Unit 4: Ancient Greece
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Transcript of Unit 4: Ancient Greece
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Unit 3: Ancient
Greece
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Geography•Geography shaped Greek traditions and customs
• It also kept the Greeks isolated from one another
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•The SEA provides–Travel to other places–Trade with others (Greece has poor resources)–Food
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• The LAND creates–Division from mountains
–Differences because of division
–Disunity because of differences
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•The CLIMATE allows–Outdoor public meetings
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Trojan War
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Early Greeks• Mycenaeans took power around
2000 B.C.• Trojan War – a war around 1200
BC in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy –Troy is a Greek legend – is it true or false?
• Mycenaean power declines after this
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Greek Culture Declines
• Mycenaeans lose power• Dorians take control
–Dorians are stupid•Economy collapses•Trade declines•People even forget how to write!
• It’s the Dark Ages for Greece
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Key Terms• Polis – Greek City-State• Acropolis – Fortified hilltop in Greek City-states where people met
• Monarchy - Government in the hands of a single ruler, usually a king
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• Aristocracy – Government in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
• Oligarchy – Government in the hands of a few wealthy people
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• Phalanx- A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields
• Peloponnesian War – a war between 431 and 404 B.C. in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
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Sparta• Government
–Assembly of all free adult males
–Council of Elders–Ephors (judges)–Kings (Military)
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Sparta• Social Structures
–Citizens–Free Non-citizens (Foreigners and women)
–Helots (indentured Servants)–Slaves–Women had many rights, but could not vote
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Sparta• Education
–Hard military training from age 7 for boys
–Girls and boys learned to read and write
–Little further academic training
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Sparta• Arts
–None!–Duty, Strength and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom
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Athens• Government
–Democracy – Rule by people
–Council of Five Hundred (proposed laws)
–Free adult males are citizens and participate in government
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Athens• Social Structures
–Citizens–Foreigners and Women–Slaves (1/3 of all population)–Women, foreigners and slaves had few rights
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Athens• Education
–None for girls–Boys highly educated–Higher education available for wealthy
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Athens• Arts
–Philosophy–Literature–Poetry–Sculpture–Theater–Arts were very important and taught to all boys
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Persian Wars480 B.C.
• Greece vs. Persia–Marathon–Thermopylae (“300”)–Salamis–Plataea
• Greeks win
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Peloponnesian War431 B.C. – 404 B.C.
• Athens (navy) Vs. Sparta (Army)
• Sparta Wins
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Spartans vs. Athenians!• The PELOPONNESIAN WAR – a
war between Athens and Sparta from 431 B.C.E. to 404 B.C.E. in which Sparta won had many effects on the city-states.
• Sparta had land advantage/Athens naval
• Plague hurts Athens – Pericles dies
• Athens loses; democracy weakens
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The Golden Age• Athens went through a G.A.
after the Persian Wars (480 – 430 B.C.E.)
• During Athens’ G.A., drama, architecture, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, and science reached new heights.
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Pericles (494-429 B.C.E.)• PERICLES – A wise and
able Athenian politician – led Athens for 32 years during its G.A.
• He had 3 goals:–To strengthen Athenian democracy
–To hold and strengthen the empire
–To glorify Athens
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Pericles’ Goal #1 - Democracy
• Pericles increased # of paid public officials
• Introduced DIRECT DEMOCRACY – a form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
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Pericles’ Goal #2 - Empire• Pericles strengthened the
navy• Made it the most powerful in
the Mediterranean
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Pericles’ Goal #3 - Glorify• He made Athens pretty!
• Parthenon• Arts
–Sculpture–Drama
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Philosophers• Philosophers searched
for truth during these uncertain times
• Socrates – philosopher (469-399 B.C.E.)
• Plato – philosopher (427-347 B.C.E.)
• Aristotle – philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.)
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Homer• Blind Greek author/storyteller
• Composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds–The Iliad–The Odyssey
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Philip Builds Macedonia’s Power•The Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states
• In the north, Philip prepared Macedonia to invade
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• Philip transformed peasants into a professional army
• Used a heavy 16x16 phalanx formation
• Greek city states could not unite against Philip until it was too late…
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• The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) ended Greek freedom and independence
• Philip was murdered (336 BC)
• Never got to invade Persia
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Alexander Defeats Persia• 20-year-old Alexander takes
Macedonia over after his father dies
• Alexander was already a great leader–Education (Aristotle)–Inspiration (Illiad)–Military (Chaeronea, Thebes)
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• With Greece under his control, he turns to Persia
• Alexander wins two important battles against Darius III
• Darius offers Alexander 1/3 the Persian Empire, but Alexander refuses
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• The final victory comes at Gaugamela
• Alexander’s phalanx vs. Persian chariots with scythes
• Alexander’s victory ends Persian control
• His army takes advantage of the empire’s massive wealth
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Alexander’s Other Conquests
• Alexander continued conquests in India and SW Asia over the next years
• His soldiers marched >11,000 miles in 11 years
• Finally head back in 323 BC
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Alexander’s Legacy• Alexander died of fever when he returned
• Who would control the huge empire?
• 3 general divided it and ruled with absolute power
• Alexander’s rule ended the freedom of Greek city-states and created a new culture
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Hellenistic Culture• After Alexander’s death, a
blended culture called HELLENISTIC – A MIX OF GREEK, EGYPTIAN, AND EASTERN CULTURES – started.
• Alexandria in Egypt became the center of the Hellenistic world
• It was an international port city full of trade and commerce
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• Alexandria was magnificent–Palaces–Statues–Lighthouse–Museum–Library
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Hellenistic Science & Technology
• Scientists in Alexandria studied Astronomy–Earth center of universe–Earth’s size (accurate)
• Euclid creates a geometry text used the next 2000 years
• Archimedes establishes pi (3.14)
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Hellenistic Philosophy & Art
• Stoicism and Epicureanism• Sculpture flourishes• Hellenistic sculpture focuses
on more natural forms than the Greeks
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