Mutagens that are created by human activities.

Examples include cigarette smoke, pollutants and radiation.Examples include cigarette smoke, pollutants and radiation.

Unit 4: ReproductionUnit 4: ReproductionChapter 5Chapter 5

Mitosis is the basis of asexual Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproductionreproduction

Cell Cycle & DevelopmentCell Cycle & DevelopmentIt is necessary for cells to divide, It is necessary for cells to divide, producing more cells, as an organism producing more cells, as an organism develops. develops. Cells die and need to be replaced. Cells Cells die and need to be replaced. Cells that take a lot of wear and tear, including that take a lot of wear and tear, including skin cells, stomach cells and intestinal skin cells, stomach cells and intestinal cells need to be replaced. cells need to be replaced. The Cell Cycle ensures that body cells are The Cell Cycle ensures that body cells are replaced and the overall health of the replaced and the overall health of the organism is maintained. organism is maintained.

Cell CycleCell CycleStagesStages

Cell CycleCell Cycle: is a series of three : is a series of three stages in the life of a cell. The cycle stages in the life of a cell. The cycle involves cellular division to produce involves cellular division to produce more identical cells. more identical cells.

The 3 stages of the Cell Cycle are:The 3 stages of the Cell Cycle are:1.1. InterphaseInterphase

2.2. MitosisMitosis

3.3. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis

Stage 1: InterphaseStage 1: InterphaseStage 1: InterphaseStage 1: Interphase

InterphaseInterphase: is the first and longest stage of : is the first and longest stage of the cell cycle. During this stage the cell the cell cycle. During this stage the cell carries out its various functions and carries out its various functions and prepares for division.prepares for division.

During Interphase the cell doubles all of its During Interphase the cell doubles all of its material, including its DNA in preparing for material, including its DNA in preparing for division. The process of doubling the amount division. The process of doubling the amount of DNA in interphase is called of DNA in interphase is called ReplicationReplication..

Stage 2: MitosisStage 2: MitosisMitosisMitosis: the second, and usually the : the second, and usually the shortest stage of the cell cycle, involves shortest stage of the cell cycle, involves the division of a cell’s nucleus producing the division of a cell’s nucleus producing two identical two identical daughter cellsdaughter cells. .

Stages of MitosisStages of MitosisMitosis involves 4 distinct stages or steps.Mitosis involves 4 distinct stages or steps.

The 4 stages of Mitosis, in order, are:The 4 stages of Mitosis, in order, are:

1.1. ProphaseProphase

2.2. MetaphaseMetaphase

3.3. AnaphaseAnaphase

4.4. TelophaseTelophase

Prophase Prophase During prophase the double stranded During prophase the double stranded chromosomes shorten and thicken. The nuclear chromosomes shorten and thicken. The nuclear membrane that surrounded the nucleus breaks membrane that surrounded the nucleus breaks down and disappears. down and disappears.

MetaphaseMetaphase

During metaphase chromosomes line During metaphase chromosomes line up across the middle (or equator) of up across the middle (or equator) of the cell. the cell.

AnaphaseAnaphase

During anaphase chromosomes are During anaphase chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends (poles) of the pulled to opposite ends (poles) of the cell. The chromosomes are pulled at cell. The chromosomes are pulled at their centers.their centers.

TelophaseTelophaseAt telophase, the sets of chromosomes that At telophase, the sets of chromosomes that reached opposite poles form nuclei. They cell is reached opposite poles form nuclei. They cell is now ready to divide into two identical daughter now ready to divide into two identical daughter cells. cells.

Stage 3: Cytokinesis Stage 3: Cytokinesis CytokinesisCytokinesis: is the final stage of the cell : is the final stage of the cell cycle. Once mitosis is complete, the cell cycle. Once mitosis is complete, the cell membrane pinches together and the cell membrane pinches together and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. divides into two identical daughter cells.

The products of MitosisThe products of MitosisMitosis results in one parent cell dividing to Mitosis results in one parent cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells which have the produce two identical daughter cells which have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Think about it … Think about it …

How many brain cells originally underwent cell How many brain cells originally underwent cell division to produce 24 brain cells? division to produce 24 brain cells?

A cell divides by mitosis once every two hours. How A cell divides by mitosis once every two hours. How many of these cells will be produced after an 8 hour many of these cells will be produced after an 8 hour period?period?

Checkpoints in the Cell CycleCheckpoints in the Cell CycleSpecial proteins at checkpoints monitor cell Special proteins at checkpoints monitor cell activities and send this information along to the activities and send this information along to the nucleus.nucleus.

At each checkpoint, the nucleus instructs the cell At each checkpoint, the nucleus instructs the cell whether or not to divide.whether or not to divide.

A cell will stop undergoing division if:A cell will stop undergoing division if:• Not enough nutrients for cell growthNot enough nutrients for cell growth• Replication of DNA did not occurReplication of DNA did not occur• DNA is damaged DNA is damaged

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction: a method : a method of reproduction involving only ONE of reproduction involving only ONE parent, producing identical offspring parent, producing identical offspring to the parent.to the parent.

Cloned organisms are produced Cloned organisms are produced through asexual reproductionthrough asexual reproduction. .

Methods of Asexual Methods of Asexual ReproductionReproduction

Methods of asexual reproduction Methods of asexual reproduction include:include:

1.1.Binary fissionBinary fission

2.2.BuddingBudding

3.3.FragmentationFragmentation

4.4.Vegetative reproductionVegetative reproduction

5.5.Spore formationSpore formation

Binary fissionBinary fissionBinary fissionBinary fission: a single one-celled parent replicates its : a single one-celled parent replicates its genetic material and divides into two equal parts.genetic material and divides into two equal parts.

This method is the only method of reproduction for some This method is the only method of reproduction for some types of bacteria.types of bacteria.

Amoebas reproduce by binary fission. Algae and protozoa Amoebas reproduce by binary fission. Algae and protozoa also reproduce by binary fission. also reproduce by binary fission.

BuddingBuddingBuddingBudding: part of a cell pushes outward to form : part of a cell pushes outward to form an outgrowth or bud that may detach from the an outgrowth or bud that may detach from the parent cell.parent cell.

Unicellular yeasts, and multicellular organisms Unicellular yeasts, and multicellular organisms such as the hydra and sponges reproduce by such as the hydra and sponges reproduce by budding. budding.

FragmentationFragmentationFragmentationFragmentation: a fragment, a piece of an : a fragment, a piece of an organism broken off as a result of injury, develops organism broken off as a result of injury, develops into a clone of its parent.into a clone of its parent.

Some species of sea stars reproduce asexually by Some species of sea stars reproduce asexually by Fragmentation. Some plant also reproduce this Fragmentation. Some plant also reproduce this way.way.

Vegetative ReproductionVegetative ReproductionVegetative ReproductionVegetative Reproduction: special cells, usually : special cells, usually in plant stems and roots, dived repeatedly to in plant stems and roots, dived repeatedly to eventually form a plant that is identical to the eventually form a plant that is identical to the parent.parent.

Tulips, Daffodils, Potato Sprouts (“eyes”), and Tulips, Daffodils, Potato Sprouts (“eyes”), and Strawberry stem runners produce plants this way.Strawberry stem runners produce plants this way.

Spore FormationSpore FormationSpore FormationSpore Formation: reproducing asexually by forming single : reproducing asexually by forming single celled spores.celled spores.

SporesSpores: a reproductive cell that grows into a new individual : a reproductive cell that grows into a new individual by mitosis. Spores can be carried easily by the actions of by mitosis. Spores can be carried easily by the actions of wind and water. wind and water.

Some plants, including ferns and mosses reproduce by Some plants, including ferns and mosses reproduce by spore formation. Mold also can reproduce this way. spore formation. Mold also can reproduce this way.

Unit 4: ReproductionUnit 4: ReproductionChapter 6Chapter 6

Meiosis is the basis of sexual Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction.reproduction.

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction: a method of : a method of reproduction involving two parents, reproduction involving two parents, producing offspring that are producing offspring that are genetically different from each other, genetically different from each other, either parent, and from other either parent, and from other members of their species. members of their species.

The Process of Sexual The Process of Sexual ReproductionReproduction

Sexual reproduction involves uniting specialized cells called Sexual reproduction involves uniting specialized cells called GametesGametes. In animals, male gametes are called sperm and female . In animals, male gametes are called sperm and female gametes are called eggs. gametes are called eggs.

FertilizationFertilization occurs when the gametes unite, with the sperm occurs when the gametes unite, with the sperm penetrating an egg cell. penetrating an egg cell.

The process of fertilization results in a cell called a The process of fertilization results in a cell called a ZygoteZygote. The . The Zygote undergoes cell division and mitosis and develops into an Zygote undergoes cell division and mitosis and develops into an EmbryoEmbryo. The embryo grows continuously to form a new organism.. The embryo grows continuously to form a new organism.

Chromosome NumbersChromosome NumbersDiploid number (2n)Diploid number (2n): : body cells (all cells excluding sperm body cells (all cells excluding sperm and egg) have two sets of chromosomes. The diploid number and egg) have two sets of chromosomes. The diploid number for humans is 46 (2 x 23). Humans inherit one set of 23 from for humans is 46 (2 x 23). Humans inherit one set of 23 from their male parent and one set of 23 from their female parent.their male parent and one set of 23 from their female parent.

Haploid number (n)Haploid number (n): : gametes (sperm and egg cells) have gametes (sperm and egg cells) have only one set of chromosomes and are termed haploid. Human only one set of chromosomes and are termed haploid. Human gametes have one set of 23 chromosomes. So, the haploid gametes have one set of 23 chromosomes. So, the haploid number for humans is 23.number for humans is 23.

During fertilization, a haploid (n) sperm cell unites with a During fertilization, a haploid (n) sperm cell unites with a haploid (n) egg cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote.haploid (n) egg cell to form a diploid (2n) zygote.

n + n = 2nn + n = 2n

Meiosis Meiosis

MeiosisMeiosis: process of producing : process of producing gametes (sperm and egg cells) with gametes (sperm and egg cells) with the haploid (n) number of the haploid (n) number of chromosomes. Meiosis occurs in the chromosomes. Meiosis occurs in the male and female sex organs male and female sex organs (respectively the testes and ovaries). (respectively the testes and ovaries).

MeiosisMeiosis

Meiosis involves two rounds of Meiosis involves two rounds of cellular division:cellular division:

1.1.Meiosis IMeiosis I

2.2.Meiosis IIMeiosis II

Homologous ChromosomesHomologous ChromosomesHomologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes: : are pairs are pairs of chromosomes that are the same size, of chromosomes that are the same size, shape and have genes that are in the shape and have genes that are in the same locations. same locations.

Meiosis I: StagesMeiosis I: Stages

Meiosis I involves:Meiosis I involves:

1.1.Prophase IProphase I

2.2.Metaphase IMetaphase I

3.3.Anaphase IAnaphase I

4.4.Telophase ITelophase I

Prophase IProphase I

Homologous chromosomes pair up.Homologous chromosomes pair up.

Metaphase IMetaphase I

Homologous chromosomes pair up at Homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator.the equator.

Anaphase I Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled towards opposite and are pulled towards opposite poles (ends) of the cell.poles (ends) of the cell.

Telophase ITelophase I

Homologous pairs have moved to Homologous pairs have moved to opposite ends of the cell and the cell opposite ends of the cell and the cell begins to divide.begins to divide.

InterkenesisInterkenesis

InterkenesisInterkenesis: is the stage between : is the stage between cell divisions. The cells grow and cell divisions. The cells grow and make various proteins. make various proteins.

End Products of Meiosis IEnd Products of Meiosis I

The end products of Meiosis I are two The end products of Meiosis I are two diploid (2n) daughter cells.diploid (2n) daughter cells.

These cells now go on to enter These cells now go on to enter Meiosis II.Meiosis II.

Meiosis IIMeiosis II

Meiosis II involves:Meiosis II involves:

1.1.Prophase IIProphase II

2.2.Metaphase IIMetaphase II

3.3.Anaphase IIAnaphase II

4.4.Telophase IITelophase II

Prophase IIProphase II

There is one chromosome of the There is one chromosome of the homologous pair in each cell. homologous pair in each cell.

Metaphase IIMetaphase II

Chromosomes line up at the equator Chromosomes line up at the equator (middle of the cell).(middle of the cell).

Anaphase IIAnaphase IIHalf of each X-shaped chromosome is Half of each X-shaped chromosome is pulled apart towards opposite poles (ends) pulled apart towards opposite poles (ends) of the cell.of the cell.

Telophase IITelophase II

A nucleus forms around each set of A nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes and the cell begins to chromosomes and the cell begins to divide to produce 4 gametes.divide to produce 4 gametes.

Comparing/ContrastingComparing/ContrastingMitosis verses Meiosis Mitosis verses Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Types of Cells Body Cells Sex Cells (sperm and eggs)

Number of Daughter Cells produced

2 4

Amount of Genetic Material in each daughter cell

Same number of chromosomes (2n) in each cell. Each daughter cell is diploid.

Half the number of chromosomes (n) in each cell. Each gamete (sex cell) is haploid.

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves two Sexual reproduction involves two parents. parents.

Sexual Reproduction does not Sexual Reproduction does not necessarily require sexual necessarily require sexual intercourse. intercourse.

Method of FertilizationMethod of Fertilization

Fertilization may be:Fertilization may be:

1.1.Internal FertilizationInternal Fertilization – sperm cells are – sperm cells are deposited inside the female’s body where deposited inside the female’s body where they meet an egg cell. Requires sexual they meet an egg cell. Requires sexual intercourse.intercourse.

2.2.External FertilizationExternal Fertilization- - sperm and egg sperm and egg cell unite outside the bodies of parents. This cell unite outside the bodies of parents. This is common in animals that live in water.is common in animals that live in water.

Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce sexually sexually

MossesMosses

• External fertilization occurs in mosses. External fertilization occurs in mosses. • Water is needed to transport gametes, allowing sperm cells and Water is needed to transport gametes, allowing sperm cells and

egg cells to unite.egg cells to unite.• Male and female sex organs develop on the end of stems or Male and female sex organs develop on the end of stems or

branches. branches. • Asexual reproduction may also occur by spore production. Asexual reproduction may also occur by spore production.

Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce sexually sexually

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

• Internal fertilization occurs in flowering plants. Internal fertilization occurs in flowering plants. • The process of Pollination occurs. Male gametes are formed in special cases The process of Pollination occurs. Male gametes are formed in special cases

called Pollen. called Pollen. PollinationPollination is the transfer of pollen to the female part of the is the transfer of pollen to the female part of the flower. flower.

• The male reproductive organ in a flower is called the The male reproductive organ in a flower is called the StamenStamen. The female . The female reproductive organ in a flower is called the reproductive organ in a flower is called the PistilPistil. .

• Pollination and fertilization occurs at the female reproductive organ, at the Pollination and fertilization occurs at the female reproductive organ, at the pistil. The pollen lands on the pistil and sperm are delivered to the egg cells. pistil. The pollen lands on the pistil and sperm are delivered to the egg cells. The fertilized egg becomes a seed. The seed protects the developing embryo. The fertilized egg becomes a seed. The seed protects the developing embryo.

Organisms that reproduce Organisms that reproduce sexuallysexually

Insects Insects

The life cycle of insects involves The life cycle of insects involves metamorphosis. metamorphosis. MetamorphosisMetamorphosis is the is the change in an individual's form as it change in an individual's form as it develops. develops.

Incomplete MetamorphosisIncomplete MetamorphosisIncomplete MetamorphosisIncomplete Metamorphosis: involves subtle : involves subtle (minor) changes through 3 life cycle stages: (minor) changes through 3 life cycle stages: 1.1. EggEgg

2.2. Nymph (smaller immature version of adult)Nymph (smaller immature version of adult)

3.3. AdultAdult

Grasshoppers go through Incomplete Metamorphosis. Grasshoppers go through Incomplete Metamorphosis.

Complete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis: a change in the form of : a change in the form of an insect as it matures, where the adult is completely an insect as it matures, where the adult is completely different than the larval stage.different than the larval stage.

The four common stages of complete metamorphosis, as seen in the butterfly are:The four common stages of complete metamorphosis, as seen in the butterfly are:

1.1. EggEgg

2.2. Larva (caterpillar)Larva (caterpillar)

3.3. PupaPupa

4.4. Adult Adult

Asexual verses Sexual Asexual verses Sexual ReproductionReproduction

Asexual Sexual

# of parent cells 1 2

Gametes (eggs or sperm)

None (cell divides) 2 (egg cell and a sperm cell unite to

form a zygote)

Variation (difference) in offspring

Lesser (all offspring identical)

Greater (genetic diversity)

Amount of Energy required

Lesser Greater

Parental care Lesser Greater

Mitosis or Meiosis? Mitosis Meiosis

Genetic ConditionsGenetic Conditions

Genetic conditions that cannot be Genetic conditions that cannot be solved using current scientific & solved using current scientific & technological knowledge include:technological knowledge include:

1.1.Down SyndromeDown Syndrome

2.2.Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

3.3.Allderdice SyndromeAllderdice Syndrome

Shifts in the Field of GeneticsShifts in the Field of Genetics

Our understanding of genetics has Our understanding of genetics has changed over time as new changed over time as new technologies have become available. technologies have become available. New technologies have made it New technologies have made it possible to get a better look at genes possible to get a better look at genes and their influence on traits. and their influence on traits.

Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Experiments

In the mid 1800’s, Gregor Mendel experimented with inherited In the mid 1800’s, Gregor Mendel experimented with inherited traits in pea plants, including color and shape.traits in pea plants, including color and shape.

Mendel’s studies of pea plants demonstrated that traits were Mendel’s studies of pea plants demonstrated that traits were inherited from one generation to the next.inherited from one generation to the next.

Mendel’s studies suggested the involvement of “dominant” Mendel’s studies suggested the involvement of “dominant” and “recessive” factors in the transmission of traits from and “recessive” factors in the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Dominant traits are always expressed, parents to offspring. Dominant traits are always expressed, however recessive traits are not always expressed. however recessive traits are not always expressed.

Watson and Crick: The double Watson and Crick: The double helix model of DNA helix model of DNA

A more clear understanding of genes came about when Francis Crick A more clear understanding of genes came about when Francis Crick and James Watson, described the structure of DNA in 1953.and James Watson, described the structure of DNA in 1953.

Crick and Watson showed that DNA is an organization of genes in a Crick and Watson showed that DNA is an organization of genes in a double helix shape, like a twisted ladder. Specific base pairing on this double helix shape, like a twisted ladder. Specific base pairing on this ladder helped to explain how DNA could replicate (copy itself). This ladder helped to explain how DNA could replicate (copy itself). This development also helped to explain how and why mutations occur. development also helped to explain how and why mutations occur.

Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome ProjectIn the In the Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project, scientists , scientists around the world collaborated for about 20 around the world collaborated for about 20 years to identify every gene in human years to identify every gene in human DNA, mapping the human genome. DNA, mapping the human genome.

The Human Genome Project made a sort of The Human Genome Project made a sort of map that can be used to search for and map that can be used to search for and identify particular genes. identify particular genes.

The Human Genome Project has provided The Human Genome Project has provided information into how and why various information into how and why various genetic diseases come about. genetic diseases come about.

Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering: is biotechnology : is biotechnology that deals with the manipulation of the that deals with the manipulation of the genome. genome.

Scientists have figured out how to cut a Scientists have figured out how to cut a gene out of one DNA strand and place it gene out of one DNA strand and place it into another. The ability to recombine into another. The ability to recombine DNA (recombinant DNA) has made DNA (recombinant DNA) has made significant contributions to food and significant contributions to food and medicine. medicine.

Genetic Engineering & Food Genetic Engineering & Food ProductionProduction

Plants and animals have improved through Plants and animals have improved through recombinant DNA technology. Such organisms are recombinant DNA technology. Such organisms are labeled as labeled as Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). This plays an important role in the (GMOs). This plays an important role in the agricultural industry, specifically crop production. agricultural industry, specifically crop production.

Genes have been altered to produce plants that are Genes have been altered to produce plants that are resistant to colder temperatures, chemicals and resistant to colder temperatures, chemicals and disease. disease.

Genetic engineering has been used to produce Genetic engineering has been used to produce organisms with desired traits. organisms with desired traits.

Genetic Engineering & MedicineGenetic Engineering & MedicineScientists use recombinant DNA technology to produce Scientists use recombinant DNA technology to produce drugs and provide human gene therapy. drugs and provide human gene therapy.

Recombinant DNA technology is being used to help Recombinant DNA technology is being used to help Diabetes patients, in which the correct human gene for Diabetes patients, in which the correct human gene for insulin production, is placed within the genome of a insulin production, is placed within the genome of a bacterium. The bacterium then produces insulin which can bacterium. The bacterium then produces insulin which can be used as medicine. be used as medicine.

Humans who lack a specific gene or who have a defective Humans who lack a specific gene or who have a defective gene can have a healthy, functioning gene inserted into gene can have a healthy, functioning gene inserted into their DNA. This is human gene therapy. their DNA. This is human gene therapy.