Grammar and Structure for Ielts

Unit 3: Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Continuous

Grammar and Structure for Ielts

Present perfect simple

Present Perfect SimpleKate has bought a new laptopI have just finished my homework

Actions happened at unstated time in the past

Present Perfect Simple

He has been a car salesman since 1990She has known Julie for 8 years

Actions started in the past & are continuing in the present(especially with state V)

Present Perfect Simple

He has made ten pots todayI have met her 3 times this week

These periods of time: today, this morning/afternoon.

FORMS+-?

S +have/has +PP She has found a new jobS +have/has + NOT + PP She has not/hasnt found a new jobHave/has + S +PP? Has she found a new job?Yes, she hasNo, she hasnt/has not

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TIME EXPRESSIONSI have known her 6 years (for)

He has lived here 2000 (since)

We have finished our projects (already)

They have moved house (just)

Lucy has wanted to travel abroad (always)

Mike has published a new book (recently)for 6 yearssince 2000have already finishedhave just movedhas always movedhas recently movedFor, since, already, just, always, recently: (+)

TIME EXPRESSIONSHave you met anybody famous ? (ever)

have you lived here? (How long)

Has he married ? (yet)

Have you gone to the cinema? (lately)

Have you ever met anybody famous?How long have you lived here ?Has he married yet?Have you gone to the cinema lately?Ever, how long, yet, lately: (?)

TIME EXPRESSIONSI havent met my boyfriend 2 weeks (for)

She hasnt talked to John last year (since)

3. I havent found a job (yet)

4. He hasnt gone to school (lately)

5. We have heard about Jack (never)

for 2 weekssince last yearI havent found a job yetHe hasnt gone to school lately We have never heard about JackFor, since, yet, lately, never: (-)

Have gone (to) Have been (to)

She hasnt come back yet, still at the shop

She has come back, not at the shop now

Past Simple Present Perfect Simple

Peter won his first gold medal in 1992

Peter has won a lot of medalsaction happened at a stated time

action happened at an unstated time

Past Simple Present Perfect Simple

She had a cold for 2 days She has had a cold for 3 days Action started & finished in the past

Action started & still continuing in the present

Present perfect continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

He has been painting the house for three days

I have been doing my homework since 2 oclock

Action started in the past & continuous to the present

Present Perfect Continuous

He looks tired. He has been working hard all day

Peter is irritated. He has been waiting for the bus for half an hour

Action recently finished & its result is evident now

FORMS+-?

S +have/has+ been+ V-ing He has been walking in the rainS +have/has + NOT+ been+V-ingHe hasnt been walking in the rainHave/has+ S+ been+ V-ing?Has he been walking in the rain?

Present Perfect - Present Perfect Continuous

He has been painting this picture for 2 hoursHe has painted 20 picturesEmphasis on the duration

Emphasis on number

Present Perfect - Present Perfect Continuous

He has been teaching for six yearsThey have just made a dealaction started in the past & continuous to the presentFocus on the activity itself

action has just happenedFocus on the result or completion

Present Perfect - Present Perfect ContinuousWhat have you been doing ?What have you done?Focus on the activity that made him so dirty now

Focus on the result of the action

Unit 4: Past Tense Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

Past perfect simple

1. Past Perfect Simple

He had done his homework before he went to bed last night- for an action which happened in the past before another past action - the earlier action The Past Perfect Simple- the later action The Past Simple

for an action which happened before a stated time in the past 1. Past Perfect Simple

She had watered all the flowers by 5 oclock in the afternoon.

By the time he was six, he had written a composition of his own

TIME EXPRESSIONS Before After already just till/until when, by, by the time, ectPast Perfect Simple

+S + HAD (d) + V-ed/V3He had finished the houseworkHe had left Paris

- S + HAD + Not + V-ed/V3 Had not = HadntHe hadnt finished the houseworkHe hadnt left Paris

?HAD + S + V-ed/V3 ?Had he finished the housework?Had he left Paris?

FORMS

Past Perfect Simple

Past perfect continuous

Past Perfect Continuousthe past equivalent of the present perfect continuous.

They had been waiting for the bus for half an hour before it came

They have been waiting for the bus for half an hour

Peter is irritated. He has been waiting for the bus for half an hour Past Perfect ContinuousPeter was irritated. He.for the bus for half an hour had been waiting

FORMS+S + HAD + Been + V-ingHe had been studying- S + HAD + Not + Been + V-ing He hadnt been studying?HAD + S + Been + V-ing ?Had he been studying?

Past Perfect Continuous

4. EXERCISES

Ex.1/133.....4...

5...

6...

7..

have already seenHave just receivedwere

represented8.....9...

10..

11....

12..

Have playedHavent travelled Went Unit 3

Ex.2/13

had increasedroseHas risenwasHave overtakenHas grownoccurred

Ex.3/14

Ex.4/15

Have been livingHave been studyingHave you doneHave beenHave travelledve doneve started ve been taking ve just passedve takenve never feltve been takingve always wanted ve always beenve already worked

Ex.2/18

Had doubledremainedbeganHad tripled wasIncreased Had reached Had peaked Had managed Unit 4

Ex.3/19

2...

3.....4...

5...

6...

7..

8..

9..

Had always beenHad heardArrivedHad feltHad comeHad walkedHad learnt

10.....11....

12..

13...

14..

15.

16.

17......

18..

Had preparedHad expectedTook offDidnt feelApproachedHad doneSteppedHadnt burntHad hopedManaged19. Had done

Ex.4/20Had startedboughtHad never takenstayedvisitedd beend likedd decidedd been developingd already discussedd maded phonedfeltHadnt waitedd been running