Unit 1Unit 1Chapters. 1 & 13Chapters. 1 & 13

General and Inquiry General and Inquiry ScienceScience

1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 13.1, 13.21.1, 1.2, 1.3, 13.1, 13.2

What is Science?What is Science?

A search of answers to questions about the natural world. observation

What is Biology?What is Biology? Study of life.

Bio = life ology = study of To be considered ALIVE: an organism must

posses these characteristics: Take in Energy, Metabolism. Get rid of Waste. Grow and Develop. Respond to their Environment. Reproduce and pass their traits(DNA)

onto their offspring. Evolve (Adapatation) in response to their

environment.

3. Organizational levels 3. Organizational levels of lifeof lifeA. *Atoms – smallest basic unit of matter.B. *Molecules or Compounds – two or more

elements.c. *Organelles – structures that perform specific

functions.

D. CellsD. Cells

Contain DNA – chemical responsible for inheritance. DNA contains Genes, which are instructions designed to carry out the function of inheritance.

FYI - FYI -

i. Tissues i. Tissues

Group of cells that are functionally and structurally similar.

ii. ii. Organs Organs Two of more tissues working together that perform a specific function.

iii. Organ iii. Organ systemssystems

Two or more organs working together to perform a specific function.

E. E. Organisms Organisms

i. Each individual organism is considered a distinct form of life (species)

i. Organization of similar species = classification

Breakdown of Diversity Breakdown of Diversity of lifeof life

JUST FYI - JUST FYI - 5200 species of bacteria 8600 species of birds 30,000 species of fish 280,000 species of plants 1,000,000 species of insects 1000’s of species of amphibians,

reptiles and mammals

F. F. Populations Populations

Individual organisms of the same species living together in the same area.

G. G. Community Community Interactions of two or more different

populations that inhabit a particular area.

h. h. Ecosystem Ecosystem

Where living and non-living different communities interact within the same area.

2 Two factors associated with ecosystems; Abiotic – nonliving Biotic – living

www.gogolearn.com/science/

I. Biomes

Regional areas of the world that have similar climates.

J. Biosphere

Consists of all parts of the biodiversity on earth, including the atmosphere.

4. Diversity of life• Life is divided into 2 divisions; Prokaryote or Eukaryote

and 3 major domains:

a. Archaea• Oldest known organisms on earth

– Roughly 3.6 BILLION years ago (3,600,000,000 years ago!)

• Live in extreme environments

• Prokayotes - unicellular

b. Bacteria

• Live in common envoronments

• Prokaryotic – unicellular – Kingdom Monera

• Found in the guts of animals, with roots, used as medicine, made into antibiotics

iii. Eukaryotic• Multicellular organisms

• Ex. Animals

plants

fungi

protists

www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/n100/2k43domainnotes.html

6. Engineering Design6. Engineering Design

Scientific InquiryScientific Inquiry

a.a. What is scientific inquiry?What is scientific inquiry?i.i. Process to find an answer to a Process to find an answer to a

problem/observation about the environment problem/observation about the environment in which we live in.in which we live in.

ii.ii. Scientific method is a tool.Scientific method is a tool.

b.b. Discovery Science Discovery Science Describing of natural structures or processes Describing of natural structures or processes

of the natural world through observations and of the natural world through observations and inference ((analysis (data collection).inference ((analysis (data collection).

i.i. ObservationObservation – gathering of information using your – gathering of information using your senses. senses.

ii.ii. InferenceInference – logical conclusion based on – logical conclusion based on observation and evidence. observation and evidence.

Assumed truth. Assumed truth.

- can an Inference change?- can an Inference change?

Video:Video:

c. c. Steps of the Scientific Method Steps of the Scientific Method

i.i. ObservationObservation

Observe an event using our senses.Observe an event using our senses. Research info of the event.Research info of the event.

ii. Construct a ii. Construct a HypothesisHypothesis

1.1. It is a It is a predictionprediction of the outcome and should be of the outcome and should be written as an written as an ““If…. ThenIf…. Then”” statement. statement.

The The ““IfIf”” will become part of your hypothesis will become part of your hypothesis The The ““ThenThen”” should represent the should represent the ““expectedexpected”” outcome of the outcome of the

experimentexperiment

2.2. Can be disproved by a single experiment.Can be disproved by a single experiment.

3.3. Only useful if it can be tested.Only useful if it can be tested.

iii. iii. ExperimentExperiment 1.1. You write out a procedure that will test your hypothesis.You write out a procedure that will test your hypothesis.2.2. Designed to test the effect of a Designed to test the effect of a single variable single variable which is which is

used to eliminate other variables.used to eliminate other variables.3.3. What are Variables in an experiment:What are Variables in an experiment:

Control - Control - a part of the experiment that does not change a part of the experiment that does not change and is used for and is used for comparisoncomparison..

Independent variableIndependent variable – any part of the experiment that is – any part of the experiment that is changedchanged by the scientist doing the experiment. by the scientist doing the experiment.Ex. – Ex. – timetime (minutes, seconds, hours), (minutes, seconds, hours), datesdates, , depthdepth (meters, feet) (meters, feet)1.1. Labeled on the X-axis or horizontal axis Labeled on the X-axis or horizontal axis

Dependent variableDependent variable – the part of the experiment that is – the part of the experiment that is affectedaffected by the independent variable. by the independent variable.Ex. This is usually a quantity valueEx. This is usually a quantity valueu Labeled on the Y-axis or vertical axisLabeled on the Y-axis or vertical axis

Independent Variable

Dependent variable

affects

iv. iv. Analysis – (observation)Analysis – (observation)

iv. iv. AnalysisAnalysis concon’’tt Types of graphsTypes of graphs

LineLine – useful for showing changes that occur – useful for showing changes that occur over over TIMETIME, shows relationships between , shows relationships between variablesvariables

BarBar – used to show comparisons of a set of – used to show comparisons of a set of measurements, amounts or changes.measurements, amounts or changes.

Circle/PieCircle/Pie - shows how a part of a something - shows how a part of a something relates to the whole.relates to the whole.

HistogramHistogram – number of occurrences that occur – number of occurrences that occur during an eventduring an event

v. v. ConclusionConclusion 1.1. Explanation is based upon the data collected, Explanation is based upon the data collected,

explains why your hypothesis is supported or explains why your hypothesis is supported or rejected.rejected.

2.2. If the hypothesis is supported. Then it becomes a If the hypothesis is supported. Then it becomes a THEORYTHEORY. If the hypothesis is . If the hypothesis is notnot supported, then supported, then you must rewrite the hypothesis and retest.you must rewrite the hypothesis and retest.

a.a. Theory Theory - widely accepted explanation of natural - widely accepted explanation of natural phenomena, that has stood up to phenomena, that has stood up to thorough and continual testing.thorough and continual testing.

b. b. Law/factLaw/fact – will always occur under certain – will always occur under certain conditions.conditions.

7. Animal Behavior A. Animal behavior

Study of how an animal interacts with its environment.

Circadian rhythm – organisms internal “biological clock”

B. Environment affects behavior Animals have

programmed into their genetics learned behavior – INNATE BEHAVIOR

FAP – fixed action pattern – animal will complete the action

C. Learned behavior Imprinting – learned behavior at a particular

age due to sight, vocal or touch of 1st experience.

Conditioning – stimulus or response linked to a reward or punishment. Pavlov’s conditioning

Insight – ability to respond to a new situation without previous experience. Ex. Octopus

D. Homeostasis – process which internal conditions are stable.

Works by negative feedback – responds to conditions

E. Biotechnology – use and application of living things and biological processes. Microorganisms, medicine, agriculture, forensic

science, ethics of use E. Biodiversity – variety of life in biosphere

Observation

Hypothesis

Experiment

Analysis

Research

Report results

dd. Cells. Cells1. Basic unit of structure and function of ALL living

organisms.

o Cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope.o Organisms are divided into unicellular or

multicellular organisms.o Plant and animal cellso Multicellular organisms have specialized cells that

perform specific functions.

2. Contain DNA – chemical responsible for inheritance. DNA contains Genes, which are instructions designed to carry out the function of inheritance.