An Integrated English Course Book 4 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 2 Unit 2 Unit 2 Unit 3...

An Integrated English An Integrated English Course Course Book 4 Book 4

Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 2Unit 2 Unit 3Unit 3 Unit 4Unit 4 Unit 5Unit 5 Unit 6Unit 6 Unit 7Unit 7 Unit 8Unit 8

Unit 9Unit 9 Unit 10Unit 10 Unit 11Unit 11 Unit 12Unit 12 Unit 13Unit 13 Unit 14Unit 14 Unit 15Unit 15 Unit 16Unit 16

Unit 1Unit 1Unit 1Unit 1

Text IText INever Give In, Never, NeverNever Give In, Never, Never

Text IText INever Give In, Never, NeverNever Give In, Never, Never Background information:Background information: 1. About the text: 1. About the text: This text is a speech made by Churchill This text is a speech made by Churchill

when he visited Harrow School on Oct. when he visited Harrow School on Oct. 29,1941. In 1888, Churchill entered this 29,1941. In 1888, Churchill entered this school, which was founded in 1572 school, which was founded in 1572 under a Royal Charter from Queen under a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth. In 1940 he came to this school Elizabeth. In 1940 he came to this school for a short visit and he came again a for a short visit and he came again a year later to hear the traditional songs year later to hear the traditional songs of this school.of this school.

2. about the author:2. about the author: Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)

was a combination of soldier, writer, was a combination of soldier, writer, artist, and statesman, renowned for artist, and statesman, renowned for his courage, imagination, oratory his courage, imagination, oratory and intellect. In world war II he and intellect. In world war II he served as Prime Minister of UK from served as Prime Minister of UK from 1940 to 1945 and played a leading 1940 to 1945 and played a leading role in the resistance against role in the resistance against German domination of Europe.German domination of Europe.

AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysis

This text is an inspiring speech made This text is an inspiring speech made by Winston Churchill, when he by Winston Churchill, when he visited Harrow School. The whole visited Harrow School. The whole speech can be divided into three speech can be divided into three parts.parts.

1.Part I is the opening remarks 1.Part I is the opening remarks

2.Part II is the body of the speech2.Part II is the body of the speech

3.Part III is the closing remarks3.Part III is the closing remarks

Part I Part I paragraph 1paragraph 1Part I Part I paragraph 1paragraph 1

The following questions may be asked:The following questions may be asked:1.1. What was Churchill’s intention of singing What was Churchill’s intention of singing

some of their songs?some of their songs?2.2. Why did Churchill use ill-favoured words sWhy did Churchill use ill-favoured words s

uch as uch as ups and downsups and downs and and misfortunesmisfortunes wh when talking about the menace of the enemy?en talking about the menace of the enemy?

3.3. What lesson had they learnt?What lesson had they learnt?4.4. Why did Churchill say the mood was differWhy did Churchill say the mood was differ

ent?ent?

Part II Part II paragraph 2-5paragraph 2-5Part II Part II paragraph 2-5paragraph 2-5

Questions to be considered:Questions to be considered:

1.1. What did Churchill mean by saying What did Churchill mean by saying “we must learn to be equally good “we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough”?what is long and tough”?

2.2. Why did Churchill quote Kipling as Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying “saying “

Part III Part III paragraph 6-8paragraph 6-8Part III Part III paragraph 6-8paragraph 6-8

The following question could be The following question could be asked:asked:

1. Why did Churchill replace the word 1. Why did Churchill replace the word “darker” with “sterner”?“darker” with “sterner”?

Language WorkLanguage Work

Ups and downsUps and downs : a mixture of good : a mixture of good things and bad thingsthings and bad things

The organization has experienced its The organization has experienced its ups and downsups and downs since it was founded in since it was founded in 1999.1999.

Sitting beside the window, he recalled Sitting beside the window, he recalled the the ups and downsups and downs of his parenthood. of his parenthood.

PositionPosition: situation at a particular time: situation at a particular time

It is time those companies revealed more aIt is time those companies revealed more about their financial bout their financial positionposition..

Their soccer team is going to be in a very diTheir soccer team is going to be in a very difficult fficult positionposition if nothing particular shows u if nothing particular shows up.p.

What is short and sharp and what is long anWhat is short and sharp and what is long and toughd tough: difficulties and hardships of any ki: difficulties and hardships of any kind, imminent or distant, temporary or long-nd, imminent or distant, temporary or long-lasting.lasting.

Noble chance of warNoble chance of war: impressive : impressive opportunities of waropportunities of war

Throwing our minds back toThrowing our minds back to our meeting our meeting here 10 months ago: recollecting our here 10 months ago: recollecting our meeting at Harrow School 10 months ago.meeting at Harrow School 10 months ago.

Please Please throw your mind back tothrow your mind back to 1945, 1945, when people all over the world were when people all over the world were engaged in a great engaged in a great

and cruel war against the Fascists.and cruel war against the Fascists.

Convictions of honour and good senseConvictions of honour and good sense: stro: strong beliefs in honour and good judgement of ng beliefs in honour and good judgement of duty and justiceduty and justice

Very different is the mood todayVery different is the mood today: how other : how other nations view Britain and how the Britain penations view Britain and how the Britain people think and feel about the war is quite diople think and feel about the war is quite different today from ten months ago.fferent today from ten months ago.

Our country stood in the gapOur country stood in the gap: our country s: our country shouldered the responsibility in isolation.houldered the responsibility in isolation.

At the critical moment of world economic rAt the critical moment of world economic recession, a powerful government is needed ecession, a powerful government is needed to to stand in the gapstand in the gap..

Structural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural Analysis Part I is the opening remarks in which Part I is the opening remarks in which

Churchill summarized the great events that Churchill summarized the great events that had happened in the past ten months and the had happened in the past ten months and the purpose of his second visit to Harrow School.purpose of his second visit to Harrow School.

Part II is the body of the speech in which he Part II is the body of the speech in which he analyzed the world situation and how other analyzed the world situation and how other nations looked at Britain and then called on nations looked at Britain and then called on the people not to give in.the people not to give in.

Part III is the closing remarks in which he Part III is the closing remarks in which he told the audience that he wanted to change a told the audience that he wanted to change a word in the song and explained why he word in the song and explained why he wanted to do so.wanted to do so.

Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features The following antonyms are used in the The following antonyms are used in the

speech:speech: ups/downs, short/long, ups/downs, short/long,

triumph/disaster,triumph/disaster, darker days/great days.darker days/great days. some of these antonyms are used to some of these antonyms are used to

describe the terrible nature of the war, describe the terrible nature of the war, some of them are used to express the some of them are used to express the determination of the British people to fight determination of the British people to fight on for the final victory, and some are used on for the final victory, and some are used to encourage the audience not to lose hope.to encourage the audience not to lose hope.

Text II Text II Winston ChurchillWinston ChurchillText II Text II Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Reference for questionsReference for questions1.1. Churchill stepped onto the world stage Churchill stepped onto the world stage

at the outbreak of World War I in the at the outbreak of World War I in the capacity of the First Lord of the capacity of the First Lord of the Admiralty of Great Britain.Admiralty of Great Britain.

2.2. Because he knew very well that his Because he knew very well that his country alone was not demographically country alone was not demographically strong enough to win the victory of the strong enough to win the victory of the war, and the intervention of the USA war, and the intervention of the USA would bring the war to its end much would bring the war to its end much sooner.sooner.

3.3. In order to get the USA involved in In order to get the USA involved in the war, he established a personal the war, he established a personal relationship with Roosevelt, and he relationship with Roosevelt, and he was optimistic and believed that was optimistic and believed that things would work his way. The later things would work his way. The later development of the world situation development of the world situation proved that he was right.proved that he was right.

Text IText ISpace InvadersSpace Invaders

Text IText ISpace InvadersSpace Invaders

Background information:Background information: 1. About the text: 1. About the text: This text was originally published in This text was originally published in NeNe

w Yorkerw Yorker on July 24, 1993. later in 2001 it on July 24, 1993. later in 2001 it appeared again in appeared again in The Princeton AntholoThe Princeton Anthology of Writing: Favorite Pieces by the Ferrgy of Writing: Favorite Pieces by the Ferries Writers at Princeton University.ies Writers at Princeton University.

About the author: Richard Stengel is a seAbout the author: Richard Stengel is a senior writer working for nior writer working for TimeTime magazine. magazine.

3. malthusian logic: the theories of the Bri3. malthusian logic: the theories of the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus(17tish economist Thomas Robert Malthus(1766-1843), which state that population incre66-1843), which state that population increases faster than the means of subsistence ases faster than the means of subsistence unless war, famine, or disease intervenes unless war, famine, or disease intervenes or efforts are made to limit population.or efforts are made to limit population.

4. long island: an island in southeastern N4. long island: an island in southeastern New York. The New York city boroughs of Bew York. The New York city boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens are at its west end. rooklyn and Queens are at its west end.


The writer points out that The writer points out that nowadays people are more and nowadays people are more and more concerned about themselves more concerned about themselves and want to have a larger personal and want to have a larger personal space than decades ago, and then he space than decades ago, and then he analyses the cause of space invasion.analyses the cause of space invasion.

It can be divided into three partsIt can be divided into three parts

Part I Part I paragraph 1-2paragraph 1-2Part I Part I paragraph 1-2paragraph 1-2

The following question may be The following question may be asked:asked:

1.1. How did the author describe the How did the author describe the violation of personal space that violation of personal space that happened in a bank?happened in a bank?


The following questions could be asked :The following questions could be asked :1.1. Is “personal space” a phrase of the Is “personal space” a phrase of the

seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Why seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Why or why not?or why not?

2.2. Do you agree with the author about the Do you agree with the author about the reasons of space invasion given in reasons of space invasion given in Paragraph 4? What other factor have caused Paragraph 4? What other factor have caused it?it?

3.3. What does the author mean by saying What does the author mean by saying “personal space is mostly a public matter”?“personal space is mostly a public matter”?

4.4. Do space invaders respect other people’s Do space invaders respect other people’s personal space?personal space?


Questions to be asked:Questions to be asked:

1.1. Do you agree with the writer’s view that the Do you agree with the writer’s view that the contraction of the outer, personal space is contraction of the outer, personal space is proportion to the expansion of the inner proportion to the expansion of the inner space of modern man?space of modern man?

2.2. Do you think we Chinese people have Do you think we Chinese people have comparatively more personal space or less? comparatively more personal space or less? Is Chinese personal space now the same as it Is Chinese personal space now the same as it was decades ago?was decades ago?

3.3. Why does the author decide to expand his Why does the author decide to expand his contracting boundaries of personal space?contracting boundaries of personal space?


snakesnake : move in a twisting way : move in a twisting way

the train was the train was snakingsnaking its way through the its way through the mountains.mountains.

Some tired velvet ropesSome tired velvet ropes : some slackened : some slackened

velvet ropesvelvet ropes

inchinch: move very slowly and carefully: move very slowly and carefully

Howard Howard inchedinched the van forward. the van forward.

ShuffleShuffle: walk by dragging one’s feet along : walk by dragging one’s feet along or without lifting them fully from the grounor without lifting them fully from the ground d

He slipped on his shoes and He slipped on his shoes and shuffledshuffled out of out of the room.the room.

shuffle sth. off: avoid talking or thinking ashuffle sth. off: avoid talking or thinking about sth. because it is not considered impobout sth. because it is not considered importantrtant

He He shuffledshuffled the question the question offoff and changed t and changed the topic.he topic.

shuffle out of sth. Try to avoid some unpleshuffle out of sth. Try to avoid some unpleasant task by acting dishonestlyasant task by acting dishonestly

I mistrust the way in which they I mistrust the way in which they shuffle oushuffle out oft of

sustained efforts.sustained efforts.

RingRing: a quality, or an impression of havi: a quality, or an impression of having the quality that is mentionedng the quality that is mentioned

Her story has a Her story has a ringring of truth about it. of truth about it. The books he mentioned had a familiar The books he mentioned had a familiar

ringring about them. about them.

PenetratePenetrate: succeed in forcing through st: succeed in forcing through sth.h.

They They penetratedpenetrated into the territory wher into the territory where no man had ever been before.e no man had ever been before.

WedgeWedge: force into a narrow space: force into a narrow space

Open the door wide and Open the door wide and wedgewedge it with it with a pad of newspaper.a pad of newspaper.

““don’t tread on medon’t tread on me” could have been ” could have been coined only by someone with a spread: coined only by someone with a spread: “don’t step into my space”. This could “don’t step into my space”. This could have been said only by a person who have been said only by a person who has a large personal space.has a large personal space.

Personal space is psychological, not Personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than our inner space: outside us than our inner space: personal space is more a psychological personal space is more a psychological matter than a physical one.matter than a physical one.

Be proportional toBe proportional to: increase or decrease : increase or decrease at the same rate as the other thingat the same rate as the other thing

The output should be proportional to The output should be proportional to the input.the input.

As a rule the suicide rates As a rule the suicide rates are are proportional toproportional to the size of the city. the size of the city.

Structural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural Analysis

The author looks at the causes of space The author looks at the causes of space invasion in Paragraph 4. He attributes invasion in Paragraph 4. He attributes this phenomenon to population this phenomenon to population explosion first, then to the hot weather explosion first, then to the hot weather and the stimulation of caffeine.and the stimulation of caffeine.

He examines the nature of space He examines the nature of space invasion and thinks that space invasion invasion and thinks that space invasion is a public matter. It is more is a public matter. It is more psychological than physical.psychological than physical.

Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features Listed below are the verbs used by the author Listed below are the verbs used by the author

to give a vivid and accurate description of the to give a vivid and accurate description of the behavior of the space invadersbehavior of the space invaders

1) Verbs used to described the behavior of 1) Verbs used to described the behavior of space invaders:space invaders:

inch, wedge, zigzag, jostle, refuse, press, inch, wedge, zigzag, jostle, refuse, press, bump, etc.bump, etc.

2) Verbs used to describe the reaction of 2) Verbs used to describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded:those whose space is being invaded:

advanced, sidle, shuffleadvanced, sidle, shuffle

Text II Text II space and distancespace and distanceText II Text II space and distancespace and distance

Reference for questions:Reference for questions:1.1. no. the distance we keep from other no. the distance we keep from other

people depends on our interpersonal people depends on our interpersonal relationship.relationship.

2.2. Tell your classmates whether you prefer Tell your classmates whether you prefer to sit in the front, in the middle, or at to sit in the front, in the middle, or at the back of a room. There can be the back of a room. There can be different reasons for different people to different reasons for different people to make the same choice.make the same choice.

3.3. In any cases we will turn off the TV In any cases we will turn off the TV before the conversation starts.before the conversation starts.

Text Ⅰ Alienation and the Text Ⅰ Alienation and the InternetInternet

Text Ⅰ Alienation and the Text Ⅰ Alienation and the InternetInternet

Background informationBackground information About the author: Will Baker is an essayist in VerAbout the author: Will Baker is an essayist in Ver

mont of the United States.mont of the United States. mantra (Paragraph 4): Originally it is a word or somantra (Paragraph 4): Originally it is a word or so

und in Hinduism and Buddhism repeated to aid cund in Hinduism and Buddhism repeated to aid concentration in meditation. Here it means a stateoncentration in meditation. Here it means a statement or slogan repeated frequently. ment or slogan repeated frequently.

Utopia ((Paragraph 7): Originally it refers to an imUtopia ((Paragraph 7): Originally it refers to an imaginary island described in Sir Thomas More’s aginary island described in Sir Thomas More’s UUtopiatopia (1516) as enjoying perfection in law, politics, (1516) as enjoying perfection in law, politics, etc. Here it is used for an ideal state.etc. Here it is used for an ideal state.


This piece of argumentative writing falThis piece of argumentative writing falls into three parts.ls into three parts.

The first two paras serve as an openinThe first two paras serve as an opening part.g part.

The following four paras constitute thThe following four paras constitute the body of argumentation.e body of argumentation.

In the final para, the writer reiterates In the final para, the writer reiterates his main idea.his main idea.

Part I Part I paragraph 1-1paragraph 1-1 Part I Part I paragraph 1-1paragraph 1-1

1. What is the author’s long 1. What is the author’s long cherished position about the strong cherished position about the strong points of the Internet?points of the Internet?

2. How did the author start his 2. How did the author start his argumentation?argumentation?

3. When and how did the 3. When and how did the fragmentation of society begin?fragmentation of society begin?


1. What’s the “cruel irony” concern1. What’s the “cruel irony” concerning the use of the internet mentioned iing the use of the internet mentioned in para4?n para4?

2. In para 5, why does the author narat2. In para 5, why does the author narate his own story?e his own story?

3. why does the author discuss the que3. why does the author discuss the question whether the internet is a real plastion whether the internet is a real place?ce?

Part III Part III paragraph 7paragraph 7Part III Part III paragraph 7paragraph 7

1. According to the author, what 1. According to the author, what underlies the trend of overusing underlies the trend of overusing the Internet in our society?the Internet in our society?

2. Does the author believe it is 2. Does the author believe it is within human capacity to reap the within human capacity to reap the benefit of the Internet without benefit of the Internet without being penalized?being penalized?

Language workLanguage workLanguage workLanguage work further: help forwardfurther: help forward Additional training is probably the best way to Additional training is probably the best way to

furtherfurther your career these days. your career these days. The interests of an organization will never be The interests of an organization will never be

furtheredfurthered through acts of terrorism. through acts of terrorism.

alienatealienate: cause (someone) to feel very distant : cause (someone) to feel very distant from or not welcome to someone elsefrom or not welcome to someone else

She was She was alienatedalienated from her brother by her from her brother by her foolish behavior.foolish behavior.

All these changes to the newspaper have All these changes to the newspaper have alienatedalienated its traditional readers. its traditional readers.

addictedaddicted: being dependent on something and wa: being dependent on something and wanting to spend as much time doing it as possible.nting to spend as much time doing it as possible.

Some youngsters are hopelessly Some youngsters are hopelessly addictedaddicted to vide to video games.o games.

She’s become She’s become addictedaddicted to love stories. to love stories.

skewskew: cause to be not straight or exact; twist: cause to be not straight or exact; twist The company’s results for this year are The company’s results for this year are skewedskewed

because not all our customers have paid their bilbecause not all our customers have paid their bills.ls.

Today’s election will Today’s election will skewskew the results in favour the results in favour of the northern end of country.of the northern end of country.

lamentlament: express sadness and regret about : express sadness and regret about somethingsomething

He He lamentedlamented the death of his friend. the death of his friend. She She lamentedlamented that she had never been to that she had never been to

Paris.Paris.

at the expense ofat the expense of: at the sacrifice of : at the sacrifice of According to this study, women have made According to this study, women have made

notable gains notable gains at the expense ofat the expense of men. men. The orchestra has more discipline now, butThe orchestra has more discipline now, but

at the expense of at the expense of spirit.spirit.

confrontconfront: meet face to face; set face to : meet face to face; set face to faceface

He challenged his accusers to He challenged his accusers to confrontconfront him openly.him openly.

The lawyer The lawyer confrontedconfronted the accused man the accused man with the forged check.with the forged check.

valuevalue: regard highly; esteem: regard highly; esteem We We valuevalue your cooperation and would your cooperation and would

like to expand business with you.like to expand business with you. I I valuevalue your comments on the report. your comments on the report.

Structural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural Analysis This text falls into the genre of This text falls into the genre of

argumentation, which is typically argumentation, which is typically composed of three parts, i.e. the opening composed of three parts, i.e. the opening part or the thesis part, the argument part, part or the thesis part, the argument part, and the summary part or conclusion part.and the summary part or conclusion part.

The first two paragraphs serve as an The first two paragraphs serve as an opening part, in which the writer presents opening part, in which the writer presents his thesis. his thesis.

The following four paragraphs constitute The following four paragraphs constitute the body of argumentation, where the the body of argumentation, where the author supports his point with evidences author supports his point with evidences and reasons. and reasons.

The final paragraph is the conclusion of the The final paragraph is the conclusion of the text, where the writer reiterates his main text, where the writer reiterates his main idea.idea.

Topic sentence: However I am also troubled Topic sentence: However I am also troubled by the possible unintended negative by the possible unintended negative consequences.consequences.

Concluding statement: All this being said, I Concluding statement: All this being said, I believe that the key to realizing the potential believe that the key to realizing the potential of the Internet is in achieving balance in our of the Internet is in achieving balance in our lives.lives.

Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features The author of this text seems to The author of this text seems to

believe that the Internet has both believe that the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. This advantages and disadvantages. This self-contradiction is partly illustrated self-contradiction is partly illustrated by the use of antonyms such as by the use of antonyms such as globalization and alienation. Some globalization and alienation. Some other pairs of antonyms (including other pairs of antonyms (including words and expressions) are used for words and expressions) are used for the same purpose. the same purpose.

Text Ⅱ American Online: Text Ⅱ American Online: Losing the Battles, but Losing the Battles, but

Winning the WarWinning the War

Text Ⅱ American Online: Text Ⅱ American Online: Losing the Battles, but Losing the Battles, but

Winning the WarWinning the War Reference for questionsReference for questions 1. He imagined a world in which computers 1. He imagined a world in which computers

would be connected so that they could work would be connected so that they could work much faster and everybody could use them.much faster and everybody could use them.

2. Because it was by no means easy to get a 2. Because it was by no means easy to get a

large number of subscribers, especially at large number of subscribers, especially at the very beginning. AOL had to start with the very beginning. AOL had to start with this unique marketing approach to make its this unique marketing approach to make its product known to the general public. As a product known to the general public. As a matter of fact, it took five years for this matter of fact, it took five years for this company to attract a million subscribers.company to attract a million subscribers.

3. It did not expect the fast 3. It did not expect the fast increase of subscribers and failed increase of subscribers and failed to satisfy the needs of its to satisfy the needs of its customers. As a result, it lost a lot customers. As a result, it lost a lot of money and consumer of money and consumer confidence.confidence.

4. It got a large amount of revenue 4. It got a large amount of revenue from advertising on the Internet from advertising on the Internet and selling products online. and selling products online.

UnitUnit 4 4UnitUnit 4 4

Text I Text I A View of MountainsA View of MountainsText I Text I A View of MountainsA View of Mountains

background informationbackground information 1. about the text1. about the text This text is the epilogue from Jonathan Schell’s book This text is the epilogue from Jonathan Schell’s book

The Gift of Time: The Cause for Abolishing NuclearThe Gift of Time: The Cause for Abolishing Nuclear wweapons eapons Now published by Henry Holt& Co. in 1998.Now published by Henry Holt& Co. in 1998.

2. about the author2. about the author Jonathan Schell is the author of The Village of Ben Sue Jonathan Schell is the author of The Village of Ben Sue

and The Fate of the Earth. He was a writer for the New and The Fate of the Earth. He was a writer for the New Yorker from 1967 to 1987 and a columnist for Yorker from 1967 to 1987 and a columnist for NewsdayNewsday from 1990 to 1996. He teaches at Wesleyan University afrom 1990 to 1996. He teaches at Wesleyan University and the New School, and is the Harold Willens Peace Fend the New School, and is the Harold Willens Peace Fellow at The Nation Institute.llow at The Nation Institute.

3. The 3. The Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city which is the seaport is a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan(in southwest Japan( 长崎长崎 ) and is one the tw) and is one the two cities that got nuclear bombing in the Wao cities that got nuclear bombing in the War II.r II.

4. The 4. The Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city which is the seapois a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan(rt in southwest Japan( 广岛广岛 ) and is the othe) and is the other city that got nuclear bombing in the War Ir city that got nuclear bombing in the War II.I.

5. The Kokura refers to the city which is the s5. The Kokura refers to the city which is the seaport in Kitakyushu(eaport in Kitakyushu( 九洲九洲 ),Japan(),Japan( 小仓小仓 ).).


This argumentative essay comprises three parts. This argumentative essay comprises three parts. In the first part, i.e. Paragraphs 1, the writer puts In the first part, i.e. Paragraphs 1, the writer puts

forward his thesis: a view of mountains in the forward his thesis: a view of mountains in the background suggests the real extent to which the background suggests the real extent to which the city was destroyed by the atomic bombing city was destroyed by the atomic bombing

In the second part , the author argues that the In the second part , the author argues that the bombing of Nagasaki is more representative of the bombing of Nagasaki is more representative of the nuclear peril threatening the world than that of nuclear peril threatening the world than that of Hiroshima and that we need to take actions to dispel Hiroshima and that we need to take actions to dispel nuclear threat from the Earth. nuclear threat from the Earth.

In the last part, i.e. Paragraph 4, he restates his In the last part, i.e. Paragraph 4, he restates his main idea, i.e. we should not just worry about the main idea, i.e. we should not just worry about the nuclear peril but take the actions to eliminate it to nuclear peril but take the actions to eliminate it to create a safer world.create a safer world.

Part I Part I paragraph 1paragraph 1

In paragraph 1 the writer describes what In paragraph 1 the writer describes what Yamahata’s pictures display: the effects of Yamahata’s pictures display: the effects of a nuclear weapon on human beings. And a nuclear weapon on human beings. And then he repents the main point of his then he repents the main point of his argument: the true measure lies not in the argument: the true measure lies not in the wreckage but in the gone city, and this is wreckage but in the gone city, and this is where the significance of a view of where the significance of a view of mountains in the background of one of the mountains in the background of one of the pictures lies.pictures lies.

1. why does the author think that Yamahat1. why does the author think that Yamahata’s pictures compose the fullest record of na’s pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence?uclear destruction in existence?

2. Why were the bodies often branded with t2. Why were the bodies often branded with the patterns of their clothes?he patterns of their clothes?

3. why does author particularly mention “ a 3. why does author particularly mention “ a view of mountains” in one of the pictures?view of mountains” in one of the pictures?


The following questions can be The following questions can be considered:considered:

1. Why is the meaning of 1. Why is the meaning of Yamahata’s picture universal?Yamahata’s picture universal?

2. Why has Nagasaki always been in 2. Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima?the shadow of Hiroshima?

3. Do you agree with the author when 3. Do you agree with the author when he says the bombing of Nagasaki is he says the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear the fitter symbol of the nuclear peril? Why or why not?peril? Why or why not?

4. What should we do in addition to 4. What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear peril?apprehending the nuclear peril?

5. What do we need to meet the more 5. What do we need to meet the more important challenge of eliminating important challenge of eliminating nuclear weaponry?nuclear weaponry?


In this part the writer calls on us to In this part the writer calls on us to take the responsibility of creating a take the responsibility of creating a safer world for new generations.safer world for new generations.

what should we do to ensure a safer what should we do to ensure a safer world for the future generations?world for the future generations?

Language workLanguage workLanguage workLanguage work

constituteconstitute: 1) compose; form. e,.g. Nitr: 1) compose; form. e,.g. Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the earth’s atogen constitutes 78% of the earth’s atmostphere.2) be equal to , mostphere.2) be equal to ,

it is up to the teacher to decide what it is up to the teacher to decide what cconstitutesonstitutes satisfactory work. satisfactory work.

charchar: make or decide what constitutes : make or decide what constitutes satisfactory work.satisfactory work.

Halve the peppers and Halve the peppers and charchar the skins the skins under a hot grill.under a hot grill.

. …their bodies are often branded . …their bodies are often branded with the patterns of their clothes…: with the patterns of their clothes…: …their bodies are often marked with …their bodies are often marked with the patterns of their clothes…the patterns of their clothes…

Hang overHang over: menace; overshadow: menace; overshadow

The threat of nuclear war The threat of nuclear war hangs hangs overover us, we couldn’t enjoy our us, we couldn’t enjoy our vacation.vacation.

sparespare: refrain from harming, punishing or : refrain from harming, punishing or killingkilling

It will It will sparespare him embarrassment if you sp him embarrassment if you speak to him about it in private.eak to him about it in private.

depeldepel: cause to vanish: cause to vanish In his latest novel he aims to In his latest novel he aims to dispeldispel the m the m

yth that real men don’t cry.yth that real men don’t cry. ……we ensure their right to exist: …we guarwe ensure their right to exist: …we guar

antee a safe living environment for them.antee a safe living environment for them.

Structural analysisStructural analysisStructural analysisStructural analysis

What makes clear the author's opinion aWhat makes clear the author's opinion about the meaning of Yamahata’s picturbout the meaning of Yamahata’s pictures is the sentence that appears at the end es is the sentence that appears at the end of the first para. of the first para.

What makes clear the author's opinion oWhat makes clear the author's opinion on what should be done about the existing n what should be done about the existing nuclear peril is the sentence that appears nuclear peril is the sentence that appears in the middle of the last paragraph: Perfoin the middle of the last paragraph: Performing that act is the greatest of the resporming that act is the greatest of the responsibilities of the generations now alive.nsibilities of the generations now alive.

Rhetorical featuresRhetorical featuresRhetorical featuresRhetorical features Apart from the two sentences that have been Apart from the two sentences that have been

already mentioned, we can find the following already mentioned, we can find the following sentences with the “Asentences with the “A but but B” structure in the text: B” structure in the text:

The true measure of the event lies not in what The true measure of the event lies not in what remains but in all that has disappearedremains but in all that has disappeared.( Para 1).( Para 1)

… …the challenge is not just to apprehend the the challenge is not just to apprehend the nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity to dispel it once and for allto dispel it once and for all…(para3)…(para3)

Apart from the “A Apart from the “A butbut B”sentence structure, we B”sentence structure, we can also find the “A can also find the “A yetyet B” type: B” type:

Nagasaki has always been in shadow of Nagasaki has always been in shadow of Hiroshima… ye t the bombing of Nagasaki is in Hiroshima… ye t the bombing of Nagasaki is in certain respects the fitter symbol of the nuclear certain respects the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger that still hangs over us.danger that still hangs over us. (para2) (para2)

Yamahata’s pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the Yamahata’s pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the world. Yet in our dayworld. Yet in our day…(para3)…(para3)

And we can find a sentence that organizes information iAnd we can find a sentence that organizes information in a similar way without the use of the conjunction n a similar way without the use of the conjunction butbut o or r yetyet::

Arriving a half-century late, they are still newsArriving a half-century late, they are still news. (para2). (para2)

By admitting something is correct first and then saying By admitting something is correct first and then saying something else is even more correct, or admitting somesomething else is even more correct, or admitting something is urgent first and then saying something else is mthing is urgent first and then saying something else is more urgent with the help or the above-mentioned sentenore urgent with the help or the above-mentioned sentence structures, the author succeeds in making his sentence structures, the author succeeds in making his sentences well balanced and his argumentation forceful and cces well balanced and his argumentation forceful and convincing.onvincing.

Text II Text II Statement of the 2003 Session of Statement of the 2003 Session of United Nations Disarmament United Nations Disarmament CommissionCommission

Text II Text II Statement of the 2003 Session of Statement of the 2003 Session of United Nations Disarmament United Nations Disarmament CommissionCommission

Question refence for discussionQuestion refence for discussion 1. it is uncertain and unpredictable 1. it is uncertain and unpredictable

because military confrontation caused by because military confrontation caused by disputes over territory, resource, religion disputes over territory, resource, religion and interest continues and non-traditional and interest continues and non-traditional security threats characterized by terrorism security threats characterized by terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction have become more salient.destruction have become more salient.

2. The speaker proposes nine 2. The speaker proposes nine measures for nuclear disarmament. . measures for nuclear disarmament. . Refer to para9-17.Refer to para9-17.

3. In para22-25, the speaker talks 3. In para22-25, the speaker talks about the concrete and practical about the concrete and practical measures taken by China in recent measures taken by China in recent years to build up confidence between years to build up confidence between China and its neighboring countries.China and its neighboring countries.

4. The multilateral approach is 4. The multilateral approach is necessary because more than one necessary because more than one country possess nuclear weapons country possess nuclear weapons and these weapons cannot be and these weapons cannot be reduced and destroyed without reduced and destroyed without willing cooperation between the willing cooperation between the nuclear states, especially the nuclear nuclear states, especially the nuclear powers like the United States.powers like the United States.

Text IText I The Tapestry of FriendshipThe Tapestry of Friendship

Text IText I The Tapestry of FriendshipThe Tapestry of Friendship

Background information:Background information: 1. About the text: 1. About the text:

This text is taken from This text is taken from Close to Close to HomeHome, which was published by The , which was published by The Boston Globe Company / Washington Boston Globe Company / Washington Post Writers Group in 1979. Post Writers Group in 1979.

2. about the author:2. about the author:

Ellen Goodman, is a Boston Globe Ellen Goodman, is a Boston Globe Online columnist and a stylish writer Online columnist and a stylish writer with a humanizing touch on any with a humanizing touch on any issue, public or personal. She is issue, public or personal. She is widely acclaimed as a voice of widely acclaimed as a voice of sanity, and readers depend on her to sanity, and readers depend on her to help them make sense of their help them make sense of their changing lives and relationships.changing lives and relationships.


This text distinguishes two kinds of This text distinguishes two kinds of friendship: that between men and friendship: that between men and that between women. It can be that between women. It can be divided into four parts. divided into four parts.


In this part the author reveals what In this part the author reveals what kind of film the woman had just kind of film the woman had just seen and what attitude she had to seen and what attitude she had to it. it.

1.1. What kind of film did the woman What kind of film did the woman see?see?

2.2. What did she think of it?What did she think of it?


This part describes the woman’s This part describes the woman’s observation of the shift of focus of observation of the shift of focus of the cinema and advances the the cinema and advances the argument for the distinction argument for the distinction between the two types of between the two types of friendship: that between men and friendship: that between men and that between women. that between women.

1.1. Why does the author list the movies Why does the author list the movies the woman had seen?the woman had seen?

2.2. What led the woman to think that What led the woman to think that the cinema has drastically shifted the cinema has drastically shifted its focus?its focus?

3.3. What was the shift?What was the shift?

4.4. Do you agree on the point of the Do you agree on the point of the distinction between the two types distinction between the two types of friendship? Give your own of friendship? Give your own reasons.reasons.


This part discusses in detail the distinctions beThis part discusses in detail the distinctions between the Male Buddiness and the Female Fritween the Male Buddiness and the Female Friendship.endship.

Generally speaking, the former is action-orienGenerally speaking, the former is action-oriented while the latter is emotion-oriented, i. e., tted while the latter is emotion-oriented, i. e., the Male Buddiness is based on the need for che Male Buddiness is based on the need for co-operation in the activities that men are engao-operation in the activities that men are engaged in or in the adverse situations they are conged in or in the adverse situations they are confronted with. In contrast, the Female Friendshfronted with. In contrast, the Female Friendship borders on love, the need for mutual emotiip borders on love, the need for mutual emotional support. onal support.

1.1. What’s the fundamental difference What’s the fundamental difference between buddies and friends?between buddies and friends?

2.2. What are the conditions of men What are the conditions of men becoming buddies and of women becoming buddies and of women becoming friends?becoming friends?

3.3. Why was the woman shocked by Why was the woman shocked by men’s description of friendship?men’s description of friendship?

Part IV Part IV paragraph 19paragraph 19Part IV Part IV paragraph 19paragraph 19

This part is the Conclusion of the text, This part is the Conclusion of the text, which restates the distinction between which restates the distinction between the two types of friendship. The the two types of friendship. The teacher can ask the students to tell in teacher can ask the students to tell in what ways buddies and friends differ. what ways buddies and friends differ. Buddies are those you can do things Buddies are those you can do things together with in your lifetime, but together with in your lifetime, but friends are those with whom you can friends are those with whom you can share roses and thorns in your life. share roses and thorns in your life.

Language WorkLanguage WorkLanguage WorkLanguage Work

It was, in many ways, a slight movie. : In It was, in many ways, a slight movie. : In many aspects it was a simple, ordinary movie. many aspects it was a simple, ordinary movie.

big-budget chase scene: a car-chase scene big-budget chase scene: a car-chase scene that costs a lot of moneythat costs a lot of money

cosmiccosmic: :

1) very great 1) very great

This earthquake was a disaster ofThis earthquake was a disaster of cosmic cosmic scale.scale.

2)2) relating to the universerelating to the universe

The other greatThe other great cosmic cosmic reality is time reality is time

Slowly, it panned across the tapestry of Slowly, it panned across the tapestry of friendship: Step by step it gave an all-sided friendship: Step by step it gave an all-sided view of the complex structure of view of the complex structure of friendship…friendship…

across millions of miles of celluloid .: in across millions of miles of celluloid .: in large numbers of movieslarge numbers of movies

CullCull: choose from various sources : choose from various sources

Here are a few facts and figures I’ve Here are a few facts and figures I’ve culledculled from the week’s papers.from the week’s papers.

It’s a collection of fascinating stories It’s a collection of fascinating stories culledculled from a lifetime of experience. from a lifetime of experience.

only men… inherited a primal capacity for only men… inherited a primal capacity for friendship: only when… were born with the friendship: only when… were born with the instinctive capacity of making friends.instinctive capacity of making friends.

inheritinherit: : 1) receive (money, a house etc.) from 1) receive (money, a house etc.) from

someone after they have diedsomeone after they have died When I took on the job of manager, I When I took on the job of manager, I

inheritedinherited certain financial problems. certain financial problems. 2) be born with (a physical or mental 2) be born with (a physical or mental

quality that a parent, grandparent or other quality that a parent, grandparent or other relative has)relative has)

Rosie Rosie inherited inherited her red hair from her her red hair from her mother.mother.

The child has an The child has an inheritedinherited disease which disease which attacks the immune system.attacks the immune system.

““through the wars: together — corporthrough the wars: together — corporate or athletic or military: through the ate or athletic or military: through the commercial, athletic or military strives commercial, athletic or military strives together. together.

They had to soldier together: had to stThey had to soldier together: had to st

ruggle togetherruggle together

The only relationship that gave meaning The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life of George to the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling. Babbitt had been with Paul Riesling.

What made the claustrophobic life of What made the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt meaningful had been George Babbitt meaningful had been his relationship with Paul Riesling; his relationship with Paul Riesling; without his relationship with Paul without his relationship with Paul Riesling George Babbitt would have Riesling George Babbitt would have found his claustrophobic life found his claustrophobic life meaningless. meaningless.

Structural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural AnalysisStructural Analysis In the text the author discusses the differences In the text the author discusses the differences

between a buddy and a friend in a forceful way. between a buddy and a friend in a forceful way. We can summarize the author’s viewpoint with We can summarize the author’s viewpoint with the following sentence: the following sentence: A buddy is a fine life-A buddy is a fine life-companion but a friend is that part the race with companion but a friend is that part the race with which you can be human.which you can be human.

The more specific differences between a buddy The more specific differences between a buddy and a friend are:and a friend are:

1. Buddies bonded, but friends loved.1. Buddies bonded, but friends loved. 2. Buddies faced adversity together, but friends 2. Buddies faced adversity together, but friends

faced each other.faced each other. 3. Buddies seemed to “do” things together; 3. Buddies seemed to “do” things together;

friends simply “were” together.friends simply “were” together.

Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features Rhetorical Features

To show the differences between buddTo show the differences between buddiness and friendship effectively, the auiness and friendship effectively, the author of the text coordinates sentences ithor of the text coordinates sentences in various ways. Sometimes he uses con various ways. Sometimes he uses conjunctions such as njunctions such as butbut, , yetyet and and whilewhile. . And sometimes he simply puts two claAnd sometimes he simply puts two clauses together without using any conjuuses together without using any conjunction at all. nction at all.

For example:For example:

1) Buddies bonded, but friends loved. 1) Buddies bonded, but friends loved.

2) Buddies faced adversity together, 2) Buddies faced adversity together, but friends faced each other.but friends faced each other.

3) Men affect each other in the 3) Men affect each other in the reflection of noble or friendly acts, reflection of noble or friendly acts, whilst women ask fewer proofs and whilst women ask fewer proofs and more signs and expressions of more signs and expressions of attachment.attachment.

4) Men often keep their buddies in 4) Men often keep their buddies in these categories while women keep a these categories while women keep a special category for friends.special category for friends.

Text II Text II My Daughter, My My Daughter, My FriendFriend

Text II Text II My Daughter, My My Daughter, My FriendFriend

Reference for questionsReference for questions1.1. Through note writing the daughter told her Through note writing the daughter told her

mother how she felt and what growing pains mother how she felt and what growing pains she had experienced as an adolescent and the she had experienced as an adolescent and the mother told her daughter how she felt as a mother told her daughter how she felt as a middle aged woman.middle aged woman.

2.2. Mom, your letter make me feel great no matter Mom, your letter make me feel great no matter what kind of mood I’m in. sometimes they even what kind of mood I’m in. sometimes they even make me cry because they touch me so deeply. make me cry because they touch me so deeply. I’m really glad we have the kind of relationship I’m really glad we have the kind of relationship that we do, even though we have our that we do, even though we have our arguments.arguments.

I love you, Mom!I love you, Mom!

3.3. Here are a couple of hints for your Here are a couple of hints for your discussion:discussion:

1) what is the usual way of communication 1) what is the usual way of communication between members of your family?between members of your family?

2) Do you think your family climate is 2) Do you think your family climate is democratic?democratic?

3) Do you think note writing between 3) Do you think note writing between family members living under the same roof family members living under the same roof can lead to some undesirable consequence?can lead to some undesirable consequence?

Text IText IA French FourthA French Fourth

Text IText IA French FourthA French Fourth

Background information:Background information:

Globalization make people can touch Globalization make people can touch their own cultures more easily and their own cultures more easily and children abroad can learn the history children abroad can learn the history of their motherland from school. The of their motherland from school. The culture divide between different culture divide between different countries is less jarring. However, on countries is less jarring. However, on the other hand, people are less than the other hand, people are less than fully immersed in a truly foreign world.fully immersed in a truly foreign world.


This text talks about the influence of a This text talks about the influence of a foreign culture on expatriated families. foreign culture on expatriated families. It can be divided into three parts. In It can be divided into three parts. In part I, the author starts with a way of part I, the author starts with a way of celebrating his home country’s celebrating his home country’s National Day; In part II he makes a National Day; In part II he makes a contrastive analysis of the costs and contrastive analysis of the costs and benefits of the expatriated people; In benefits of the expatriated people; In part III, he talks about the effect of part III, he talks about the effect of globalization. globalization.


The following question may be asked:The following question may be asked:

1.1. Why does the author hang the Why does the author hang the American flag from his fourth-floor American flag from his fourth-floor balcony in Paris?balcony in Paris?

2.2. The author has kept the old flag for a The author has kept the old flag for a long time. Why didn’t he get a new long time. Why didn’t he get a new one?one?

3.3. Why do the author and his family go Why do the author and his family go back home for the summer?back home for the summer?


The following questions could be asked :The following questions could be asked :

1.1. What are the costs and benefits of What are the costs and benefits of raising children in a foreign culture?raising children in a foreign culture?

2.2. What is the author’s purpose of telling What is the author’s purpose of telling the story of his own children in the story of his own children in Paragraph 4 and 5? How is the story Paragraph 4 and 5? How is the story related to his argument?related to his argument?

3.3. Did the author achieve the purpose of Did the author achieve the purpose of his summer travel in the U.S.?his summer travel in the U.S.?


Questions to be asked:Questions to be asked:1.1. Why does the author recall his own Why does the author recall his own

experience as a child in Paragraph experience as a child in Paragraph 10?10?

2.2. What are the differences between the What are the differences between the author and his children as expatriates author and his children as expatriates at about the same time in their lives? at about the same time in their lives? What causes the differences?What causes the differences?

3.3. Why does the author say the Why does the author say the development is sad?development is sad?


Fold awayFold away : :

1) make something into a smaller, 1) make something into a smaller, neater shape by folding it, usually neater shape by folding it, usually several timesseveral times

These camping chairs can be These camping chairs can be folded folded awayaway and put in the trunk. and put in the trunk.

The piece of paper was The piece of paper was folded awayfolded away carefully and trucked into her purse. carefully and trucked into her purse.

2) the date and the occasion that 2) the date and the occasion that prompt its appearance: prompt its appearance:

The event of the thirteen sates of The event of the thirteen sates of British colonies declaring their British colonies declaring their independence on July 4, 1776 brought independence on July 4, 1776 brought about the appearance of this flag. 3) about the appearance of this flag. 3) suppress such outward signs of their suppress such outward signs of their heritage: heritage:

do not give manifestations of their do not give manifestations of their traditional culture handed down from traditional culture handed down from their ancestors. their ancestors.

RefuelRefuel: Its original meaning is to fill wi: Its original meaning is to fill with more fuel for a vehicle but here it mth more fuel for a vehicle but here it means to fill someone’s mind with moreans to fill someone’s mind with more knowledge of their native culture. e knowledge of their native culture.

Oil tankers will accompany the containOil tankers will accompany the containers for trans-ocean ers for trans-ocean refuellingrefuelling..

In a society of intense competition, peIn a society of intense competition, people have to ople have to refuelrefuel every year to catch every year to catch up with the rapid renewal of knowledgup with the rapid renewal of knowledge.e.

The American in meThe American in me: the feeling of being : the feeling of being American which is deeply rooted in my American which is deeply rooted in my mind.mind.

Frame of referenceFrame of reference: a particular set of : a particular set of beliefs, ideas, or observations on which beliefs, ideas, or observations on which one bases his judgment.one bases his judgment.

Please see to it that you are dealing with Please see to it that you are dealing with someone with a different someone with a different frame of frame of referencereference..

The observer interprets what he sees in The observer interprets what he sees in terms of his own cultural terms of his own cultural frame of frame of referencereference..

Square dancingSquare dancing: a traditional : a traditional American dance in which sets of four American dance in which sets of four couples dance together in a square couples dance together in a square formationformation

Surveys with fringe on top:Surveys with fringe on top: old – old –fashioned horse-drawn carriages fashioned horse-drawn carriages with fancy decorations on top.with fancy decorations on top.

A much less jarring cultural divide A much less jarring cultural divide : : a much less unsuitable cultural a much less unsuitable cultural divergence The output.divergence The output.

Re-entry… Re-entry… : is likely to be smoother. : is likely to be smoother. It seems to be easier for the children It seems to be easier for the children to restart the acquisition of their to restart the acquisition of their native culturenative culture


In this text there are both general In this text there are both general and specific discussions about how and specific discussions about how to keep the cultural identity of the to keep the cultural identity of the expatriated people.expatriated people.

The author of this text follows a The author of this text follows a “specific-general” pattern in his “specific-general” pattern in his discussion.discussion.

Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features

Generally speaking, the author of Generally speaking, the author of this text has adopted a plain this text has adopted a plain language stylelanguage style

concessive words and expressions concessive words and expressions like like butbut are frequently used. are frequently used.

Text IIText II Stuck in the MiddleStuck in the MiddleText IIText II Stuck in the MiddleStuck in the Middle

Reference for questions:Reference for questions:1.1. He was faced with racial discrimination. He was faced with racial discrimination.

The American law prohibited him from The American law prohibited him from owning any property or becoming a owning any property or becoming a naturalized citizen, to name only a few naturalized citizen, to name only a few examples.examples.

2.2. No. Although she inherited some rituals No. Although she inherited some rituals from her Chinese ancestors such as from her Chinese ancestors such as being thrifty and polite, she is also being thrifty and polite, she is also influenced by the Caucasian culture and influenced by the Caucasian culture and the American culture.the American culture.

3.3. It is good for people like her because it is It is good for people like her because it is easier for them to merge themselves with easier for them to merge themselves with the local people and get equal opportunities the local people and get equal opportunities in education, employment and other things.in education, employment and other things.

4.4. It depends on how you define a Chinese. If It depends on how you define a Chinese. If we look at the blood relationship, no matter we look at the blood relationship, no matter whether they are 1/2,1/4,1/8, or 1/32 whether they are 1/2,1/4,1/8, or 1/32 Chinese, they are unquestionably Chinese in Chinese, they are unquestionably Chinese in origin. But they need to have much more to origin. But they need to have much more to be a Chinese in a broader sense. Language be a Chinese in a broader sense. Language is one of the many things they must possess. is one of the many things they must possess. Without being able to speak or read the Without being able to speak or read the Chinese language, it is simply impossible for Chinese language, it is simply impossible for them to know, to feel or t sense what a them to know, to feel or t sense what a Chinese really is or what the Chinese Chinese really is or what the Chinese culture really means.culture really means.

Text IText IThe Selling of the PresidentThe Selling of the President

Text IText IThe Selling of the PresidentThe Selling of the President Background information:Background information: 1. PR: public relations1. PR: public relations 2. IQ: an abbreviation of Intelligence Q2. IQ: an abbreviation of Intelligence Q

uotient. A General Intelligence Quotivuotient. A General Intelligence Quotive Score (IQ score) is a statistically derive Score (IQ score) is a statistically derived number which indicates relative aned number which indicates relative and comparative abilities that can be used comparative abilities that can be used to obtain academic skills and knowled to obtain academic skills and knowledge.dge.

The Associated Press: The Associated Press: 美联社美联社 Watergate: some republicans broke inWatergate: some republicans broke in

to the Democratic Party’s National Coto the Democratic Party’s National Committee offices in this building but wemmittee offices in this building but were discovered and arrested. This politicre discovered and arrested. This political scandal led to Nixon’s resignation ial scandal led to Nixon’s resignation in 1974. the word n 1974. the word WatergateWatergate has becom has become synonymous with corruption and scae synonymous with corruption and scandal.ndal.


This text can be divided into three This text can be divided into three parts.parts.

1.Part I is the thesis of the author 1.Part I is the thesis of the author

2.Part II is the discussion of the 2.Part II is the discussion of the impact of television on American impact of television on American presidential electionpresidential election

3.Part III is the conclusion drawn by 3.Part III is the conclusion drawn by the authorthe author


The following question may be The following question may be asked:asked:

1.1. Why does the campaign strategist Why does the campaign strategist say “I can elect any person to office say “I can elect any person to office if he has $ 60,000, an IQ of at least if he has $ 60,000, an IQ of at least 120, and can keep his mouth shut?120, and can keep his mouth shut?


Questions to be considered: :Questions to be considered: :1.1. What is the most influential medium in What is the most influential medium in

an election campaign and why? Does it an election campaign and why? Does it work in all elections?work in all elections?

2.2. How does the author start his How does the author start his argumentation?argumentation?

3.3. What is the function of the two What is the function of the two questions in Paragraph 4?questions in Paragraph 4?

4.4. Why does the author mention the four Why does the author mention the four presidents in Paragraph 5?presidents in Paragraph 5?

5.5. Why does the author say “since the 19Why does the author say “since the 1960 presidential debates we have electe60 presidential debates we have elected people, not platforms”?d people, not platforms”?

6.6. What is the difference between print iWhat is the difference between print information and television information?nformation and television information?

7.7. What is the main idea of Paragraph 8?What is the main idea of Paragraph 8?8.8. What is the author’s opinion on the pWhat is the author’s opinion on the p

ower of television?ower of television?

Part III Part III paragraph 12paragraph 12Part III Part III paragraph 12paragraph 12

The following question could be The following question could be asked:asked:

1.1. What does the author mean by What does the author mean by “today’s burning issue is “today’s burning issue is tomorrow’s historical footnote”?tomorrow’s historical footnote”?


GenerateGenerate: cause to arise or come about: cause to arise or come about

The Employment Minister said the The Employment Minister said the reforms would reforms would generategenerate new jobs. new jobs.

John is recalling the excitement John is recalling the excitement generated generated by the visit to the pyramids by the visit to the pyramids in Egypt.in Egypt.

QuoteQuote: repeat what is said or written by : repeat what is said or written by someonesomeone

The premier was The premier was quotedquoted as saying that he as saying that he would resist all attempts to disintegrated would resist all attempts to disintegrated his nation.his nation.

Heavy teaching loads are often Heavy teaching loads are often quotedquoted as as a bad influence on research.a bad influence on research.

VersusVersus: against: against

Brazil Brazil versusversus Argentina is turning out to Argentina is turning out to be a surprisingly well-matched be a surprisingly well-matched competition.competition.

StageStage: organize and participate in: organize and participate in

At the end of this year, the government At the end of this year, the government stagedstaged a huge military parade. a huge military parade.

The workers have The workers have stagedstaged a number of a number of strikes in protest at the republic’s strikes in protest at the republic’s declaration of independence.declaration of independence.

Stand forStand for: support: support

the party is trying to give the public the party is trying to give the public the impression that it alone the impression that it alone stands forstands for democracy.democracy.

People are not taken in by advertising People are not taken in by advertising hyperbole and imagery: people are not hyperbole and imagery: people are not deceived by advertising exaggeration deceived by advertising exaggeration and descriptions of the candidates.and descriptions of the candidates.

Develop a sense of what kind of Develop a sense of what kind of person we are electing to the nation’s person we are electing to the nation’s highest office: become aware of what highest office: become aware of what kind of person we are choosing as our kind of person we are choosing as our new president.new president.


In recent years that publicity has been In recent years that publicity has been supplanted by heavy spot buying on elsupplanted by heavy spot buying on electronic media.( para. 1)ectronic media.( para. 1)

The most talked-about medium in AmThe most talked-about medium in American politics is television. (para. 2)erican politics is television. (para. 2)

Television assords us that opportunity Television assords us that opportunity in a way no other medium can. (para.1in a way no other medium can. (para.12)2)

Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features Positive examples: Positive examples: Kennedy, Nixon, Carter, ReaganKennedy, Nixon, Carter, Reagan the purpose is to show the the purpose is to show the

effectiveness of television in getting effectiveness of television in getting more publicity for presidential more publicity for presidential candidates.candidates.

Negative examples:Negative examples: Adlai Stevenson, Hubert Humphrey, Adlai Stevenson, Hubert Humphrey,

Richard NixonRichard Nixon the purpose is to prove the importance the purpose is to prove the importance

of the candidates’ public image on TV.of the candidates’ public image on TV.

Text II What Makes a Text II What Makes a LeaderLeader

Text II What Makes a Text II What Makes a LeaderLeader

Reference for questionsReference for questions

1.1. He must have bigger-than-life, He must have bigger-than-life, commanding features for people to commanding features for people to remember. He must appear on the remember. He must appear on the scene at a moment when people are scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership. He must be able looking for leadership. He must be able to offer a solution everybody can to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember and able to understand and remember and able to do something other people can’t. H do something other people can’t. H must know how to use power.must know how to use power.

2.2. Enjoy strong health. Have a strong Enjoy strong health. Have a strong will in time of difficulties. will in time of difficulties. Charisma.Charisma.

3.3. Honest. Active. Creative. High Honest. Active. Creative. High scores in studies. Willing to work scores in studies. Willing to work for his classmates. Know how to for his classmates. Know how to organize class activities.organize class activities.

You can certainly add more.You can certainly add more.

Text IText IThe MonsterThe Monster

Text IText IThe MonsterThe Monster

Background information:Background information:

1. About the text: 1. About the text:

This text first appeared as a radio This text first appeared as a radio talk, entitled talk, entitled A MonsterA Monster. Later it was . Later it was published with the title published with the title Of Men and Of Men and MusicMusic in the United States in 1937. in the United States in 1937.

2. about the author:2. about the author:

Deems Taylor, American musician Deems Taylor, American musician and criticand critic

3. Richard Wagner: German composer, 3. Richard Wagner: German composer, born in Leipzig on 22 May 1813 and born in Leipzig on 22 May 1813 and died in Venice on 13 February 1883. died in Venice on 13 February 1883. he did more than any other composer he did more than any other composer to change music, and indeed to to change music, and indeed to change the art and thinking about it. change the art and thinking about it. His works are hated as much as they His works are hated as much as they are worshipped, but no one denies are worshipped, but no one denies their greatness.their greatness.

AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysis This text can be divided into three parts.This text can be divided into three parts.1.Part I describe a man who seems to have 1.Part I describe a man who seems to have

rolled all kinds of demerits into one, a real rolled all kinds of demerits into one, a real monster. monster.

2.Part II clarifies who this monster really is, i.e. 2.Part II clarifies who this monster really is, i.e. a famous musician by the name of Richard a famous musician by the name of Richard Wagner.Wagner.

3.Part III justify all the peculiar behaviors of 3.Part III justify all the peculiar behaviors of Richard Wagner. He, as “one of the world’s Richard Wagner. He, as “one of the world’s greatest dramatists … a great thinker … one greatest dramatists … a great thinker … one of the most stupendous musical geniuses”, of the most stupendous musical geniuses”, has every reason to be a monsterhas every reason to be a monster


The following questions may be asked:The following questions may be asked:1.1. Does the man’s appearance, describeDoes the man’s appearance, describe

d in the first paragraph, give one any id in the first paragraph, give one any impression of “grandeur”?mpression of “grandeur”?

2.2. What are the further evidences of the What are the further evidences of the monster’s conceit?monster’s conceit?

3.3. What kinds of grammatical devices are What kinds of grammatical devices are used to emphasize the extreme extent used to emphasize the extreme extent of his pecultiar conceit?of his pecultiar conceit?

4.4. What kind of versatile man is he?What kind of versatile man is he?

5.5. How does the writer describe him as How does the writer describe him as an emotional person?an emotional person?

6.6. How was he financially supported? How was he financially supported? Did he earn himself a good living Did he earn himself a good living with his great talents?with his great talents?

7.7. What is his attitude toward love?What is his attitude toward love?

8.8. Why do you think Wagner made so Why do you think Wagner made so many enemies?many enemies?

Part II Part II paragraph 10paragraph 10Part II Part II paragraph 10paragraph 10

The following questions could be The following questions could be asked :asked :

1.1. Why do you think the writer Why do you think the writer postpones the presentation of the postpones the presentation of the monster’s name till the 10monster’s name till the 10thth paragraph?paragraph?

2.2. Has your attitude towards this Has your attitude towards this monster changed a little when you monster changed a little when you finally find out who this monster is?finally find out who this monster is?


questions to be asked:questions to be asked:

1.1. How does the writer justify every How does the writer justify every piece of evidence of the monster, piece of evidence of the monster, which he has presented previously?which he has presented previously?

2.2. What is the writer’s real intention What is the writer’s real intention of writing this article?of writing this article?

3.3. What is your final conclusion about What is your final conclusion about Richard Wagner?Richard Wagner?


And he had And he had delusions of grandeurdelusions of grandeur: and: and he had a false belief that he was a man he had a false belief that he was a man of importance.of importance.

delusion: a false belief or opinion.delusion: a false belief or opinion. That sick man is under the That sick man is under the delusiondelusion

that he is Napoleon.that he is Napoleon.

VolubilityVolubility: the characteristic of always : the characteristic of always being ready to produce a continuous being ready to produce a continuous flow of words, or being talkativeflow of words, or being talkative

VolubleVoluble: characterized by a ready and : characterized by a ready and continuous flow of words; fluent; talkativecontinuous flow of words; fluent; talkative

Ted’s a Ted’s a volublevoluble speaker at meetings; he speaker at meetings; he doesn’t give much chance to others to say doesn’t give much chance to others to say anything.anything.

For the sake ofFor the sake of

1)1) For the good or advantage ofFor the good or advantage of

2)2) For the purpose ofFor the purpose of

RaveRave::1)1) Talk wildly as if madTalk wildly as if mad2)2) Put into the stated condition by Put into the stated condition by

talking wildlytalking wildly

DarklyDarkly: in a vaguely threatening or : in a vaguely threatening or menacing mannermenacing manner

He spoke He spoke darkly darkly of trouble to comeof trouble to come hint hint darklydarkly hidden dangers hidden dangers

TestimonyTestimony: a formal statement that sth. is t: a formal statement that sth. is true, as made by a witness in a court of law.rue, as made by a witness in a court of law.

Between the linesBetween the lines: hidden meanings: hidden meanings some kinds of poetry make you some kinds of poetry make you read betwread betw

een the lines.een the lines.

And the curious thing about this record is tAnd the curious thing about this record is that it doesn’t matter in the least: althoughat it doesn’t matter in the least: although the monster’s peculiar personality and h the monster’s peculiar personality and behavior described previously are all facts behavior described previously are all facts on record, people just care nothing about ton record, people just care nothing about them at all.hem at all.

Downright: thoroughlyDownright: thoroughly

It makes me downright angry to see It makes me downright angry to see food thrown away.food thrown away.

Is it any wonder he had no time to be Is it any wonder he had no time to be a man? It is reasonable for him to act a man? It is reasonable for him to act like a monster in other respects when like a monster in other respects when he was wholly engaged in composing he was wholly engaged in composing music.music.


In the first 10 paras, we can find the foIn the first 10 paras, we can find the following words and expressions used by llowing words and expressions used by the author to describe Richard Wagner the author to describe Richard Wagner as a monster of conceit:as a monster of conceit:

delusions of grandeur/ monster of condelusions of grandeur/ monster of conceit/ believed himself to be one of the ceit/ believed himself to be one of the greatest dramatist/one of the greatest tgreatest dramatist/one of the greatest thinkershinkers

In the remaining paras, we can find thIn the remaining paras, we can find the following words and expressions usee following words and expressions used to describe him as a great genius:d to describe him as a great genius:

right all the time/ one of the world’s right all the time/ one of the world’s greatest dramatists/ a great thinker/ ongreatest dramatists/ a great thinker/ one of the most stupendous musical genie of the most stupendous musical geniusesuses

Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features The repetitious use of the third person proThe repetitious use of the third person pro

noun noun hehe creates suspense in the reader’s creates suspense in the reader’s mind. This is one of the effective ways to hmind. This is one of the effective ways to hold the reader’s attention and make him old the reader’s attention and make him move on. To use the terminology of functimove on. To use the terminology of functional linguistics and discourse analysis, thional linguistics and discourse analysis, this use of he is cataphoric in nature. The ans use of he is cataphoric in nature. The anaphoric use of aphoric use of hehe can be found in sentenc can be found in sentences such as “I have a friend and he is workes such as “I have a friend and he is working in New York”, in which ing in New York”, in which hehe refers bac refers back to “my friend”.k to “my friend”.

Text II Simple Habits, Deep Text II Simple Habits, Deep ThoughtsThoughts

Text II Simple Habits, Deep Text II Simple Habits, Deep ThoughtsThoughts

Reference for questionsReference for questions1.1. He is simple in his habits. He does not pay He is simple in his habits. He does not pay

much attention to his personal appearance. much attention to his personal appearance. His clothes are baggy and he wears His clothes are baggy and he wears bedroom slippers when walking on the bedroom slippers when walking on the streets.streets.

2.2. Basically the theory proposed, among other Basically the theory proposed, among other things, that the greatest speed possible is things, that the greatest speed possible is the speed of light; that the rate of a clock the speed of light; that the rate of a clock moving through space will decrease as its moving through space will decrease as its speed increases; and the energy and mass speed increases; and the energy and mass are equal and interchangeable.are equal and interchangeable.

3.3. To illustrate his profound idea, To illustrate his profound idea, Einstein compares it to the ways one Einstein compares it to the ways one feels when he is sitting with a nice girl feels when he is sitting with a nice girl and when he is sitting on a hot stove.and when he is sitting on a hot stove.

4.4. Wagner was arrogant, aggressive, and Wagner was arrogant, aggressive, and self-centered whereas Einstein was self-centered whereas Einstein was modest, amiable and easy-going. modest, amiable and easy-going. Wagner was monster but Einstein was Wagner was monster but Einstein was absolutely a gentleman. absolutely a gentleman.

Unit 9Unit 9

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives After learning this unit, you are supposed toAfter learning this unit, you are supposed to grasp the author’s purpose of writing and get grasp the author’s purpose of writing and get

familiar with the structure of Text 1 by an familiar with the structure of Text 1 by an intensive reading.intensive reading.

paraphrase all the difficult sentences in Text 1.paraphrase all the difficult sentences in Text 1. master all the news words or sentence patterns master all the news words or sentence patterns

and be able to use them freely in oral or and be able to use them freely in oral or written work.written work.

be aware that the doctor-patient conflict is a be aware that the doctor-patient conflict is a common phenomenon in different cultures and common phenomenon in different cultures and try to investigate that in China and try to offer try to investigate that in China and try to offer some suggestions on how to solve this problem.some suggestions on how to solve this problem.

Text 1 The Discus Text 1 The Discus ThrowerThrower

What do you think this text is about What do you think this text is about after you know its title?after you know its title?

How do you think a dying man will How do you think a dying man will most probably behave?most probably behave?

What attitude do you think that we What attitude do you think that we should take towards financial or should take towards financial or physical problems?physical problems?

This passage can be divided into three This passage can be divided into three parts.parts.

Part OnePart One (Paragraph 1): Spying on Patients—a (Paragraph 1): Spying on Patients—a Habit of MineHabit of Mine

This part serves as an introduction to the This part serves as an introduction to the background of the story. The narrator tells about background of the story. The narrator tells about one of his unique habits of “spying on” the one of his unique habits of “spying on” the patient and justifies himself for the sake of patient and justifies himself for the sake of better medical treatment.better medical treatment.

Part TwoPart Two (Paragraphs 2-13): (Paragraphs 2-13): Encounters with a Particular Encounters with a Particular PatientPatient

This part talks about the narrator’s This part talks about the narrator’s contact with the “discuss thrower”. The contact with the “discuss thrower”. The miserable condition of the patient is miserable condition of the patient is compared to a bonsai. The reason for his compared to a bonsai. The reason for his “discuss throwing” is that his plight “discuss throwing” is that his plight throws him into despair and he hopes for throws him into despair and he hopes for nothing, only waiting for death.nothing, only waiting for death.

Part ThreePart Three (Paragraphs 14-15): (Paragraphs 14-15): The Death of the PatientThe Death of the Patient

This part tells about how the man is This part tells about how the man is found dead and the doctor discovered found dead and the doctor discovered the secret that the man starved the secret that the man starved himself to death as is suggested by the himself to death as is suggested by the doctor’s attention to the repeatedly doctor’s attention to the repeatedly washed place where the scrambled washed place where the scrambled eggs dropped to the floor.eggs dropped to the floor.


……he might the more fully assemble he might the more fully assemble evidenceevidence??

… …he might gather evidence more fully than he might gather evidence more fully than without spying?without spying?

The structure “the more fully” is the elliptical The structure “the more fully” is the elliptical form of “all the more fully”. In English the form of “all the more fully”. In English the structure “structure “all/ so much/ none all/ so much/ none + + thethe + the + the comparative degree of adjectives or adverbs” is comparative degree of adjectives or adverbs” is used without “than…”following it to express used without “than…”following it to express emphasisemphasis. Sometimes . Sometimes all all can be omitted.can be omitted.

e.g. 1) She was waiting for the spring. Se.g. 1) She was waiting for the spring. She felt he felt the youngerthe younger for it. for it.

2) I walked around for two hours yes2) I walked around for two hours yesterday, and the doctor said I was terday, and the doctor said I was none tnone the worsehe worse for it. for it.

3) I know there’s danger ahead, but 3) I know there’s danger ahead, but I am I am all the more setall the more set on driving forward. on driving forward.

furtivefurtive: attempting to avoid notice : attempting to avoid notice or attention; secretiveor attention; secretive

e.g. 1) I saw him cast a e.g. 1) I saw him cast a furtivefurtive glance at the woman at the table to glance at the woman at the table to his right.his right.

2) There was something 2) There was something furtivefurtive about his behavior and I immediately about his behavior and I immediately felt suspicious.felt suspicious.

It is rusted, rather, in the last stage oIt is rusted, rather, in the last stage of containing the vile repose withinf containing the vile repose within..

Rather, his skin gets dark brown becauRather, his skin gets dark brown because he was approaching the last stage of se he was approaching the last stage of his life, that is, he was dying. Here “vihis life, that is, he was dying. Here “vile repose” is a le repose” is a metaphormetaphor, and it mean, and it means “death”.s “death”.

And the blue eyes are And the blue eyes are frostedfrosted, , looking inward like the windows of looking inward like the windows of a snowbound cottagea snowbound cottage..

And (under scrutiny) the blue eyes are And (under scrutiny) the blue eyes are not clear but not clear but covered with a gray frost-covered with a gray frost-like layerlike layer, without looking outside at , without looking outside at the external world like the windows of the external world like the windows of a snow-surrounded cottage.a snow-surrounded cottage.

……he cups his right thigh in both handshe cups his right thigh in both hands.. ……he holds his right thigh with his hands he holds his right thigh with his hands

curved like a dish.curved like a dish.

cupcup: support or hold something with the : support or hold something with the hands that are curved like a dishhands that are curved like a dish

e.g. 1) He e.g. 1) He cuppedcupped his chin in the palm of his his chin in the palm of his hand. hand.

2) David knelt, 2) David knelt, cuppedcupped his hands and his hands and splashed river water onto his face.splashed river water onto his face.

swingswing: move something from one : move something from one side to the otherside to the other

e.g. 1) A large pendulum e.g. 1) A large pendulum swung swung back back and forth inside the big clock.and forth inside the big clock.

2) The truck driver 2) The truck driver swungswung himself up into the driver’s seat.himself up into the driver’s seat.

probeprobe: physically explore or examine : physically explore or examine (something) with the hands or an (something) with the hands or an instrument; investigateinstrument; investigate

e.g. 1) Theye.g. 1) They probed probed in/into the mud in/into the mud with a special drill, looking for a with a special drill, looking for a shipwreck. shipwreck.

2) Detectives questioned him for 2) Detectives questioned him for hours, hours, probing probing for any inconsistencies for any inconsistencies in his story.in his story.

heftheft: lift or hold (something) in order to : lift or hold (something) in order to test its weighttest its weight

e.g. Ie.g. I hefted hefted a suitcase.a suitcase.

I see that we are to be accomplicesI see that we are to be accomplices.. I see that I have to help the aide feed the I see that I have to help the aide feed the

patient.patient.

make onemake one’’s roundss rounds: make one’s usual : make one’s usual visits, esp. of inspectionvisits, esp. of inspection

e.g. The production manage makes his e.g. The production manage makes his rounds to check whether everything goes rounds to check whether everything goes well.well.

dignifieddignified: having or showing a compo: having or showing a composed or serious manner that is worthy osed or serious manner that is worthy of respectf respect

e.g. 1)He has maintained ae.g. 1)He has maintained a dignified dignified silsilence about the rumours.ence about the rumours.

2) The defeated candidate in the el2) The defeated candidate in the election gave a ection gave a dignifieddignified speech in whic speech in which he congratulated his rival.h he congratulated his rival.

sweepsweep: glide swiftly; speed along: glide swiftly; speed along

e.g. 1) A 1970s fashion revival is e.g. 1) A 1970s fashion revival is sweepingsweeping Europe. Europe.

2) Her gaze2) Her gaze swept swept across the across the assembled crowd.assembled crowd.

3) The National Party 3) The National Party swept swept into into power with a majority of almost 200.power with a majority of almost 200.

QuestionsQuestions

Who is more responsible and considerWho is more responsible and considerate, the doctor or the medical aide? Finate, the doctor or the medical aide? Find some clues in the text to support youd some clues in the text to support your opinion.r opinion.

Since doctor-patient conflict is unavoiSince doctor-patient conflict is unavoidable, can you give some suggestions tdable, can you give some suggestions to improve this situation?o improve this situation?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2 Sian Evens was caught in a fire and suffSian Evens was caught in a fire and suff

ered third-degree burns. Her father spaered third-degree burns. Her father spared no effort to help her regain consciored no effort to help her regain consciousness during his visits in the hospital. usness during his visits in the hospital. As well as Sian’s great efforts, her fathAs well as Sian’s great efforts, her father’s deep love and great patience conter’s deep love and great patience contributed immensely to her physical and ributed immensely to her physical and mental recovery.mental recovery.

Unit 10Unit 10

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives By the end of this unit, you are required to By the end of this unit, you are required to grasp the author’s purpose of writing and grasp the author’s purpose of writing and

make clear the structure of the whole make clear the structure of the whole passage by an intensive reading of Text 1.passage by an intensive reading of Text 1.

understand all the difficult sentences in understand all the difficult sentences in Text 1 and be able to paraphrase them.Text 1 and be able to paraphrase them.

get a list of new words and structures and get a list of new words and structures and try to use them freely in conversation and try to use them freely in conversation and writing.writing.

get familiar with the style of Text 1: get familiar with the style of Text 1:

autobiography.autobiography. try to get a general understanding of the try to get a general understanding of the

famous literary figures mentioned in Text famous literary figures mentioned in Text 1.1.

Text 1 How I Found My Text 1 How I Found My VoiceVoice

Have you ever spoken to a large Have you ever spoken to a large audience? How did you feel?audience? How did you feel?

Do you think voice is important to Do you think voice is important to personal development?personal development?

Suppose a friend of yours, who has Suppose a friend of yours, who has accidentally broken his leg, is going accidentally broken his leg, is going to have an operation in a few days to have an operation in a few days and now he is feeling nervous. Say and now he is feeling nervous. Say something to calm him down and something to calm him down and give him some encouragement.give him some encouragement.

This autobiographical This autobiographical narration comprises three narration comprises three parts.parts.

Part OnePart One (Paragraphs 1-2): The (Paragraphs 1-2): The writer presents a striking contrast writer presents a striking contrast between his successful career as between his successful career as an actor and television announcer an actor and television announcer and his severe stutter in his early and his severe stutter in his early childhoodchildhood. .

Part TwoPart Two (Paragraphs 3- (Paragraphs 3-22):22):This part mainly describes This part mainly describes the author’s stuttering problem the author’s stuttering problem when he was a child and the when he was a child and the process of how Prof. Crouch process of how Prof. Crouch helped the boy tackle the helped the boy tackle the problem by way of the forced problem by way of the forced public speaking.public speaking.

Part ThreePart Three (Paragraphs 23- (Paragraphs 23-29) : 29) : The concluding part shows The concluding part shows various honors and successes the various honors and successes the writer has obtained, which further writer has obtained, which further emphasizes the great effect the emphasizes the great effect the teacher has brought about on the teacher has brought about on the writer’s career as well as his writer’s career as well as his whole life.whole life.

Language WorkLanguage Work the voice-over announcer: the voice-over announcer: an an

announcer who makes a commentary announcer who makes a commentary or gives an explanation which is heard or gives an explanation which is heard as part of a film or television program, as part of a film or television program, but he himself is not actually seen.but he himself is not actually seen.

the New Testamentthe New Testament: the second part : the second part of the Bible, concerned with the of the Bible, concerned with the teachings of Christ and his earliest teachings of Christ and his earliest followersfollowers

the Old Testamentthe Old Testament: the first part of : the first part of the Bible, telling the history of the the Bible, telling the history of the Jews and their beliefsJews and their beliefs

I always sat down, I always sat down, my face burning my face burning with shamewith shame..

I always sat down, and blushed because I always sat down, and blushed because I felt ashamed.I felt ashamed.

More examples of More examples of absolute structureabsolute structure:: A number of officials followed the A number of officials followed the

emperor, some to hold his robe, emperor, some to hold his robe, others others to adjust his girdleto adjust his girdle, and so on. , and so on. ((infinitive clauseinfinitive clause))

His voice drowned by the noise, His voice drowned by the noise, the the speaker stopped in the middle of his speaker stopped in the middle of his lecturelecture.(.(-ed participle clause-ed participle clause))

He went off, He went off, gun in handgun in hand. . ((prepositional phraseprepositional phrase))

The floor wet and slipperyThe floor wet and slippery, we stayed , we stayed outside. (outside. (adjective phraseadjective phrase))

It was traumatic moving from It was traumatic moving from the warm, easy ways of catfish the warm, easy ways of catfish country to the harsh climate of country to the harsh climate of the north, where people the north, where people seemed so different.seemed so different.

We moved from the familiar and We moved from the familiar and pleasant country to the north pleasant country to the north where I felt cold both in body and where I felt cold both in body and in heart. That was really an in heart. That was really an upsetting experience in my life.upsetting experience in my life.

in a nondenominational in a nondenominational fellowshipfellowship: in a close relationship : in a close relationship without caring about the different without caring about the different religionsreligions

Granddad’s Irish heritage came Granddad’s Irish heritage came out in his love for language; …out in his love for language; …

Granddad had a love for language, Granddad had a love for language, which might have been inherited which might have been inherited from his Irish ancestors; … from his Irish ancestors; …

come close tocome close to: become almost the : become almost the same assame as

e.g. The language learner tries to e.g. The language learner tries to make his speech come close to make his speech come close to perfection.perfection.

round upround up: gather together animals : gather together animals or people, often when they do not or people, often when they do not want to be gathered togetherwant to be gathered together

e.g. The teacher e.g. The teacher rounded uprounded up all the all the students and led them to the students and led them to the classroom.classroom.

That awful feeling of voice being That awful feeling of voice being trapped got worse as I grew oldertrapped got worse as I grew older..

As I grew older, I became more self-As I grew older, I became more self-conscious of my stuttering.conscious of my stuttering.

savorsavor: enjoy and appreciate something : enjoy and appreciate something like food, or drink, or an experience, like food, or drink, or an experience, as much as one canas much as one can

e.g. 1) I e.g. 1) I savoredsavored every mouthful of every mouthful of breakfast, reluctant to let it end.breakfast, reluctant to let it end.

2) He 2) He savoredsavored the words as he the words as he said it.said it.

laborlabor: work with difficulty, for : work with difficulty, for example because one is not strong example because one is not strong enough or clever enoughenough or clever enough

e.g. 1) He was e.g. 1) He was laboringlaboring under the under the strain of a worsening political crisis.strain of a worsening political crisis.

2) His classmates were 2) His classmates were laboringlaboring with elementary algebra.with elementary algebra.

……I started, anger flooding meI started, anger flooding me…… ……I started, overwhelmed with I started, overwhelmed with

anger…anger…

……because the lyrics’ rhythmic pattern because the lyrics’ rhythmic pattern flows by itselfflows by itself..

……most stutterers can sing along with the rmost stutterers can sing along with the rhythm pattern which just flows by itself.hythm pattern which just flows by itself.

He never pushed anything at me again; He never pushed anything at me again; he just wanted all his students to wake uhe just wanted all his students to wake upp..

From then on he never gave me pressure, From then on he never gave me pressure, and what he tried to do was to help studenand what he tried to do was to help students realize and tap their potential.ts realize and tap their potential.

I…supported myself between I…supported myself between roles by sweeping floors of off-roles by sweeping floors of off-Broadway stagesBroadway stages..

Before acting any new role, I …Before acting any new role, I …supported myself by sweeping the supported myself by sweeping the floors of off-Broadway stages.floors of off-Broadway stages.

““Can I fly you in from Michigan Can I fly you in from Michigan to see it?”to see it?”

““Can I offer you a flight to Can I offer you a flight to Michigan to see my acting?”Michigan to see my acting?”

……he was still living in a world he was still living in a world vibrant with all of the beautiful vibrant with all of the beautiful treasures had storedtreasures had stored..

……he had stored many poems by he had stored many poems by memorizing them so he could enjoy memorizing them so he could enjoy his life with the rhythms of poetry his life with the rhythms of poetry even after he had lost his sight.even after he had lost his sight.

resurrectresurrect: cause something to live : cause something to live again after it has disappearedagain after it has disappeared

e.g. A furious argument ensued in e.g. A furious argument ensued in which both sides which both sides resurrectedresurrected all their all their old differences.old differences.

QuestionsQuestions

What is the text mainly What is the text mainly concerned with?concerned with?

What do you learn from the What do you learn from the author of this text? author of this text?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2

Jack Kibly’s marvelous achievements oJack Kibly’s marvelous achievements on inventing microchips and thus launchin inventing microchips and thus launching a technological revolution led him to ng a technological revolution led him to winning the Nobel Prize in physics, althowinning the Nobel Prize in physics, although he is not a physicist and never had mugh he is not a physicist and never had much formal physics training in his lifetimuch formal physics training in his lifetime. He has never accumulated much mone. He has never accumulated much money out of his invention, but this has not bey out of his invention, but this has not bothered him. He always tries to be a good othered him. He always tries to be a good problem-solver in his field. problem-solver in his field.

Unit 11Unit 11

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives By the end of this unit, students are supposed to By the end of this unit, students are supposed to make clear the structure of the whole passage make clear the structure of the whole passage

and grasp the author’s purpose of writing and grasp the author’s purpose of writing through an intensive reading of Text 1.through an intensive reading of Text 1.

master all the new words and sentence master all the new words and sentence structures and employ them in conversation and structures and employ them in conversation and writing.writing.

be able to paraphrase all the topic sentences in be able to paraphrase all the topic sentences in Text 1.Text 1.

know about the Boy Scout and its ranks.know about the Boy Scout and its ranks. learn from the passage some experience in face learn from the passage some experience in face

of a great danger in the wilds.of a great danger in the wilds.

Text 1Text 1 Mountain Lion’s AttackMountain Lion’s Attack Can you remember any situation in Can you remember any situation in

your life where you were terrified?your life where you were terrified?

What will you do if you run across a What will you do if you run across a fierce wild animal in the woods?fierce wild animal in the woods?

This narrative article comprises This narrative article comprises three parts.three parts.

Part OnePart One (Paragraph 1): In this part, (Paragraph 1): In this part, the writer describes the motivation of the writer describes the motivation of his taking a job offer.his taking a job offer.

Part TwoPart Two (Paragraphs 2-20): In this (Paragraphs 2-20): In this part, the writer talks about his personal part, the writer talks about his personal experience as a camp counselor. One experience as a camp counselor. One little camper was caught by a ferocious little camper was caught by a ferocious mountain lion. He fought hard to drive it mountain lion. He fought hard to drive it away and finally succeeded in saving the away and finally succeeded in saving the boy.boy.

Part ThreePart Three (Paragraph 21): In this (Paragraph 21): In this part, the writer concludes his part, the writer concludes his narration with his motto: narration with his motto: Be Be prepared to listen to divine prepared to listen to divine directionsdirections..


Boy ScoutBoy Scout: member of the Scout : member of the Scout Association, an organization which aims Association, an organization which aims to teach boys self-reliance, discipline and to teach boys self-reliance, discipline and public service through outdoor activities.public service through outdoor activities.

Life ScoutLife Scout: one of the ranks of the Boy : one of the ranks of the Boy Scout. The ranks of the Boy Scout start Scout. The ranks of the Boy Scout start out as a Scout, which is followed by out as a Scout, which is followed by Tenderfoot. After that is Second Class, Tenderfoot. After that is Second Class, which precedes First Class. The next rank which precedes First Class. The next rank is Star. After that one achieves Life, which is Star. After that one achieves Life, which leads up to the highest rank, Eagle. One leads up to the highest rank, Eagle. One has to earn 11 merit badges before he can has to earn 11 merit badges before he can be a Life Scout.be a Life Scout.

well on my way to making eaglewell on my way to making eagle: : with much hope of becoming a senior with much hope of becoming a senior scoutscout

jumped at the chancejumped at the chance: eagerly : eagerly accepted or took advantage of the accepted or took advantage of the chancechance

e.g.1) Susan e.g.1) Susan jumped at the chancejumped at the chance of of going abroad.going abroad.

2) The guests all 2) The guests all jumped at the jumped at the invitation invitation because it is rare for the host because it is rare for the host to arrange such a party.to arrange such a party.

glueglue: fasten or join with glue: fasten or join with glue e.g. 1) Her ear has been e.g. 1) Her ear has been gluedglued to the key- to the key-

hole.hole. 2) The approaching Session of 2) The approaching Session of

Parliament will open millions of pairs of Parliament will open millions of pairs of eyes, which have been eyes, which have been gluedglued up by false up by false alarms for the last twenty-five years.alarms for the last twenty-five years.

roamroam: wander aimlessly or unsystematically: wander aimlessly or unsystematically e.g. 1) A mighty horde of savages e.g. 1) A mighty horde of savages roamed roamed

the continent in search of food.the continent in search of food. 2) In the summer I often 2) In the summer I often roam roam about about

the fields all day.the fields all day.

yellyell: utter a loud strident cry, especially : utter a loud strident cry, especially from some strong and sudden emotion, as from some strong and sudden emotion, as rage, horror, or agonyrage, horror, or agony

e.g. 1) Vicki leaped to her feet and started e.g. 1) Vicki leaped to her feet and started yellingyelling at the audience about the death at the audience about the death penalty.penalty.

2) With its driver 2) With its driver yellingyelling “I can’t stop, I “I can’t stop, I can’t stop”, a car barreled onto an can’t stop”, a car barreled onto an elementary school playground.elementary school playground.

Could I stand my groundCould I stand my ground?? Could I stick to my principle?Could I stick to my principle? e.g. The government was strong enough to e.g. The government was strong enough to

stand its ground stand its ground on foreign affairs.on foreign affairs.

plod upplod up: make one’s way up laboriously: make one’s way up laboriously e.g. We e.g. We plodded along plodded along in profound silence in in profound silence in

case that we would arouse the sleeping case that we would arouse the sleeping dwellersdwellers

.. ……something kept bugging mesomething kept bugging me. . ……I was continuously annoyed by something.I was continuously annoyed by something.

shrug offshrug off: dismiss or reject in an offhand : dismiss or reject in an offhand manner; be unaffected bymanner; be unaffected by

e.g. 1) The stock market has e.g. 1) The stock market has shrugged offshrugged off the the collapse of Roc Company. collapse of Roc Company. 2) You can’t just 2) You can’t just shrug offshrug off things like this! things like this!

insistentinsistent: persistent with urgency: persistent with urgency e.g. The natives were very insistent that I e.g. The natives were very insistent that I

should try and shoot an animal otherwise should try and shoot an animal otherwise I would not be a real hunter.I would not be a real hunter.

At the real, I found myself with the At the real, I found myself with the least onesleast ones..

I joined the smallest or youngest campers I joined the smallest or youngest campers at the end of the group.at the end of the group.

We clambered onWe clambered on…… We climbed on along the mountain trail We climbed on along the mountain trail

with difficulty…with difficulty…

an Indian trail signan Indian trail sign: a sign marking the : a sign marking the direction of paths in a forest by and for direction of paths in a forest by and for Indian tribesmenIndian tribesmen

……the counselors frozethe counselors froze. . ……the counselors became motionless.the counselors became motionless.

yelling at the top of my lungsyelling at the top of my lungs: shouting : shouting at the utmost power of my voiceat the utmost power of my voice

e.g. The desperate shepherd was yelling e.g. The desperate shepherd was yelling at the top of his lungsat the top of his lungs for help, but for help, but unfortunately no one came.unfortunately no one came.

Fear for the boy wiped out my own Fear for the boy wiped out my own terrorterror… …

My own terror was driven away completely My own terror was driven away completely by the fear for the boy’s safety…by the fear for the boy’s safety…

e.g. They accused Nazi Regime of an effort e.g. They accused Nazi Regime of an effort to to wipe outwipe out the identities of Jews by the identities of Jews by destroying their public enemies.destroying their public enemies.

in a fit of ragein a fit of rage: very angry: very angry e.g. He tore the book into pieces e.g. He tore the book into pieces in a fit of in a fit of

ragerage, because he was not interested in it at , because he was not interested in it at all.all.

gave me credit forgave me credit for: praised me for: praised me for e.g. He was e.g. He was given credit forgiven credit for his his

extraordinary devotion only after he extraordinary devotion only after he died.died.

carrying the right gearcarrying the right gear: equipping : equipping oneself with the right instrumentsoneself with the right instruments

QuestionsQuestions What do you learn from the author? What do you learn from the author?

Do you think that there is really someoDo you think that there is really someone who can warn the writer of the danne who can warn the writer of the danger ahead?ger ahead?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2

Derek has many close calls during his 19 years Derek has many close calls during his 19 years of life. One night in August when he camped in of life. One night in August when he camped in Glorieta, he and his girlfriend Kendra were attaGlorieta, he and his girlfriend Kendra were attacked by a ferocious bear. At first they tried to acked by a ferocious bear. At first they tried to avoid the danger by playing dead, but this did nvoid the danger by playing dead, but this did not stop the bear from attacking them. When thot stop the bear from attacking them. When they were attacked for a second time, brave Dereey were attacked for a second time, brave Derek did everything he could to fight the animal ank did everything he could to fight the animal and protect his girlfriend. Finally the bear backed d protect his girlfriend. Finally the bear backed off, and they survived. off, and they survived.

Unit 12Unit 12

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives After learning this unit, you are required toAfter learning this unit, you are required to have a good understanding of the author’s have a good understanding of the author’s

purpose of writing and appreciate the whole purpose of writing and appreciate the whole passage through an intensive reading of passage through an intensive reading of Text 1.Text 1.

comprehend the difficult sentences in Text 1 comprehend the difficult sentences in Text 1 and be able to paraphrase them.and be able to paraphrase them.

master the new words and structures and master the new words and structures and try to employ them freely.try to employ them freely.

be aware of how Christmas celebrated by be aware of how Christmas celebrated by westerners.westerners.

learn a new rhetorical device—oxymoron learn a new rhetorical device—oxymoron and be able to identify it in different texts.and be able to identify it in different texts.

Text 1Text 1 Christmas Lost and Christmas Lost and FoundFound

What is the most important festival in What is the most important festival in China?China?

What does the title of this text What does the title of this text suggest to you? suggest to you?

The text can be divided into The text can be divided into three parts.three parts.

Part One Part One (Paragraphs 1-5): This part (Paragraphs 1-5): This part introduces the writer’s dream of introduces the writer’s dream of having a big family vibrating with having a big family vibrating with energy, life and love, especially at energy, life and love, especially at Christmas. And her dream came true Christmas. And her dream came true with the arrival of an adopted son, with the arrival of an adopted son, Christmas Boy, as well as two Christmas Boy, as well as two biological children.biological children.

Part Two Part Two (Paragraphs 6-8): This part te(Paragraphs 6-8): This part tells readers that Christmas Boy was killlls readers that Christmas Boy was killed in a car accident on his 26th Christed in a car accident on his 26th Christmas after he decorated his parents’ trmas after he decorated his parents’ tree as usual, which gave a heavy blow tee as usual, which gave a heavy blow to his parents. Then they submerged in o his parents. Then they submerged in the sorrow of losing their son as well athe sorrow of losing their son as well as Christmas for 17 years.s Christmas for 17 years.

Part ThreePart Three (Paragraphs 9-24): This (Paragraphs 9-24): This part tells us that 17 years later, the part tells us that 17 years later, the parents gradually realized that they parents gradually realized that they had found the joy of a noisy had found the joy of a noisy Christmas of a big family again and Christmas of a big family again and that the love harbored in everyone’s that the love harbored in everyone’s heart will unite people, biologically heart will unite people, biologically connected or not, into a family and connected or not, into a family and Christmas is just a chance for people Christmas is just a chance for people to share love with each other.to share love with each other.

LanguageLanguage WorkWork

reckon onreckon on: expect; dependent on: expect; dependent on e.g. 1) We aree.g. 1) We are reckoning on reckoning on a large profit. a large profit. 2) Can I reckon on you to help?2) Can I reckon on you to help?

Undaunted, we applied for adoption and, Undaunted, we applied for adoption and, within a year, he arrived.within a year, he arrived.

Not discouraged by our infertility, we requested to Not discouraged by our infertility, we requested to adopt a child. Within a year, we succeeded in adopt a child. Within a year, we succeeded in adopting one.adopting one.

in rapid successionin rapid succession: quickly and continuously: quickly and continuously e.g. His words came out e.g. His words came out in rapid successionin rapid succession..

……compared with my quiet childhood, that compared with my quiet childhood, that made an entirely satisfactory crowd.made an entirely satisfactory crowd.

……with three children, my family was filled with a with three children, my family was filled with a big crowd, which, quite different from my quiet big crowd, which, quite different from my quiet childhood, completely satisfied my dream of childhood, completely satisfied my dream of having a big family. having a big family.

satisfactorysatisfactory: good enough to be pleasing, or for : good enough to be pleasing, or for a purpose, rule, standarda purpose, rule, standard

e.g. a e.g. a satisfactorysatisfactory excuse for his absence excuse for his absence cf. cf. satisfactionsatisfaction: contentment ; pleasure; : contentment ; pleasure;

fulfillment of a need, desire, etc.fulfillment of a need, desire, etc. e.g. He took great e.g. He took great satisfactionsatisfaction from playing the from playing the

piano well.piano well.

rush the seasonrush the season: make people prepare : make people prepare for Christmas hastily long before for Christmas hastily long before Christmas really comesChristmas really comes

He pressed us into singing carols, our He pressed us into singing carols, our froglike voices contrasting with his froglike voices contrasting with his musical gift of perfect pitchmusical gift of perfect pitch..

He forced all of us to sing carols, even He forced all of us to sing carols, even though our voices, compared with his though our voices, compared with his perfect voice with musical gift, were too perfect voice with musical gift, were too harsh and husky to sing.harsh and husky to sing.

Each holiday he stirred us up, leading us Each holiday he stirred us up, leading us through a round of merry chaosthrough a round of merry chaos..

Each holiday, he tried to excite us and turned Each holiday, he tried to excite us and turned the whole family into a cheerful disorder.the whole family into a cheerful disorder.

stir upstir up: cause to move or excite: cause to move or excite

merry chaosmerry chaos: This is an expression of : This is an expression of oxymoronoxymoron. “Chaos” refers to a state of . “Chaos” refers to a state of complete and thorough disorder or confusion, complete and thorough disorder or confusion, which is, however, modified by an adjective which is, however, modified by an adjective incompatible to or contradictory with its incompatible to or contradictory with its original meaning.original meaning.

Our friends were right about adopted Our friends were right about adopted children not being the same.children not being the same.

Our friends were right in saying that adopted Our friends were right in saying that adopted children would usually be different from children would usually be different from biological children.biological children.

Through his own unique heredity, his Through his own unique heredity, his irrepressible good cheer, his bossy wit, irrepressible good cheer, his bossy wit, our Christmas Boy made our life colorfulour Christmas Boy made our life colorful..

With his unique ability inherited from his own With his unique ability inherited from his own parents, his cheerful personality, as well as his parents, his cheerful personality, as well as his wit of ordering others to cooperate with him, wit of ordering others to cooperate with him, he changed our life into a colorful one.he changed our life into a colorful one.

stop by: stop by: make a short visit to make a short visit to (someone’s home)(someone’s home)

……where memories clung to every where memories clung to every roomroom..

……where every room would make us where every room would make us recall the past.recall the past.

cling tocling to: hold tight to; stick firmly to : hold tight to; stick firmly to e.g. She e.g. She clungclung tightly tightly to to her few her few

remaining possessions.remaining possessions.

We slide into the city on the tail of a We slide into the city on the tail of a blizzard, through streets ablaze with blizzard, through streets ablaze with lightslights..

We drove into the city at night just after a We drove into the city at night just after a heavy snowstorm, in order not to be heavy snowstorm, in order not to be noticed by any acquaintance.noticed by any acquaintance.

slideslide: go slowly and unnoticed; pass : go slowly and unnoticed; pass smoothly or continuously; slipsmoothly or continuously; slip

e.g. 1) She e.g. 1) She slidslid out of the room when no out of the room when no one was looking.one was looking.

2) She 2) She slid slid over the question without over the question without answering it.answering it.

on the tail ofon the tail of: following closely behind: following closely behind

We settled into a small, boxy house, so We settled into a small, boxy house, so different from the family home where we different from the family home where we had orchestrated our lives. It was quiet, had orchestrated our lives. It was quiet, like the house of my childhood.like the house of my childhood.

We settled down in a small house, which was We settled down in a small house, which was so different from our previous home where, so different from our previous home where, with our Christmas Boy, we had changed our with our Christmas Boy, we had changed our quiet life into a cheerful one. Now the small quiet life into a cheerful one. Now the small house reminded me of the quiet house of house reminded me of the quiet house of childhood, which I had disliked so much.childhood, which I had disliked so much.

snowcapped mountainsnowcapped mountain: mountains covered : mountains covered with snowwith snow

pull uppull up: come to a stop: come to a stop e.g. The car e.g. The car pulled uppulled up outside the station. outside the station.

There stood our granddaughter, and in There stood our granddaughter, and in her gray-green eyes and impudent grin her gray-green eyes and impudent grin I saw the reflection of our Christmas I saw the reflection of our Christmas Boy.Boy.

Our granddaughter was standing there, Our granddaughter was standing there, her gray-green eyes as well as her rude her gray-green eyes as well as her rude smile reminded us of her father, our smile reminded us of her father, our Christmas Boy.Christmas Boy.

shape upshape up: begin to do right: begin to do right e.g. You’d better e.g. You’d better shape upshape up, young man, or , young man, or

you will be punished.you will be punished.

in a whirlin a whirl: in a confusing rush: in a confusing rush

You sure as heck can.You sure as heck can. You certainly can.You certainly can.

We had long ago given up the poignant We had long ago given up the poignant Christmas services, but now under Christmas services, but now under pressure, we sat rigid in the front pew, pressure, we sat rigid in the front pew, fighting back tears.fighting back tears.

After the death of our Christmas Boy, we had After the death of our Christmas Boy, we had not expected to have any Christmas services not expected to have any Christmas services any more. Now, at the demand of our any more. Now, at the demand of our granddaughter’s family, we sat in the front granddaughter’s family, we sat in the front seat, but the sad memories stiffened our seat, but the sad memories stiffened our body and filled our eyes and heart with body and filled our eyes and heart with tears. tears.

In a rare emotional response, the In a rare emotional response, the congregation applauded in delight.congregation applauded in delight.

Greatly touched by her singing, the audience Greatly touched by her singing, the audience gave a big applause to her delightedly.gave a big applause to her delightedly.

We had been alerted that there would be a We had been alerted that there would be a whole mess of people for dinner—but 35!whole mess of people for dinner—but 35!

We had been warned that there would be a We had been warned that there would be a large number of people attending dinner, but large number of people attending dinner, but we had never expected that there would be 35 we had never expected that there would be 35 of them.of them.

assorted relativesassorted relatives: various types of relatives: various types of relatives

sort outsort out: separate from a mass or a group: separate from a mass or a group e.g. Sort out the papers to be thrown away, e.g. Sort out the papers to be thrown away,

and put the rest back.and put the rest back.

They took us in, enfolded us in joyous They took us in, enfolded us in joyous camaraderie.camaraderie.

e.g. They received us and treated us like old e.g. They received us and treated us like old friends.friends.

take intake in: receive and provide lodgings for: receive and provide lodgings for e.g. The kind old lady offered to take in the e.g. The kind old lady offered to take in the

poor homeless stranger.poor homeless stranger. enfoldenfold: surround; envelop: surround; envelop

We sang carols in loud, off-key voices, We sang carols in loud, off-key voices, saved only by that amazing soprano.saved only by that amazing soprano.

We sang carols loudly, often in the wrong We sang carols loudly, often in the wrong key, but every time we were led to the key, but every time we were led to the right key by our granddaughter’s perfect right key by our granddaughter’s perfect singing.singing.

……it occurred to me that a true family it occurred to me that a true family is not always one’s own flesh and is not always one’s own flesh and blood. It is a climate of the heart.blood. It is a climate of the heart.

……I suddenly realized that a family is not I suddenly realized that a family is not always made up by kinship and the hearts always made up by kinship and the hearts filled with love for others would surely filled with love for others would surely make up a true family.make up a true family.

Had it not been for our adopted son, Had it not been for our adopted son, we would not now be surrounded by we would not now be surrounded by caring strangers who would help us caring strangers who would help us hear the music again.hear the music again.

I felt grateful to my adopted son, without I felt grateful to my adopted son, without whom we would not have a chance to whom we would not have a chance to spend Christmas with these caring people spend Christmas with these caring people and hear the Christmas carols again, and hear the Christmas carols again, which we had not had for so many years. which we had not had for so many years.

zoomzoom: move or travel quickly: move or travel quickly e.g. Jack went zooming past in his new e.g. Jack went zooming past in his new

car.car.

The real meaning of Christmas had The real meaning of Christmas had been restored to us.been restored to us.

I found the real meaning of Christmas I found the real meaning of Christmas again, that is, hearts with love, which I again, that is, hearts with love, which I had had when my family was filled with had had when my family was filled with energy and love with all my three energy and love with all my three children around me, but later I had children around me, but later I had mistakenly lost after my adopted son’s mistakenly lost after my adopted son’s death.death.

QuestionsQuestions A proverb goes like this: “Blood is A proverb goes like this: “Blood is

thicker than water.” Do you think thicker than water.” Do you think that there is any contradiction that there is any contradiction between this proverb and the way the between this proverb and the way the author of the text looks at human author of the text looks at human relationship?relationship?

Nowadays Christmas is celebrated in Nowadays Christmas is celebrated in China. Does it mean that Christianity China. Does it mean that Christianity is getting popular in China?is getting popular in China?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2 The author, whose father was a The author, whose father was a

groundskeeper for cemeteries, believed groundskeeper for cemeteries, believed he needed an escape from the life in his he needed an escape from the life in his quiet and sheltered town and a new way quiet and sheltered town and a new way of life. On a particular visit home, his of life. On a particular visit home, his father asked him to lay some of the father asked him to lay some of the stones on several of the markers. This stones on several of the markers. This stone-leaving experience changed his stone-leaving experience changed his attitude towards the life there.attitude towards the life there.

Unit 13Unit 13

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives After learning this unit, you are required toAfter learning this unit, you are required to grasp the author’s purpose of writing and grasp the author’s purpose of writing and

the structure of Text 1.the structure of Text 1. understand the difficult sentences in Text 1 understand the difficult sentences in Text 1

and be able to paraphrase them.and be able to paraphrase them. master all the new words, expressions and master all the new words, expressions and

sentence patterns, and use them freely in sentence patterns, and use them freely in conversation and writing.conversation and writing.

know the importance of harmonious know the importance of harmonious relationship between man and nature, and relationship between man and nature, and try to suggest some effective ways to try to suggest some effective ways to improve present situation.improve present situation.

Text 1 Promise of BluebirdsText 1 Promise of Bluebirds

What’s your favorite bird?What’s your favorite bird?

Why do most Chinese dislike Why do most Chinese dislike crows?crows?

The passage can be divided into The passage can be divided into three parts.three parts.

Part OnePart One (Paragraphs 1-7): These seven (Paragraphs 1-7): These seven paragraphs function as a preclude to the story, paragraphs function as a preclude to the story, where the author sets the wintry landscape as where the author sets the wintry landscape as the background. She asked herself the the background. She asked herself the question “…will he ever see one again?” to question “…will he ever see one again?” to reveal the critical situation of her father who reveal the critical situation of her father who treated bluebirds as angels of spring andtreated bluebirds as angels of spring and lifelife..

Part Two Part Two (Paragraphs 8-19): The (Paragraphs 8-19): The author recalls the life of her father, author recalls the life of her father, his philosophy of life and his sacrifice his philosophy of life and his sacrifice for the family and children. Just after for the family and children. Just after he retired, he became interested in, he retired, he became interested in, and even hooked by, bluebirds, a kind and even hooked by, bluebirds, a kind of brilliant creature. of brilliant creature.

Part ThreePart Three (Paragraphs 20-30): In (Paragraphs 20-30): In this part, the author concentrates on this part, the author concentrates on the friendly relation between her the friendly relation between her father and bluebirds, which implies father and bluebirds, which implies the harmonious relation between man the harmonious relation between man and nature, and illustrates the theme and nature, and illustrates the theme of this story—the promise of bluebirds.of this story—the promise of bluebirds.

LanguageLanguage WorkWork

await:await: wait for (formal use)wait for (formal use) e.g. Very little was said as they e.g. Very little was said as they awaitedawaited the arri the arri

val of the distinguished guests.val of the distinguished guests. hoverhover: (of a person) wait or linger close at han: (of a person) wait or linger close at han

d in an uncertain mannerd in an uncertain manner e.g. With no idea of what to do for his next moe.g. With no idea of what to do for his next mo

ve, Ham’s hand hovered over the board.ve, Ham’s hand hovered over the board.

……he drifted in and out of consciousness.he drifted in and out of consciousness. ……he lost and regained consciousness every nohe lost and regained consciousness every no

w and then.w and then.

let golet go: give up: give up e.g. She held the photos with the e.g. She held the photos with the

determined grip of a small child and determined grip of a small child and wouldn’twouldn’t let go let go..

hold on tohold on to: keep one’s hand on or : keep one’s hand on or aroundaround

e.g. 1) His right arm was extended up e.g. 1) His right arm was extended up beside his head, still beside his head, still holding on toholding on to a a coffee cup.coffee cup.

2) Nelson Mandela was imprisoned 2) Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for many years yet for many years yet held on toheld on to his belief his belief for the equality of his people.for the equality of his people.

make sacrifices formake sacrifices for: give up something : give up something valuable or important in order to obtain valuable or important in order to obtain something else for other peoplesomething else for other people

e.g. He was willing to e.g. He was willing to makemake any any sacrifice sacrifice forfor the development of his motherland. the development of his motherland.

showing a fine pall of coal dustshowing a fine pall of coal dust: : covered with a layer of thin coal dustcovered with a layer of thin coal dust

sparkled with devilmentsparkled with devilment: betrayed or : betrayed or reflected his playful spiritreflected his playful spirit

fashion a fishing-line threader out of an old ballfashion a fishing-line threader out of an old ballpoint penpoint pen: turn an old ballpoint pen into a fishin: turn an old ballpoint pen into a fishing-line threaderg-line threader

e.g. Through years of hard work, hee.g. Through years of hard work, he fashioned fashioned a b a beautiful horse out of an oak root.eautiful horse out of an oak root.

Each job had its claim on your best efforts.Each job had its claim on your best efforts. Each job demanded your best efforts.Each job demanded your best efforts.

His playful spirit would set us to giggling.His playful spirit would set us to giggling. His humorous temperament would cause us to laHis humorous temperament would cause us to la

ugh.ugh.

……we’d been had. we’d been had. ……we had been tricked or deceived.we had been tricked or deceived.

cleared forests for farmlandcleared forests for farmland: : remove the forests to cultivate land remove the forests to cultivate land for farmingfor farming

He was hooked.He was hooked. He was fascinated as if fastened by a He was fascinated as if fastened by a

hook.hook.

……Dad was confined to the Dad was confined to the downstairs.downstairs.

……Dad could not climb upstairsDad could not climb upstairs

……the rascals showed…the rascals showed… ……the lovely bluebirds came…the lovely bluebirds came…

Sporting a resplendent blue head, Sporting a resplendent blue head, back, and wings and tail…back, and wings and tail…

With his head, back, and wings and tail With his head, back, and wings and tail growing attractive rich blue feathers…growing attractive rich blue feathers…

She remained aloof on a distant perch.She remained aloof on a distant perch. She stood on a distant perch, seemingly uninterShe stood on a distant perch, seemingly uninter

ested in the new nest.ested in the new nest.

Then she fought an even more vehement battThen she fought an even more vehement battle with another female.le with another female.

Then she fought an even more violent battle witThen she fought an even more violent battle with another female in response to Caruso’s love.h another female in response to Caruso’s love.

……the sky mirrored Caruso’s courting raimethe sky mirrored Caruso’s courting raiment…nt…

……the sky was as blue as the color of Caruso’s cthe sky was as blue as the color of Caruso’s courting clothing…ourting clothing…

herculean effortsherculean efforts: extremely great efforts: extremely great efforts

QuestionsQuestions

What is the theme of this text?What is the theme of this text?

Would you offer some suggestions Would you offer some suggestions to harmonize the present to harmonize the present relationship between man and relationship between man and nature?nature?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2 Kobus, the author’s husband, found a tiny lion cKobus, the author’s husband, found a tiny lion c

ub and brought it home. They tried their best to lub and brought it home. They tried their best to look after it as if it were their son. When it was too ook after it as if it were their son. When it was too big to be managed, they sent it back to live with wbig to be managed, they sent it back to live with wild animals in a park. It gradually accustomed itseild animals in a park. It gradually accustomed itself to the life there, and finally became a real lion. lf to the life there, and finally became a real lion.

This passage tells us thatThis passage tells us that man should treat animal man should treat animals in a friendly way and help them and protect thes in a friendly way and help them and protect them when they are in such a need. It is necessary fom when they are in such a need. It is necessary for man to seek a harmonious relationship with anir man to seek a harmonious relationship with animals.mals.

Unit 14Unit 14

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives After learning this unit, you are required toAfter learning this unit, you are required to master all the new words and employ them master all the new words and employ them

in conversation and writing.in conversation and writing. be able to paraphrase all the topic be able to paraphrase all the topic

sentences in Text 1.sentences in Text 1. be aware of the author’s purpose of writing be aware of the author’s purpose of writing

and grasp the main structure through an and grasp the main structure through an intensive reading of Text 1.intensive reading of Text 1.

have a good understanding of the style of have a good understanding of the style of the text—argumentation, most of which the text—argumentation, most of which consists of three parts: the thesis of the consists of three parts: the thesis of the author, the evidences to support the thesis, author, the evidences to support the thesis, and the summary or conclusion of the and the summary or conclusion of the argument. argument.

Text 1Text 1 The Idiocy of Urban The Idiocy of Urban LifeLife

What are the major differences What are the major differences between city life and country life?between city life and country life?

Where do you prefer to live, in the Where do you prefer to live, in the city or in the country? Please give city or in the country? Please give evidences to support your choice.evidences to support your choice.

This text can be divided into This text can be divided into three parts.three parts.

Part OnePart One (Paragraphs 1-2): In this (Paragraphs 1-2): In this part, the author presents the thesis part, the author presents the thesis of his argument: aggressively of his argument: aggressively individualistic and atomized urban individualistic and atomized urban life today goes against both the life today goes against both the purpose of the city and the human purpose of the city and the human nature, and thus is foolish.nature, and thus is foolish.

Part TwoPart Two (Paragraphs 3-9): In this part, the (Paragraphs 3-9): In this part, the author provides evidences for the idiocy of author provides evidences for the idiocy of urban life. urban life.

Para. 3-4Para. 3-4: discussing the pretense of city : discussing the pretense of city dwellers when they try to live outside the city dwellers when they try to live outside the city boundariesboundaries

Para. 5-6Para. 5-6: putting forward the point that city : putting forward the point that city work is an unreal environmentwork is an unreal environment

Para. 7Para. 7: proving that the city dwellers live and : proving that the city dwellers live and work in an unreal environmentwork in an unreal environment

Para. 8-9Para. 8-9: showing the damage done by the : showing the damage done by the office work to the physical conditions of the office work to the physical conditions of the workersworkers

Part 3 Part 3 (Paragraph 10): In this part, (Paragraph 10): In this part, the writer summarizes the idiocy of the writer summarizes the idiocy of urban life and the ultimate reasons urban life and the ultimate reasons for this phenomenon. On the one for this phenomenon. On the one hand, city dwellers try to simulate hand, city dwellers try to simulate rural life, and on the other hand, rural life, and on the other hand, they disdain and mock this life. they disdain and mock this life.

LanguageLanguage WorkWork civilcivil: polite and formal: polite and formal e.g. His manner was civil, though not particularly e.g. His manner was civil, though not particularly

friendly.friendly.

cruises easily through blinking traffic lightscruises easily through blinking traffic lights: : moves easily through traffic lights and turn red moves easily through traffic lights and turn red and green alternatelyand green alternately

cruise: cruise: (of a vehicle or its driver) travel (at an (of a vehicle or its driver) travel (at an efficient speed)efficient speed)

e.g.1) The plane ise.g.1) The plane is cruising cruising at an altitude of at an altitude of 35,000 feet.35,000 feet.

2) We are planning to spend our retirement 2) We are planning to spend our retirement cruising cruising on luxury liners around the world.on luxury liners around the world.

during an insomniac nightduring an insomniac night: during a : during a sleepless nightsleepless night

The word “insomniac” here is used as a The word “insomniac” here is used as a transferred transferred epithetepithet to modify something inanimate. to modify something inanimate.

More examples of transferred epithet:More examples of transferred epithet: Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to

cause Pettit cause Pettit sleeplesssleepless nights. nights. He threw a He threw a reassuringreassuring arm around my shoulder. arm around my shoulder.

rat racerat race: fierce competition: fierce competition

rubs to somerubs to some: rubs as called by some : rubs as called by some peoplepeople

disdaindisdain: think oneself superior to; reject: think oneself superior to; reject e.g.1) The older musicians e.g.1) The older musicians disdaindisdain the new, the new,

rock-influenced music.rock-influenced music. 2) Our new neighbors seem to be 2) Our new neighbors seem to be

disdainingdisdaining to speak to us. to speak to us.

simulationsimulation: imitation of the conditions of : imitation of the conditions of (a situation etc.); resemblance(a situation etc.); resemblance

e.g. I was quite deceived by her e.g. I was quite deceived by her simulation simulation of sorrow.of sorrow.

simulatesimulate: imitate; give the appearance of : imitate; give the appearance of e.g. In cheap furniture, plastic is often used e.g. In cheap furniture, plastic is often used

toto simulate simulate wood. wood.

in the richer ones further outin the richer ones further out: in the richer suburbs : in the richer suburbs farther away from the city boundary farther away from the city boundary

prim new treesprim new trees: neatly pruned new trees: neatly pruned new trees primprim: 1) neat e.g. a: 1) neat e.g. a prim prim garden garden 2) very formal and correct in behavior and 2) very formal and correct in behavior and

easily easily shocked by anything rudeshocked by anything rude e.g. She is much too e.g. She is much too primprim and proper to go into a and proper to go into a

pub.pub.

frenzyfrenzy: uncontrolled and excited behavior or emotion, : uncontrolled and excited behavior or emotion, which is sometimes violentwhich is sometimes violent

e.g. 1) A gunman killed ten people in a murderous e.g. 1) A gunman killed ten people in a murderous frenzyfrenzy today in that city. today in that city.

2) The audience worked themselves up into a 2) The audience worked themselves up into a frenzy as they waited for the singer to come on stage.frenzy as they waited for the singer to come on stage.

……to the rush-hour traffic into the city there is to the rush-hour traffic into the city there is now added a rush-hour traffic out to the now added a rush-hour traffic out to the suburbs in the morning…suburbs in the morning…

This is a partly inverted sentence, whose normal This is a partly inverted sentence, whose normal order is: order is: there is now a rush-hour traffic out to the there is now a rush-hour traffic out to the suburbs in the morning added to the rush-hour suburbs in the morning added to the rush-hour traffic into the city.traffic into the city.

scandalscandal: 1) something that causes a public feeling : 1) something that causes a public feeling of outrage or indignationof outrage or indignation

e.g. The minister was forced to resign e.g. The minister was forced to resign after a after a scandalscandal involving him and another involving him and another minister’s wife.minister’s wife.

2) malicious gossip2) malicious gossip e.g. Someone must have been spreading e.g. Someone must have been spreading

scandalscandal..

reelreel: move from side to side unsteadily: move from side to side unsteadily e.g.1) At closing time he e.g.1) At closing time he reeledreeled out of the pub and out of the pub and across the road.across the road. 2) She hit him so hard that he2) She hit him so hard that he reeled reeled across across

the the room. room.

the rural life that has been surrendered for the rural life that has been surrendered for the city lightsthe city lights: the rural life that has given way : the rural life that has given way to the city lightsto the city lights

slumping along their streetsslumping along their streets: walking with : walking with stooping head and shoulders along their streetsstooping head and shoulders along their streets

scurryscurry: run or move hurriedly, : run or move hurriedly, especially with short quick stepsespecially with short quick steps

e.g. We alle.g. We all scurried scurried for shelter when for shelter when the storm began.the storm began.

far less the skyfar less the sky: looking at the sky : looking at the sky far less than they did their buildings.far less than they did their buildings.

QuestionsQuestions

What is this text mainly about?What is this text mainly about?

Do you agree with the author’s Do you agree with the author’s thesis?thesis?

Main Ideas of Text 2Main Ideas of Text 2 In the mainstream of American thinking, there In the mainstream of American thinking, there

has been a strong anti-urban attitude. This has been a strong anti-urban attitude. This thinking can be traced back to Thomas Jefferson, thinking can be traced back to Thomas Jefferson, who was the first major thinker to express a who was the first major thinker to express a clear antipathy to city life. All this is relevant not clear antipathy to city life. All this is relevant not only to past attitudes and legislative history, but only to past attitudes and legislative history, but also to the modern history. also to the modern history.

Throughout the text, the author expressed his Throughout the text, the author expressed his dissatisfaction with the current condition of the dissatisfaction with the current condition of the urban life in America and unhappy with the urban life in America and unhappy with the strong anti-urban attitude.strong anti-urban attitude.

Unit 15Unit 15

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this unit, you are supposed By the end of this unit, you are supposed toto

Grasp the author’s purpose of writing and Grasp the author’s purpose of writing and make clear the structure of the whole make clear the structure of the whole passage through an intensive reading of passage through an intensive reading of Text 1Text 1 Dolly’s False LegacyDolly’s False Legacy

comprehend Text 1 thoroughly comprehend Text 1 thoroughly get a list of new words and structures and get a list of new words and structures and

use them freely in conversation and use them freely in conversation and writing.writing.

Compare Text I and Text IICompare Text I and Text II

Text 1 Dolly’s False Text 1 Dolly’s False LegacyLegacy

Topics for discussionTopics for discussion Do you know anything about Dolly, Do you know anything about Dolly,

the first sheep ever cloned in history? the first sheep ever cloned in history? What do you know about cloning What do you know about cloning

technique?technique? What would happen if sometime, What would happen if sometime,

somewhere, someone generated a somewhere, someone generated a cloned human being?cloned human being?

Background InformationBackground Information Photographs of a rather ordinary-lookinPhotographs of a rather ordinary-lookin

g lamb named Dolly made front pages arg lamb named Dolly made front pages around the world because of her starling peound the world because of her starling pedigree: Dolly, unlike any other mammal tdigree: Dolly, unlike any other mammal that has ever lived, is an identical copy of hat has ever lived, is an identical copy of another adult and has no father.? She is a another adult and has no father.? She is a clone, the creation of a group of veterinaclone, the creation of a group of veterinary researchers.ry researchers.

That work, performed by Ian Wilmut aThat work, performed by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute ind his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, has provided an in Edinburgh, Scotland, has provided an important new research tool and has shatmportant new research tool and has shattered a belief widespread among biologitered a belief widespread among biologists that cells from adult mammals cannosts that cells from adult mammals cannot be persuaded to regenerate a whole anit be persuaded to regenerate a whole animal.mal.

Although the Scottish researchers have Although the Scottish researchers have made clear that they would consider it unmade clear that they would consider it unethical to adapt their technique to clone hethical to adapt their technique to clone humans, the demonstration has raised the umans, the demonstration has raised the uncomfortable prospect that others might uncomfortable prospect that others might not be so scrupulous.? Cloning humans wnot be so scrupulous.? Cloning humans would mean that women could in principle ould mean that women could in principle reproduce without any help from men.reproduce without any help from men.

Structural analysis of Text 1 Structural analysis of Text 1 Dolly’s False LegacyDolly’s False Legacy

The passage can be divided into three The passage can be divided into three parts.parts.

Part OnePart One: (Paragraph 1) serves as the : (Paragraph 1) serves as the introduction of the topic of cloning and the introduction of the topic of cloning and the thesis of the essay. That is to say it is thesis of the essay. That is to say it is impossible to apply cloning to humans, today at impossible to apply cloning to humans, today at least. The following questions can be asked:least. The following questions can be asked:

1)1) What does the author think of cloning from What does the author think of cloning from the technical point of view? What evidence the technical point of view? What evidence does he give to support it ?does he give to support it ?

2) What is the main point of the essay? 2) What is the main point of the essay?

Part Two: (Paragraphs 2-12) This Part Two: (Paragraphs 2-12) This part is the body of the essay, where part is the body of the essay, where the author argues against the the author argues against the currently discussed practicality of currently discussed practicality of applying the cloning technique to applying the cloning technique to humans from technical, ethical and humans from technical, ethical and legal perspectives. legal perspectives.

Para. 2-9: refute the reasons for wanting cloned children from ethical or humane viewpoint.

Para. 10-11: argues from the technical angle that cloning is not applicable to humans at present.

Para. 12: presents the difficulty in and necessity for legal controlling of the use of the technique.

Questions to be considered:Questions to be considered:1) What would be the similarities and 1) What would be the similarities and

differences between a cloned child and its differences between a cloned child and its natural twin?natural twin?

2) Is it acceptable, according to the author, 2) Is it acceptable, according to the author, for sterile couples to have a cloned child? for sterile couples to have a cloned child? Why or why not ?Why or why not ?

3) Why is the introduction of cloned children 3) Why is the introduction of cloned children into hypothetical families unacceptable?into hypothetical families unacceptable?

4) What is wrong with the suggestion of 4) What is wrong with the suggestion of cloning a child as a substitute for the one cloning a child as a substitute for the one tragically killed?tragically killed?

5) What is the technical hindrance of using 5) What is the technical hindrance of using the technique to clone humans?the technique to clone humans?

6) What is the author’s point with regard to 6) What is the author’s point with regard to the legal control of the development and the legal control of the development and use cloning?use cloning?

Part Three: (Paragraph 3): This paragraph concludes the essay by

restating the thesis that cloning technique must be used cautiously.

Questions to be considered:1) At what development stage is the cloning

technique today?2) What is the author’s attitude towards

cloning?

Language pointsLanguage points Overlooked in the arguments about

the morality of artificially reproducing life is the fact that , at present, cloning is a very inefficient procedure.

This is an inverted sentence, and its normal order is: “The fact that at present, cloning is a very inefficient procedure is overlooked in the argument.”.

Overlooked : . fail to notice; ignore or disregard forgive; tolerate

E.g. We will overlook your bad behavior this time, but don’t do it again.

provide a view from above

E.g. Our hotel room overlooked the harbor.

Distressing : upsetting The television reports about the famine were parti

cularly distressing.

render (a formal word)? vt. 1) V+ O +C(adj.):? to cause sb./ sth. to become… It must have rendered him unconscious for a cons

iderable period. E.g. His rudeness rendered me speechless. He has been influential in shaping economic

policy. 2) translate She is rendering the book into English from Frenc

h.

Perfect : Make something completely free from faults

or defects, or as close to such a condition as possible

He is keen to perfect his golfing technique.

intrusion : the action of intruding intrude :

introduce into a situation with disruptive or adverse effect

E.g. Inefficiency has introduced into every area of the company’s activities.

Impose: 1)lay on The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in

the city parks. 2) enforce compliance with We need to impose some kind of order on the

way we do things in the office.

fondly with a great liking She smiled fondly at the children.

Frame create or formulate (a concept, plan, or system)

in the event of if something should happen In the event of a strike, the army will take over responsibility for firefighting.

reverse firefighting. turn something the other way round or inside out I was almost knocked off my bike by a car reversing

out of a garage.

.

Champion: defend; support He has championed constitutional reform for

many years.

enforcement: the action of compelling observance of or

compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation)She’s looking for a career in law enforcement

enforce compel obedience to It isn’t always easy for the police to enforce

speed limits.

Main ideas of Text 2 Main ideas of Text 2 Quietly, Animal Cloning Speeds Quietly, Animal Cloning Speeds

OnwardOnward Compare Text A and Text B in this unit to Compare Text A and Text B in this unit to

see where the two authors differ from eacsee where the two authors differ from each other in their attitude towards cloning.h other in their attitude towards cloning.

In text I, the author is obviously dubious abIn text I, the author is obviously dubious about cloning. This can be proved by his use of thout cloning. This can be proved by his use of the words and expressions that carry negative mee words and expressions that carry negative meanings, e.g.: anings, e.g.: false legacyfalse legacy in the title, in the title, very ineffivery inefficient procedure, … incidence of death.. higher, cient procedure, … incidence of death.. higher, distressing enoughdistressing enough, and , and unthinkableunthinkable in the text. in the text. His strong objection to whole-being cloning ca His strong objection to whole-being cloning can be seen in many statements such as n be seen in many statements such as Even if tEven if the technique were perfect..he technique were perfect... in Paragraph 2, . in Paragraph 2, EvEvery child should be wanted for itselfery child should be wanted for itself… in Parag… in Paragraph 9, and … raph 9, and … we must use it cautiouslywe must use it cautiously in Para in Paragraph 13graph 13

Unit 16Unit 16

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this unit, you are supposed tBy the end of this unit, you are supposed t

o o grasp the author’s purpose of writing and grasp the author’s purpose of writing and

make clear the structure of the whole passamake clear the structure of the whole passage through an intensive reading of Text 1 ge through an intensive reading of Text 1 TThe Story of an Eyewitnesshe Story of an Eyewitness

comprehend Text 1 thoroughlycomprehend Text 1 thoroughly

Text 1. The Story of an Text 1. The Story of an EyewitnessEyewitness

Topics for discussionTopics for discussion

What do you think is the most destructive natural What do you think is the most destructive natural disaster?disaster?

What is the biggest natural disaster you have expWhat is the biggest natural disaster you have experienced?erienced?

Background InformationBackground Information

The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 ranks as one of the most significant ranks as one of the most significant earthquakes of all time. Rupturing the earthquakes of all time. Rupturing the northernmost 430 kilometers of the San northernmost 430 kilometers of the San Andreas fault from northwest of San Juan Andreas fault from northwest of San Juan Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Mendocino, the earthquake confounded Mendocino, the earthquake confounded contemporary geologists with its large, contemporary geologists with its large, horizontal displacements and great rupture horizontal displacements and great rupture length.length.

Violent shocks punctuated the strong Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking shaking

which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada.central Nevada.

Casualties and damage after the earthquakeCasualties and damage after the earthquake

1).1).Dead - More than 3,000 Dead - More than 3,000

2). Homeless - 225,000 2). Homeless - 225,000

3).Buildings Destroyed - 28,000 3).Buildings Destroyed - 28,000

4). Monetary Loss - More than $400 million 4). Monetary Loss - More than $400 million

An integrated Analysis of Text An integrated Analysis of Text 1 The Story of an Eyewitness1 The Story of an Eyewitness

The passage can be divided into three parts.The passage can be divided into three parts. Part One: (Paragraphs 1-3) gives a brief introduction to Part One: (Paragraphs 1-3) gives a brief introduction to

what happened in San Francisco in 1906.what happened in San Francisco in 1906.

The following questions may be asked:The following questions may be asked: Why does the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, Why does the San Francisco earthquake of April 18,

1906 rank among the most destructive earthquake of 1906 rank among the most destructive earthquake of all time?all time?

What rhetorical devices did the author use to describe What rhetorical devices did the author use to describe the damage to all sections of San Francisco in the damage to all sections of San Francisco in Paragraph 2 ?Paragraph 2 ?

Which brought more destructive damage to the city, Which brought more destructive damage to the city, the earthquake or the following conflagration? the earthquake or the following conflagration?

Part Two: (Paragraphs 4-13) This part Part Two: (Paragraphs 4-13) This part tells the reader in more detail what the tells the reader in more detail what the author witnessed on Wednesday author witnessed on Wednesday morning, afternoon and night.morning, afternoon and night.

Questions to be considered:How did the author describe the day of the

earthquake?Morning – 5:15 came the earthquake, flames were

leaping upward, fires started, streets were humped into ridges and depressions, steel rails were twisted, telephone and telegraph systems were disrupted.

Afternoon—half the heart of the city was gone, it was dead calm, strong winds were blowing upon the doomed city, heated air rising made an enormous suck.

Night – the very heart of the city was destroyed, dynamite was used, structures were crumbled by man himself into ruins, firefighters fought the flames. Wednesday night was a quiet night, no crowds , no hysteria, no disorder.

Why do you think there was “no opposing the flaWhy do you think there was “no opposing the flames”, “no organization, no communication”, mes”, “no organization, no communication”, “no withstanding the onrush of the flames” after “no withstanding the onrush of the flames” after the earthquake and the fire occurred?the earthquake and the fire occurred?

What is “the cunning adjustments of a 20th centurWhat is “the cunning adjustments of a 20th century city” and what are “the shrewd contrivances any city” and what are “the shrewd contrivances and safeguards of man”?d safeguards of man”?

What is the main idea of Paragraph 7?What is the main idea of Paragraph 7? How did the people of San Francisco behave? Why How did the people of San Francisco behave? Why

was this so remarkable?was this so remarkable? According to the author, why did those trunks breaAccording to the author, why did those trunks brea

k many men’s heart?k many men’s heart? What did the picket lines do ?What did the picket lines do ?

Part Three: (Para. 14-16): This part describes what happened the next day, that is to say how the very heart of the doomed city was being completely destroyed by the spreading fire and why the surrender was complete.

Questions to be considered: What are the differences between the

scene of the very heart of the city at 9:00?

Did people try to fight against the fire? Why does the author say “surrender

was complete”?

Language pointsLanguage points

shake downshake down cause to descend by shaking; bring dowcause to descend by shaking; bring dow

nn

conflagration conflagration an extensive fire which destroys a great an extensive fire which destroys a great

deal of land or propertydeal of land or property

this lurid tower swayed in the sky, reddening the sun, darkening the day, and filling land with smoke…

… the fire, moving back and forth slowly, make the sun redder and sky darker and covered the land with smoke.

There was no opposing the flames. There was o organization, no communication.:

It was impossible to oppose the flames, and it was impossible to organize any battles against the fire or communicate with other people

All the cunning adjustments of a 20th city had been smashed by the earthquake.

Human ingenuity enabled people t make all kinds of adjustments ot nature. However, the achievements of their efforts had been completely destroyed by the earthquake

The streets were humped into ridges and depressions..

The streets were no long smooth after the earthquake…

perpendicular: at an angle of 90o to a given line, plane, or surface

horizontal: parallel t the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical

The heated air rising made an enormous suck.

It is commonly known that the hot air will rise up while the cold air goes down, which forms the air current.

Thus did the fire of itself build its own colossal chimney through the atmosphere.

The fire automatically followed the heated air rising to the atmosphere, in the same way as the smoke and fire go up through the chimney.

Panic-striken Overcome with, characterized by , or resulting from f

ear or panic a panic-striking mother looking for her child

Lighten up Lessen the road

Before the march of the flames were flung picket lines of soldiers.

The soldiers were sent to keep the crowds of people moving before the march of the flames.

a heart-breaking hill a steep hill that breaks man’s heart

compelcompel

force, or drive, especially to a course of actionforce, or drive, especially to a course of action

His horse was played out when a day’s hunting His horse was played out when a day’s hunting was over.was over.

soft members of the middle classsoft members of the middle class

those people in the middle class who were those people in the middle class who were weak both in body and spirit because of lack of weak both in body and spirit because of lack of effort or challengeeffort or challenge

at a disadvantage at a disadvantage

in an unfavorable circumstance or condition in an unfavorable circumstance or condition

TEXT II TEXT II Memories of the San Memories of the San Francisco Earthquake and FireFrancisco Earthquake and Fire

Compare Text II with Text I in this unit , the autCompare Text II with Text I in this unit , the author of Text I looks at the destruction caused by hor of Text I looks at the destruction caused by the earthquake from the perspective of an adult the earthquake from the perspective of an adult whereas the author of Text II does it from the pwhereas the author of Text II does it from the perspective of a child. Try to find their differencerspective of a child. Try to find their differences in attitude towards what they witness.es in attitude towards what they witness.

In Text II, you can find a change of attitude on the part of an eight-year-old child in the following expressions and clauses: excited (Paragraph 4), was curious to see the nearest fire (Paragraph 6), saw many things that entertained (Paragraph 9), the gravity of the situation (Paragraph 14), sorry that others did not have the same transportation (Paragraph 17), realize as never before the importance of food, shelter and protection. (Paragraph 18).

In Text I , however, there is no such change of attitude on the part of the author because Jack London was old enough to know the gravity of the situation as soon as the earthquake began.

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