Unit 04 Police- History, Structure and Role4
Transcript of Unit 04 Police- History, Structure and Role4
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2002 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Introduction to Criminal Justice 2002Unit 4 Police: History, Structure andRole
Slides Prepared by:Larry Bassi
SUNY College at BrockportModified by:
Hal NeesMetropolitan State College of Denver
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Early English Police:The Pledge System
Families banded together for protection. People raised the hue and cry to warn others of trouble
and to pursue criminals. Tithings were formed (10 families). Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred
supervised by a constable. Hundreds banded together to form shires supervised bythe shire reeve.
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The Watch System: 13th Century
More formalthan the pledge system. Employed watchmento protect propertyagainst fire and robbery. Justice of the peaceestablished and given
judicial duties. Constablesserved as assistants to justices ofthe peace.
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18th Century English Policing Industrial Revolution takes place and crime
dramatically increases. London experiments with different kinds of
policing. In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act (MPA)is
passed in Parliament while Sir Robert Peel isHome Secretary.
The MPA creates the first organized policeforce of over 1,000 men.
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Mandates of the MetropolitanPolice Act
Prevent crime without using repressiveforce.
Maintain public order by nonviolent means. To reduce conflict between the public and
the police. To show efficiency through the absence ofcrime.
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American Colonial Experience County Sheriffwas the most important lawenforcement person.
Investigated complaints Ran the jail Collected taxes, supervised elections
Town marshal, aided by others, wasresponsible for urban areas.
Vigilante groupsused to eradicate somesocial problems.
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19th Century American Policing
Development of police agencies prompted bymob violence. Gentry feared restlessness of the underclass. Gin became a major substance abuseproblem. Fear of urban street crime produced demandsfor greater police protection.
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19th Century American Policing Police were incompetent, disliked and
corrupt.
Primary functions were to:
serve as enforcement powers for reigningpolitical powers
protect private property control the rising number of foreign
immigrants
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20th Century American Policing
Technological advancements telegraph boxes, motorcycles and police cars
Local, state and federal crime commissions Public concern about police corruption led toreform efforts
Major movements in policing:
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POLICE
PROFESSIONALISM
20th Century Reform
The first professional police organization,
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)was formed in 1893. It was the leading voice in policereform during the first two decades of the twentieth
century.
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The Professional Era in AmericanPolicing
Expert officers Autonomous departments No external political influence Self-ruling departments Administrative efficiency Impartial, uniform enforcement of law
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Six Elements of ProfessionalPolicing
The force should stay out of politics. Members should be well-trained, disciplined and
tightly organized. Laws should be equally enforced. Forces should use new technology. Personnel procedures should be based on merit. The main task of policing is crime fighting.
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Policing the 1960s and Change
Civil unrest and Vietnam Growing crime rates Supreme Court decisions Desire for more educated officers
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Policing in the 1970s
Emphasis on good police-community
relationships. Federal assistance to local and state
agencies to fight the war on crime.
Recruitment and promotion of womenand minorities increased.
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Policing the 1980s
Concepts of community and problem orientedpolicing emerged. Police unions grew. Governments faced fiscal constraints andforced budget cutbacks in policing. Riots and brutality claims led to anexamination of traditional police practicesand role.
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17,000 Law Enforcement Agencies in theUnited States Today
3,088 sheriffs departments
13,578 municipal police agencies
1,316 special police forces
49 state police
50 federal law enforcement agencies
135 Native American tribal police agencies
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Municipal Police
Have majority of
personnel NYPD is largest
Large & small
departments havesame functions
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County Law Enforcement
Either the County Sheriffs Department(most common) or County PoliceDepartment Responsible for:
law enforcement local corrections (jail) civil law authority court-related duties
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State Police Agencies Texas Rangers was one of
the first state agenciesformed.
Responsible for: Highway safety Law enforcement in
various areas Technical support toother agencies
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Federal Law Enforcement Numerous agencies, found in a variety of
departments of federal government. No single agency has unlimited jurisdiction. Most agencies have primarily investigative
functions. Function of each agency is determined by specific
laws.
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U.S. Treasury Department
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Controls sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes and
illegal sales, importation & criminal misuses of firearmsand explosives.
Internal Revenue Service Enforces violations of income, excise, stamp and other
tax laws. Often involved with a variety of types ofcrimes from a tax point of view.
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U.S. Treasury Department
U.S. Customs Service Guards points of entry into the U.S. and prevents
smuggling of contraband into and out of thecountry.
U. S. Secret Service Enforces laws against counterfeiting Protects the President, VP and others Maintains the White House Police Force
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Fundamental Questions AboutHow Police are Organized in the
U. S.Do all communities in
America deserve the
same kind and level ofpolice service?
Are there too many
police agenciesin America?
Would it be more
efficient to have fewersmall and more large
police departments?
Can all policedepartments achieve
professional competency?
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Municipal Police Agencies
Law Enforcement
Order Maintenance Community Service
The greatest number of police agencies in Americaare found at the municipal level and all share thesame basic goals.
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Watchman Style
Nonbureaucratic, informal style ofpolicing
Officers focus on caretaking andmaintaining order
Discretionary decision-making iscommon
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Legalistic Style
Emphasizes: Formal criminal law enforcementReduction of discretionary decision-making
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Service Style Takes requests for
service seriouslyregardless of what theystem from, e.g.providing informationor criminalactivity
Can IHelp You?
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How Much Trust Do You Have for thePolice?
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The Changing Role of Police
Increased need to
be fiscally responsible.
New kinds of law toenforce and crimes
to investigate.
Increased use
of civilians
in various positions.Decentralization of some police
services and
increased sensitivity to community
needs.
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Technological ChangesIncreased use of DNA profiling
Use of newscientific
applications in
all phases of investigation
Exploiting new
communication
technologies
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The Use of
ComputerizedMapping in Crime
Control. A section of aSan Diego PoliceDepartment Unit
DMAP shows narcoticarrests for December1991.
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Computer-generated Composites forIdentifying Suspects
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Private Policing and Security Hallcrest Report
By the year 2000, there will be 750,000 contract guardsand 410,000 proprietary security forces
Recommendations: upgrade employee quality create statewide regulatory bodies mandatory personnel training transferring some police functions
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Private
Security versusLawEnforcement
(Employmentand Spending)
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The End