Unit 00...G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd ˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl LØp SÙu...

$: Unit 00...G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd ˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs ˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙu Guﬂm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu. Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo,$
Yœl◊

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), LW[m

2015

˙U≤˚X ÿRXÙm Bi”

£\l◊jR™r

XI

HIGHER SECONDARY COURSE

TAMIL - OPTIONAL

First Year

˙RNıV LˆRm

_] LQ U] ARıSÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

TgNÙT £k’ œ_WÙR UWÙhPÙ

RıWÙYıP EjLX TeLÙ

YıkRıV aıUÙNX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ

EfNX _XRı RWeLÙ

RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L

RY —T BNı^ UÙ˙L

LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ

_] LQ UeL[ RÙVL _V ˙a

TÙWR TÙdV YıRÙRÙ

_V ˙a! _V ˙a! _V ˙a!

_V _V _V _V ˙a!

˛ ULÙLÆ CW≈kßWSÙj RÙ·o

EflRı˘UÙZı

CkRıVÙ G]’ SÙ”. CkRıVo A˚]Y⁄m G]’ EPuTı\k˙RÙo.

G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd°˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkRTpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl ◊LØp SÙu ˘T⁄˚U˘LÙs°˙\u. ARtœjRL SÙuGuflm SPk’˘LÙs˙Yu.

Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo, BNıÙıVo, Íj˙RÙo CYoL˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu.

GpXÙ⁄P‡m SÙu Ti◊Pu TZœ˙Yu. G]’ SÙh•≤Pÿm SÙh”UdL∞Pÿm TdßŸPu C⁄l˙Tu G] Eflß ·fl°˙\u. AYoL∞uSXjß¤m Y[jß¤mRÙu G]’ CuTÿm APe°´⁄d°\’.

Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala.

Website www.scert.kerala.gov.in e-mail [email protected]

Typeset and design by SCERT Computer Lab

To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2014

UÙQYf ˘NpYeL˙[!

GuT’ L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jßtLÙ] J⁄ L⁄ÆUh”Uu± SU’ YÙrÆu J⁄ TœßVÙL‹m Æ[eœ°u\’. EX°p Es[ GjR˚]˙VÙ ˘UÙØL∞p™L‹m Y[™dL ˘UÙØVÙLj ßLrY’ R™r ˘UÙØVÙœm. UÙØdLpÆ SU’ TiTÙ”, L˚X, CXd°VeL˚[ A±k’˘LÙs[ ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm Y˚L´pA˚UV ˙Yi”m. UÙQYoLs ClTÙPËpYÙ´XÙLl Tp˙Yfl CXd°Vl TœßL˚[d Ltfljß\u ˘Tflm Y˚L´p ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim ˘UÙØlT´t£Ÿm ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CYt˚\d LtœmUÙQYu ˘UÙØjß\‡Pu LtT˚]j ß\˚]ŸmCXd°V Bt\˚XŸm ˘T\ ˙Yi”m. Uh”Uu±,LÙX LhPjßtœ HtT ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”jR‹mCkËp Efl’˚Q ◊¨Ÿm GuTßp IV™p˚X.˘UÙØj ˘RÙPoTÙ] Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L∞p YpX˚U˘Ttflj ßLrYRtœm CkËp YØYœdœm. CR˚]ÿ˚\VÙLd Ltfll TVu A˚PV YÙrj’°˙\u.

YÙrj’Ls,

˙TWÙ£¨Vo ˙L.H. aÙµmCVdœSo

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]mß⁄Y]kR◊Wm

˘UÙØ

extbook Development Committee

Textbook Development Team

STD XI TAMIL - OPTIONAL

Members

Jasmine J., HSST,Govt.Tamil V & HSS & TTI ,Chalai, Tvpm.

Dr. Jeyakrishnan, HOD,Dept.of Tamil, .University of Kerala,Tvpm.

Dr. Karunanithi M., HSST, Govt.Tamil V & HSS & TTI ,Chalai, Tvpm.

Dr. Manickaraj , Asst.Prof,University College,Palayam, Tvpm.

Singh M. B., HSA (Rtd), Govt.Tamil V & HSS & TTI ,Chalai, Tvpm.

Dr.Santhi P., Asst.Prof,University College,Tvpm.

Dr. Vijayalakshmi T., Asst.Prof. ,Dept.of Tamil ,University of Kerala,Tvpm.

Experts

Dr. Doctor Nazeemdeen, Prof.,(Rtd.), Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Gomathy nayagam, E., Guest Lecturer. University of Madras, Chennai.

Dr. Kanchana, Prof. & Head, (Rtd.), University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Nainar. M., Reader., (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Parasuraman, T., Prof., PILC, Pondicherry.

Dr. Rajaram, S., Prof.,(Rtd.), Tamil University, Thanjavur.

Dr. Ratnasabapathy, P., Prof.(Rtd.), Chennai.

Dr. Sethupandian Prof., M.K. University Madurai.

Dr. Veerappan, P., Prof., (Rtd.), NCERT, Mysore.

Artists

Muthuraj, Artist ,Kozhinjampara,Palakkad

Siva Kumar, Artist, Kozhinjampara, Palakkad.

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas D., Research Officer, SCERT.

State Council of Educational Research and Training(SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012.

AX-œ 1. LÆ˚Rf £™r .................................. .... 7 ˛ 23

l UÙ‡Pm ......................................................................................... 8

l A±‹............................................................................................... 15

l œ⁄Ædœ ˙Yi”˙LÙs .......................................... 17

l A±ÿL ˙SÙd°p ˚a·....................................... 20

AX-œ 2. ÆWp ÷≤´p EXLm........................ 24 ˛ 55

l C˚QVÿm CXd°Vÿm ...................................... 25

l Tf˚N YVp ............................................................................. 32

l T¨—jR Au©p øk’m ¡uLs ..................... 39

l TÙ¤U˙LkßWÙ‹Pu £X˘SÙ•Ls................. 44

AX-œ 3. ˘RÙu˚U .................................................. 56 ˛ 71

l ˘UÙØ ............................................................................................... 57

l R™rÆ” Á’ ........................................................................ 64

l G’ R™rf ˘NpYm......................................................... 65

l GeLs R™r............................................................................. 67

l ˘UÙØ´V≠p J≠´Vp.......................................... 69

AX-œ 4. Ui¶u UQm .................................... 78 ˛ 113

l Ru]u]Ù˙] ....................................................................... 79

l ˘TÙu≤\jRÙs L˚R................................................... 88

l IYo WÙNÙdLs L˚R ....................................................... 90

l TZ˘UÙØŸm S˚Lf—˚YŸm .............................. 93

l ˙RÙpTÙ˚Yd L˚XO⁄Pu J⁄SÙs........ 98

l TÙm◊! TÙm◊! ............................................................................ 110

AX-œ 5. TZ˚UŸm C≤˚UŸm ..................... 114 - 131

l Gh”m Tj’m......................................................................... 115

l —P˘WÙ∞....................................................................................... 128

AL-W-ÿ-R≠ ..................................................................... 132

EsEsEsEsEs [[[[[ PPPPP ddddd LLLLL mmmmm

AX-œ 1

LÆ˚Rf £™r

Cu] Y•Æp CjR˚] Y¨L∞p

ClT•jRÙu C⁄dL˙Yi”˘Uu\ CXdLQ UW˚T

E˚Pj˘R±k’ Y¤YÙ] L⁄jRÙZUÙ] Y¨L∞p Y•lT˙R

◊’dLÆ˚R. Lh”lTÙh”dœs ALlTPÙUp YÙNL≤u YÙ£l◊d

˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’Ls A˚Ukß⁄lT˙R ◊’dLÆ˚R. ’s[p S˚P´p

˘NÙt£XmTÙhPm B”Y’ UW◊dLÆ˚R; T•Um, œ±¬”, TuÿL

YÙ£l©p ALÆØ ß\dL YØLÙh”Y’ ◊’dLÆ˚R.

v T˚Pl◊L∞p ˚LVÙ[lT”m EjßL˚[BZUÙLl ◊¨k’˘LÙi”, TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’,Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.

v LÆ˚RL˚[j ß\]Ùn‹ ˘NnRp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.

8

YÙrd-˚L-˘Vp-XÙm Tt-fl G›-ß-V-Y˙]!Eu Te-œd-œ J⁄ YW-YÙ-Y-’

˚Yj-’-Æh-”l ˙TÙ!

CkRl È™d-œJ⁄ ©f-˚Nd-LÙ-W-]Ù-L˙Y Yk-RÙnJ⁄ LP-]Ù-∞-VÙ-L˙Y

NÙLl ˙TÙ°-\Ù-VÙ?

Gu-‡-˚P-V-’ Gu-flø E¨˚U ˘LÙi-PÙ-”m G’-‹m

Eu-‡-˚P-V-RpXEu EPp

Eu ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ChP ©f˚NEu —YÙ-Nm

ø LÙt-±-Pm YÙe-°V LPu

ø —˚YjR YÙrd˚LTX ˙R…d-Ls ßWh-• ˚YjR˙Ru Gu-T˚R A±-YÙ-VÙ?

T£jR ˙TÙ˘Rp-XÙmÈ™-´u UÙo-©p TÙp œ•j-RÙ˙V!

BŸs ÿ›-’mIk-’ ©f-˚Nl TÙj-ß-We-L-∞p

YÙe° Ei-PÙ˙V!

GRt-LÙ-Y-’ Æ˚X ˘LÙ”j-RÙ-VÙ?YÙP-˚L-VÙ-Y-’ Rk-R-’i-PÙ?Su-±-VÙ-Y-’- ˘N-¤j-ß-]Ù-VÙ?

˙ULj-ßu ø˚W-ŸmNk-ßW „¨V Æ[d-œ-L-˚[-Ÿm

TVu-T-”j-ß-]Ù˙V!Lh-P-Qm Lh-•-V-’i-PÙ?

UÙ‡Pm

Tt-fl YW‹

9

A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u

ß⁄-U-Qe-L-fid-œ Yk-’

Æ⁄k-’i-PÙ˙V!

˘UÙn G›-ß-]Ù-VÙ?

NÍ-Lm Lh-•V

·˚W-L-∞u A•-´p

œ•-´-⁄k-R-Y˙]!

"æ' ÆTj-’ SPk-R-˙TÙ-’

Eu Te-œd-œ J⁄ YÙ∞ øWÙ-Y-’

≈£-]Ù-VÙ?

Eu ÿu-˙]Ù-¨u Sß-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’

Eu YVp-L-fid-œ

øo TÙnf-£d ˘LÙi-P-Y˙]!

"˘Ys-[m' L˚W-Ÿ-˚Pj-R-˙TÙ-’

J⁄ Rh-PÙ-Y-’

Ui —Uk-RÙ-VÙ?

A±-ÿ-Lm Cp-XÙR ˚LL-[Ùp

Li-Ωo ’˚Pd-Ll-Th-P-Y˙]!

NL U≤-R-≤u

J⁄ Li-Ωoj ’∞-˚V-VÙ-Y-’

ø ’˚Pj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ù-VÙ?

VÙ˙WÙ Ft-±V øWÙp

◊u-]˚L Èj-R-Y˙]!

J⁄ LÙnkR ERh-•-XÙ-Y-’

ø ◊u-]- L˚V UXoj-ß- -⁄d-°-\Ù-VÙ?

Gu] E\‹ Eu E\-‹?

YÙe-L˚X Uh-”m ˘Nn-RÙ˙V!

˘LÙ”d-L-˚Xf ˘Nn-RÙ-VÙ?

Gk-Rd ˚LVÙ˙XÙ

—Po Ht-\l-Th-P-Y˙]!

J⁄ Æ[d-˚L-VÙ-Y-’

G’ ◊’dLÆ˚R?

CXdLQf ˘Ne˙LÙp

VÙl◊f £mUÙN]m

G’˚Ll TpXdœ

˙UÙ˚]j ˘Ru\p

R≤˘UÙØf ˙N˚]

Ti•R TY≤

C˚Y G’‹™pXÙR

L⁄j’dLs

Rm˚UjRÙ˙U

B[dLtfld ˘LÙiP

◊ßV UdL[Ùh£

ÿ˚\˙V ◊’dLÆ˚R

- --ÿ. ˙UjRÙ

10

ø Ht-±-Æh-”l TÙL Yi-PÙ-UÙ?

˘UÙj-R-UÙ-Lf ˘Nj-’l ˙TÙ°-\Ùn

˘LÙg-Nm £p-X-˚\-VÙ-L-YÙ-Y-’

ø Ce˙L C⁄dL ˙Yi-PÙ-UÙ?

UW-Qd LÙt-±p

J⁄ Æ[d-˚Ll ˙TÙp

A˚Qk-’ ˙TÙLÙ˙R!

Ko F’-Yj-ß-˚Vl ˙TÙp

˘LÙg-Nm Sfl-U-Q-UÙ-Y-’

Æh-” Æh-”l ˙TÙ!

Eu NÙÆp NÙm-T˚X ApX

˘S⁄l˚T Æh-”f ˘Np!

Ui-¶p J⁄ LÙVj˚R ApX

J⁄ U⁄k˚R Æh-”f ˘Np!

J⁄ RP-V-ÿm Cp-XÙ-Up

U˚\-Y-Rt-œ ˘Yh-Ll T”!

œt-\-YÙ-∞-RÙu Al-T-•f ˘Nn-YÙu

B\Ù-Y-’ A±‹ Gu-T-’

°fld-œj-R-]-UÙ?

E´-¨-]e-L-∞p U≤-Ru Uh-”m-RÙu

AW-£-Vp L˚X- Vd Li-”-©-•j-R-

Yu

B\Ù-Y-’ A±‹ Gu-T-’ Yg-NL Y˚X-VÙ?

E´-¨-]e-L-∞p U≤-Ru Uh-”m-RÙu

NL-U-≤-R-≤u

LÙ≠p Æ›k-’ YQe-œ-T-Yu

B\Ù-Y-’ A±‹ Gu-T-’

—V-U-¨-VÙ-˚R-´u Lp-X-˚\-VÙ?

E´-¨-]e-L-∞p

U≤-R-˚]j ß⁄j-Rj-RÙu

ÁRo-L-fim

AY-RÙ-We-L-fim

◊’dLÆ˚R´u ˙RÙt\m

YN] LÆ˚R, CXœ LÆ˚R, E˚W≈f—,

LhPt\ LÆ˚R (Verse Libra), ◊’dLÆ˚R

(New poetry) G]l TXlTX ˘TVoL∞p

˘Y∞Y⁄m ◊’dLÆ˚R Gu°u\ CXd°V

Y˚L˚Vj ˙RÙtflÆjRYo A˘U¨dLd

LÆOo YÙphÆhUu (1819 ˛ 1892).

1910 Cp A˘U¨dLÙÆp CYo Be°X

VÙl◊d Lh”d˙LÙl◊dœ GßWÙLd

œW˘X›l©]Ùo. CRu LÙWQUÙL

Be°Xjßp ◊’dLÆ˚R (New poetry)

Guflm ©˘Wg— CXd°Vj˚Rl ©uTt±d

LhPt\ LÆ˚R (Verse Libra) Guflm ◊ßV

LÆ˚R ÿVt£Ls ˙RÙu±]. Be°X

CXd°Vjßp YÙph ÆhUu T˚PjR

◊p≠u CRrLs (Leaves of grass) VÙl◊j

R˚[L˚[j ’i•j’f —RkßWUÙL Yk’

TX⁄˚PV LY]j˚R DojR’. CY⁄˚PV

LÆ˚R ÿVt£Ls GvWÙ T‹ih.

•. Gv. G≠Vh B°˙VÙWÙp

˘RÙPWlThP].

EX˚Ll TÙoj’ ÆWdßŸm AYXÿm

˘LÙiP ®˚X´p U≤R˚] ˘Ytfld

·PÙL‹m EX˚Ll TÙr ®XUÙL‹m

LiP]o. R≤jR≤f —RkßWjßp SÙhPm

˘LÙiP]o. CkRl ©u]¶´p

˙RÙu±V’RÙu

•. Gv. G≠Vh•u TÙr®Xm (Waste Land).

ARtœ ˙SÙTp T¨— YZeLlThP’.

CRu-©u◊’dLÆ˚Rdœ BRW‹ ˘T⁄°tfl.

YÙphÆhU]Ùp DodLlThP TÙWßVÙo.

11

˙YRe-L-fim

øß Ëp-L-fim

˙R˚Yl-T-”-°u-\]

B\Ù-Y-’ A±‹ Gu-T-’

˙SÙVÙ?

E´-¨-]e-L-∞p

U≤-Ru Uh-”mRÙu

B\Ù-Y-’ A±-˚Yl

˘Tt-±-⁄d- °-\Ùu

ARt-LÙL AYu ˘T⁄-˚Ul-T-”-°-\Ùu.

UÙ‡-Pj-ßu ß⁄-ÆZÙ

˙LÙXj-ßt-LÙL ˚Yd-œm

◊s-∞-L-˚[l ˙TÙp

YÙ]j-’ Sh-Nj-ß-We-L-∞p

J›e-œ Cp˚X

B]Ùp

Sh-Nj-ß-We-L-∞u AZ-œ

˙LÙXl ◊s-∞-L-∞p Cp˚X

SÙm ˘Yh-”m YÙnd-LÙp-L-˚[l ˙TÙp

Sß-Ls ˙SWÙL K”-Y-ßp˚X

B]Ùp

Sß-L-∞u ˘N¸k-Ro-Vm

Sm YÙnd-LÙp-L-∞p Cp˚X

SÙm Y[od-œm ÈeLÙ UWe-L- [l ˙TÙp

LÙh-” UWe-L-∞p

Lh-”l-TÙ-” Cp˚X

B]Ùp

LÙh-•u Lm-¿-Wm

Sm Èe-LÙ-Æp Cp˚X

SÙm TÙ”m Ne-∏-Rj-˚Rl ˙TÙp

œ´-≠u TÙh-•p

CXd-L-Qm Cp˚X

B]Ùp

◊’dLÆ˚R CVp◊Ls

1912 Cp GvWÙ T‹ih •uPu GuTY⁄Pu

C˚Qk’ ◊’dLÆ˚Rd˘L] £X

˘LÙs˚LL˚[ E⁄YÙd°]Ùo.

v ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˙SW•VÙL A‘L˙Yi”m.

v LÆ˚Rú ˘Y∞lTÙh•tœj

˙R˚Y´pXÙR GkR J⁄ £fl ˘NÙp˚XŸm

˙NodLd ·PÙ’.

v CfldLUÙ] VÙl◊ ÿ˚\L˚[ ÆXd°

Æh” C˚N XVj˚Rl ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m.

CmÍufl ˘LÙs˚LLfim ◊’dLÆ˚R

Y˚Ldœ¨V œ±l©PjRdL CVp◊Ls.

◊’dLÆ˚Rú Cu˘]Ù⁄ £\l©VpTÙL

Y≠ŸfljRlT”Y’ T•Um. GvWÙ T‹ih

Cßp ™œkR LY]m ˘N¤jß]Ùo. .

R≤ U≤R A‡TYeLs ◊’dLÆ˚RL∞p

TX ˙LÙQeL∞p ˘Y∞YkR]. œ±¬”,

˘RÙ≤, T•Um ˙TÙu\˚Y ◊’dLÆ˚RL∞p

◊ßV Ti◊L[ÙL ˘Y∞lThP].

TX TdLeLs ˘LÙiP ˚YWdLp ˙TÙu\’

◊’dLÆ˚R. J⁄ TdLm AZœ; ◊’UÙß¨VÙ]

AZœ, ÆVdœm AZœ. J⁄ TdLm HdLm,

U]ÿ±‹, ˘T⁄Íf—, LÙRp, Rj’Ym, ˙LÙTm,

Nk˙RLm, A˚\·Yp Ru U]j˚R˙V

œ˚Pk˘R”j’ BWÙŸm ˙So˚U TÙ¤Qof£

ClT•l TX TdLeLs Ei”. —⁄eLf

˘NÙu]Ùp Cufl Sm™˚P˙V C⁄dœm

EQof£Ls A˚]jßu ©WßT≠l˚TŸm

SÙm ◊’dLÆ˚R´p LÙi°˙\Ùm Gu\

NÙoYÙL≤u Æ[dLm ◊’dLÆ˚Rú

Es[PdLj˚R G”j’˚WlTRÙL Es[’.

12

œ´p TÙh-•u œÁ-L-Xm

Sm Ne-∏-Rj-ßp Cp˚X

SÙm B”m TWRm ˙TÙp

U´-≠u SP-]j-ßp

RÙ[ XVm Cp˚X

B]Ùp

U´p SP-]j-ßu TW-Y-Nm

Sm TW-Rj-ßp Cp˚X

T˚P-L-∞u S˚P-˚Vl ˙TÙp

LPp A˚X-L-∞p A¶-Y-œl◊ Cp˚X

B]Ùp

A˚X-L-∞u Ep-XÙ-Nm

T˚P-L-∞p Cp˚X

SÙm G›-’m YÙd-°-Vm ˙TÙp

™u-]-≠p UW◊ Cp˚X

B]Ùp

™u-]-≠u AojR BZm

Sm YÙd-°-Ve-L-∞p Cp˚X

SUd-°-⁄l-T-’ ˙TÙp

T\-˚Y-L-fid-œ

SÙ”-L-fim

Gp-˚X-L-fim- Cp˚X

B]Ùp

T\-˚Y-L-∞u —Rk-ß-Wm

Sm-™-Pm Cp˚X


˙ULe-L-fid-œl

TÙ˚R-L-fim

TVQ Xh-£-Ve-L-fim Cp˚X

B]Ùp

œ±¬h•Vp (Symbolism)

œ±¬h•Vp GuT’ œ±¬” (Symbol) Gu\

˘NÙp≠≠⁄k’ ˙RÙu±VRÙœm. J⁄ ˘NÙp

ARu ˘TÙ⁄˚[d œ±lT˙RÙ” ARuLi

LÙQ ÿ•VÙR AR˙]Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV

Ut˘\Ù⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[d œ±lTRÙœm. Sm

YÙrÆp NLX ’˚\L∞¤m œ±¬”Ls

TVuT”jRlT”°u\]. RWÙ— øß´u

œ±¬”, S¨ RkßWjßu œ±¬”.

LÆOoL∞u £\lTÙ] EQo‹L˚[

˘Y∞´”m L⁄ÆVÙLd œ±¬h•Vp

A˚UkR’.

˘NÙp≠p AojRj˚R ˙SW•VÙLj R⁄m

ÿVt£dœl TßXÙLd œ±¬”L˚[l

TVuT”j’YRu YÙ´XÙL AojRj˚R

YÙNLu U]ßp Æ¨Vf ˘NnŸm ÿVt£˙V

œ±¬h•Vp. ˘NÙtL∞u ˚LLÙhP¤dœd

LÙjßWÙUp LÆOu ˘Y∞lT”j’m

AojRj˚R YÙNLu ˙SW•VÙLf ˘Nufl

A˚PŸm ÿVt£˙V œ±¬h•Vp Gu‡m

CXd°V ÿVt£. AYu TVuT”j’m

œ±¬” ˘Yflm ˘NÙpXÙL CpXÙUp A’˙Y

˘TÙ⁄[Ù° Æ”°\’ Gu°\Ùo TÙXÙ.

˘Ytflf ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm AXeLÙWf

˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm RÆoj’d ˘LÙi” LÆ˚R

CfldLÿm ˘N±‹m ˘TtfljßLZd

œ±¬”Ls ˘T¨’m TVuT”°u\].

EQof£˚VŸm GiQeL˚[Ÿm A˚Y

’p≠VUÙL ˘Y∞fNm TÙnf£d

LÙh”°u\].

13

˙ULe-L-∞u B]k-Rm

Sm-™-Pm Cp˚X


UXo-L-fid-œ AW-£-Vp Cp˚X

B]Ùp

UXo-L-∞u ˘LÙi-PÙh-Pm

Sm-™-P-™p˚X


™⁄-Le-L-∞-Pm URm Cp˚X

B]Ùp

™⁄-Le-L-∞u

Ls-[m LT-P-™p-XÙR œQm

Sm-™-P-™p˚X

SÙm A˚Pl-◊d œ±-L-fid-œs

A˚Pd-Ll-Th-P-Yo-Ls

Æt-T-˚]d-LÙ-Lf

Nk- R- p ·fl Lh-•d °Pl-T-Yo-Ls

Nh-Pj-ßu ˚Lß-Ls

Nm-©-W-RÙ-Vj-ßu LÙj-R-•- U-Ls

Ah-P-Y- Q-L-fid-œl ©\k-R-Yo-Ls

˘NVt-˚L-´u T≠ ¿Pj-ßt-LÙL

Y[od-Ll-T-”m B”-Ls

CXd-L-Qe-L-fid-œ Al-TÙp

C⁄d-°-\-’ AZ-œ

˘NVt-˚Ld-œ Al-TÙp

C⁄d-°-\-’ —Rk-ß-Wm

Ge˙L AZ-œm —Rk-ß-W-ÿm Ei˙PÙ

Ae-˙L-RÙu

UÙ‡-Pm ß⁄-Æ-ZÙd ˘LÙi-PÙ-”-°-\-’

-˛ Al-’p -W-œ-UÙu

14

@ ""SUd°⁄lT’ ˙TÙp

T\˚YLfidœSÙ”LfimGp˚XLfim Cp˚XB]ÙpT\˚YL∞u —RkßWmSm™Pm Cp˚X''

CdLÆ˚R Y¨Ls œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ”L.

@ UÙ‡Pjßu ß⁄ÆZÙ Gu\ LÆ˚R˚V YÙ£j’

ÆUoN]dœ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ U≤R‡m CVt˚LŸm Gu\ R˚Xl©p LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊

RVÙo ˘NnL.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

Al-’p -W-œ-UÙu

CYo 02.11.1937Cp U’-˚W-´p ©\k-RÙo. TÙp≈-ß, ˙SVo-Æ-⁄l-Tm, —h-”-Æ-Wp, ©j-Ru, BXÙ-T˚] ˙TÙu-\˚YCY-W’ LÆ˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊Ls. "BXÙT˚]' Gu‡mLÆ˚Rj ˘RÙœßdœ UjßV NÙ°jV ALÙR™´u Æ⁄’˘Tt\Ùo. YÙ¶-Vm-TÙ-• C—-XÙ-™-Vd Lp-Ì¨´p T¶-◊- k-R-Yo.

15

◊p¤dœl ˙TÙh•VÙL

Ui”m °⁄™ œi˚Pf ˘Nn˙YÙm.

UÙh”dœd Lu˚\d LÙh•

TÙ≠˚]f —WdLf ˘NnŸm

UP˚U˚V.

L˚Xú œ˚\˚Y,

LÙh”YRtLÙL ˘Yu˙\

˚Yd˙LÙ¤m ˙RÙ¤m B]

RkßWm Ju˚\f ˘Nn˙YÙm.

TÙ˚X VÙm YWY˚Zl˙TÙm

E˚Zl◊dœ Kn˚Y A∞dœm

EQ‹ Nj’dLs ˘Nn˙YÙm

Bi ˘Ti¶u LXÆú±

E´˚W EtTjß ˘NnŸm

E´¨Vp UoUm ˙R•

E˚Zd°u˙\Ùm.

˘Yt± LÙi˙TÙm.

˙SÙd°u± NÙh˚Pú±

RÙ]ÙL Æ˚WŸm °WLUÙm

NkßWu, ˘NqYÙn, —dWu

¡ß≤p œß˚W H±

R[eL˚[ A˚Uj’ Æ”˙YÙm.

A⁄˘[‡m _ÙXÆj˚R

˘NXÙY¶ BLÙRnVÙ.

UP˚UVÙp EX˚Lf ˘NnRÙp

A±Æ]Ùp L˚[Rp RY\Ù?

A±‹

˛ S. ©f-N-Íojß

T•UÆVp (Imagism)

T•Um GuT’ A±YÙ¤m, EQof£VÙ¤m

B] J⁄ U]lTÙY˚]˚V J⁄

˘SÙ•l˘TÙ›ßp ˘R¨Vd LÙh”Y’. LiQÙp

LÙQd·•V T⁄l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[˙VÙ, U]RÙp

EQWd ·•V ÷i˘TÙ⁄sL˚[˙VÙ LÆ˚R

SVj˙RÙ” BsY’m Aq‹Qo˚Yl

T•l˙TÙ¨Pj’ EQWf ˘NnY’m T•Ujßu

˘NVtTÙ” G]XÙm. ClT•Uj˚Rd LÙh£ E⁄

Guflm E⁄dLÙh£ Guflm A˚ZlTo.

R™ØXd°Vjßp EY˚U, E⁄YLm,

ÿtfl⁄YLm Gu˘\pXÙm YZeLlThP

A¶Ls Cufl T•Um Gufl

A˚ZdLlT”°u\]. E[ÆVp ˙SÙd°p ®u\

T•Um, U]lT•Um (Mental Image) Guflm

L˚X´Vp ˙SÙd°p ®u\ T•Um

A¶lT•Um (Figurative image) Guflm

œ±¬PÙL ®tœm T•Um œ±¬h”l T•Um

(Symbolic image) Guflm T•UeLs

Y˚LlT”jRlT”°u\].

16

S. ©f-N-Íojß (1900 ˛ 1976)œm-T- LÙ-Qj-ßp ©\k-RÙo. YZd-L-±-Oo, CR-ZÙ-£- -Vo Gu-fl TX-

®-˚X-L-∞p T¶-VÙt-±-V-Yo. £fl-L-˚Rj ’˚\-´-¤m ◊’d-

LÆ˚R´-¤m ÿRp-Y-WÙL CPm ˘Tt-\-Yo. Bfl- £-fl-L-˚Rj

˘RÙœl-◊-Ls, Lh-”-˚Wj ˘RÙœl-◊, £fl-Yo L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊

B°V˚Y CYW’ œ±l©PjRdL ËpLs.

@ "˙SÙd°u± NÙh˚P´u± (A±‹)

RÙ]ÙL Æ˚WŸm °WLUÙm"

NkßWu, ˘NqYÙn, —dWu

¡ß≤p œß˚W H±

R[eL˚[ A˚Uj’Æ”˙YÙm

ClTÙPX•L˚[ Cu˚\V A±ÆVp Y[of£˙VÙ” Jl¿” ˘Nn’

A±ÆV¤m R™›m Gu\ R˚Xl©p £flLh”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ◊’dLÆ˚RL˚[j ßWh”L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

17

œ⁄-Æd-œ ˙Yi-”- LÙs

·” LhP ÆP-UÙh-˙Pu

£u-]d œ⁄-Æ˙V! Gu ≈h-”

Nu-]p-Ls ß\k-ß-⁄d-Ld LÙW-Qm

T⁄-Yd LÙt-fl-Ls Es˙[ YW.

Gg-£V EQ-Æu YÙNm U˚\-V-‹m

’˚Yd-Ll TPÙR

’¶-L-∞u YÙ˚P ˙TÙL-‹m

Cu-‡m H˙RÙ Ju-fl Gu-]-˘Yu-fl

˘R¨-VÙR Ju-±u £fl ˘S• ˙TÙL-‹m

T⁄-Yd LÙt-fl-Ls Es˙[ ≈Nj

ß\k-’s-[] G]-’ Nu-]p-Ls.

G]-’ ≈h-”d-œs Y⁄-˙YÙo

RU-’ YÙNj-˙RÙ-” Yk-’ ˙TÙ°-\Ùo

ß⁄m-©l TÙœm- TÙ-’ Aß˙X LÙg-Nm

Æh-” Æh˙P ˙TÙ°-\Ùo ˘R¨-Ÿ-UÙ?

Nu-]p YØ˙V £\˚L UPd°

YW ÿV-XÙ˙R £u]d œ⁄-Æ˙V!

·” Lh-Pl ˘TÙ⁄k-ßV CPe-Ls

Cp˚X œ⁄-Æ˙V G]-’ ≈h-•p.

SÙh-•u Y[okR UWe-Ls Gp-XÙm

Gu] B´-]? ø˙Vu ·h˚P Gu

≈h-”d-œs LhP Y˚[V Y⁄-°-\Ùn?

˘Ys-∞d-°-Z˚U Æ_-Vm ˘Nn-Ÿm

J≠Ÿm G›j’m

˘UÙØ GuT’ Tp˙Yfl J≠L[Ùp B]’.A, L, U, Z GuT] ˙YflThP J≠Ls.

J⁄˘UÙØ´p A•lT˚PVÙLl TVuT”jRlT”m J≠L˚[ E´˘WÙ≠Ls,˘Un˘VÙ≠Ls G] Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, J¸B°V Tu≤Wi”m R™r ˘UÙØúE´˘WÙ≠Ls.

˘UÙØdœj ˙R˚YlT”m ©\ J≠L[Ù]d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q,s, r, t, u B°V Tß˘]h”m R™r˘UÙØú ˘Un˘VÙ≠Ls.

E´˘WÙ≠Ÿm ˘Un˘VÙ≠Ÿm C˚Qk’J≠lT˚R Eó˘Un J≠ GuTo.Tu≤Wi” E´˘WÙ≠Lfim Tß˘]h”˘Un˘VÙ≠LfiPu ˙Nok’ Y⁄m˙TÙ’216 Eó˘Un J≠Ls ˙RÙuflm. (L, LÙ,°, ∏ ................ G] Y⁄m)

BnRm (@) Gu\ J≠Ÿm R™ØpEi”.

E´˘WÙ≠ ˛ 12,˘Un˘VÙ≠ ˛ 18,Eó˘Un J≠ ˛ 12 ××××× 18 = 216BnRm ˛ 1˘UÙjRm ˛ 247

18

OÙ]d·jRu

Rg˚-N-´p 07.10.1938 Cp ©\k-RÙo. UW©u Æ⁄jRl TÙPp

K˚N˙VÙ” ◊’dLÆ˚RLs T˚PjRYo. S˚P CRZÙp

CXd°V EXœdœ A±ÿLUÙ]Yo. LNPRT\Æ¤m LÆ˚R

T˚PjRÙo. CYo LÆ˚RLs OÙ]d·jRu LÆ˚RLs Gu\

˘TV¨p ˘Y∞Yk’s[].

NÙm-Tp È˚]-VÙ? Li-˘Q-ß-¨p

Bs C⁄d-L-‹m Es˙[ ÷˚Z-Ÿm

°Z˚U TÙWÙh-PÙR ˘T¨V G≠-VÙ?

◊\l-T-”m ˙TÙ’ ˙RÙs ˙Up œßd-œm

˘Nq-YÙnl Tp-≠-VÙ? G’ E]d-œl

T¨k-’˚W ˘Nn-R-’ G]-’ ≈h-˚P?

≈h-•p U˚]-Æ˙VÙ RÙ˙VÙ Lh-•d

˘LÙ”jR

˘TÙh-P-Xj-’ UßV EQ˚Y

Kh-P-≠p ˚Yj-’ NÙl-©-”m S”j-RW

Yod-Lj-’ E˚Zl-TÙ∞ ˙TÙX G]-’

≈h-”d-œs ◊› Èf-£-L-˚[d

˘LÙQW ÿVp-°-\Ùn £u-]d œ⁄-Æ˙V!

˘Y∞-´-Pj-’ EQ-‹d-œ A‡-Uß

Cp-˚X-˘V]

TX-˚L-´p G›-ßl ˙TÙPYÙ œ⁄-Æ˙V!

·” LhP ÆP-UÙh-˙Pu

£u-]d œ⁄-Æ˙V! Gu ≈h-”

Nu-]p-Ls ß\k-ß-⁄d-Ld LÙW-Qm

T⁄-Yd-LÙt-fl-Ls Es˙[ YW.

˛ OÙ]d·jRu

Jq˘YÙ⁄ J≠dœm J⁄ œ±¬”

˘LÙ”j’ Y˚WY˚R G›j’ GuTo.

J≠L˚[ G›l©l ˙TNÙU˙X˙V

J≠´u œ±¬”L˚[ G›ßdLÙh•

L⁄j’L˚[ EQojR ÿ•Ÿm. L⁄j’

L˚[l T¨UÙflm ®˚Xdœ ˙UXÙLd

L⁄j’L˚[l Tß‹ NnŸm ®˚Xdœ

YkR˙TÙ’ G›j’Ls ˙RÙu±]

G]XÙm.

˙YflThP ˘UÙØL[ÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m

J≠Ls ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m J˙W ˙TÙX˙Y

A˚UŸm. B]Ùp J≠d œ±¬”

L[Ù] G›j’ TX˘UÙØL∞¤m

TXYÙfl A˚U°u\].

19

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

@ œ⁄Ædœ ˙Yi”˙LÙs Gu\ LÆ˚R —h•dLÙh”m SLWUV

UÙR≠u Æ˚[‹L˚[j ßWh• SLWUVUÙR≠u Su˚U æ˚ULs

œ±j’ ÆYÙßj’d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL.

@ T•Um, œ±¬” œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ ◊’dLÆ˚R´u ·flL˚[l (T•Um, œ±¬”) TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’

'◊’d LÆ˚R´u R≤jRu˚ULs' Gu\ R˚Xl©p J⁄ Lh”˚W

RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ H˙R‡m NÍLl ©Wf£˚] œ±jR ◊’dLÆ˚RLs G›ßd

LÆVWeLjßp ˘Y∞´”L.

20

A±-ÿL˙SÙd-°p

˚a· LÆ˚R

U≤-R -œ-Xm ˙Uu˚U A˚PV A˚PV

CXd-°-Vj-ßt-œm YÙr-‹d-œm C˚P- V-Ÿs[ C˚P-

˘Y∞ œ˚\k-’ Y⁄-Y˚R EQ-W-XÙm. CVt-˚L-

˙VÙ” CWi-P-\d LXkR _l-TÙ-≤V YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\-

´u CXd-°V ˘Y∞l-TÙ˙P ˚a· LÆ-˚R-Ls.

°Zd-Lj-ßV Ti-TÙh-•u £\l˚Tj ß˚N-˘Ve-œm

TWl-©-Y-⁄m Cd-L-Æ-˚R-Ls R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR

Y•Y Y[j-˙RÙ-”m L⁄j-’f-˘N-±-˙YÙ-”m A˚Uk-

’s[ TÙe-œ Ce˙L Ko A±-ÿ-Ll

TÙo-˚Y-Ÿ-Pu A‘-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

Y•-Yl ©u-]¶

˚a· LÆ˚R Tß-˚]k-

RÙm Ët-\Ùi-P-[-Æp ˙RÙt-\m

˘LÙi-PÙ -¤m A’ T˚Z˚U

YÙnkR TWl◊ ®˚\kR YW-XÙt-fll

©u-]-¶˚V E˚P-V-’. _l-TÙ-≤V

LÆ˚R YW-XÙ˙\ £±V Y•-Yj-

˙RÙ”-RÙu ˘RÙPe-œ-°-\-’. ˚a·-

‹d-œ ÿu-˙]Ù-•-VÙL Ik-’-Y˚Ld

LÆ˚R Y•-Ye-Ls A˚Uk-R] G]

Bn-YÙ-[oLs L⁄-’-Yo. A˚Y:

˚a·

Lh-PqPÙ ˘N˙PÙLÙ

˙NÙLÙRÙuLÙ

C˘WeLÙ

_l-TÙ-≤V ˚a-·

¬¬¬¬¬ Kn-YÙnd LÙp-øh-•f

NÙnk-ß-⁄d-œm Gu-˚]j ˘RÙh-”,

˙U˙X-flm ÿ°-≠-]m.

˛ Cv^Ù

¬¬¬¬¬ LNl-TÙ] EX-Lm,

GRt-LÙ-œm G]d-°-≤? E⁄i-”

£˚Rk-ßhP T≤j-’-∞.

˛ Cv^Ù

¬¬¬¬¬ Li-ÿu˙] A˚X-L-Pp ˛

Æm-ÿm LPp-TÙod-œm ˙TÙ˘R-XÙm

Am-UÙ, Gu-AmUÙ!

˛ Cv^Ù

¬¬¬¬¬ Lp-X-˚\d-œl È˚N,

Gp- XÙod-œm ÿu˙] °Zh-”-SÙn

˘NÙp-≠f-˘N-¤m TÙ˚R.

˛ Cv^Ù

21

—⁄e-°V A[-Æ-XÙ-Y-’ Cd-L-Æ- R-L-∞u YW-

XÙt˚\ A±-Y’ ˚a·˚Y A±k-’-˘LÙs[ AY-£-

V-UÙ-œm.

Lh-PqPÙ

C’ _l-TÙ-≤u ™Ll- T-Z˚U

YÙnkR LÆ˚R Y•-Y-UÙ-œm. Ei- U- p

Cq-Y-˚Ld LÆ-˚R-Ls TÙPl-˘T-fl-Y-Rt-

LÙL G›-Rl-˘Tt-\˚Y Ap-X. U≤-R-‡m

˙RY-˚R-L-fim Æ]Ù Æ˚P A˚Ul-©p

˙T£d-˘LÙs-Y-RÙ-L˙Y Cd-L-Æ-˚R-Ls

A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm. £X ˙SWe-L-∞p Æ˚P-

L-˚[f £k-ßdL ˚Yd-œm Æ]Ùd-Ls

Uh”˙U -·Pd LÆ-˚R-L-[ÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

Lh-PqPÙ Íu-fl A•-L˚[ E˚P-V-’. ÿR-

≠-Wi-” A•-L-∞p Ju-fl ø[-UÙ-L-‹m

Ut˘\Ùu-fl œfl-°-V-RÙ-L-‹m A˚U-Ÿm.

Íu-\Ù-Y-’ A• CWi-PÙ-Y-’ A•-´u

A[-˚Yl-˙TÙX A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm.

˘N˙PÙLÙ

H\j-RÙZ Lh-Pq-PÙ-‹m N˙PÙ-LÙ-

‹m S⁄d-L-UÙ-]- Y. CWi” Lh-Pq-PÙd-

Ls C˚Qk-RÙp J⁄ ˘N˙PÙLÙ LÆ˚R

Y•-Ym E⁄-YÙ-œm. ARÙ-Y-’ Cq-Y-•-Ym

5˛7-˛7 5˛7-˛7 Gu-‡m A˚N-V-˚Ul-˚Tl

˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm. B]Ùp Lh-PqPÙ ˙TÙX

Cd-L-Æ-˚R-Ls Æ]Ù Æ˚P A˚Ul-©p

Uh-”˙U C⁄dL˙Yi-”m Gu-T-ßp-˚X.

˙NÙLÙ

C’ ø[-UÙ] LÆ˚R Y•-Y-UÙ-œm.

5˛7 Gu\ A˚N-V-˚Ul-◊-Pu LÆ-Oo

Æ⁄m-◊m A[-Æp Gj-R˚] A•-L-s

˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m G›-ßd ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

¬¬¬¬¬ ©[mÈ Ge-˘Le-œm

°[m-T-‘m YPd-œj ßd-°-≤˙X

°[m-T-XÙ˙U ˘Ru-ß˚N!

˛ ÈNu

¬¬¬¬¬ ˚aVÙ, J˙W U°rf£

˚TV ˙Y≤p Sß-L-Pl-˙Tu

˚L´p C⁄-˘N-⁄l-◊.

˛ ÈNu

¬¬¬¬¬ ˚L´p £˚\-©-•l-˙Tu

˘Un˙VÙ ˘TÙn˙VÙ £fl-˙U≤

˚a, ThPÙm-Èf£!

˛ ÈNu

¬¬¬¬¬ œu-±u YØ-LÙh-•

Li-” ˘LÙs-Y˙R ´p-˚X, Ge

˘Le˙LÙ ˘N¨-U-Xo-Ls!

˛ ÈNu

R™Øp ˛ AUWu

AUWu

1947Cp U’˚W´p ©\kR CYo £\kR

UW◊dLÆOo Uh”Uu± ˚a·

LÆO⁄m BYÙo. R™Ø¤m

Be°Xjß¤m ˚a· LÆ˚RLs

G›’m LÆOo Uh”UpXÙ’ C⁄

˘UÙØL∞¤m ˚a· LÆ˚RL˚[

˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ ˘NnŸm £\kR

˘UÙØ˘TVolTÙ[⁄UÙYÙo.

22

RÙuLÙ

C’ Ik-’ A•-L-[Ùp B] LÆ˚R Y•-Y-

UÙ-œm. 5˛7-˛5-˛7-˛7 Gu\ A˚N-V-˚Ul-˚Td ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm. ÿR-≠-Wi-” A•-Ls J⁄ L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm ©u-≤-Wi-” A•-Ls J⁄ L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm Cfl-ß-V-• Ut-·-±V-Yt˚\ Yt-◊-flj-ßd -·-flm Y˚L-´-¤m A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm.

C˘WeLÙ

C˘WeLÙ Ap-X-’ C˚Ql-◊dLÆ˚R G] YZe-Ll-T-”m. C’ C⁄-YoC˚Qk-’ J⁄ TÙP˚X G›-’m ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. TÙP-≠u ÿRp TÙß˚V J⁄-Y-⁄mA”jR TÙß˚V Ut-\-Y-⁄m G›ß ÿ•l-To. 5˛7-˛5-˛7-˛7 Gu\ A˚N-L˚[ Cq-Y-˚Ll TÙPp-Ls Tt-±-⁄d-œm. A• Y˚W-V˚\ Cp-˚X.

Cq-YÙ-fl ˚a· LÆ-˚Rd-œ ÿu-]o _l-

TÙ-≤V LÆ˚R Y•-Ym Y[ok-’ Yk-R-’. ˚a·LÆ-˚Rd-œ ÿu-]oj ˙RÙu-±V LÆ˚R Y•-Ye-L-fid-˘Lp-XÙm Lh-PqPÙ Gq-YÙ-fl A•l-T-˚P-VÙL

A˚Uk-R˙RÙ Aq-YÙ-fl ˚a·-‹d-œl ©u-]oj

˙RÙu-±V LÆ˚R Y•-Ye-L-fid-˘Lp-XÙm ˚a·Y•-Ym A•l-T-˚P-VÙL A˚Uk-R-’.

˛ ÿ˚]-Yo NÙ. ERV„¨Vu

Æ]Ù —œTÙ Gu-‡m ◊ßV È™˚V

SÙm LPk-’-YW

Áe°V CW-‹-Ls-RÙu Gj-R-

˚]?

Æ˚P ÆWp-Æh-” Gi-‘-°-˙\u

Cu-fl CW-˙YÙ-” Ju-T-’

TLt- TÙ-›-ßp A’ Tj-RÙ-°-Æ-

”m!

CYo 1957 Cp ©\k-RÙo. ˘T⁄g-£j-ßW-]Ùo R™rj ˙R£-Vm, Ad-L-˚W-´p

ÈjR ˚a· B°-V˚Y CY-W’ T˚Pl-◊-Ls. R™rl Tp-L-˚XdLZ-Lj-ßp

AVp-SÙh”j R™rd Lp-Æj-’-˚\j R˚X-Y-WÙLl T¶-VÙt± Y⁄-°-\Ùo.

ÿ˚]-Yo NÙ. ERV„¨Vu

23

@ ˚a· LÆ˚RL∞u R≤jRu˚ULs œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ•d

œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ ˚a· LÆ˚RL∞p ©WßT≠dœm NÿRÙVl ©Wf£˚]Ls

œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ• ˚a· LÆ˚RL∞p NÿRÙVl

©Wf£˚]Ls Gu\ R˚Xl©p œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL.

@ UW◊d LÆ˚RŸm ◊’dLÆ˚RŸm Gu\ R˚Xl©p SPjRlT”m

L⁄jRWe°p YZeœYRtLÙLj R™rd LÆ˚RL∞p Y•Y UÙt\m

Gu\ R˚Xl©p J⁄ L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

24

AX-œ 2

ÆWp ÷≤- p EX-Lm

C˚Q-Vm UdLs ˘RÙPo-©p L⁄j-’l

T¨UÙt-\j- Rj ’p-≠-V-UÙd-œ-°u-\-’; Ud-Ls Uj-ß- p Y¤-

YÙ] FP-L-UÙ-Lj ßLr-°u-\-’; ÆWp-÷-≤-´p EX-Lf ˘Nn-ß-L˚[

A±k-’-˘LÙs[ ER-‹-°-\-’. TpÌPLe-L-∞p ™u-≤-Vp FP-Le-L-fim,

ß˚Wl-T-P-ÿm _]-Wg-N-L-UÙL Es-[-]. ™u-≤-Vp FP-Le-L-s U≤-R˚]

AßLl TÙßl-◊d-œs-[Ùd-°-V-’. C˚Q-Vjßu ÍXm, ˘SÙ•l-˘TÙ-›-ßp

RL-Yp-L -˚[l TWl-T˙YÙ ˘T\˙YÙ ÿ•-Ÿm. Cq-Y-Xœ

RL-Yp˘RÙPo-©-V-≠u Tp-˙Y-fl L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm ß˚Wl-T-Pm

Tt-±V Nn-ß-L- [-Ÿm UÙQ-Yo-L-fid-œ G”j-’- Wl-T-’-Pu AYt-

±u Su˚U æ˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ[d-œ-°u-\-’.

v FP-Lj˚Rf N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ARt˙LtTf ˘NVp-T-P‹m A±-Rp.

v SÙP-Lm, ß˚Wl-T-Pm B°-V-Yt˚\ ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßp A‘-œ-Rp.

v ˘RÙØ-≠u ˙Uu-˚U, YÙr-Æ-Vp Ußl-◊-Ls, L˚X,TiTÙ-” B°-V-Yt˚\ CXd-°-Ve-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ll◊¨k’, AYt-˚\l Tp-˙Y-fl T˚Pl-◊-L-[ÙL ˘Y∞-´”Rp.

Lt-\p A˚P-‹-Ls

25

C˚Q-V-ÿm CXd-°-V-ÿm

˘Yœ-_-]l T˚Pl-©-≠-⁄k-’ ˘YœÁWm

Rs∞- -⁄l-T˙R CXd-°-Vl T˚Pl◊. CWi-”m

J˙W ˘UÙØ-´p-RÙu G›-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-°u-\]

Gu-\-˙TÙ-ß-¤m T˚Pl-˚Tl ˙TÙX˙Y YÙ£l-

◊m CWi” Y˚Ll-Th-P-RÙ-L˙Y C⁄d-°-\-’.

CXd-°-Vj-ßu ˘UÙØ L•-]-UÙ-L˙YÙ G∞-˚U-

VÙ-L˙YÙ YÙoj-˚R-L-∞p ÷h-Te-L˚[ Y∞l-

T-”j-’-Y-RÙ-L˙YÙ Æ[e-œ-°-\-’. B]Ùp Yœ-

_-]l Tj-ß-¨-˚L-L-∞u ˘UÙØ _]-SÙ-V-Ll

˘TÙ’˚U LÙi-P-’. ARu G›j-RÙ-[o-L-∞-Pm Y∞l-

TÙh-•p R≤j-’-Ym C⁄k-RÙ-¤m U]d- L-P˙X R˚Yl-

T-PÙR ˙U˙XÙhP YÙ£l˚T Uh-”˙U ˘TÙ’-˚U-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-P-’. LÙW-Qm T⁄m-TÙu- U- -]- u Ro‹ A’-

RÙu Gu‡m Sm-©d-˚L. ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m A’ Ei-˚U.

÷h-T˙U Æt-œm NWd-LÙL B°l-˙TÙ-œm Gßo-LÙ-Xd

LtT˚] EX-°p, ˘Yœ-_] Y¶-Ll Tj-ß-¨-˚L-L-∞u

˘TÙ⁄-[-Pd-L-ÿm ÷h-T-UÙ-L˙Y A˚U-Ÿm. ARu

˙SÙdLm ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm Uh-”-˙U. ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm AR-]-[-Æp

∏r-˚U-VÙ-]-’m Ap-X. ˙R˚Y Gu-fl C⁄k-RÙp A˚R

®˚\-˙Yt-flm AY-£-V-ÿm A≤f-˚N-VÙnj ˙RÙu-±-

Æ”Y˙R CVt-˚L.

L˚X CXd-°-Vj-ßt-LÙ] ˙R˚Y˚V CXd-°-Vl Tj-ß-¨-

˚L-Ls ®˚\-‹-˘NnV ÿVu-fl œfle-œ-›dL-∞p C⁄k’

SÙ[- P-Æp ¡i-”m KW-[‹ Æ -YÙd-Lm SPk-ß-⁄l-T-Rt-

œl ◊j-R-Ld Li-LÙh£ £\kR NÙh-£-Vm. Au-˚\-V, Cu-

˚\V Ud-Ls-˘RÙ˚L Ut-flm LpÆ Æ¨-YÙd-Lj-’-Pu ◊j-

RL Æt-T-˚]˚V Jl-©h-” Sm Wj-Rd ˘LÙßl˚T Ht±d

˘LÙi-” U°rf-£-˚Vd ˘L”j-’d-˘LÙs-[Ù-ß⁄lT’

B˙WÙd-°-Vj-ßt-œ Sp-X-’. G]˙Y A˚Rj RÆol-T˙R

◊j-ßNÙ-≠j-R-]m.

26

Ck-Rl TW-Y-XÙdLj-ßp, LpÆ Uh-”-Uu-±j RÙØp-÷h-Tj-

ßu ˛ œ±l-TÙL C˚Q-Vj-ßu ˛ RÙd-L-ÿm ÿd-°-Vl Te-œ

Y°d-°-\-’.

Gl-T-•f £fl-Tj-ß-¨-˚L-Ls Y¶-Lj-ßt-œ Gß-WÙn —˙Vf-˚N-

VÙ-L-‹m —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m —YÙ-£d-Lj R˚XlTh-P-]˙YÙ

A˙R-˙TÙX Cu-fl C˚Q-Vj-˚Rf NÙp-X-XÙm. C˚Q-Vj-

ßu AY-Xe-L˚[l Th-•-V-≠h-” UÙ[ÙR A[-Æt-œ A˙S-

Lm Gu\ TÙß-¤m, —Rk-ßW G›j-’d-œ A’ R⁄m L[j˚R

Gk-Rl Tj-ß-¨-˚L-Ÿm Gk-Rd LÙXj-ß-¤m LÙ”j-’-ÆP ÿ•-

VÙ-’. TdL S⁄d-L-•˙VÙ BNÙ-™-L-∞u Td-L-YÙh-” S⁄d-

L-•˙VÙ LÙX ˘S⁄d-L-•˙VÙ Cp-XÙ-Up G›R J˙W CPm

C˚Q-Vm Uh-”-˙U.

C˚Q-Vj-ßu ÿd-°-Vl ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿm —Rk-ßW ˘Y∞l-TÙ-

”-RÙu. R]d-œl ThP L⁄j˚R Al-Th-P-UÙL ˘Y∞-´h-

PÙp A”jR LQ˙U ÆYÙ-R-˘Uu-‡m ˙TÙo-˚Y-´p Td-

Lf NÙo-◊-˘LÙiP W£L ˘W¸•L∞u Aoj-R-Ut\ ˘LÙ˚X-

˘Y-±d ·l-TÙ-” A˚Xd-L-Ød-Lj ˘RÙPe-°-Æ-”m. ARt-œ

ÿLm LÙ”l-T-’ SW-Æ-W-Vm. B]Ùp T⁄m-TÙ-¤m Ei-

˚U-VÙ] L⁄j˚R Y∞l-T-”j-RÙR NUÙ-RÙ-]f N˙LÙ-R-Wj-’-

Yf —L-YÙr-Æp ÿd-ß-V-˚P-Y˚R Xh-£-V-UÙnd ˘LÙi-

˙PÙ˙W T⁄m-TÙu˚U Gu-T-RÙp R™r G›j-RÙ-[o-L-fidœ

C’ ©Wf-£-˚]˙V Ap-X.

Y˚Xl-È-˚Yl ©Wj-ß-˙VL SÙh-œ-±l-TÙn ˚Yj-’d ˘LÙs-

Y-ßp C⁄k-’ R]-’ Sm-©d-˚L-´u ©Wf-NÙ-Wj-ßt-œ ET-˙VÙ-

°j-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’-Y˚W GRt-œ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ù-¤m TVu-T-

”j-ßd- LÙs-fim —Rk-ß-Wj˚R G›j-RÙ-[-‡d-œ A∞l-T-RÙn

C˚Q-V˙U C⁄d-°-\-’. ˘R⁄ SÙP-Lj-ßu EP-]-• Gßo-

Æ˚] ˙TÙX Gp-˚X-L-[t\ C˚QVj-ßu Gß-˘WÙ-≠l◊

©W-™d-L-˚Yl-T-’.

˚Lj-Rh-P-¤d-œ UVe-LÙR Lo-U-˙VÙ-°-VÙp Uh-”˙U

L˚X˚V UÙo-˙TÙ-” CflL A˚Qj-’d ˘LÙi-” C˚Q-

Vj-ßp Rl-©j-’ ®t-L-‹m ÿ•-Ÿm. ˘LÙg-Nm ANk-RÙ-¤m

BW-YÙW Ys-[j-ßp A•j-’f Np-Xl-Th-” øoj-’l-˙TÙ-

C˚Q-Vm

C˚Q-Vm J⁄ Æ£j-ß-Wm. J⁄ Td-LmGi-Qt\ YN-ß-Ls ÍXm C≤V

ÿLe-L- [d LÙh-• Sm˚U U-°rf-£-´p Brj-’-°u-\-]. Cu-˘]Ù-⁄ Td-

Lm ˙ad-°e, vTÙm, BTÙ-Nm˙TÙu\ Yd-°W ÿLe-L-˚[d LÙh-•

Sm-˚Uj ’u-Tj-ßp Brj-’-°u-\].˚NTo d˚Wm G]l-T-”m C˚QV œt-

\e-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm TÙ’-LÙl◊ SP-Y-•d-˚L-Ls Tt-±-Ÿm £±-R-[‹

Ce-œl TÙol-˙TÙm.

õ °˘W-•h LÙo”, ˘P©h LÙo”ÍXm C˚Q-Vj-ßp TQl T -UÙt-\e-Ls SPd-œm ˘TÙ›-’ LP-‹f-˘NÙp Es-TP LQd-œ ÆY-We-L-˚[j ß⁄-”-°u-\-]o.

õ TÙ≠-Vp √ß-VÙ] ˘RÙp-˚X-Ls.C˚QV Sh-◊-Ls YØ Ht-T-”°u-\-]. ˘Ti-L˚[ BTÙ-N-UÙ-LlTPm-©-•j-’ AR˚] C˚Q-Vj-ßp ˘Y∞-´-h”. ˘TiL˚[™Wh• Y⁄°\ÙoLs.

õ R˚P-˘Nn-Vl-ThP ˙TÙ˚Rl˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[ Æt-T˚] ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm C˚Q-Vj-˚RlTVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

õ CYt˚\ÆPd ˘LÙ•-V-’, œZk-˚R-Ls ¡RÙ] TÙ≠-Vp RÙd-œ-Rp-Ls. £fl-Yo, £fl-™-Ls E˚W-VÙ-”m AWh˚P A˚\-Lfid-œf(Chatting) ˘Nu-fl Re-L-˚[dœZk-˚R-L-[Ù-L˙Y A±-ÿ-Lm˘Nn-°u-\-]o. ©\-œ AYo-L-∞u◊˚Ll-T-Pe-Ls, ≈h-”ÿL-Y-¨, Ts∞ ÿL-Y¨ G]

RL-Yp-L-˚[l T°o-°u-\-]o.

27

L-˚Yd-œm ATÙ-Vf —Øl-◊-L˙[ Aß-Lm.

C˚Q-Vj-ßp ÿd-LÙ-¤dœm Ut-Th-˙PÙo YV-’ Ut-flm

A‡-T-Ym LÙW-Q-UÙn, ÿß-WÙ-®˚X YÙN-Lo-L-˙[. A‡-

TY Í˚[-˚V-Æ-P-‹m YÙr-Æu RhT ˘Yl-Te-L-˚[d

LiP A‡-TY U]m °˚Pl-T-’m YÙ£j-’ A‡-T-Æd-

œm U]m °˚Pl-T-’m Ap-XYÙ AÈo-Ym. æÆW ÷hT

YÙ£l-◊d-œl TZd-Ll-TPÙRYo-L-fim Al-T-•˙V °˚Pj-

RÙ-¤m A˚R YÙ£j-’l T -X-Æ-V-XÙR Y˚Xf „Z-≠u

A›j-Rm LÙW-Q-UÙn, Aß-≠-⁄k-’ Rl-©dL C˚Q-Vj-

˚Rd L∞d˚L Y•-LÙ-XÙnl TÙol-T-Yo-L-fi˙U HWÙ-[m.

Cu-‡m LÙg-Nm ÿu-˙]-±, YÙ£l-˚Tl TZdLUÙd-°d

˘LÙiPYo-L-∞p T⁄m-TÙ- XÙ-⁄d-œ, CXd-°-Vm Tt-±V

©W˚U ¿•jR ’XÙd-˙LÙp ˘LÙi-” TÙod-˚L-´p, G›-

Rl-Th-•-⁄d-œm G›j-’d-Ls Gp-XÙm Ju-\Ù-L-‹m Su-\Ù-

L-‹m C⁄l-T-RÙ] LÙ]p ˙RÙt-\˙U ˘R -°-\-’. RWm Ak-

R-Wj-ßp ˘RÙe-°d-˘LÙi-•-⁄l-T-’ Li-‘d-œj Rl-©-Æ-

”-°-\-’. BL˙Y ÆUo-N] G›j-’ ÆRi-PÙ-YÙ-Rj- R˙V

Gß- WÙ-≠-VÙn G›l-◊-°-\-’. Ck-Rj æÆW ™R-YÙ-ß-L-fid-œ

A¨f--—Y-•-´-≠-⁄k-’ BWm-©j-’ Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œs

BŸ˙[ ÿ•k-’-Æ-”m. B]Ùp Li-¶-˚Ud-LÙ-’

˘YpX ÿ•-VÙd Lo-Yj-’-Pu LÙXj-’d-œm Rm ©¨V

G›j-RÙ-[o-L-fid-œf £\l-◊d LUÙi-˙PÙd-L-[Ùn C˚Q-

Vj-ßp CYo-Ls LÙY-¤d-œ ®u-fl- LÙi˙P C⁄l-TÙo-Ls.

W£-Lo Uu-\j Rt- LÙ- Xl-T- P- Vd LÙh-•-¤m TX-UÙ-]-’

ßWÙ-Æ-Pd LÙYt-T- P. CPm YXm æÆW CP-’ G]d Lh-£-

NÙo LUÙi- PÙd-L-∞u ßi- PÙs ß\m ˘NÙp≠ UÙ[Ù-’.

J˙W Bs Ju-T-’ I•˚V Yj-’d LÙi-” ÿt-˙TÙd-

œd Lßo-≈f-˚Nj ˙RN Gp-˚X-L-˚[-˘Vp-XÙm RÙi-•d

Li-Pm Æh-”d Li-Pm TWl-©d-˘LÙi-•-⁄l-TÙo. C˙R-

˙TÙp Ju-T-’ STo-Ls œ›-YÙn Ju-±- Qk-RÙp A’˙Y

C˚Q-Vj-ßu Aß-æ-ÆW CVd-L-UÙ-°-Æ-”m.

Gu-\Ù-¤m NY-Wd-L- Pd LÙj-ß-⁄l-©u Tj-ß- - Ll

◊Wh-P-XÙnj ß]k-˙RÙ-flm R[j-ßt-œ Yk-’-˙TÙ-˙YÙ-¨u

TÙ’-LÙl◊ YØ-Ls

õ GkR ®˚X-´-¤m ÿLm ˘R¨-VÙRSTo-L-∞-Pm Ee-Ls ˘RÙ˚X-˙T£Gi, ≈h-” ÿL-Y¨, Ts∞ ÿL-Y¨˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l T°ok-’-˘LÙs[˙Yi-PÙm.

õ @˙Tv-◊d ˙TÙu\ NÍ-Lj R[e-L-∞p A±-ÿ-Lm Cp-XÙ-R-Yo-L˚[Si-To-L-[Ù-Lf ˙NodL ˙Yi-PÙm.

õ A±-ÿ-Lm Cp-XÙR STo-Ls Ee-L˚[ ˙S¨p Nk-ßdL A˚Zj-RÙpUflj-’-Æ-”e-Ls.

õ øe-Ls Ut-\-Yo-L-fi-Pu AWh˚PA•l-T˚R AYo-Ls Tß‹ ˘Nn-Vd·”m Gu-T˚R U\-YÙ-æo-Ls.

õ A±-ÿ-Lm Cp-XÙ-R-Yo-L-fi-PuÿLm TÙoj-’ AWh˚P A•d-œmTZd-Lj-˚Rj RÆoj-’d ˘LÙs-fie-

Ls.

õ œZk-˚R-Ls, ˘Ti-Ls ◊˚Ll-T-Pe-L˚[ C˚Q-Vj-ßp T°o-Y-˚RjRÆod-L-‹m. Rt-˙TÙ-’ Es[˘RÙØp-÷h-Te-Ls ÍXm Ak-Rl◊˚Ll-T-Pe-L˚[ BTÙ-N-UÙL UÙt-\-XÙm Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm LY-]j-ßp˘LÙs-[-‹m.

õ Ee-Ls LP-‹f ˘NÙp˚Xl(password-I) ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-˚[jRÆW ˙Yfl VÙ¨-P-ÿm ˘R¨-ÆdL˙Yi-PÙm.

õ TQl T¨-UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm˘TÙ›-’ Ak-Rl TdLj-ßuÿL-Y-¨-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls. http:://

G] C⁄k-RÙp Ee-Ls LÙoh ÆY-We-L-˚[d ˘LÙ”d-LÙ-æo-Ls. http://

Gu-fl C⁄k-RÙp Uh-”˙U TQl-T-¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls. http://

Gu-T’ TÙ’-LÙl-TÙ] YØ-VÙ-œm.

28

Gi-¶d- L˚V Gp-XÙm æÆ-W-UÙL G”j-’d- LÙi-” ◊[-

°l-T-’ L˚P-£-´p LØ-Æ-WdLj-ß-˙X˙V ˘LÙi-”-Æ-”m.

Cu-]-ÿm BrkR YÙ£l-©t-LÙ-]-’ Af-—-Y-•-Y-˙U.

”Æh-P-¨p Ad-Ll-˙TÙ˙W Aß-Lm G≤-‡m, 140 Rh-Pp-L-

fid-œs EVo S˚Lf-—-˚Y-˚V-Ÿm LÆj-’Y ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-

L-˚[-Ÿm LÙQ-XÙm. 140 ˙L˘Wd-Po-L-fid-œs G›j-ßu

˙L˘Wd-P˚W Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-’ Gu-T-’ BLl- T- V NYÙp.

Tp-¤-˚Pl-◊d Lh-”˚W hÆhP¨p G›-Rl T¶d-Ll-Th-

PÙp ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞l-TÙh-•p ·o˚U YW YÙnl-◊i-”.

”Æh-P¨u TVuTÙ-” R≤-S-T- u Y∞l-TÙh- Pj RÙi-

•l ˘TÙ’ Ad-L-˚\-Ls NÙok-’ CVe-L-‹m CPm ˘LÙ”d-

L-Yp-X-’. œ±l-©hP ®Lr‹ Ap-X-’ ˘TÙ⁄s œ±jR

ÿ˚]l-˚Tj æÆ-Wl-T-”j-ßl ˙TÙWÙhP Y•-Y-UÙd° EX-

°u LY-]j˚R Dod-L-‹m YØ-Ÿs-[-’. 140 Rh-Pp-Lfid-

œs H˙R-‡m Ko CPj-ßp ˛ ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m Cfl-ß-´p ˛

J˙W YÙoj-˚R-˚Vd œ±l-©-”m ”Æh-”-Ls h˘Wi-•e

Gu-‡m A[-≈h-•u-T-• Gi-¶d- L- p Ef-Nj˚R Gh-”-

Y-˚Rf —h-•d LÙh-P-XÙm. ”Æh-Po EX-Lm G˚Rl Tt±

Aß-Lm ˙T—-°-\-’ Gu-T-Ru ÍXm FP-Le-L-∞u LY-]j-

˚Rd LYW YÙnl-◊s-[-’. CkR Y˚L-´p N¡-Tj-ßV G”j-

’d-LÙh-PÙ-Lj R™-ZL ¡]-Yo-Ls CXe- Ld LPt-T- P-VÙp

—h-”d LÙp-Xl-T-”-Y-Rt-œ Gßol◊ R -Æj-’ EXL A[-

Æp Gß-˘WÙ-≠jR ”Æh-Po œW-˚Xd ·\-XÙm.

C˚R-Æ-P-‹m Aß-L-UÙn G›R ÿL-Ë-≠u LY-⁄m A˚R-

Æ-P-‹m ø[-UÙn G›R ARu œ±l-˙T-”m CPm-˘LÙ-”d-

°u-\-]. G≤-‡m CWi-” FP-Le-L-∞p ©k-˚R-V-Ru

≈f˙N Aß-Lm. B]Ùp ”Æh-P˚W Jl-©h-PÙp ÿL-Ë≠u

æÆW ˘Y∞l-TÙ-” œ˚\‹ Gu˙\ ˙RÙu-fl-°-\-’. C˚Q-

Vj-ßu YÙN-Lo-Ls T⁄m-TÙ-¤m Jt˚\ Y¨ CWh˚P Y -

˙VÙ-” ®flj-ßd-˘LÙs-T-Yo-Ls Gu-‡m œt-\fNÙh-”d-œl

˘TÙ⁄jR ERÙ-W-Q-UÙn ÿL-Ë-˚X˙V ·\ ˙Yi-”m.

®˚Xf ˘Nnß Gu-‡m œflg- Nn-ß-L- [l T•l- TÙ˙W

Aß-Lm. B]Ùp œ˚\kR A[-Æp-RÙu Gu-\Ù-¤m æÆW

ÆYÙ-Re-Ls ÿL-Ë-≠p SPl-T-˚R-Ÿm —h-PÙ-Up ˙TÙY-’

˚NTo d˚W-™p Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[l-T-”m ◊LÙo-Ls

õ Ci-Po-˘Sh LP-‹f-˘NÙp

ß⁄h-”.

õ Af-—-flj-’m ™u-]g-Np-Ls.

õ C˚QVl ©u-˘RÙ-Po-Rp (Cyber

Stalking) (TÙ≠-Vp √ß-´-XÙ]˘RÙp-˚X-Ls, ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄-Yo Ee-L-˚[l ˙TÙX C˚Q-Vj-ßp EX-‹-Y-’, ™Wh-Pp-Ls B°-V-˚Y-L-fim APe-œm).

õ œZk-˚R-Ls Yu-˘LÙ-”˚U/

BTÙNj R[e-Ls.

õ LPu Ah˚P Gi ß⁄h-”.

õ Y˚Xj-R[jßp A‡-U-ß´u±

Eh-◊-œ-Rp.

29

®VÙ-V-Up-X. Gp-XÙ-Yt-±-¤m L˚P-£-´p Gg-—-Y-’ R≤-S-

T˙W Gu-T’ -˙TÙp ÆYÙ-ßd-œm ˘TÙ⁄-fim STo-L- [-

Ÿm NÙok˙R ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu æÆ-W-ÿm Æ[e-œ-°-\-’.

°h-Pj-RhP Cflß Íf˚N C›j-R-T-• C⁄d-œm ·œs

©[v Gu-T-’ ·• ÆYÙ-ßdL BLf £\kR CPm Gu-\Ù-

¤m CWi-PÙm Íu-\Ùm E˚Wd ∏t-±- X˙V ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu

æÆ-Wj˚R CZd-L- YdL Et-NÙ-Lj-’-Pu °i-P-¤m L≠-

Ÿ-UÙn K•-Y-⁄-˙YÙ˙W HWÙ-[m. AYo-L-˚[f NÙp-≠-Ÿm

œt-\-™p- X. Y˚X A›j-Rj-ßp C⁄k-’ Rl-©dL C˚P-

´-˚P-´p C˚[l-TÙ\ Gh-•l TÙol-˙TÙ˙W A˙S-Lo.

AYo-L-∞-Pm æÆWj˚R Gßo-TÙol-T-’ A±-YÙokR UPj-

R-]m.

C˚Y-V-˚]j-˚R-Ÿm LT-«-L-Wm-˘Nn-’ K¨-Pj-ßp LÙi-”-

YW ·œs ©[v ÿVp-°-\-’. ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wl TÙh-•- u LÙW-

Q-UÙn G›j-˙RÙ-” Nok-’ ”Æh-Po ◊˚Ll-T-Pm TÙP

YØ-˘Nn-°-\-’. ©[Ù˚L Ád-°f NÙl-©-Pd Lh-Pt\ CPm-

˘LÙ -”j -’ Gq-Y-[ -‹m G›-ßd-˘LÙs Gu-° -\ -’

ÿL-Ëp.

B]Ùp C˚Y-V-˚]j-’m Y˚Xj-R-[j-ßp G›ß Y∞-

´-Pl-Th-•-⁄l-T-˚Rf —h-•-´u ÍXm A±-ÆdL C˚Y

˙T⁄-R-Æ-VÙn C⁄d-°u-\-].

J›e-L-˚U-ß˚V ˙Ut-TÙo-˚Y-´P B£-¨-Vo-œ-› C⁄l-

T-Ru LÙW-Qj-RÙp Af-—l Tj-ß-¨-˚L-L-∞p Td-Lf NÙo-◊-

Ls C⁄l-©-‡m A•l-T-˚Pj RWm ˙TQ C⁄d-œm

YÙnl◊ C˚Q-Vj-ßp Cp-XÙR ˘T⁄m œ˚\.

Af-—l ©W-ß, G›-Rl-Th-•-⁄l-T-˚Rl Tt± BWmT YÙN-L-

≤-Pm Ht-T-”j-’m Br-U] Ae-∏-LÙWm A[l-T-¨-V-’.

C˚QV G›j-’ A±-ÿ-L-™p-XÙR ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp C[d-

LÙ-Wj-˚R˙V Gßo-˘LÙi-PÙP ˙Yi-•-´-⁄d-°-\-’. G’-

‹˙U ˘RÙPokR CVd-Lj-ß-¤m C⁄j-R-≠-¤m Uh-”˙U

Y¤l- T-flm Gu-T-’ Æß-VÙL C⁄d- L- p C˚Q-Vm Uh-

”m CRt-œ Æß-Æ-Xd-LÙL C⁄dL ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ?

Y˚Xl-ÈdLs

CkR Ët-\Ùi˚P C˚QV Ët-

\Ùi-PÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-PÙ-P-XÙm.

C˚QV AL-WÙß, C˚Q-Vd œ›-

Um, C˚QV Y¶-Lm Gu-fl Gp-XÙ-

˙U -C-˚QVYØ C˚Q-‹-L-[Ù-Ll

T¨-Q-™j-’ Y⁄-°u\]. Cq-Y- - N-

´p ˚Yj-’ Gi-Qj-RdL A[-Æt-œ

Y˚Xl-Èd-Ls C˚Q-Vj-ßp YXm

Yk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\-].

Y˚Xl-È-‹mC˚Q-V-R-[-ÿm

Be-°-Xj-ßp Blogger Gu-T-˚Rj

R™-Øp Y˚XlÈ Gu-fl œ±l-©-”-

°u-\-]o. C’ C˚Q-V-R-[m

˙TÙu˙\ ˘NVp-T-Pd ·•-V-’. G≤-

‡m C˚Q-V-R-[j-˚Rd LÙh-•-¤m

£\l-◊-˚P-V-RÙ-L˙Y CR-˚]d L⁄R

˙Yi-”m.

C˚Q-V-R-[j˚R ˘Yt-±-L-W-UÙL

CVd-œ-Rp G∞-Ru-fl. B]Ùp

CYo-L-[Ùp Y˚Xl-Èd-L˚[ G∞-

RÙL E⁄-YÙd° ®o-Y-°dL ÿ•-Ÿm.

C˚Q-V-R-[j-ßp Tß-˙Yt-\m ˘Nn-

Vd-·-•V A˚]j-˚R-Ÿm Y˚Xl-È-

Æ¤m Tß-˙Yt-\m ˘Nn-V-ÿ-•-Ÿm.

C˚Q-V-R-[j˚R E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ®o-

Y-°d-L-‹m Aß-Ll ˘TÙ⁄h-˘N-X‹

Ht-T-”m. B]Ùp Y˚Xl-È˚Y

E⁄-YÙd-L-˙YÙ, ®o-Y-°d-L˙YÙ

˘TÙ⁄h-˘N-X‹ H’-™p-˚X.

˘TÙ⁄h-˘N-X‹ Cp-XÙ-U-˙X˙V J⁄-

Yo Rm £k-R-˚]-L˚[ C˚Q-Vj-

ßp Y˚XlÈ Y•-Æp EXYÆP

ÿ•-Ÿm. Af-£k-R-˚]-Ls œ±jR

©uÚhPe-L-˚[l (feed back)

˘T\ CV-¤m.

30

ÆW- Xi-¶d- L- -XÙ] G›j-RÙ-[o-L- [j RÆW, TV-WÙL

®˚Xj-’-ÆhP ˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚Ul T˚Pl-TÙ-∞-Ls R[e-Ls

˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-[ÙL Cp-XÙ-Up Yflm ©W-ß-T-≠l-◊-L-[Ùn Gg£

-®t-T-’ HUÙt-\-˙U.

C˚Q-Vj-ßu CX-YN YÙ£l◊ ◊j-RL Æt-T-˚]-˚Vl TÙßd-

œm Gu-T-’ KW-[-Æt-œ Ei-˚U-RÙu. ARt-LÙL ˘Ys-˘[-

›j-’d Li-QÙ-•-L-∞u Æt-T˚] A˙UÙ-L-UÙ-Lh-”m Gu-fl

Uk-ß-¨j-’j RÙVj-’ Lh-•d-˘LÙs[ ÿ•-ŸUÙ Gu-]? Y⁄e-

LÙ-Xj-ßp L⁄-Æ-≠-⁄d-œm E⁄-Ym —⁄i-” Rh-Pf-—l-T-•˙V

˘Y∞- p Yk-RÙ-¤m ÆVl-Tp-X.

Cu-‡m Cu-‡m Gu-fl C˚QV YÙ£l◊ Gßo-LÙ-Xj-ßp Tp-

°l- T-⁄-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A’ CX-Y-N-UÙnd °˚Pd-°-\’

Gu-T-RÙp Uh-”˙U Au-fl. Ak-®-Vl TQj-˚Rf NRÙ E⁄-

UÙt-±d LQd-°h-”d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˘NÙkR ≈h-PÙo

˙TÙX˙Y Tßl-T-Le-L-fim H˙RÙ ˘Ys-˚[d-LÙ-W-‡d-œ ÆtT-’

˙TÙu\ TÙY- ]- p Tu-U-Pe-œ Æ˚X- Vt± Æt-T-’m J⁄

LÙW-Qm. Al-©j-Rl© YÙe-°V Af-—l ©W-ß-L˚[ ÆUÙ-]j-

ßp G”j-’f-˘Np-Y-Rt-œm ß⁄m-Td ˘LÙi-”-Y-⁄-Y-Rt-œm

—dœ LÙl-T-Qm —˚U ·≠ ÿd-LÙl-T-Qm Gu-fl Ri-Pm

AZ ˙Yi-•-´-⁄l-T-˚Rd L¶-≤d-œs Gl-˙TÙ-’m ÆØj-R-

T-• TÙoj-ß-⁄d-œm C˚Q-Vj-ßu C∞l◊ Cu- ]Ù-⁄ LÙW-Qm.

Ak-®V Ui-¶p B -Wm YN-ß-Ls °˚Pj-RÙ-¤m Y´t- \d

LPkR U]m Ru A˚P-VÙ-[j-˚Rj Ru Ui-¶-˙X˙V Rd-L-

˚Yj-’d ˘LÙs-[l TÙol-T-’ C˚QV YÙ£l-©t-LÙ] Aß-

ÿd-°-Vd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.

Af-—l Tj-ß-¨-˚L-´p ˘Y∞-VÙ-°l ◊j-R-L-UÙ-]Ùp RÙu Ae-

∏-LÙ-Wm Gu-‡m Rt-LÙX VRÙoj-Rj˚R ÿt-LÙ-Xj R˚X-ÿ-˚\-

´u ÍP Sm-©d-˚L-VÙn Bd-Ll ˙TÙœm Gßo-LÙ-Xm

˘RÙ˚XÁWj-ßp Cp-˚X.

˛ ÆUXÙßjR UÙUpXu

E⁄-YÙd-Lm

Y˚Xl-Èd-L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Uj-’f˘NVp-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm CP-Y-N-ß-´-˚]-Ÿm VÙ·, Gm.-

Gv.-Gu., √•@l-˘U-´p ˙TÙu\ TX®fl-Y-]e-Ls YZe-œ-°u-\-]. G≤-‡m ·œs ®fl-Y-]j-ßu ©[Ùd-Lo

(Blogger) Gu-T˙R TW-Y-XÙ-Ll TVu-TÙh-•p Es-[-’.

◊ß-V-RÙL Y˚Xl-È˚Y E⁄-YÙdLÆ⁄m-◊-°u-\-Yo-Ls Íu-fl T•-®-˚X-

L-˚[j RY-\Ù-Up ©u-Tt\ ˙Yi-

”m. A˚Y:

1) Create an account

2) Name your blog

3) Choose a template

Cl-T-•-®-˚X-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jßY˚Xl-Èd-Ls ˙Yi-•-V-YÙ-fl Y•-Y-

˚Uj-’d ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

œ±l-©-Pj-RdL Y˚Xl-Èd-Ls

R™-Øp B´-Wd-L-Qd-LÙ] Y˚Xl-Èd-Ls C⁄k-RÙ-¤m AYt-±p œ±l-

©-Pj-RdL £X:

R™rl Èd-Ls

tamilpukkal.blogspot.com

UÙ≤-Pu

manidal.blogspot.com

ß⁄-Uu-±p

thirumandril.blogspot.com

U˚X-V-⁄Æ

nailango.blogspot.com.

malaiaruvikavithai.blogspot.com

31

@ C˚Q-V-R-[j-ß]Ùp Æ˚[-Y’ Su-˚UVÙ? æ˚UVÙ? Gu-T’ œ±j-’l

Th-•-Uu\m SPj-’-L.

@ ∏r-Y-⁄m Tjß¨˚Lf˘Nnß Tt±V EeLs L⁄j’L˚[ ”ÆhP¨p

˘Y∞´”m T•VÙL G›R‹m.

ÆUXÙßjR UÙUpXu

1960 Cp ˘Nu˚]´p ©\kRÙo. UjßV AW£u LXÙp’˚\´p T¶

◊¨kRYo. ÆUXÙßjR UÙUpXu LÆ˚RLs, A±VÙR ÿLeLs, E´oj

˘R›Rp, ÿPYu Y[ojR ˘Ys˚[l ◊\ÙdLs B°V˚Y CYW’

£flL˚Rj ˘RÙœßL[Ùœm. C˚QVÿm CXd°Vÿm Gu\ CYW’

Lh”˚W LÙXf—Y” CRØp ˘Y∞VÙ] Lh”˚WVÙœm.

TÙ°vRÙu, ∫]Ù˚YÆP

◊’˘Pp≠, N, 24: CuPo˘Sh TVuT”j’Yßp∫]Ù, TÙ°vRÙ˚]ÆPCkßVÙÆp C˚QV R[—RkßWm AßLm GuflEXL Y˚X C˚QV ®flY]m ·±Ÿs[’.

EXL Y˚X C˚QV ®flY]m 2009 Bm Bi”No •m ˘To]ov ƒVÙp’YdLlThP’. CkR ®flY]m EXLm ÿ›Y’mC˚QVR[ ET˙VÙLmTt± Bn‹ Nn’ Bi”˙RÙflm ˘Y∞´h” Y⁄°\’. ˘Yl CiPdvG]lT”m BnÆp EXLSÙ”L∞p C˚QVj˚RTVuT”j’Y’, C˚QV—RkßWm, ˘Y∞lT˚PjRu˚U, C˚QVm TVuT”jR Lh”lTÙ”Ls,

˙RP¤dœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]◊s∞ÆTWeLs, AW—A‡Uß ˙TÙu\ ©¨‹L∞u ∏r Bn‹ NnVlThP’.Cßp 81 SÙ”Ls Bn‹dœ G”j’d˘LÙs[l

ThP]. CkR BnÆp 100◊s∞LfiPu —≈PuSÙ”ÿRpCPj˚Rl ©•jR’.SÙo˙Y 2 Bm CPj˚RŸm © hPu 3 Bm CPj˚RŸm ©•j’s[]. A˘U¨dLÙ 4 Bm CPjßpEs[’. CkßVÙ 56Y’

CPjßp Es[’. ∫]Ù‹dœ 57Y’ CPÿm TÙ°vRÙ‡dœ 77Bm CPÿm°˚Pj’s[’. CkßVÙÆp C˚QVj˚R TVuT”j’TYoL∞u Gi¶d˚L 20 ˙LÙ• ∫]ÙUtflm A˘U¨dLÙÆp

C ˚ Q V mT V u T ” j ’˙YÙo Gi¶d˚L ÿ˚\˙V 30˙LÙ• Utflm 20.7

˙LÙ•. CkßVÙÆp C˚QVm TVuT”j’˙YÙo 32.4NR≈RUÙL‹m, ∫]ÙÆp31.1 , TÙ°vRÙ≤p 10.4NR≈RUÙL Es[’.

CkßVÙÆp C˚QVR[TVuTÙh•p —RkßWmUtflm ˘Y∞lT˚PjRu˚U 49.5 NR≈Rm,

A‡Uß 31 .2 NR≈Rm.◊s∞ ÆTWeLs °˚PlT’ 22.6 NR≈Rm BLEs[’. ∫]ÙÆp C˚QVR[ TVuTÙh•p —Rk

ßWm Utflm Y∞l T˚PjRu˚U 5.3 NR≈Rm, A‡Uß 31.2, ◊s∞ ÆT WeLs°˚PlT’ 46.8 NR≈RUÙLEs[’. TÙ°vRÙ≤p÷˚Z‹ 21.3, ◊s∞ ÆTWeLs °˚PlT’ 12.4 ,C˚QV —RkßWm 9.8 NR≈RUÙL Es[’ GuflBnÆp ˘R¨V Yk’s[’.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

@ C˚QVR[m, Y˚Xl-Èd-Ls CYt-±t-°-˚P˙V Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙ”L˚[ ÆYÙ-ßj’d œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-L.

@ C˚QVR[-ÿm C[k-R-˚X-ÿ-˚\-´-]-⁄m Gu-‡m R˚Xl-©pL⁄j-R-We-Ld Lh-”˚W RVÙo ˘Nn-L. Lh”˚W˚V Y˚XlÈÆp˘Y∞´”L.

31

32

Tf˚N YVp

(ß-˚Wd-L˚R ˛ YN-]m)

LÙh£ ˛ 1

(LÙ˚X- ˙S-Wm : Ro-ÿ-Æu ≈” ˘Y∞l-◊-\m)

(LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls : Ro-ÿ, ∫RÙ UÙ™, WÙ_Ù-WÙm)

(Ro-ÿ-Æu ≈”, Ro-ÿ °Qt-\-•- p ’¶-L- [j ’˚Yj-’ EXoj-ßd LÙi-” C⁄d-

°-\Ùs. ∫RÙUÙ™ £k-R- ]-Ÿ-Pu Y∞l-T-P- Xj ß\k-’ LÙi-” Es˙[ ÷˚Zk’

ÁWUÙL ®u-fl Ro-ÿ-˚Yl TÙod-°-\Ùs. Ro-ÿ, ˙Yfl-◊-\m ß⁄m©l ◊˚P- Y- Vd

˘LÙ•- p ©¨j-’ Æh-P-T-•...)

Ro-ÿ : YÙe-˙LÙ, Hu Ae-˙L˙V ®d-L-˙\s?

∫RÙ UÙ™ RVe-°-V-T-• Ae˙L A⁄-°p Yk-’ ’¶ ’˚Yd-œm Lp-≠p

Eh-LÙ-⁄-°-\Ùs. Ro-ÿ ˘RÙPok-’ ’¶-L˚[ ER± EXoj-ß-V-T-• ∫RÙ UÙ™-

Ÿ-Pu ˙T—-°-\Ùs.

∫RÙ : °⁄xQÙ ˘WÙmT U]Y-⁄j-Rj-˙RÙP ß⁄m-©l ˙TÙ´h-PÙi-•.

Ro-ÿ : SÙu ·P ˘WÙmT Aß-L-UÙ] U]-Y-⁄j-Rj-˙RÙP RÙu UÙ™ ß⁄m© Yk-

’h-˙Pu.

∫RÙ : AYu ˙Lh-P-ß˙X Gu-]-•-VmUÙ RY-fl? Lh-•-˙XÙP Lh-•XÙ °Pd-°\

J⁄ ˘Ti-˚Q-Ÿm ·P˙Y ·h-•i-”-RÙu Y⁄-˙Yu-‡ ˘NÙu]Ù Ck-

Rd LÙXj-ß˙X Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-¶d-°\ TVu-Ls Nm-U-ßl-TÙ-]Ù-•-Vm-UÙ?

Ro-ÿ : Au-]j˚R Gu] Ti-Q-XÙm? C˙RÙ CkRd °Qj-ß˙X ©•f-—j Rs-∞-

Æh-” AY-⁄d-œ L›j˚R LÙh-Ph-”-UÙ? AlT AYo Gu˚] Nk-˙RÙ-

`UÙ Hj-’l-TÙ-WÙ?

∫RÙ : Au-]j˚R Gu-]-RÙu Ti-Qf NÙp-˙\s? AY-˙[ÙP CkR ®˚X Ee-

L-fid-œm R -Ÿm-RÙ- ]? AYs RÙh-•-≠p T”j-’dL˚X˙V RÆW AY

J⁄ œZk-˚R. TÙh-•p TÙp œ•d-L-\˙RÙ Cp-˚X˙VÙ WÙj-ß-¨-ÈWÙ RÙn-U-•-

´˙X R˚X˚V Yf-—i-” Áeœ˙U œZk-˚R, A’-UÙ-ß-¨, Gu-˙]ÙP vT-

¨-Nm AY ˙U˙X Th-”i˙P C⁄d-L-‘m-‡ AY Gßo-TÙoj-’ He-°i-”

33

°Pd-°\ J⁄ SÙVÙ-∞. AY˚[ Æh-”h-” YÙ• Eu˚] Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-

¶d-L- \u-‡ NÙu] A˚R Gl-T-• Hj-’dL ÿ•-Ÿm? U]-ß˙X J⁄ U≤-

RÙ-©-UÙ] EQo‹ ˙Yi-PÙ-UÙ?

(CkR E˚W-VÙ-P˚X _u-]p A⁄-°p T”j-ß-⁄d-œm Au-]m ˙Lh-P-T-•

A›-°-\Ùs.)

∫RÙ : AYu Ru-˙]ÙP ÿ•-˚Yf ˘NÙp-≠-Æh-”l ˙TÙ´h-PÙu. Au-]j˚R

Ge-LÙ-Y-’ ®Wk-R-WUÙ ASÙ˚R B£--WUj-ß˙X ˙Noj-’h-” . . .

Ro-ÿ : ˙Yi-PÙm. CkR UÙß¨ ˙UÙN-UÙ] ˙VÙN-˚]-L-˚[-˘Vp-XÙm ˙T£i-”

RV‹ ˘Nn-’ Ce˙L YW ˙Yi-PÙm.

∫RÙ : Eu ©•-YÙ-Rj˚R ÆP-UÙh-•-˙V. ˙Y\ Gu-]-RÙi-• Ti-\RÙ Ej-˙R-Nm?

Ro-ÿ :Lx-Pe-L-˙[ÙP Gßoj-’l ˙TÙWÙ-Pl ˙TÙ˙\u. EPm-©˙X Y¤ C⁄d-L\

Y˚W-´˙X ˙TÙWÙ-”-˙Yu.

∫RÙ : ø Gd- L-” Lh˙PÙ TÙ. C≤˙U CkR Æ -Vj-ß˙X SÙu G’d-œj R˚X-

´-Pl ˙TÙ˙\u? Eu R˚X-˘V-›j-’ G’˙YÙ ARu-T-•-RÙu SPd-œm.

˘WÙmT Lx-Pl-T-P-±˙V ET-LÙ-Wm Ti-Q-XÙm-‡ TÙoj-˙Ru.

Ro-ÿ : ˙Ru ·” KWUÙ ˙TÙL-˙Yi-PÙm. Au-≤d-œ KWUÙ ˙TÙn ˙R… ’Wjß

K•- ]- [? ∏˙Z Æ›k-’ LÙVm-Th-”d LÙi-” EPm◊ ÈWÙ Ro-ÿ Y[od-

œm ˙R… ˘LÙh-•-”j-’u-‡ ˘NÙu-˙]s.

∫RÙ : Gu˚] Gu] ≈” ≈PÙ TÙn Ym◊ TN-\-Ys-‡ NÙp-XÙU NÙp-±VÙ?

34

Ro-ÿ : I˙VÙ, Ee-L[ Ym◊ ˙TN-˙\s-‡ ˘NÙp≠-Æh-” SÙu CkR FoX C⁄dL

ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ?

∫RÙ : ø ˙T—-˙Y-•-VmUÙ...

(∫RÙUÙ™ ˘Y∞- V-fl-°-\Ùs. Ro-ÿ ¡ß ’¶-L˚[ YÙ∞-´p ˙TÙh-” AX-

£d ˘LÙi˙P R]d-œs ˙T£d ˘LÙs-°-\Ùs.)

Ro-ÿ : ˚L, LÙp Æ[e-LÙU YV-’ YkR ˘TÙi-‘ J⁄jß Lh-•-˙XÙP °Pd-LÙ.

AYs Al-T-•˙V TÙh-”h-” CY-‡d-œd L›jR øh-•]Ù SpX TÙi‘,

Cp-˚Xu]Ù ˘TÙp-XÙ-R-Y. AY-fid-œ Gu] YØ Ti-‘-’e-L-\j-’d-œ

U≤-RÙ-©-UÙ-]j-˙RÙP J⁄ ˙VÙN˚] ˘NÙpX ÿ•-V-X. ˚TV˚] A˚Zf-

—i-” YWÙ-[Ùm ˚TV˚] . . .

(Ro-ÿ RÙ˙] ˙T£d-˘LÙi-” C⁄l-T-˚Rd ˙Lh-”d-˘LÙi˙P WÙ_Ù-WÙm

Ae˙L Yk-’ ®t-°-\Ùu. J⁄ ’¶˚V ER± ˘LÙ•-´p EXoj-’m ˙TÙ’

AY -]l TÙoj-’-Æh-” TW-T-Wl-T-˚P-°-\Ùs. ˘S°rkR B˚P-˚Vf N¨

˘Nn’ ˘LÙi-” AY˚] YW-˙Yt-°-\Ùs.

WÙ_Ù-WÙm Es˙[ ÷˚Z-Y˚R ∫RÙ UÙ™ J⁄ UÙß-¨-VÙ-Ll TÙoj-R-T-•˙V

˘Y∞- V-fl-°-\Ùs.)

Ro-ÿ : YÙeL . . . YÙeL . . .

WÙ_Ù- : Gu] Ro-ÿ! ø TÙhX E]d-œ ø˙V ˙T£d-˘LÙi-” ®d-L-˙\?

Ro-ÿ : A’ Ji-‘-™p-˚X. Es˙[ YÙe-L.

(WÙ_Ù-WÙm ©u RÙPok-’ Es˙[ Y⁄-°-\Ùu. Ae˙L °PkR vÂp Ju˚\

SLoj-ßl ˙TÙ”-°-\Ùs Ro-ÿ. Ad-LÙ-Æu TW-T-Wl-˚T-Ÿm Et-NÙ-Lj-˚R-Ÿm

Lh-•-≠p Eh-LÙok-R-T-•˙V Au-]m LY-≤d-°-\Ùs.)

WÙ_Ù : ˙St-fl ˘NbuX TÙoj-˙Ru. ƒ‹u-‡ ˘NÙu-]Ùe-L. Cu-≤d-œ ˘Nd`u

Td-L˙U YW-ÿ-•-V-˚X. ARÙu TÙoj-’h-”l ˙TÙLXÙm-‡ Yk-˙Ru. Gu]

Æ˙N-`m?

Ro-ÿ : Ee-L-fid-œj ˘R¨-VÙRÙ Gu] Æ˙N-`m . . .

˙T£d- LÙi˙P Es˙[ YkR WÙ_Ù-WÙm, Au-]j-ßu A⁄-°p Yk-’ ®ufl

L˚Xk-’ ˙TÙ´-⁄kR AYs ˙LNj˚R N¨ ˘Nn-’ Æh-” .

WÙ_Ù- : Gu-]mUÙ Gl-T-• C⁄d-˙L?

WÙ_Ù-WÙm Cl-T-•d Lh-P-‹-Pu Au-]m A›-°-\Ùs. AY˚[ AYu NUÙ-

RÙ-]m ˘Nn-°-\Ùu.

35

WÙ_Ù- : Hu AZ-˙\? AZd-·-PÙ-’.

Ro-ÿ : Cl-T-•j-RÙu NÙo, Gl-Tl TÙoj-RÙ-¤m G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ ®˚]f-—i-” AZ-\Ù,

B]Ù, Hu AZ-\Ù, G’d-œ AZ-\Ùe-L-\˙R R¨-V-UÙh-˙Pe-œ-’. AY U]-

—d-œs˙[ ◊œkRÙ TÙodL ÿ•-Ÿm? A¤j-’ N≠j-’ ≈h-”d-œ YkRÙ CY

AZ-\-Rl TÙod-œm˙TÙ’ YÙrd- L˙V Yflj-’l ˙TÙ´-P-\-’.

WÙ_Ù- : AZd-·-PÙ-’ Au-]m! ø AZ\-’-]ÙX Eu-˚]f —t± C⁄d-L-\-YÙ-fid-œm

Ne-L-Pm-RÙ-˙]?

(Ro-ÿ Es˙[ Nu-fl J⁄ Pm-[-¨p º RVÙ-¨j-’d-˘LÙi-” Y⁄-°-\Ùs. A˚R WÙ_Ù-

WÙ-U-≤-Pm ˘LÙ”j-’-Æh-” Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ Pm-[-¨p Au-]j-’d-œj R⁄-°-\Ùs. A˚R

AYs CPd-˚L-´-]Ùp YÙe-°d œ•d-œm-˙TÙ˙R L S”e-œ-°-\-’. º U˙X £k-’-

°-\-’. Ro-ÿ A⁄-°p Yk-’ Eh-LÙok-’ A˚R AY-fid-œl ◊Lh-”-°-\Ùs.

A˚R AY-fid-œl ◊Lh-•d ˘LÙi˙P LW-L-Wl-TÙ] ˘RÙ≤-´p ˙T—-°-\Ùs.)

Ro-ÿ : CY[ Ge-LÙ-Y-’ ASÙ˚R B£-W-Uj-ß˙X Æh-”h-” YkRÙ Gu˚] Lp-VÙ-

Qm Ti-¶d-L-\RÙ ˘NÙu] Nj-◊j-Wu J⁄j-Ru ˘Uh-WÙv- X-⁄k-’ ˙Sj-

ßd-œ Gu-˚]l ˘Ti TÙodL Yk-RÙu. UÙ’-£-˙WÙu-U¶ ∫RÙ UÙUı-´u

£TÙ- -—.

WÙ_Ù : Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-¶dL ˙Yi-•-V-’-RÙu. B]Ùp U≤-RÙ-©-UÙ-]-™p-XÙR

AkR ®Tk-R˚] Aj-R˚] N¨-VÙl-T-P-˚X˙V!

Ro-ÿ : SÙu N -VÙ] Tßp NÙp-X- Xu-‡ ∫RÙUÙ™d-œ Gu ˙UX ˙LÙTm. SÙu Cl-

T-• C’d-œ ÿu-]ÙX CWi-” YWu-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Yi-PÙm Gu-fl ˘NÙp-≠-

´-⁄d-˙Lu.

LÙh£ ˛ 2

(TLp : UÙod-˘Lh

˘Y∞l-◊-\m)

(LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls : Ro-ÿ, WÙ_Ù-WÙm, Au-]m)

(Ro-ÿ-‹m, WÙ_Ù-WÙ-ÿm UÙod- Lh-•p LÙn-L± YÙe-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. TL-∞p A˚R G”j-

’d- LÙi-” SPd-°-\Ùo-Ls. NÙ˚X- VÙ-W-UÙL S˚P-TÙ- R- p ˙T£-V-T-• SPd-°-\Ùo-Ls.)

Ro-ÿ : J⁄ Y⁄-`j-’d-œ ˙U˙X ˙NXj-ß˙X ºf-NWÙ C⁄k-R-˙TÙ’ J⁄ TQd-LÙW

YÙ≠-Tu Gu-˚]˙V —j-ßf-—jß Yk-RÙu. ˘WÙmT SpX ˚TVu-RÙu.

AY˙]ÙP LÙRp Bo-Yj-˚Rl TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’ CYu Gl-T-•-Ÿm Gu

L›jßp RÙ≠ Lh-PÙU ÆP-UÙh-PÙu ˙TÙXj ˙RÙu-fl-°-\˙R Gu-fl Gu

U]-— ·P ˘U’YÙ AY˚] Æ⁄mT BWm-©j-R-’.

36

(Ko CPj-ßp Ro-ÿ-‹m, WÙ_Ù-WÙ-ÿm ˙T£d ˘LÙi-” ˙TÙY˚R ∫RÙ UÙ™ TÙod-°-

\Ùs. TÙoj-’-Æh-” J⁄ UÙß- -VÙ-Lj R˚X˚V Bh-”-°-\Ùs.)

J⁄ SÙ˚[d-œ Cl-T-•j-RÙu, Gu Uu-UR WÙ_Ù˙Y Eu-‡-˚PV LÙRp Bo-

Yj-˚Rd Li-” ˘Uf-£-˙]u. Eu˚] C≤ ˙NÙßd-œm Gi-Qm G]d-œ

Cp-˚X. NÙVe-LÙ-Xm ≈h-”l-Td-Lm YÙ. Æ¨-YÙ-Ll ˙TN-XÙm Gu-fl ·±-

˙]u. ˙UÙh-PÙo ˚Nd-°-∞p Yk-RÙu. TÙoj-RÙu. ˙T£-]Ùu. ·Pj-ß˙X

Lh-•pX C⁄kR Au-]j- Rl TÙoj-’-Æh-” Aßof£˙VÙP Lh-PÙu. C’

VÙo Gu-fl. Gu Re-˚L. Gu-˚]d Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-¶d-°-\RÙ C⁄kRÙ CY

SmU ·Pj-RÙu C⁄lTÙ Gu-fl ˘NÙu-˙]u. Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu, Es˙[

˙TÙ´h-” Yo-\-’d-œs[ Bs Am-˙Tp.

Nl-R-™h-” £¨j-’d LÙi˙P ·fl-°-\Ùs. ßº- Wu-fl AYs Li-Ls LXeœ

-°u-\-]. SPk-’ Yk-R-Yo-Ls NÙ˚X˙VÙW S˚P-TÙ˚R £˘Uih ˘Tg-£p

C˚P-˘Y-∞-Æh-” Eh-LÙ-⁄-°u-\-]o. Ro-ÿ ˙RÙ∞p ˘RÙe-œm LÙn-L-±l-

˚T˚V ˘Tg-£p ˚Yj-’-Æh-” Li-L-˚[j ’˚Pj-’d ˘LÙs-°-\Ùs.

U]jßp ’VW A›j-Rm RÙ[Ù-Up Nt-fl ˙SWm ERh-˚Pd L•j-’ ’d-Lj˚R

APd-°d- ˘LÙs-°-\Ùs.

Ro-ÿ : SpX Nk-Rol-Te-Ls Y⁄-°u-\-]. SpX ˚TVu-L-[ÙL Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-fl

SÙu ©t-LÙX YÙrd- L˚V Uh-”m TÙoj-’i-” ˙TÙ´hPÙ Au-]j˚R VÙo

TÙoj-’lTÙ NÙo? AY ®˚X R≤VÙ Æh-”h-”l ˙TÙ\-UÙ-ß-¨VÙ C⁄d-œ?

WÙ_Ù- : Ro-ÿ! J⁄ TÙ’-YÙ] Ad-L- \- -]ÙX Lh-L- \u. E]d- LÙ-⁄ ÍjR N˙LÙ-

R-Wu C⁄d-LÙu Cp-˚X-VÙ?

Ro-ÿ : C⁄d-LÙu Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-¶i-” SÙ¤ œZk-˚R-L-˙[Ù-” ˘N¸d-°-VUÙ

C⁄dLÙu.

WÙ_Ù : ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œl ©\-œ EPu-©-\l-◊-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙdL ˙Yi-•-V-’ œ”m-

Tjßp Íj-R-Y-˙]ÙP ˘TÙfll◊ Cp-˚X-VÙ?

Ro-ÿ : ˘TÙfll-◊-RÙu. Ck-Rl ˘TÙfll˚T AYu RÙ]Ù ÿu-Yk-’ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-

PÙp ARt-œl ˙To ˘T⁄k-Ru-˚U. ©\o ˘NÙp≠ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-PÙp ®ol-

Tk-Rm. C˚Y CWi-˚P-Ÿm ◊\d-L-¶jRÙ VÙo Gu] ˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm?

·h”d œ”mT YÙrd˚L Rj-’-Y˙U £˚Rk-’ £u-]Ù-©u-]-UÙ-°l ˙TÙf-—

NÙo. VÙ⁄m, VÙ˚W-Ÿm Li-•dL ÿ•-VÙ-Up Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m J⁄ Íh˚P

J›e-∏-]e-L˚[j Re-Ls ÿ’-°p —Uk-’˘LÙi-” YÙr-°-\Ùo-Ls. YÙrd-

˚Ll TÙWÙh-Pj-ßp Yflm Kh-P-™-⁄d-°-\˙R RÆ-W, ÀY˙] Cp-˚X. E´-

37

˙WÙh-P-™p-˚X. _Ù≠l◊ Cp- X. SÙu Cl-T-• Ljß U˙X SPd-L\ UÙß¨

SPk-’i-•-⁄d-˙Lu. B]Ùp Au-]˙UÙ G]d-œd Lp-VÙ -Qm

Gu-fl ˙Tf˚N G”j-RÙ˙X ˘WÙmT Al-˘Nh B´-P-\Ù.

WÙ_Ù- : LÙW-Qm?

Ro-ÿ : TVm. SÙu ßºo-‡ Lp-VÙ-Qm Ti-¶i-” TÙ´hPÙ AY˚[ ASÙ- RVÙ

Æh-”-”-˙Y˙]Ù Gu-°\ TVm. £X SWe-L-∞p AY˚[ Gl-T-• NUÙ-RÙ-]m

˘Nn-V-\-’u˙] R -VÙU RÆf-—l TÙ -P- \u. AkR SWj-ß˙X G]dœ

Bj-ß-W˙U ·P Yk-’-”-’. Nj-Rm TÙh-”-P- \u. SÙ‡m U‡-µ-RÙ- ]? Gj-

R˚] Lx-Pe-L-˚[j-RÙu APd° Yf-—dL ÿ•-Ÿm? HRÙ-Y-’ Nk-Rol-Tm

°˚Pd-°-\-˙TÙ-’ A˚Q E˚Pk-R UÙß¨ ˙LÙTm Yk-’-Æ-”-°-\-’. G]d-œ

Y⁄-°\ ˘Lh-P-˙To Gp-XÙm CkR UÙß¨ „r-®-˚X-´-˙X-RÙu NÙo. Ro-ÿ

˘TÙp-XÙ-R-Y, ˘LÙ”-˚Ud-LÙ-¨, Au-]j˚R ˘LÙ”-˚Ul-T-”j-R-\Ù, Cl-T-•d

˘Lh-P- ˙To G”d-L-˙\u.

WÙ_Ù- : Cl-T-•-˘Vp-XÙm ·P ˘LhP ˙TWÙ?

Ro-ÿ : Gp-XÙm AkR ∫RÙ UÙ™-˙VÙP ˚Le-Lo-Vm RÙu. Au-]j-ßu YÙ˚Vd

°[\ Yi-•-V-’. CkR UÙß¨ F]l-Th-P-Yo-L-fid˙L Gl- TÙ-’m U]£˙X

J⁄ œ˚\- -⁄d-œm. Eu] Roÿ ßh-•-]Ù-[Ù-•? Nj-Rm TÙh-PÙ-[Ù-•? NÙRj-

˚R-˘Vp-XÙm G”j-’ ˘Yf-—h-” ˙Y˚Xd-œl ˙TÙ´h-PÙ-[Ù? Lh-•-˙XÙP

Lh-•XÙ °Pd-L\ J⁄ ˙SÙVÙ∞ ÀY-‡d-œ ˙NÙfl ˙TÙP-·P ˙SW-™p-˚X-

VÙd-œm Gu-fl Ái-•-Æ-”-YÙ. AY Ko Al-TÙ-Æ. ≈h-”d-œ YkR Íg-£V

Ád° Yf-—i-” ˙TN˙Y UÙh-PÙ.

WÙ_Ù : Ro-ÿ! Eu-≤-Pm SÙu £X A©l-WÙ-Ve-Ls ˙LhL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl ˘WÙmT

SÙ[Ù-L˙Y ®˚]j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-˙\u.

Ro-ÿ : G˚Rl Tjß NÙo?

WÙ_Ù- : Eu ˘NÙkR YÙrd-˚L-˚Vl Tjß ˘LÙg-Nm. Gu ˘NÙkR YÙrd-˚L-˚Vl

Tjß LÙg-Nm. CkR CWi-” LÙg-N-ÿm N⁄m- TÙ-’ SU-’ NÙkR YÙrd-

˚L-VÙ-Lj-RÙ˙] C⁄d-œm?

Ro-ÿ : ˙TN-XÙm. G]d-œd ·P ®˚\V G’, G’˙YÙ TN- Yi-”m TÙX C⁄dœ.

Ak-RWe-LUÙ VÙ¨-P-UÙ-Y-’ U]-£˙X C⁄d-L-\-˚R-˘Vp-XÙm LÙh-•j æod-L-

UÙh-˙PÙUÙ Gu-fl Aj-R˚] ’d-L-™-⁄d-œ.

(K¨-Pj-ßp C⁄-Y-⁄m R≤j-R-≤˙V ©¨-°-\Ùo-Ls.)

˛ UL¨µ

38

@ Tf˚NYVp ß˚WdL˚R˚Vf £flL˚RVÙL UÙt± G›’L.

@ U°-¨-µ-´u ß˚Wd-L-˚R-˚V ÆUo-N-]m ˘Nn-L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

UL¨µ

CYo £\kR ß˚WdL˚R B£¨Vo Uh”Uu± £flL˚R B£¨V⁄UÙYÙo Ëtfldœ˙UtThP £flL˚RLs G›ßŸs[Ùo. T≤U˚X, ◊Y]Ù J⁄ ˙LsÆdœ±,YhPj’dœs N’Wm B°V˚Y £\kR ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£j ˘RÙPoL[Ùœm. CYW’Tf˚NYVp Gu\ Ë≠≠⁄k’ G”dLlThP’RÙu ClTÙPlTœß.

39

T¨—jR Au©p øk’m

¡uLs

NÍLf £dLpL∞u ˚UVjß≠⁄k’ RU’ ÿRp

ß˚WlTPUÙ] "Lt\’ R™Øu' Bß C˚Z˚V CVdœSo

WÙm ˙Rok˘R”jß⁄kRÙo. ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s ’˚\´]WÙp

NÍLjßp HtTh•⁄kR A›jRUÙ] RÙdLj˚R

EsYÙe°´⁄kR ‘Lt\’ R™r’ ÿ›˚UVÙ] ß˚Wl

TPUÙLl T¨U∞dLÆp˚X. £X œ˚\L˚[d ˘LÙi•

⁄kR˙TÙß¤m NULÙXjßu J⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚V AkRj

ß˚WlTPm AXN ÿtThP’. ReL ¡uLs WÙ™u CWi

PÙm TPm. CRu Y∞¬” RÙPoTÙL SÙ∞RrL∞p ©W

—WUÙ°´⁄kR Æ[mTW YÙNLeLs C˚R AæRl ◊˚]‹

Y¨˚Nl TPUÙL GiQ˚Yjß⁄kR]. B]Ùp ß˚Wl

TPj˚R Gßo˘LÙiP U]jßp ClTPm E⁄YÙd°V

Aßo‹Ls ANÙRÙWQUÙ]˚Y.

®NlR AWe°u ß˚W´p A˚Xk’˘LÙi˙P

´⁄kR ReL¡uLs C’Y˚WVÙ] R™rj ß˚Wl

TPeLs TVQlTh•WÙR TÙ˚R˚Vj ’XdLUÙd°V’.

˘RÙPdLjß≠⁄k˙R æÆWUÙ] EQo‹Lfim TRt\jßu

’∞Lfim Rfim©V LÙh£L∞p L£kR ’dLm Br

U]jßp ˙SÙ‹ HtT”jßV’. C˚P˙Y˚[ Y˚WVÙ]

LÙh£ A˚Ul◊L∞p LÙQlT”m CfldLÿm

APojßŸm C’Y˚W GkRj R™rj ß˚WlTPjß¤m

NÙjßVlTh•⁄dLÙR˚Y. ARu ©u]o TPj˚Rd

˙LÙjß⁄kR ˚UV C˚Z´p AqYl˙TÙ’ £±’

R[o‹m Cflß´p ÿ›˚UVÙ] R[o‹m HtTh•⁄kR].

TPjßu Jh”˘UÙjR A›jRj˚RŸm EfNdLhP

˙TÙR˚]d LÙh£ Nh˘P] ˘Y∞˙Vt±VRÙp N≠l◊m

Y⁄jRÿm E⁄YÙ´].

U]d·h”dœs —⁄e°d˘LÙsfim U≤Ro

L∞u NWÙN¨l TRt\eL˚[Ÿm T¨RÆl◊L˚[Ÿm

Æ—mTpL˚[Ÿm ˙LYpL˚[Ÿm CVXÙ˚UL˚[Ÿm

HUÙt\eL˚[Ÿm ©¨VeL˚[Ÿm ˙SojßVÙ] LÙh£

˘UÙØVÙd°V ÷hTjßp WÙm ÆjßVÙNlT”°\Ùo.

T›dLdLÙnf£V YÙoj˚RL∞u YÙ˚Rdœ B[Ù]

40

Es[eL∞u ˘LÙl◊[eLs LÙh£L∞p ®Qm

TWl◊°u\]. RUd˘L] —V A˚PVÙ[™u± H˙RÙ J⁄

°WÙUjß˙XÙ SLWjß˙XÙ Au\ÙP YÙr˚Y SLoj’Y

ß˙X˙V BŸ˚[d LØdœm Y±VYoL∞u AYXe

L˙[ £k˚R˚V ®˚\d°u\].

SpXÙ£¨Vo Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\ RLlT‡dœl ©\kR

R˚XULu LpVÙ¶. ÿ˚\VÙLd LpÆ LtLÙR AYu

N¨VÙ] YVßp LÙRp YVlTh” Æ”°\Ùu. C[YVß

˙X˙V UQÿm ÿ•j’Æ”°\Ùu. YÙrd˚L SPj’

YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Y⁄UÙ]m Cp˚X Gu\ „Z≠p

AlT˙]Ù” J˙W ≈h•p œ•jR]m SPj’°\Ùu.

Rk˚R´Pm ˙TÙßV Y⁄UÙ]ÿm ˙R˚YVÙ] A[‹

˘NÙj’m Es[]. Re˚L Uu˘TÙ⁄s ’˚\´p LÙo”

®˚\Vf NmTÙßd°\Ùs. B]Ùp LpVÙ¶ Ru ©¨V

UL∞u T•l◊f ˘NX‹d˙L ßQfl°\Ùu. TPjßu

˘RÙPdLd LÙh£´p £fl ULfiPu UWQm œ±j’ E˚W

VÙ”m Rk˚R˚Vd LÙ‘m˙TÙ˙R U]m ’‘dœfl°\’.

AojRm ˘TÙßkR Sfldœj ˘R±jR E˚WVÙP¤dLÙ]

˘Y∞˚Vj R™rj ß˚WlTPl TWl©p TÙolT’

A¨ß¤m A¨’. AlT•˘VÙ⁄ ˘Y∞ ReL ¡uL∞p

ß\k’°Pd°\’.

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Xvh-˙Wh-Ph ≈d-≠-´p ARt-œ CWi-” R˚X-Ve-Le-Ls G›-ß-´-⁄k-RÙo-Ls. AR-

˚]l T•dLf Nk-˙RÙ-`-UÙL C⁄k-R-’. R™-Øp UÙt-fl £≤-UÙ-‹d-LÙ] J⁄ R[m

Ht-T-”-°-\-’ Gu-fl ˙RÙu-±-V-’. B]Ùp, AR-˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ A’-˙TÙu\ ÿVt-

£-Ls SPd-L˙Y Cp-˚X. RÙLm, ßd-Lt\ TÙo-Yß ˙TÙu-\l TPe-Ls ™Ll ©u-]Ù•

Yk-R-].

46

? ◊˚Ll-T-Pe-Ls ¡RÙ] Bo-Y-ÿm C˙R LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp C⁄k-R-RÙ?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : Gu-‡-˚PV Tß-Íu-\Ù-Y-’ ©\kR ß]j-Rufl Ge-Ls AlTÙ

G]d-˘LÙ-⁄ ˘LÙPÙd ˙LÆ d˘W-‹-≤d LÙ™WÙ Au-T-∞l-TÙLd ˘LÙ”j-RÙo. Aßp

◊˚Ll-T-Pe-Ls G”d-Lj ˘RÙPe-°-˙]u. Su-\ÙL C⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-fl ˘NÙu-]Ùo-Ls.

Al-◊-\m CkRl TÙWÙh-”-L- [d LhL Yi-”m Gu-T-Rt-LÙ-L˙Y RÙPok-’ ◊˚Ll-

T-Pe-Ls G”j-˙Ru. LÙ™WÙ Au-T-∞l-TÙLd ˘LÙ”d-L-˙Yi-”m Gu-fl Al-TÙ-‹d-

œs Hu RÙu-±-V-’ Gu-T-’ Tt± Cu-˚\d-œ Y˚Wd-œm Gu-]Ùp ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs[

ÿ•k-R-ßp- X. AY-⁄d-œl ◊˚Ll-T-Pd L˚X- p Bo-Ym C⁄k-R-ßp- X. TX Y˚L-

L-∞-¤m AlTÙ Gu-˚]l TÙßj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo. AYo J⁄ Avh-˙WÙ-©-≥dv ˙TWÙ-£-

¨-Vo. NUv-°-⁄-Rj-ß-¤m R™-Ø-¤m AY-⁄dœ SpX TÙi-•j-ß-Vm C⁄k-R-’. Gu-‡-

˚PV R™r A±-‹, Bo-Ym Gp-XÙm AYo G]d-œf ˘NÙp-≠d-˘LÙ-”j-’ Yk-R-’-

RÙu.

?È]Ù ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì- - u A±-ÿ-Lm Gl- TÙ-’ Ht-Th-P-’?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : ˘LÙ›m-©p C⁄k-R-˙TÙ-’ G]d-œf £≤-UÙ-Æp ˙NW ˙Yi-”m

Gu\ Gi-Qm Ht-Th-P-’. ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì-¨-´p ˙Nok-’ AR˚] ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ld

LtL Æ⁄m-©-˙]u. Al-˙TÙ-’, Ck-ß-VÙ-Æp J⁄ ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì¨ C⁄d-°-\-’

Gu-°\ RL-Yp G]d-œj ˘R¨-VÙ-’. SÙu aÙo-Yo-”, L≠-˙TÙo-≤-VÙ, TÙv-Pu Eh-

TP TX A˘U-¨d-Ll Tp-L-˚Xd-L-Z-Le-L-fid-œm Æi-Ql-©j-˙Ru. CWi-” Tp-L-

˚Xd-L-ZLe-L-∞p G]d-œ CPm °˚PjR-’. B]Ùp Ae˙L ˘Nu-fl T•l-T-Rt-œ

Bœm ˘NX-‹-Ls, SÙ˙]Ù Gu-‡-˚PV Al-TÙ˙YÙ Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-’·Pl TÙod-L-

ÿ-•-VÙ-R-RÙL C⁄k-R-]. G]˙Y Ah-™-`u Aß-LÙ¨ ™v. v˘Pp-XÙ-‹d-œ Gu-‡-

˚PV ©Wf-˚]-˚Vd œ±l-©h-”, vLÙ-Xo-µl HRÙ-Y-’ °˚Pd-œUÙ Gu-fl ˙Lh-”,

J⁄ L•-Rm G›-ß-˙]u. EP˙] AYo-Ls, G]d-œ J⁄ Tßp L•-Rm G›-ß-]Ùo-

Ls. Ee-Ls Bo-Ym G]d-œl ◊¨-°-\-’. øe-Ls Ce˙L Yk-’ No-Y-RÙL C⁄k-RÙp,

˙NokR ©\-œ-RÙu vLÙ-Xo-µl-◊d-œ ÿVt-£dL ÿ•-Ÿm. Efl-ß-VÙL A’ °˚Pd-œm

Gu-fl NÙp-¤-Y-Rt-°p- X. B]Ùp Ee-L-fid-œ ™Ll Td-Lj-ß- X˙V Ck-ß-VÙ-Æp

È]Ù Gu‡m CPj-ßp C⁄d-œm ß˚Wl-TP Lp-Ì-¨d-œ øe-Ls Hu Æi-Ql-©d-

Ld ·PÙ-’. A’ EX-°u R˚X-£-\kR ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì¨L∞p Ju-fl. ARu Es˙[

˘T¨V TPl-©-•l◊ R[m C⁄d-°-\-’. 35 ™p-≠-¡h-P-¨pRÙu T´t£ Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

CkR CWi-” YN-ß-L-fim GkR A˘U-¨dLl Tp-L-˚Xd-L-Z-Lj-ß-¤m Ee-Lfid-œd

°˚Pd-LÙ-’. Ce˙L 16 Gm.-Gm.-Cp RÙu Lt-flj R⁄-°-˙\Ùm Gu-fl G›-ß-´-⁄k-RÙo.

SÙu È]Ù ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì- d-œ CVd-œ-So T´t-£d-œ Æi-Ql-©j- Ru. B]Ùp

G]d-œl ˙TÙh-˙PÙ-°-WÙ-©-RÙu °˚Pj-R-’. J⁄-Y-˚L-´p A’-‹m Sp-X-RÙL B°-

Æh-P-’. Ae˙L ˙TÙh-˙PÙ-°-WÙ-©, ˚PW-bu, G•h-•e Gu-fl GpXÙ Yœl-◊-L-∞-

¤m SÙu LXk-’-˘LÙi-˙Pu.

47

A’ J⁄ At-◊-R-UÙ] Íu-fl Y⁄-Pe-Ls. JjR Gi-Q-ÿm ˙SÙd-L-ÿm ˘LÙiP

®˚\V C˚[-Oo-Ls Ae˙L C⁄k-˙RÙm. _Ùu B©-W-LÙ-ÿm U¶-˘L¸-¤m Al-

˙TÙ-’ Ae˙L T•j-RÙo-Ls. £≤UÙ TÙol-T-’, £≤UÙ Tt±l ˙T—-Y-’, G›-’-Y-’,

£≤UÙ G”l-T-’, ™Ll T¨V £≤-UÙd-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ Tt±d L]‹ LÙi-T-’

C˚Y-Ls-RÙu ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì¨ YÙrd-˚L.

?ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì¨ YÙrd˚L Ht- L-]˙Y Ee-L-fid-œs C⁄kR £≤UÙ Tt-±V

◊¨-R-≠p Gk-R-Æ-R-UÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[ Ht-T-”j-ß-V-’?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : ÿR-≠p C⁄k-R-’ J›e-œ-T-”j-Rl-T-PÙR, SÙ˙] ˙R•j ˙R•j

˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-˚Y-Ls. ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì-¨-Ÿ-˚P-V-’ J›e-œ-T-”j-Rl-ThP TX

R˚X-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u TX Y⁄P A‡-T-Yj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p ßh-P-™-Pl-ThP Æg-

OÙ-]-Èo-Y-UÙ] T´t£; UÙt-fl £≤-UÙ-‹d-LÙ] J⁄ £k-R˚]. Bo-Ym ÿR-≠- X˙V

Ht-Th-”-Æh-P-’-RÙu Gu-\Ù-¤m Lp-Ì-¨-´p A’ Cu-‡m Efl-ßl-Th-P-’. ARt-

œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] T´t£ Ae-œd °˚Pj-R-’. J⁄ TPm TÙoj-’-Æh-” CW‹ CWi-”

Íu-fl U¶ Y˚W Eh-LÙok-’ ˙T£d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°\ J⁄ „Zp Ae˙L C⁄k-R-’.

? Lp-Ì- - p Ee-L˚[ Y∫-L- jR B£- -Vo-Ls VÙo. VÙo?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : ¨j-Æd Lh-Pd SÙu ˙No-Y-Rt-œ ÿu˙T Kn‹ ˘Tt-fl-Æh-PÙo.

©.-˙L. SÙV-⁄m Nj-æx TLÁ⁄m Ae˙L C⁄k-RÙo-Ls. Nj-æx TL-Áo ©≠m Al-¨-

£-˙V-Nu ’˚\j-R-˚X-Yo. •.-˙L. SÙVo, ˙R£V ß˚Wl-TP BY-Qd LÙl-T-Lj-ßu

°Î- Wh-Po. CWi-” T⁄˙U ™Lj ß\- U-VÙ] B£- -Vo-Ls. LÙTÙp Gu\ TÙXd-

LÙh”dLÙWo Ge-Ls ’˚\j R˚X-Y-WÙL C⁄k-RÙo. AY-⁄m-·P ™Lf £\kR B£-¨-

Vo. ˘_o¨ Uu-≥p, ™˙XÙv ˙TÙo-Uu B°-˙VÙo Lp-Ì-¨d-œ Yk-ß-⁄d-°u-\-]o.

™⁄-]Ùs Nu, Wœ-Xo Lvh Xd-N-WÙL CWi-” ÿ˚\ Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo. ™⁄-]Ùs

˘Nu UÙod-£V ˘LÙs-˚L-Ls E˚P-V-Yo. Gu-‡-˚PV TÙo-˚Y-´p AY-⁄-˚PV

TPe-L-∞p £±V A[-Æp J⁄ ©Wf-NÙWj Ru˚U C⁄k-R-’ Gu-fl L⁄-’-°-˙\u.

AYt-±p NÍL ÆUo-N-]e-Ls A›j-R-UÙL C⁄d-œm. ˙W´u Ad-L˚\ ÿ›dL

ÿ›dL U≤R YÙrd-˚L-˚Vl Tt-±-V-RÙ-Lj-RÙu C⁄k-R-’. ™Ll ©u-]Ù-• AY-⁄m

Ju-±-Wi-” AW-£-Vp TPe-Ls Ti-¶-]Ùo.

?AdLÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp Ee-L˚[ Y∫-L- jR CVd-œ-So-Ls VÙo. VÙo?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : Gu-¡-’ Sp-X-Æ-R-UÙ] TÙßl◊ Ht-T-”j-ßV CVd-œ-So-Ls Gu-fl

Nj-V-¥j-˙W˚VŸm A°WÙ œ˙WÙ-N-YÙ-˚Y-Ÿm ˘NÙp-X-XÙm. œ˙WÙ-N-YÙ-Æu W˙`Ù-

UÙu, ˘Wh ©Voh Gu\ CWi-” TPe-L˚[ SÙu ˘LÙ›m-©-˙X˙V TÙoj-ß-⁄k-

˙Ru. B]Ù-¤m È]Ù YkR ©\-œ-RÙu AY-W-’ ÿ› Bfi- U-Ÿm G]d-œj R¨V-

48

Yk-R-’. AY-⁄-˚PV £≤UÙ ˘UÙØ, Bfi˚U Ah-P-LÙ-N-UÙ] Ju-fl. APoj-ß-

VÙ]’. Cu-flm AY-⁄- PV T˚Z-V TPe-L- [j ß⁄m-©l TÙod-œm- TÙ-’ G]dœl

©W-™l-◊-RÙu Ht-T-”-°-\-’. W‹- PV Bfi˚U CRt-œ UÙ\ÙL ™L-‹m ®RÙ-]-UÙ]’.

GkR Bol-TÙh-P-ÿm AXh-P-¤m BW-YÙ-W-ÿm ©W-Vj-R-]-ÿm Cp-XÙ-R-’; CVp-

TÙ]-’.

?Ee-L- [l TÙßjR J¸ılT-ß-YÙ-[o-Ls?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : Ck-ßV A[-Æp G”j-’d-˘LÙi-PÙp Nj-V-¥j˙W LÙ™-WÙ-˙Uu

—l-W-˙RÙ-™jWÙ Gu˚] ™L-‹m Y∫-L-¨j-R-Yo. aÙ≠-‹h-•p ˙_mv ˘YÙe. ©t-

LÙXj-ßp ˘Sv-Po Ap-˘Uu-˙WÙv, ˚Ud-Lp NÙl-˘Uu.

?øe-Ls Æ⁄m-©l TÙojR R™rl TPe-Ls.

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : TÙN-U-Xo, ˙RY-RÙv, AkR SÙs, Ri-Ωo Ri-Ωo. N¡-Tj-ßp

Bh- PÙ-°-WÙl EQo‹ √ß-VÙL Gu- ]l TÙßj-R-]. Gu˚] Aß-Lm TÙßjR R™rl-

T-Pm ˙RY-RÙv RÙu. 49 ÿ˚\-Ls Ak-Rl TPj˚R SÙu TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-˙\u. 49-

BY-’ ÿ˚\, £X Y⁄-Pe-L-fid-œ ÿu◊ LUXÙ ß˙Vh-P- p TÙoj- Ru. Cl- TÙ-’

SÙu J⁄ T˚Pl-TÙ∞ Gu-°\ ˙LÙQj-ßp C⁄k-’ TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’m ©W-™l◊

Cu‡m Aß-L-¨d-Lj-RÙu ˘Nn-R-’. AR-‡-˚PV ˙Soj-ß-VÙ] J¸ılT-ß‹, N‹ih

¨d-LÙo-•e, J≠ ET-˙VÙ-°d-Ll-Th-•-⁄kR ÆRm Gu-˚]d LYok-R-]. SÙu ˙RY-

RÙ≥u LÙ™-WÙ- Uu ©.-Gv.-We-LÙ- Yd Li-”-©-•j-’ R•l- TÙn TÙoj- Ru. AYo

Gu-˚]d Lh-•l-©-•j-’ AZ BWm-©j-’-Æh-PÙo. AYo Gu-‡-˚PV W£-L-WÙL

C⁄kRÙo. TÙ¤ ø Yk-R-’, Ei- U- -˙X˙V Gu˚]f Nk- RÙ- l-T-”j-’-°-\-’ Gufl

˘NÙu-]Ùo.

? È]Ù ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì- -Ÿ-Pu Jl-©-”m- TÙ-’, Ck-ßV £≤-UÙ- Yl TÙfljR

Y˚Wd-œm Nu˚] A˚P-VÙfl ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì- - u Te-L-∞l◊ NÙp-≠d- LÙs-

Y-’ ˙TÙp Cp-˚X. CRt-œd LÙW-Qm Gu] Gu-fl Ee-L-[Ùp ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs[ ÿ•-

°-\-RÙ?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : Ei-˚U-´-˙X˙V G]d-œj ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X. Ak-Rd Lp-Ì-¨d-œ

J⁄-ÿ- \-RÙu SÙu Nu-±-⁄d-°- \u. ≈” Ae˙L ß˚W- -Pl-Th-P-’. ‘TÙ◊ SkRu’

˙LÙh-•u RÙLm TPm Ju-˚\j RÆW J⁄ UÙt-fl ÿVt-£-·P A˚P-VÙ-fl ß˚Wl-

TPd Lp-Ì¨ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-Pm C⁄k-’ YW-Æp-˚X. B]Ùp ˘RÙØp-÷h-Tj-˚Rl

˘TÙflj-R-Y- Wd-œm ™Lf £\kR Pd-≤-£Vuv Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls. J¸ılT-ß-YÙ-[o

A˙NÙd-œ-UÙo, ©.-£.-c-WÙm C⁄-Y-⁄m A˚P-VÙ-fl ß˚Wl-T-Pd Lp-Ì¨ UÙQ-Yo-

LsRÙu.

49

? È]Ù-Æp T•l◊ ÿ•kR ©\-œ £≤UÙ YÙnl-◊-L-fid-LÙL ®˚\V ©W-Vj-R-]l-

TP ˙Yi-•-´-⁄k-R-RÙ?

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : È]Ù Lp-Ì- - -≠-⁄k-’ ˙S˙W cXe-LÙ-‹d-œl ˙TÙn-Æh-˙Pu.

Ae-œ ˘Xvh ˙_mv ©¨v Gu-fl J⁄ At-◊-R-UÙ] CVd-œ-So C⁄d-°-\Ùo. Nj-V-

¥j- W-Æu RÙd-Le-Ls AY- -Pm Ei-”. AY-⁄-˚PV J⁄ TPj-’d-œ J¸ılT-ß‹

˘Nn-Y-RtLÙ] BVjR ˙Y˚X-L-∞p SÙu C⁄k-R-˙TÙ-’, ˘Nm-¡u CVd-œ-So WÙÿ-

L-¨-VÙj, EP˙] ◊\l-Th-” Ce˙L YÙ Gu-fl G]d-œj Rkß A‡l-©-´-⁄k-RÙo.

˘Nm-¡u LÙ™-WÙ- Uu UÙod-Lv TÙh˙X Al- TÙ-’ ©≥-VÙ-L- -⁄k-RÙo. G]d-œ A’

˘R¨-VÙ-’. WÙÿ-L-¨-VÙj, UÙod-Lv TÙh-˙X-‹d-œ ER-Æ-VÙ-[-WÙL Gu˚] A˚Zd-°-

\Ùo Gu-fl Gi-¶d-˘LÙi-”-RÙu SÙu ◊\l-Th-” Yk-˙Ru. G]d-œ AY-W-’ TÙh-

˙PÙ-°-WÙ© ™L-‹m ©•d-œm.

SÙu Ck-ßVÙ Yk-R-’m WÙÿ-L-¨-VÙj ˙Lh-PÙo: Gu-‡-˚PV ˘Nm-¡u TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-

\Ù-VÙ? SÙu, BUÙm, TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-˙\u Gu-˙\u. A˙R ·h-P¶ ¡i-”m J⁄

TPj-ßp ˙Y˚X ˘Nn-Vl ˙TÙ°-˙\Ùm. ¨µ-˙Lx ÿLo¥ G•h-•e, Nƒp ˘N¸j¨

C˚N,-˙TÙh-˙PÙ-°-WÙ© ø Ti-‘-°-\Ùn Gu-\Ùo. SÙu ©W-™j-’l ˙TÙn-Æh- Pu.

SÙu CR˚] Gßo-TÙod-L-Æp- X. WÙÿ-L-¨-VÙj, È]Ù Lp-Ì-¨-´p SÙu NnR G ÆÎ

@©-Wm ß ˙TÙoh Gu\ G]-’ •l-[˙UÙ £≤-UÙ-˚Yl TÙoj-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo. Ak-Rl

TPj˚R L¸RU U]u Gu-T-Yo CVd-°- -⁄k-RÙo. WÙÿ-L- -VÙj-ßu Sp-¤ Gu\

U˚X-VÙ-[l TPj˚R SÙu J¸ılT-ß‹ ˘Nn-˙Ru. A’-RÙu Gu-‡-˚PV ÿRp

TPm. R™-Øp SÙu J¸ılTß‹ NnR ÿRp TPm U˙Lk-ß-W-≤u ÿs-fim UX-⁄m.

Al-◊-\m, Ne-L-WÙ-T-W-Qm Ti-‘m-˙TÙ-’ ˙L. Æv-Y-SÙj ·l-©h-PÙo. ©\-œ U¶-

Wj-]j-ßu ÿRp TP-UÙ] Tp-XÆ A‡-Tp-X-Æ, TW-R-≤u ÿRp TP-UÙ] ©W-VÙ-

Qm B°-V-Yt-fld-œm J¸ılT-ß‹ Nn-˙Ru. CYo-Ls A˚]-Y-⁄˙U Ru-≤k-ß-

VÙ-Æu ÿd-°-V-UÙ] CVd-œ-So-Ls. U¶-Wj-]m ß˚Wd-L-˚R-˚Vf ˘NÙu-]-˙TÙ-’,

ß˚Wd-L˚R Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up AY-W-’ Bo-Y-ÿm £≤UÙ ¡’ AY-⁄d-œ C⁄kR LÙR-

¤m G]d-œl ©•j-ß-⁄k-R-’. G]d-œm AY-⁄d-œm C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Aßo-‹-Ls Su-

\ÙL C⁄k-R-]. CkR C˚[-O-‡-Pu SÙu ˙Y˚X ˘NnV-˙Yi-”m Gu\ Gi-

Qj˚R ÿRp Nk-ßl-©-˙X˙V AYo E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùo. U˙Lk-ß-W-‡-Pu Y˚X Nn-

R-’m C˙R LÙW-Qe-L-[Ùp-RÙu. Gp-˙XÙ-⁄˙U JjR Aßo-‹s[ C˚[-Oo-Ls.

B]Ùp, ARt-œl ©\-œ AYo-Ls UÙß¨ Gu˚] VÙ⁄m Y∫-L-¨d-L-Æp-˚X. TX

YÙnl-◊-Ls Yk-R-]. SÙu Jl-◊d-˘LÙs-[-Æp-˚X. 1976-˛p SÙ˙] TPe-L˚[ C-Vd-

Lj ˘RÙPe-°-Æh- Pu. G]- Y, ©\-œ Ut\ CVd-œ-So-L-∞u TPe-L-∞p T¶-VÙt\

G]dœd LÙX AY-LÙ-Nm Cp-XÙ-Up ˙TÙn-Æh-P-’.

50

? EeL-[’ ÿRp TP-UÙ] LÙ°XÙ J⁄ Lu-]-Pl TPm. Lu-]-Pj-ßp CVd-œY-’

Gu-T-’ øe-L-[ÙL E⁄-YÙd-°d ˘LÙi-PRÙ Ap-X-’ A’-YÙL ®LrkRRÙ?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : ˙LÙ°-XÙ-Æu ß˚Wd-L-˚R˚V ÿ•j-R-˙TÙ-’, Al-˙TÙ-’ ˘Y∞-

VÙ-°d ˘LÙi-•-⁄kR R™rl TPe-L-fi-Pu AR˚] Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-˙Ru. ˙LÙ°-

XÙ-‹d-œj R™r-SÙh-•p Gl-T-•-VÙ] YW-˙Yt◊ C⁄d-œm Gu-T-’ Tt± G]d-œf Nk-

˙R-Lm C⁄k-R-’. B]Ùp, Al-˙TÙ-’ Lo-SÙ-P-Lj-ßp UÙt-fl £≤-UÙ-‹d-œ J⁄ YW-

˙Yt◊ C⁄k-R-’. °¨x-Lo-]Ùh-•u LÙ” ˙TÙu\ TPe-Ls Ae˙L Y„p √ß-VÙ-L-

‹m Yt-±-V- Pk-R-]. G]˙Y Ae˙L LÙ°-XÙ- Yj RVÙ- d-L -ÿ-•-Ÿm Gu-fl L⁄ß

Lu-]-Pj-ßp ˘Nn-˙RÙm.

?AØ-VÙR LÙXe-Ls ß˚Wl-T-Pj-ßu ÿRp U]l-T-ß‹ Ee-L-fid-œs Ge-°-⁄k’

’Ye-°-V-’?

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : AØ-VÙR LÙXe-Ls H\d-œ- \V Gu-‡- PV TÙ≠V LÙX A‡-

T-Ye-L˚[ ˚Yj-’l Ti-Ql-ThP J⁄ TPm. ARt-œ SÙu ß˚Wd-L˚R G›-R-

Æp˚X. TPl-©-•l-◊d-œf ˘Np-¤m- TÙ-’ J⁄ RÙ∞p LÙh-£, LÙh-£-VÙLd œ±l-◊-Ls

Uh-”˙U Yj-ß-⁄k- Ru. Ee-L-[Ùp OÙT-Lj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ LÙg-Nm AR˚]l ◊Wh•l

TÙodL ÿ•k-RÙp, R™-Øp L˚R˙V Cp-XÙR J⁄ TPm Gu-fl A˚R EQ-W-XÙm.

˘Yfl-U˙] Nm-T-Ye-Ls-RÙu.

?Al-T-Pj-ßp £fl-Yu Bt-±p C\k-’ ˙TÙœm LÙh-£, ©u-]¶ C˚N Cp-XÙ-

U˙X˙V ™L-‹m A›j-R-UÙL Yk-ß-⁄k-R-’.

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : Gu-‡- PV TÙ≠V Si-Tu J⁄-Yu Bt-±p œ∞d-œm- TÙ-’ C\k’

˙TÙn Æh-PÙu. A’ Gu˚] ™L-‹m TÙßj-ß-⁄k-R-’. AkR EQo-‹-L-˚[j-RÙu

SÙu Aßp ©W-ß-T-≠j-ß-⁄k-˙Ru.

?R™r £≤UÙ LRÙ-SÙ-V-Lo-L-fid-œ Gu-fl J⁄ ©m-Tm C⁄d-°-\-’. øe-Ls Ak-Rj

˙RÙt-\j-ß-≠-⁄k-’ UÙfl-Th-•-⁄kR ©W-RÙl TÙj-R˚]d LRÙ-SÙ-V-L-]ÙL Í”-T-≤- p

S•dL ˚Yj-æo-Ls. Al-˙TÙ-ß-⁄kR LRÙ-SÙ-V-Lo-L-∞p C⁄k-’ ÿt-±-¤m UÙfl-ThP

ANh-”j-R -] -UÙ] ˙RÙt -\m ˘LÙiP J⁄-Yo. Al-T -•f ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m Gu-fl Ee-L-fid-œ Hu ˙RÙu-±-V-’?

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : Í”-T-≤- p AY-⁄-˚PV TÙj-ß-Wj˚R ANh-”j-R-]m Gu-fl NÙp-

Y- R-ÆP U˙]Ù-Æ-VÙß Gu-fl NÙp-Y-’ N -VÙL C⁄d-œm. AØ-VÙR LÙXe-L∞p

AYo J⁄ NÙUÙuV TÙj-ß-Wm-RÙu. Ak-Rd LÙX T•j-R, J⁄ NWÙ-N¨ C˚[-O-]ÙL

S•dL AY-⁄-˚PV ˙RÙt-\m G]d-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-LlTh-P-’.

51

?A’-˙TÙp Aof-N]Ù ˙TÙu\ J⁄ Lfll-◊l ˘Ti-˚Qd LRÙ-SÙ -V-°

-VÙd-°-V-’.

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : G]d-œd LfljR ˘Ti-L-˚[l ©•d-œm. A’ J⁄ LÙW-Q-UÙL

C⁄d-L-XÙm.

?T—-˚U-VÙ] Ap-X-’ T≤Íh-P-UÙ] Fh-• ˙TÙu\ J⁄ Tœ-ß-RÙu ˘T⁄m-TÙ-

¤m Ee-Ls TPe-L-∞p Y⁄-°-\-’. C’ J⁄ œt-\f-NÙh-” Cp-˚X. Hu Al-T-•l-

ThP CPe-Ls Uh-”˙U Ee-L˚[ Y∫-L-¨d-Ld-·-•-V-RÙL C⁄d-°u\]?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : Gu-‡-˚PV L˚R-L-fid-œ Ht\ J⁄ CPj-˚Rj-RÙu Ro‹ Nn-

°-˙\u. A’ ˘Yfl-U˙] G]d-œ J⁄ CPm Uh-”m Cp-˚X. A’ J⁄ TÙj-ß-Wm.

AkR CPj-˚Rj RÆW Yfl GkR CPj-ßp L˚R NÙp-Xl-Th-PÙ-¤m ARt-œ SÙu

Gßo-TÙod-°\ A›j-Rm °˚Pd-LÙ-’. ˘Y´p, Ul-◊m Uk-RÙ-W-ÿ-UÙ] T≤, U˚Z,

LQj-’d-œdLQm UÙfl-°\ ARu Ru˚U Gu-fl CVt-˚L-´-‡-˚PV NLX T¨-UÙ-

Qe-L-fim G]d-œl ©•d-œm. LÙh-£d-œj RœkR UÙß¨ SÙu CVt-˚L-˚Vl TVu-

T-”j-’-°-˙\u. AZ-LÙL C⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-T-’d-LÙL J⁄ SÙfim SÙu CVt-˚L˚Vl

TVu-T-”j-’-Y-ßp- X. CVt- L- u UÙfl-ThP RÙt-\e-Ls, R⁄-Qe-Ls, LÙX-®- X-

Ls U≤R YÙrd-˚L-Ÿ-Pu ˙SW-•-VÙL Nm-Tk-Rl-Th-•-⁄d-°-\-’. U≤-R-≤u £k-R-˚]-

˚V-Ÿm A’ TÙßd-°-\-’.

?J⁄- Y˚[ øe-Ls ©\k-’ Y[okR Uh-Pd-L-[l◊ „Z˚X ARt-œ J⁄ LÙW-Qm

Gu-fl G”j-’d-˘LÙs-[-XÙ-UÙ?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : C⁄d-L-XÙm. ®f-N-V-UÙL SÙm Y[okR „Zp, T•jR Ts-∞d-·--

Pm, C˚[V YV-’ Si-To-Ls, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls, A™o-R-LØ Gu\ Gu-‡-˚PV Fo

™L-‹m AZ-LÙ] J⁄ °WÙ-Um. cXe-LÙ-Æu °Zd-œ LPt-L-˚W-˙VÙ-Wm Uh-P-L-[l-

©p A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-°-\-’. Cu-˘]Ù-⁄ Td-Lm LÙ”m ®˚\V T—-UÙ-”-L-fim.

?TPl-©-•l-˚Tj ˘RÙPe-°V ©\-œ ARu ˙TÙd-°p L˚R-´p £X UÙt-\e-Ls

˘Nn-V-˙Yi-”m Gu-fl Ee-Ls Es-fi-Qo‹ ˘NÙu-]Ùp ARt-œf ˘NÆ NÙnl-¿o-

L[Ù Ap-X-’ A˘U-¨dL CVd-œ-So-Ls ˙TÙp G›-Rl-ThP ß˚Wd-L-˚R˚V UÙt-\-

UÙh-˙Pu Gu-fl APm ©•l-¿o-L-[Ù?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : A’ Ak-Rd L˚R-˚V-Ÿm „Z-˚X-Ÿm ˘TÙflj-R-’. ≈” TPl-

©•l-˚Tj ˘RÙPe-°-V-˙TÙ-’ ß˚Wd-L-˚R-´p U˚Z Cp-˚X. TPl-©-•l◊ BWm-

©jR-’m ◊Vp £u-]m LÙW-Q-UÙL 13 SÙh-Ls ˘Nu-˚]-´p ˘RÙPok-’ U˚Z

52

˘TnR’. Al- TÙ-’ CkR U˚Z- Vd·P ET- VÙ-Ll-T-”j-ßd LÙs-[-XÙ˙U Gufl

G]d-œl Th-P-’. EP˙] TP-˘U-”j-˙RÙm. Al-◊-\m TPm ÿ•k’ ÿRp ©Wß

TÙoj-R-˙TÙ-’ U˚Z TPj-’d-œ Cu-˘]Ù-⁄ T¨-UÙ-Qj-˚Rd ˘LÙ”j-R˚R EQok-

˙RÙm. J⁄ H£ A˚\-´p Eh-LÙok-’ SÙu J⁄ ß˚Wd-L-˚R˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-˙\u.

A’ ß˚Wl-T-P-UÙL E⁄-YÙ° Y⁄m- TÙ-’ Tp- Y-fl T -UÙ-Qe-L˚[ A˚P-Vd-·”m.

©W-NY NU-Vj-ßp ®L-›m AkR Y≠-L-fid-œ HtT Ap-X-’ ◊p-X-¨l-◊-L-fid-œ HtT

£X UÙt-\e-Ls RÙu-±-]Ùp ®f-N-Vm Nn- Yu. ≈” TPj-ßp A˚Uk-R-’ TÙu\

ß˚Wd-L-˚R-´p Cp-XÙR TPl-©-•l-©u-˙TÙ-’ °˚Pd-œm At-◊R-UÙ] Æ`Ve-

L˚[l TPj-ßp ˙Noj-’d ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿ-˘U-≤p, ˙Noj-’d-˘LÙs-[-XÙm. B]Ùp,

AR˚] ™Lj ß\-˚U-VÙLd ˚LVÙ-fim NU-˙VÙ-£-Rl ◊jß CVd-œ-S-¨-Pm C⁄d-L-

˙Yi-”m.

? Í”-T-≤-´p ©W-RÙl˚Tj ˙R”-°\ J⁄ LÙh-£-´p LÙ™-WÙ-‹m ˙Nok-’ ˙R•d-

˘LÙi˙P C⁄d-œm. Cl-˙TÙ-’ A’-˙TÙu-fl TP-UÙd-œ-Y-’ —X-Tm. S≈] ˘RÙØp-

÷hT LÙ™-WÙd-Ls Yk-’-Æh-P-]. B]Ùp Í”-T≤ Y∞-VÙ] LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp CkR

YN-ß-Ls Cp-˚X. Gl-T-• AR˚] ˘Nn-æo-Ls?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : v˘P-• ˙Lÿd-œl Tß-XÙL LÙ™-WÙ˚Y Gu ˚LL-∞p ©•j-R-T-•

AkR LÙh-£-˚Vl TP-UÙd-°-˙]u. A’ J⁄ ◊ßV Ej-ß. B]Ùp, Gu] Ej-ß-VÙL

C⁄k-RÙ-¤m A’ L˚R-´-‡-˚PV ˙R˚Y-˚V-˘VÙh-•-RÙu C⁄d-L-˙Yi-”m. J⁄

Ej-ß˚V ET- VÙ-Ll-T-”jR Yi-”m Gu-T-’d-LÙL J⁄ LÙh£ Ap-X-’ Nm-T-Yj˚R

Ap-X-’ J⁄ ÿ› ß˚Wd-L-˚R-˚V˙V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’-Pu G]d-œ EPu-TÙ-•p-˚X.

A’ ˘N⁄l-◊d-LÙLd LÙp A[˚Y UÙt-±d-˘LÙs-Y-’ ˙TÙu-\-’. N¡-Tj-ßp TX

ß˚Wl-T-Pe-Ls Al-T-• Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\-’. L˚R-RÙu Ej-ß˚Vj æo-UÙ-≤d-œm Nd-ß-

VÙL C⁄d-L-˙Yi-”m. Al-˙TÙ-’-RÙu A’ CVp-TÙL A˚U-Ÿm. S≈-]m T˚Pl◊

√ß-VÙL ET- VÙ-Ll-T-”j-Rl-T-”m- TÙ-’ A’ ◊’- U-VÙ-L-‹m Su-\Ù-L-‹m C⁄d-°\’.

UÙ\ÙL S≈] RÙØp-÷hT YN-ß-Ls C⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-T-’d-LÙ-L˙Y AYt- \l TVu-

T-”j-’-Y-’ œWe-œ ˚L´p °˚PjR ÈUÙ˚X L˚R-VÙ-Lj-RÙu ÿ•-Ÿm. CXd-°-

Vj’dœm C’ ˘TÙ⁄k-’m.

?˘TÙ’-YÙL J⁄ R™rf £≤UÙ TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[u Ee-L-˚[l Tt± ˙T—m-˙TÙ’

Íu-\Ùm ©˚\ CVd-œ-So Gu-fl-RÙu Ee-L˚[ C]m Li-”-˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. ≈”, Nk-

ß-VÙ-WÙ-Lm Tt± LÙg-Nm ÆY-W-UÙ-]-Yo-L-fid-œ Uh-”m-RÙu R¨k-ß-⁄d-°-\-’. N¡-

Tj-ßp Gl-˙TÙ-RÙ-Y-’ Íu-\Ùm ©˚\-˚Vl TÙodL Nk-Rol-Tm °˚Pj-R-RÙ?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : J⁄ Y⁄-Pj-’d-œ ÿu◊ •Æ-• ©¨ih Gl-T-• Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\-’

Gu-fl TÙol-T-’d-LÙLl TÙoj-˙Ru.

53

?Al- TÙ-’ Gl-T-• EQok-æo-Ls?

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : Gl- TÙ-’˙U Gu-‡- PV TPe-L- [j ß⁄l-©l TÙod-°-\- TÙ’,

ÿR-≠p G]d-œl TVm-RÙu Ht-T-”-°-\-’. L˚R- S-Wj- Rl TÙod-°-\- TÙ-’m ÿR≠p

TVj-˚R-RÙu EQo-°-˙\u. C’-UÙ-ß¨ Gp-XÙm ¡i-”m Sm-UÙp Ti-Q-ÿ-•-ŸUÙ

Gu-T-’-RÙu Ak-Rl TVm. GpXÙl T˚Pl-TÙ-∞-L-fid-œm Ak-Rl TVm C⁄d-œm

Gu-fl-RÙu ®˚]d-°-˙\u.

? TPl-©-•l-◊j R[e-L-∞p J⁄ J¸ılT-ß-YÙ-[-WÙL, CVd-œ-S-WÙL Ee-L-∞u TÙ¶

Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-°-\-’?

TÙ¤-U- Lk-ßWÙ : J¸ılT-ß- Yl TÙflj-R-Y- Wd-œm TÙo- Y-VÙ-[-‡d-œ Cd-LÙh£

TX Æ[d-œ-Ls ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ G”d-Ll-Th-P-’ Gu-fl ˘R¨-Vd-·-PÙ-’ Gu\ L⁄j-

˚R-jRÙu, ˘RÙPd-L-LÙ-Xm ÿRp Cu-fl-Y-˚Wd-œm ˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°-˙\u. Nm-T-Ym

®LrkR CPj-ßp Gu] CVt˚L Y∞f-Nm C⁄k-R˙RÙ AR˚] Uh-”m ET-˙VÙ-

°j-’ J¸ılT-ß‹ ˘Nn-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùo Gu-fl TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[-‡d-œ J⁄ Nk-˙R-Lm YW-

˙Yi”m. SÙu J⁄ ˙TÙh-˙PÙ-°-WÙ-T-WÙL C⁄l-T-RÙp LÙh-£l-T-”j-’-Y-’ G]d-œf

—X-T-UÙL C⁄d-°-\-’. ß˚Wd-L˚R G›-’m-˙TÙ˙R J⁄ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj-ßu A˚N-‹-

L˚[ G]d-œs SÙu æo-UÙ-≤j-’d ˘LÙs-˙Yu. SÙu ˘R∞-YÙL C⁄l-T-RÙp S•-

Lo-L-∞-Pm Gu-‡-˚PV Gi-Qm Gu] Gu-T˚R Gu-]Ùp ˘NÙp-X-ÿ-•-°-\-’.

˙R˚Yl-Th-PÙp YN-]m ˙T£ S•j-’m Gu-]Ùp LÙi-©d-Lÿ-•-Ÿm.

?E\-‹-L-fim A’ Nm-Tk-Rl-ThP £d-Lp-L-fim RÙu Ee-L-fi- PV T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ]

TPe-Ls. NÍL Ad-L˚\ NÙok-’ øe-Ls ™L œ˚\-YÙ-Lj-RÙu ˘NVp-Th-•-⁄d-

°»oLs.

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : ARt-œ Gu-‡-˚PV R≤l-ThP To-N-]Ù-≠h-• J⁄ LÙW-Q-UÙL

C⁄k-ß-⁄d-L-XÙm. SÙu A±-‹-Èo-Y-UÙL Cp-XÙ-Up ÿ›dL ÿ›dL EQo‹ √ß-

VÙL YÙrk-’ Y⁄-T-Yu. ≈”, Nk-ß-VÙ-WÙ-Lm CWi-” TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm Uh-”m-RÙu

Gu-]Ùp øe-Ls œ±l-©-”m NÍ-Ll ©Wd-˚O-Ÿ-Pu G”d-L-ÿ-•k-R-’. C’ J⁄-Td-

Lm C⁄d-L, Gu-‡-˚PV Ut\ TPe-L-∞p NÍL ÆUo-N-]m Cp˚X Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm

Gu-]Ùp Ht-fld- LÙs[ ÿ•-VÙ-’. Ufl-T-•-Ÿm TPj-ßu ÿ•-Æp Bi Ti-¶Pm

Yk-’, SÙu ß⁄k-ß-Æh-˙Pu. YÙ, C≤ SÙm ˙Nok-’ YÙZ-XÙm Gu-°-\Ùu. AYs

ß⁄m© ˙Lh-°-\Ùs. C˙R Æ`-Vj˚R SÙu Ti-¶-Æh-”, Cu-˘]Ù-⁄j-R-˙]Ù-”

œ•j-R-]m SPj-ß-Æh-” Yk-RÙp øe-Ls Ht-fld-˘LÙs-≈o-L-[Ù. CkR ÿ•˚Y NÍ-

Lj-˙RÙ-” Nm-Tk-Rl-ThP Æ`-Vm Cp˚X Gu-fl øe-Ls Gl-T-• ˘NÙp-X-ÿ-•-Ÿm.

54

CkRd ˙LsÆ ˙LÙPÙ-]-˙LÙ-• ˘Ti-Ls RY-fl ˘Nn-°\ Bi-L-∞-Pj-ßp ˙LhL

®˚]j-’d Lh-LÙ-Up ÆhP Ls-Æ. AW-Æk-R-NÙ™ TÙu\ ™L-‹m AZ-LÙ] J⁄

C˚[-Ou AY-˚[d Lh-•d-°-˙\u Gu-fl ˘NÙp-°-\Ùu. AYs AY˚] ®WÙ-L-¨d-

°-\Ùs. ˙RÙt-fll- TÙ-œm J⁄ ˘Ti-‘d-œ Cu- ]Ù-⁄ Bi-RÙu T¨-LÙ-Wm Ap-X.

AYu Cp-XÙ-U-˙X˙V AY-[Ùp YÙZ-ÿ-•-Ÿm Gu-°\ Æ`-Vm Aßp C⁄d-°-\-’.

?øe-Ls, U˙Lk-ß-Wu, TÙW-ß-WÙ_Ù Íu-fl T⁄m Yk-R-˙TÙ-’ R™r £≤-UÙ-Æp J⁄

UÙt-\m ®Lrk-R-’. Al-◊-\m ¡i-”m T˚ZV CPj-’d˙L R™r £≤UÙ ß⁄m-©-

Æh-P-’. ARt-œd LÙW-Qm Gu] Gu-fl ®˚]d-°-»o-Ls?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : A’ LÙXj-’-˚PV Lh-PÙ-V-UÙ-L-d·P C⁄d-L-XÙm. AkRd LÙX-

Lh-Pj-ßp v”-•˙VÙ E - U-VÙ-[o-Ls-RÙu RVÙ- l-TÙ-[o-L-[ÙL C⁄k-RÙo-Ls. AYo-

L-fid-œj RÙe-Ls RVÙ-¨d-œm TPm Re-L˚[l T⁄-˚Ul-T-”j-’-Y-RÙ-L-‹m C⁄d-L-

˙Yi-”m Gu\ Gi-Qm C⁄k-R-’. ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm ARt-œ A”jR ®˚X-´p-RÙu

C⁄k-R-’. Al-◊-\m v”-•˙VÙ ÿR-XÙ-∞-Ls ˙TÙn Eß¨j RVÙ-¨l-TÙ-[o-Ls YWj

˘RÙPe-°-]Ùo-Ls. ©u-]Ù-• Æ®-˙VÙ-Lv-Ro-Ls, ß˚W-V-WeL E¨-˚U-VÙ-[o-Ls

B°˙VÙ-W-’ Bßd-L-ÿm, ß˚Wl-T-Pj ’˚\d-œs Y¤d-Lj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. Tj-’

ÏTÙn ˙TÙh”, Ëfl ÏTÙn G”l-T-’ Gu-T-’ ˙TÙn, 10 ÏTÙn ˙TÙh”, 1,00,000

ÏTÙn G”d-L-˙Yi-”m Gu\ LQd-œ Yk-R-’. Cl-˙TÙ-’ AkR ®˚X-Ÿm UÙ±-

ÆhP-’. LÙ•d-L-Qd-°p NX-Y-Øj-’ TX LÙ•-Ls Nm-TÙ-ßl-T-’-UÙ] Cl- TÙ˚RV

LQd-œ ÆVÙ-TÙW √ß-VÙ-Ll TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’-·P CR˚] Gu-]Ùp ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs[

ÿ•-V-Æp-˚X. N¡-Tj-ßp HZ˚W ˙LÙ• ˘NX-Y-Øj-’ G”d-Ll-ThP J⁄ TPm T”-

˙RÙpÆ A˚Pk-R-’. ARt-œ H› TPe-Ls G”d-L-XÙm. SÙu-œ TPe-Ls HUÙt±]Ùp-

·P Íufl Ee-L- [d LÙl-TÙt-±-Æ-”m. Cu- \V £≤UÙ RVÙ- l˚T B˙WÙ-d°Vm

Cp-XÙR J⁄ „Z-XÙ-LjRÙu SÙu TÙod-°-˙\u. ˚Tj-ß-Vd-LÙ-Wj-R-]m.

?R™-Øp UÙt-fl £≤UÙ ÿVt-£-Ls œ±jR Ee-Ls A©l-©-WÙ-Vm?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : A˙]-L-UÙL Ce-œ G”d-Ll-T-”m ÿVt-£-Ls Gp-XÙ-˙U, A˚W-

œ˚\ Ap-X-’ A˚W-˙Yd-LÙh-”j-R-]-UÙ-]-˚Y-Ls RÙu. UÙt-fl £≤UÙ Gu-‡m-

˙TÙ-’, A˚Y AYt-fld-LÙ] ÿ›-≈f-˙NÙ-” YW-˙Yi-”m. A’ Ce-œf NÙj-ß-V-

™p- X. C’ J⁄ Td-Lm C⁄d-L, L˚Xl-T-Pe-Ls Gu-°\ TRj-’-P-‡m G]d-œ EPu-

TÙ-” Cp- X. SpX £≤-UÙ, So- U-VÙ] £≤-UÙ, UÙN-UÙ] £≤UÙ Gu\ ©¨‹Ls-

RÙu C⁄d-L-ÿ-•-Ÿm.

55

?Rt-LÙX EXL £≤UÙ Tt-±V Ee-L-[-’ AY-RÙ-≤l◊ Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-°-\-’?

TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ßWÙ : EXL A[-Æp A˚]-Y-⁄˙U J⁄ ©W-™l-˙TÙ-” TÙoj-’d-˘LÙi-

•-⁄l-T-’ CWÙ-≤V £≤-UÙd-L-˚[j-RÙu. SÙu AYt-˚\j ˘RÙPok-’ TÙoj-’-Y-⁄-°-

˙\u. ™Ll ˘T¨V EV-Wj-’d-œ AYo-Ls £≤-UÙ-˚Yd ˘LÙi-” ˙TÙ´-⁄d-°-\Ùo-

Ls. £≤UÙ Gl-T-• C⁄d-L-˙Yi”m Gu-T-’d-LÙ] J⁄ ÿu-UÙ-ß-¨-˚V-Ÿm E⁄-

YÙd-°-Ÿs-[Ùo-Ls. URd-˘LÙs-˚L-L-˚[j æÆ-W-UÙLd L˚Pl-©-•d-œm Ko C]j-ß-

Pm C⁄k-’ Ap-X-’ SÙh-•-≠-⁄k-’ Ck-Rl TPe-Ls NÙj-ß-Vl-Th-•-⁄l-T-’ Bf-No-V-

UÙ] Ju-fl-RÙu. Ae-œs[ CVd-œ-So-L-∞-Pm SÙu ˙T£-´-⁄d-°-˙\u. YÙrd-˚L-Ÿ-

Pu ˙SW-•-VÙ-Lj ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙiP £fl-£-fl Æ`-Ve-L˚[ G”j-’ AYo-Ls TPm

Ti-‘-°-\Ùo-Ls. Cu-fl SÙm ©u-Tt-fl-Y-Rt-œ ™Lf N¨-VÙ] ÿu-UÙ-ß-¨-Ls AYo-

Ls-RÙu.

Nk-ßl◊ : A_-Vu-TÙ-XÙ, R[-YÙn —k-R-Wm

@ TÙ¤-U-˙Lk-ß-WÙ-Æu £≤-UÙj-’˚\ A‡-T-Yj˚R ÆYÙ-ßj-’ A‡-T-Yd œ±l-

TÙ-Lj R⁄-L.

@ J⁄ £≤UÙ S•-L-≤-Pm ˙So-LÙ-Qp LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] Æ]Ù-®-Wp RVÙ-¨j-’ ˙So-

LÙQ-‹m.

56

AX-œ 3

˘RÙu˚U

˘UÙØ Gu-T-’ Ud-Ls Rm L⁄j-’-L-˚[l

TÜÙ-±d˘LÙs-[l TVu-T-”j’m A¨-V˙RÙo- FP-L-UÙ-œm.

EX°p Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØ-Ls ˙RÙu± Y[ok-’ Y⁄°u-\-]. ˘UÙØ

Gl- TÙ-’ Ge˙L RÙu±-V- Ru-fl Afl-ß- h-”d ·\-ÿ•-VÙ-’. EX-°u

ÍjR ˘UÙØ-L∞p Ju-\Ù] R™r ˘UÙØ-ú ˘RÙu-˚U, ˘Nq-Æ-Vp

Rœ-ß, R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls, Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØd·fl-Ls, R™r CXd°-Vl

T˚Pl-TÙ -[o -Ls R™r-˘UÙ -Ø-˚Vd ˚LVÙ-fim ÆRm

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ G”j-’-˚Wl-T˙R Cq-Y-X-°u

˙SÙd-Lm.

v ˘UÙØú Tp˙Yfl A˚Ul◊L˚[Ÿm·flL˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙsfiRp.

v AYt˚\f N¨VÙLl TVuT”jR‹m˙UmT”jR‹m A±Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.

57

˘UÙØ

˘UÙØ, UÙØ-Vl-T-”-Y-’, TNl-T-”-Y-’, CVd-L-ÿ- P-V-’, CVe-œ-Y’.

L⁄j-’l ◊Xl-TÙh-”d L⁄-Æ-VÙL Æ[e-œ-Y-’, RL-Yp-L˚[ G”j-’f

˘NÙp-Y-’. AYt-˚\j Rd-L-˚Yj-’d ˘LÙs-Y-’. G›-Rl-T-”-Y-’m ·P.

KÆ-V-UÙ-L-‹m, œ±-L-[Ù-¤m Y˚W-Vl-ThP ARu Ti- PV ®˚X Y[ok’

ÿßok-’ S”e-L-Qd-LÙL UÙ± Y˚W-V- \-Ÿm Tt-\-’. UÙØ Ju\pX,

TX. G≤-‡m AYt-±-˚P˙V E\-‹m ˘RÙPo-◊m Ei-”. E⁄Y ˙Yfl

-TÙ-•-⁄l-©-‡m G›j-ßu J≠, J≠l-©p Jt-fl˚U Ei-”. UÙØd ·fl-

L-∞- P- V-Ÿm Jl-◊- U-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°u-\-]. NÙu-\ÙL ALW J≠ GpXÙ

˘UÙØ-L-∞-¤m Ei-”. R≤j-ß-Ve-œm E´-˘WÙ-≠-Ls GpXÙ ˘UÙØ-L-∞-

¤m Ei-”. ˘TV-⁄m Gi-¶d- L-Ÿm ˙Yfl-T-P-XÙm. Aq-Y-[- Y. Aq-

YÙ˙\ ˘TV-⁄m Æ˚]-Ÿm, ˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ÿm, A˚P-Ÿm, LÙXe-LÙh-”m

·fl-L-fim, Tu-˚U-Ÿm, Gi-œ-±-L-fim GpXÙ ˘UÙØ-L-∞-¤m Ei-”.

˘Yflm J≠-Ls ApX ˘UÙØ. ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR J≠L∞u ·h-Pm

A’. A•l-T-˚Pl TÙ⁄-˘[Ù-≠-Ls £X-˙Y-VÙ-´-‡m AYt-˚\l Tp-Y-

˚L-VÙ-Ld LXk’m, Noj-’m, ®Wp-T-”j-ß-Ÿm LÙXj-ßu R˚Yd-˙LtT,

YÙr-Æ-V-≠u Y[of-£d-˙LtT, ◊ßV ◊ßV L⁄j-RÙd-Le-L-˚[l ◊Xl

-T-”jRl TVu- LÙs[ ÿ•-°\ J⁄ C˚Q-V-R-[m A’. U≤-Rf £kR˚]-

ú ÿRu-˚Ul T˚Pl-TÙ] ÿRt -T-˚Pl-TÙ] ˛ ÿ’-T˚Pl-TÙ]

˘UÙØ˙V Ti-TÙ-”, SÙL- -Lm B°-V-Yt-±u LÙs-L-X-UÙLj RÙPo°\’.

J≠l◊ ˘UÙØd-œ ÿRu-˚U-VÙ-]-’ SÙ; Ut-flm ©\ ˙Tf-—-fll-◊-Ls; Es-

˘[-›m LÙtfl; J≠l- Td Lh-œm LÙ’-Ls. AR- ]d Lh-L-ÿ-•-VÙR˛

LÙ’ L[Ù- RÙ-⁄d-LÙ] UÙØ Yfl-Y- L- -]-’. N˚L-Ls ®Wm-©-V’.

G›j-’ ˘UÙØ, KÆV/£j-ßW ˘UÙØ, œ±-L-[Ù-XÙ] ˘UÙØ Gu-T] TÙo-

˚Y-Ÿs-˙[Ù-⁄d-œl TVu-T-Pd ·•-V-’. TÙo- Y-Vt-\-Y-⁄d-œl ©˘W-´p

≠©, Íu-≠© TÙu-fl vT-¨-Nm YØ Et-fl-Qo‹ YÙ´XÙLl T\l-T-

T-”-UÙ-fl G›j-’ UÙØ UÙt-±-V- Ud-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. Cq-YÙ-\- U-Y]˘Yp-

XÙm ˘UÙØ-ú ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L˙[; ◊Xl-TÙ-”-L-˙[.

˘UÙØ T—-Rp, UÙØ-V-±-‹, UÙØj-ß-\u Gu-T] UÙØ-ú £X T¨-

UÙ-Qe-L-[Ù-œm. UÙØ T—-Rp Gu-T-ßp C⁄ ®˚X-Ls A˚U-°u-\].

58

˙TÙXf ˘Nn-’ ˙T—Rp Ju-fl. Ltfll ˙T—-Rp Ut- \Ùu-fl. ˘Tt- \Ù-⁄m

EPu ©\l-◊m E\-‹m CpXj-ßu œ”m-Tf „Z-≠p T—-Y- Rd Lh”d

˙Lh-”, œZk-˚R, Ái-Pl-Th-”l ˙TN ÿVp-Y-’ ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-R-XÙL

A˚U-Ÿm. UÙQ-Y-]ÙL, J⁄ ˘UÙØ, ◊’- UÙØ Lt-\p ©u-Y- L- -]-’.

˘UÙØf „Zp UÙ±-V-Æ-Pj-’, ◊ßV UÙØ- Vd Lh-”d- Lh-”l TNp

Gu-T-’ œZk-˚R-Vp-XÙR ©\ T⁄-Yj-ß-]-¨-P-ÿm A˚U-Ÿm YÙnl-◊m

œ•- Vt-\, ÆVÙ-TÙ-W, Y∞-Îol TV-Q, —t-fl-XÙf-„-Z-≠p Ht-T-Pd-·-”m.

˘R¨kRR˚] ˛ ˘R¨kR ˘UÙØ-´˚] A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” ˘R¨-

VÙ-R˚R ˛ ˘R¨V ÿVp-Y-˚Rl ◊¨-V, ˙TN ÿVp-Rp Gu-T-’ Ce-L-˚U-

Y-RÙp, C’ œZk-˚R-ú ˘UÙØl TZd-Lj-ß-≠⁄k’ ˙Yfl-Th-P-’.

£k-R- ]- u ˘Y∞l-TÙ-PÙ-°V ˘UÙØ˙V £k-R-˚]-˚V-Ÿm Ái-”-°-\-’.

CR-]Ùp, L⁄j-’-L-∞u Nh-P-L-UÙ-°V ·PÙ-°V UÙØ- Vl Tt-±V LpÆ

˙RÙu± ˙Um-T-”-°-\-’. A’ ˘UÙØ-V-±‹ B°-\-’. ˘UÙØj ˙RÙt-\d

˘LÙs-˚L-Ls, ˘UÙØd œ”m-Te-Ls, ˘UÙØ Y˚L-Ls, EXL ˘UÙØ-Ls,

˘UÙØl-T-W-Yp, ˘UÙØ Y[of£ Tt-±V ˙LÙh-TÙ-”-Ls, ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT

Y˚[k’m Æ¨k-’m

˘LÙ”d-œm UÙØ u

ß\m, ©\ UÙØ ŸPu

C˚Q-Ÿm˙TÙ’m LXd-

œm˙TÙ’m S⁄e-œm

˙TÙ’m øe-œm ˙TÙ’-

ÿs[ ARu ˙TÙd-œ,

R≤j-’ ®t-œm Bt-

\p, Ru˚] CZk-’ ˛

Ru˚U CZk-’ ˙Ytfl-

⁄d ˘LÙsfim TÙe-œ,

J≠l-©-¤m (Pronuncia-

tion), G›j’ Y⁄- L- -

¤m (Spelling) Es[ UÙt-\m, T˚ZV] LØ-R-¤d-œm ◊ß-V] ◊œ-R-¤d-

œm CPe-˘LÙ-”j-Rp, R≤j-Ru˚U CZd-LÙ˚U ˛ G] ˘UÙØ-ú, J⁄

˘UÙØ-ú, TX ˘UÙØ-L-∞u CVp˚T ˛ CVp-◊-L˚[ Bnk-’ LiP

ÿ•-‹-Ls UÙØ-V-±-Æp CPm- T-flm. CXd-LQ B£- -Vo UÙØ-V-±‹

™d-L-Yo. ˘UÙØ-´-Vp Bn-Y-±-O-⁄m Cj-R-˚L-V-Y-˙W. AØk-’-˙TÙ]

˘UÙØ-L-fim, CZk-’- TÙ] UÙØ-Lfim, Nq-Æ-Vp UÙØ-L-fim, Tf—

59

˘UÙØ-L-fim·P Bn-‹d-œ- -V-RÙ°

˘UÙØ-V-±‹ YZe-œ-°u-\-]. G›j-

’m CXd LQÿ-™pXÙ ˛ G›-Rl-T-

PÙl Tf-— UÙØ-Lh-œ A˚Y Y˚W-

Vl-˘T-fl -Y -’m ˘UÙØ-V -± -Æu

Æ˚[-YÙ-XÙ-œm. ˘UÙØ-V-±-Æ-≠-

⁄k’ °˚[j-’ UÙØ-VÙn-‹, LÙXj-

ßu R˚Yd- LtT Um-TÙ-”-L-fid-

œ-¨V L⁄-Æ-L˚[ ˘UÙØd-œ YZe-°Pf ˘Nn-°-\-’. Lp-Æd-œm TWl-◊-R-

¤d-œm SWÙL UÙØ˚V G∞˚Ul-T-”j-’-Rp, RWl-T-”j-’-Rp, J⁄- U(l-

TÙ-”) E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp, œZl-Tm ˛ £dLp ød-°j ˘R∞‹ YZe-œ-Rp Gu-

T] CYt-fls £X-YÙ-œm.

Gk-R- YÙ-⁄ UÙØ-VÙ- -‡m AR- ]d L⁄j-’l ◊Xl-TÙh-•t-LÙ-Ld LVÙ-

fi-Y-ßp Rof£ Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-’ UÙØj-ß-\-UÙ-œm. Gl-T-•l T—-Y’;

CPm, LÙXm, „Zp, Lh-˙TÙod-˙LtT Gq-YÙfl Tf˚N ÿu-˚Yl-T-’;

Gd-L-⁄j˚R Gq-YÙ-fl Gf- NÙt-L-[Ùp G”j-ß-Vm-◊-Y-’; Lh- TÙ˚W Dod-

œ-UÙ-fl, LY-]j-˚Rj Ru-TÙp, RÙu ·flm ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ˙SWÙnj ß⁄l©

®flj-’-UÙ-fl Gq-Yi-Qm ˘NÙp-XÙ-”-Y-’ Gu\ A±-ß-\u Cm-˘UÙ-Øj

ß\-UÙ-œm. TVu-TÙh-” Æ˚[‹ R⁄-Y-RÙL C’ A˚U-Ÿm. NÙp Y˚X

˙Yh”-Y-]ÙL CR-]Ùp A˚UV ÿ•-Ÿm. ˙Lh-TÙol-©-¶j-’, AYo

˙YQYÙ ˘LÙs-fi-UÙ-fl ˙Tf— A˚U-Rp Cm˘UÙØj ß\-]Ùm.

˘UÙØ G‡m J⁄˚U´-⁄l-©-‡m, ˘UÙØ-Ls TX-Y-˚L-´-]-RÙL A˚U-

Ÿm TÙe-°-]. Jq- YÙ-⁄ UÙØ- -¤m ·P Es-Y- L˚U Ei-”. UÙØ-

ú Bfi-˚L-Ÿm, TVu-TÙ-”m ˙T—-˙YÙ-ü RWÙ-R-W-ÿm ˙R˚Y-Ÿm,

˚LVÙ-fim „Z-¤m Cq-Y-˚L-˚Ud-œd LÙW-Q-UÙm. ˙Tf-—-˘UÙ-Ø, RW-

˘UÙØ (Standard), CXd-°-V- UÙØ G] Íu-fl A•l-T˚P ®˚X-Ls LÙQ-

ÿ-•-Ÿm. ˙Tf-— ˘UÙØ-´-¤m, °WÙ-Uj-RÙ-≤u ˙Tf-—m, Lp-XÙ-R-Y-≤u

˙Tf—m, ÆVÙ-TÙ-¨-ú ˙Tf-—m, RW-L-≤u ˙Tf-—m ˘Yq-˙Y-fl S˚P

˘LÙs-fim. Lp-Æf „Z-¤m, AWe-Ll ˙Tf-—m, Yp-¤-So LXk-’-˚W-Ÿm

˙TÙu-\] RW-˘UÙ-Øl-TÙe-œ ◊Xl-T-”j-’m. ˘Nq-Æ-Xd-°-Ve-Ls, TX-

’˚\l TÙP-Ëp-Ls, A±-Æ-Vp ˚L˙V-”-Ls, ˘RÙØp-÷hT Bn-˙Y-”-

Ls, ˘TÙ⁄h-Lh-”-˚W-Ls Gu-T] TVu˘LÙs-fim ˘UÙØ˚V CXd°V-

˘UÙØ (Literary Language) G]l Tœd-L-XÙm. ˙Tf-—, CVp◊ ˘UÙØ-VÙ-L,

R™r Lp˘Yh”

60

CVt˚L ˘UÙØ-VÙL A˚U-°-\-˘Ru-\Ùp, CXd-°-V-˘UÙ-Ø, ˘Nq-Æ-VÙd-

Ll-Th-P-RÙ-L, ˘Nn-Vl-Th-P-RÙ-L, Bd-L-UÙ-L, ˘NVt-˚Lj Ru˚U ˘LÙi-P-

RÙL A˚U-Ÿm. ˘UÙØ ˙Um-TÙ-”, ˘UÙØ Y[m, ˘UÙØ Y[of£ G]

CR˚] A‘-L-XÙm.

NUV £j-RÙk-Re-Ls G›-Rl-T-”m ˘UÙØ S˚P-Ÿm, NhP ÷‘d-Le-Ls

Y˚W-Vl-T”m ÿ˚\-Ÿm Ju-\pX; UÙØ Ju-\Ù-´-‡m S˚P-Ÿm ÿ˚\-

Ÿm Yfl-Th-P-]-YÙm. Y¶L A±d- L-Ÿm, U⁄j-’-Yd œ±l-◊m, TÙ±-

-Vp Y˚W-‹m Cq-YÙ˙\ UÙØ- p S˚P- S± Yfl-TÙ-” LÙs-[˙Y

˘Nn-°u-\-]. J˙W Tg-— Tp-Y- L-VÙ] C˚Z-Ÿm B˚P-Ÿm Bd-œ-Y-’

˙TÙX J˙W ˘UÙØ ˛ J˙W G›j-’-Ls ˛ J˙W ˘NÙt-œ-˚Y-Ls Tp-˙Y-fl

◊Xl-TÙ-”-L˚[ YZeL Yp-X˚U ˘LÙs-Y-’ C’.

U≤-R-≤u S˚P ˙Yfl, œß- W- u S˚P ˙Yfl, VÙ˚]- u S˚P- Y-fl.

B]Ùp TVu/ Æ˚[‹ / ®Lr‹ Ju-fl-RÙu. ARÙ-Y-’ ÁWm LPj-Rp,

˘NX-‹. UÙØ-´u TVu-TÙ-”m C’-RÙu. L⁄j-˚Rd LPj-’-°-\-’. J⁄-Y-

-P-™-⁄k-’ Ut- \Ùu-±t-œ Ut- \Ù-⁄-Y-⁄d-œd LÙi-” Np-°-\-’. YÙnl-

◊d-˙LtT ˘Yq-˙Y-fl S˚P-´p! Ah˚P F⁄-°-\-’; ◊› ˘S∞-°-\-’;

œZk˚R RYr-°-\-’; T\˚Y T\d-°-\-’. Gp-XÙm ÁWm LPk-’ ˘Np-Y-

Rt˙L. U≤-Rf £k-R-˚]-˙VÙh-Pm ˘UÙØ˚V Cq-YÙ-˘\p-XÙm TVu-

˘LÙs-[f ˘Nn-°-\-’. ˘U’-YÙ-L, Æ˚W-YÙ-L, YÙŸ-˙Y-Lj-ßp, U˙]Ù-˙Y-

Lj-ßp, (SÙm) UÙØ˚V Gl-T-•d LVÙs-°- \Ùm? T\- Yf £\-LÙ-L-YÙ?

˘UÙØ-VÙp BLÙ-Vj-ßp Tk-Rp ˙TÙP ÿ•-Ÿm. A⁄-Y-UÙ-]-˚R-Ÿm

E⁄-Ym-˙TÙp Æ[d° Y⁄-¶dL ÿ•-Ÿm. Li-ÿu Cp-XÙ-R-Yt-˚\-Ÿm

˘NÙp-˙XÙ-Æ-V-UÙd° U]d-Li-¶p LÙhP ÿ•-Ÿm ˛ Es-[j-ß-˚W-´p

Y˚WV ÿ•-Ÿm ˛ Gi-Qj R[j-ßp TßdL ÿ•-Ÿm. LÙXj-RÙ-¤m CPj-

RÙ-¤m LPk-’ øe-°-V-]-Yt-˚\-Ÿm A⁄-LÙ-˚U-´p ˘LÙQok-’ Ai-™-

˚YdL CV-¤m; Ge-˘Le˙LÙ G”j-’f ˘Np-X-‹m Ch-”f ˘Np-X-‹m

·”m. Lt-T-Lj-ßu Èe-˘LÙm˙TÙ . . . Gufl ˘NÙu-]Ùp ˙RYÙW LÙXj-

ßt-œl ˙TÙL ÿ•-°-\-’. Lt-È-Wm SÙfl˙UÙ . . . Gu-\Ùp Bi-PÙ-[ÙL

UÙ\ CVp-°-\-’. ˙RWÙ Uu]Ù . . . Gu-\Ù˙XÙ TÙi-•-Vu AW-N-˚Yd-

œs ÷˚ZV ÿ•-°-\-’. C’ ˘UÙØ-´u Bt-\p; Yu˚U; Yp-X˚U;

T¨-UÙ-Qm. UÙe-LÙn Gu-\Ùp YÙÎ-fl-°-\-’. ˙Ro‹ Gu-\Ùp ˘Sg-— TP-

T-Pd-°-\-’. TQm Gu-\Ùp YÙn ©[d-°-\-’. LÙRp Gu-\Ùp Es-[m

61

E⁄-œ-°-\-’. ˘UÙØ˙V A‡-T-Y-UÙ-œ-Y-’ ˛ Bd-œ-Y’ C’. UÙh-•t-œ

A˚N- TÙ-Pl ◊p; U≤-R-‡d-œ UpX AYp-RÙu Yi-”- Uu-T-ßp˚X.

˘NÙp ˙TÙ’m. —˚Yj-’ A˚N-˙TÙP CPm R⁄-Y-’ ˘UÙØ; ARu Jq-

˘YÙ-⁄ ·flm.

˘UÙØ, £d-Lp Ht-T-”j-R-XÙm; £d-Lp AÆrd-L-‹m ˘Nn-V-XÙm. YÙnl-

˙Tf-—j RLWÙ-\Ùp £d-Lp Ht-T-”-m˙TÙ-’ ˘UÙØ BŸ-R-UÙ-œm. LXk-’-

˚W-VÙp £d-Lp øe-œm-˙TÙ’ A’ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm. R⁄d-L-ÿm UÙØ-VÙp

ÿ•-Ÿm. ß\-]Ùn-‹m ˘UÙØ-VÙp Bœm. Gf-N- d-L-‹m, ßh-P-‹m, G¨k-’-

Æ-Z-‹m ·P A’ F”-˘TÙ-⁄-[Ù-œm.

LÙt-fll TÙu-\-’ UÙØ. LÙ£p-XÙ-Up °˚Pl-T-’. B]Ùp Cu-±-V- U-

VÙ-R-’. E´o, Íf-—. YÙr‹ YZe-œ-°-\-’. A’ Cu-˙\p Bs Cp-˚X.

Bfi˚U Cp- X.

BdL Yp-X-’ ˘UÙØ. AØd-L-‹m Yp-X-’. A’ ˘S⁄l-◊l ˙TÙu-\-’.

A‘-Ndß TÙu-\-’. Gq-YÙ-\- Rd LVÙ-fi-°- \Ù˙UÙ ARt- LtT A’

Aj-R-œ Æ˚[-‹-L˚[, ©u Æ˚[-‹-L-˚[j R⁄m Yp-X-˚U-Ÿ-˚P-V-’.

˘S⁄l◊ SpX Y˚Xd-LÙ-Wu, UÙN-UÙ] G_-UÙu Gu-T-’ TZ-œ- UÙØ.

A‘j-ß-Ws J≠-Ÿm A‘-YÙt-\-¤m Hfld-œ-UÙ-\Ù-Ll ˙TÙ]Ùp SÙNm

®f-N-Vm. RÙ]Ø-Ÿ˙UÙ Cp-˚X˙VÙ NÙok-RÙ-˚W, Nok-RÙ˚W AØd-œm.

U≤-R-‡d-œ ˘Y±. ˘UÙØdœ Cp˚X ˘Y±.

RÙn-˘UÙ-Ø, Rk-˚R-˘UÙØ ˙TÙu\ ˙LÙh-TÙ-”-Ls, Tu-˘UÙ-Øf „Z-≠p

CPm- T-Vo-°u-\-]. UÙØ- T-Vo˙RVd œ•- Vt-\j-ß-]- u œZk- R-Ls,

Lp-Æ-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙ-Ll ©±-˘RÙu˚\ Ht\ UÙQ-Yo ˙TÙu-˙\Ùo, R˚X-ÿ-

˚\-Ls RÙi-•-V-©u, ˘TV-⁄d˙L Rm œZ-Æl-T-⁄Y ˘UÙØ- V, ÍRÙ- R-

Vo ˘UÙØ-˚Vj Rd-L-˚Yj-’d ˘LÙs-°u-\-]o. A˚R A±-Y-ßp-˚X.

Aßp ß\u ˘LÙs-Y-’™p-˚X. ˘UpX ˘UpX ˘UÙØ U˚\V ˛ U\d-

Ll-T-Pd ·”m ˛ AYo-L-˚[l ˘TÙflj-RÙ-Y-’.

Ti-TÙ-”m SÙL- -L-ÿ-ÿs[ Ud-Ls ®˚\k-R, A±-Æ-Vp Y[of£ ™œkR,

CXd-°V Y[u Ke-°V J⁄ EX- L, UÙØ- p-XÙ-R-RÙ-Ld Lt-T˚] ·Pf

˘NnV ÿ•-VÙ-’. EX˚L E - WÙ-” E´ol- TÙ-” Yj-ß-⁄d-°\ UÙØ

CVe-œ-°-\-’; CVd-œ-°\’.

62

˙T—m ß\-‡m J⁄-Y- WÙ- PÙ-⁄-Yo L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m Nn-’ LÙs[

˘UÙØ-˚Vl TVu-˘LÙs-Y-’m EX-°p GpXÙ U≤-R-¨-P-ÿm CVp-TÙL

A˚Uk-’s-[-’ Gu\ Gi-Qj-RÙp ˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ-]-Yo-Ls CYt-±p

L⁄j’f ˘N¤j-’-Y-ßp-˚X. NÙRÙW-Q-UÙL GpXÙ U≤-R-WÙ-¤m NÙl-©-P-

‹m, ÁeL-‹m, SPd-L-‹m ÿ•-Y’ ˙TÙXj-RÙu ˙T—-Y-’m G] ®˚]j-

’-Æ-”-Rp CVp-◊. C’ KW-[‹ N -RÙu. œZ-Æl T⁄-Yj-ßt-œl©u, CVp-

TÙ] EPp-®- X-Ÿm U]-®- X-Ÿ-ÿs[ Gp- XÙ-WÙ-¤m TN CV-¤m. CR-

]Ù-˙X˙V U≤-Ru "˙T—m ÆXe-œ' G]f —h-Pl-T-”-°u-\Ùu. B]Ùp

©\ E - -]e-L-fim J≠l-TÙp Rm-ÿs L⁄j-’l-T- -UÙt-\m Nn-°u-\].

G≤-‡m A˚Y "˘UÙØ' Gu-fl ˘TVo ˘Tfl-Y-ßp-˚X. ˙R…d-Ls, PÙp-

©u ¡u TÙu-\-]-Yt-±u Cj-R-œ "˙Tf-—' Y∞l-TÙ-”-Ls Tt± Bn‹

TX G›k-’s-[-]. G≤-‡m AYt-±u ®˚X, U≤R ˘UÙØ- u ˘N±

˚Y-˙VÙ, ˘S°r-˚Y-˙VÙ, ˙Uu-˚U-˚V˙VÙ Gk-®-˚X-´-¤m Gh-Pj-Rd-

L] Ap-X.

Ei-‘-Rp, E\e-œ-Rp, SPj-Rp TÙu-\- U-Ÿm CVp-TÙ] U≤-Rj ß\e-

Ls, U≤-R-‡d-œ AYu ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨u UW-T-‘d-Ls YØ Y⁄-°u-\-].

˘UÙØ Cq-YÙ-fl ˘T\l-T-”-Y-ßp-˚X. ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fi-Rp Ut-flm ˙Tf-

˘NÙ-≠-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm ß\m Uh-”˙U Cq-YÙ-fl ˘T\l-Th-” Y⁄-°u-

\]. ARÙ-Y-’ J⁄-Yo ˙T—m œ±l-©hP ˘UÙØ Ap-X-’ ˘UÙØ-Ls, UW-

T-‘l-TÙ-Wm-T- -Vj-RÙ-Xp-X, Am-U-≤-Ro YÙ›m NÍ-Lf „Z-≠u Ti-TÙh”l

TÙWm-T- -Vj-RÙp Uh-”˙U AY-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-°u-\] Gu-T˙R Ei˚U.

CR-]Ùp ˘UÙØ RÙ˙] ˘T\l-T-”-Y-ßp˚X; Lt-Ll-T-”-°-\-’ G] ®fl-Y-

XÙm. CR-]Ùp UÙ‡-P-Æ-V-XÙ-[o (Anthropologists), ˘UÙØ-˚V-Ÿm, Ti-

TÙ-” LÙW-Q-UÙL Y⁄m SPj-˚R-˙VÙ-” C˚Qd-°u-\-]o.

U≤-Ru œZk- R-VÙ-Ll ©\d-œm TÙ˙R AY-≤-R-Vm ’•d-°-\-’; œ⁄ß

Kh-Pm A˚U-°-\-’; Íf-—d LÙt-fl CVe-œ-°-\-’. B]Ùp, œZk˚R Y[ok-’

Ts∞ ApX’ Lp-Ì-¨l T⁄-Yj-ßp EP-≠Vp Tt-±d Lt-T-ßu YÙ´-

XÙL Uh-”˙U œ⁄ß Kh-Pm Gu-\Ùp Gu-], CR-Vj-’-•l◊ Gl-T-• A˚U-

°-\-’, Íf-£u ˘NVp-TÙ-” Gq-YÙ-fl LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’ Gu-T] Tt-±j ˘R¨k-’-

˘LÙi-” A˚Y Tt-±V A±‹ Tfl-°-\Ùu. UÙØ-Ÿm, œZk˚R ©\kR

„Z-≠- X˙V AR- ]f —t± J≠j-’, œZ-Æl T⁄-Ym ÿR˙X AR-]Ùp

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[l-Th-”l TVu-T-”j-Rl-˘Tt-flY¨-‡m, ˘UÙØ œ±jR

LpÆ Y⁄m ˙TÙ˙R ˘R∞-‹-Ls °˚Pd-°u-\-].

˛ ÿ˚]-Yo. Au-≤-RÙ-U-—

63

Au-≤-RÙ-U-—

R™r Be°Xm, NÍLÆVp, E[ÆVp B°V ’˚\L∞p ÿ’L˚Xl ThPm

˘Tt\Yo. EXLj R™ZÙWÙnf£ ®flY]jßu CVdœSWÙLl T¶VÙt±VYo.

Rt˙TÙ’ UjßV Nm˘UÙØ ®flY]jßp BnY±OWÙLl T¶VÙt± Y⁄°\Ùo.

@ ""˘UÙØVÙp BLÙVjßp TkRp˙TÙP ÿ•Ÿm. A⁄YUÙ]˚RŸm E⁄Ym˙TÙp

Æ[d° Yo¶dL ÿ•Ÿm. Liÿu CpXÙRYt˚\Ÿm ˘NÙp˙XÙÆVUÙd°

U]dLi¶p LÙhP ÿ•Ÿm.'' - CdL⁄jß˚]d LXk’˚WVÙ•j R™r˘UÙØ´u

£\l◊Ls Gu‡m R˚Xl©p Lh”˚W RVÙo˘NnL.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

64

BWÙp A˚Uj-’ YQe-L-fl Ue-L-Qod-œl È˚N

N˚Uj-’ YQe-Lj Rœ˙UÙ ˛ E˚Ud-Lu-To

Aof-N-˚]-TÙh ˙PVÙ-˘Uu \ÙÏ-Wod LÙß-´˙X

˘NÙt-\-™r TÙ”-˘L-]f ˘NÙu-]-˚U-VÙt ˛ ˘NÙt-T-•˙V

˘Nn-RÙn-SÙp ˙YRk ß˚Lj-˘RÙ-’e-Ll ©j-R-˘]u-fl

˚Yn-RÙnø ˚YRÙ-¤m YÙrj-RÙ˙U ˛ ˘Un-RÙu

C⁄k-R-™˙Z Ÿu]Ù ≠⁄k˙R ≤˚U-˙VÙo

Æ⁄k-R-™rR ˘Uu-\Ù-¤m ˙Yi-˙Pu.

Á’96 Y˚LVÙ] ©W-Tk-ReLfis Jufl Á’. U’˚Wf NÙdLSÙR LP‹∞Pm R™˚ZjÁ’ A‡l◊YRÙLl TÙ•V’ R™rÆ” Á’.

R™r Æ”Á’

65

"Gu-]-Ee-Ls R™rf-˘Np-Ym?'Gu- \- Lh-œm

Gß-¨-Lh˙L C˚Rl-T-ß-XÙnf

˘NÙp-ø-SiTÙ!

ÿu-˚]-´e˙L Tu-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls

Ui-¶u-¡-’

ÿ˚[j-RÙ-¤m Íj-R-˘UÙØ

R™Øp-Es[

Lu-]p- So CXd-°-Ve-Ls R≤j-

˙R-®u-fl

LÙh-”-°u\ J¸ıU¶-Ls Ju-±-

Wi-PÙ?

Uu-≤-V-Sm YÙr-Æ-V-≠u CXd-

L-Qj-’

Y˚W-T-Pm "˘RÙp-LÙl-©-V-Ëp'

Gu- \-·-fl!

A\-˘S-±d˙L "ß⁄d-œ-\s'-RÙu!

LÙRp-YÙr-Æu

Au-◊- S-±l ˘T⁄m-◊- R-Vp

"AL-SÙ-Ú-fl'!

U\d-L-Xe-Ls Lp-˘Yh˙P

"◊\-SÙ-Ú-fl'!

YW-XÙt-fll Tß- Y˙P "£Xm-

TÙm'!D˚L

˘S±d-œ U¶-˙U-L-˚X-RÙu!

UQ-Æu-Tj˚R

˙So£k-RÙ-U¶ ˘VÙu-˙\-Æ-Vl-

TÙnd LÙh-”m!

T˚\-V-˚\k-’ R™r-˙Yk-Ro

≈Wm-D-Wm

Td-œ-Y-UÙn ˘UÙØ-Y-’-RÙu

"Tßt-fll-Tj-’'!

Æ›-™-V-Ëp "SÙX-•-VÙo'

J›d-Lf Nh-Pm!

˘Yt-±d˙L "L≠e-Lj-’l-T-W¶'!

SÙh-•u

G’ R™rf ˘Np-Ym?

˘Nm- UÙ-Øj Rœ-ßl-TÙ-”-Ls

l ˘RÙu˚U

l ©\-˘UÙ-Øj RÙd-L-™u˚U

l RÙn˚U

l R≤j-Ru˚U

l CXd-°V Y[m, CXd-L-Qf £\l◊

l ˘TÙ’-˚Ul Ti◊

l S”-‹-®- X˚U

l Ti-TÙ-”, L˚X, Th-P-±‹ ˘Y∞l

-TÙ-”

l EVo-£k-R˚]

l L˚X CXd-° -Vj R≤j-Ru˚U

˘Y∞l-TÙ-”

l ˘UÙØd ˙LÙh-TÙ-”

G]l Tß-˘]Ù-⁄ Rœ-ßl-TÙ-”-L˚[

A±Æ-Vp R™-Z-±-Oo ÿ—j-R-TÙ-‹m

˘UÙØ Yp-¤-So-L-fim Y˚WV-flj-’s-

[Ùo-Ls.

66

AZ-œ-Qoj-’m "S[- YiTÙ'!

˘NÙp-XÙh-£d˙L

A⁄e"LmT CWÙ-UÙ-V-Q'k-RÙu

NÙh£!

TØ-LÙQÙ Ys-[p-L-∞u ˘LÙ˚P-Ÿs

[j-˚Rl

"TÙQÙt-fll T˚P'-Ëp-Ls TPm-©-•d-

œm!

T˚Z-V-◊-LÙo Ht-fl-U-ßl T⁄- U- Vp-XÙm

"Th-•-]l-TÙ˚X' LÙh-”m

A⁄˚U Gu˙]?

ÿj-’"-Sk-ßd LXm-T-L'˙UÙ

R™-›d-LÙL

Íf-£-ZkR UÙ]-Uu-]u

UÙi-˚Td ·flm!

Rj-’-Ye-Ls YÙr-L-P˙X "£j-Ro-

TÙ-Pp'!

"RXl-TÙ-Pp' Ui-U-Qj-ßu

NÙu-\Ùn-®t-œm!

Æj-R-Lo-Ls "TÙWß' "TÙ˙Yk-Ro'

TÙPp

ÆØ-ß-\dL ˚Yj-R-Ru˙\Ù

R™-Zo Rm-˚U?

Gj-R-˚]˙VÙ C‡m-˘NÙp-˙YÙm;

˙RÙZÙ! ˙Lh-”m

CLrk-’-˚Wl-˙TÙo "ÆØ-

˘Tt\œ⁄Po' Gu-˙TÙm!

-˛ YZ˙YkRu

˙YZ˙YkRuCYo 05.05.1936 Cp LÙW¶ Gu\ £tÒ¨p ©\kRYo. CYo LÆO⁄mYZdL±O⁄m BYÙo. ÿ.Y.Æu UÙQYo. AiQÙÆPm ™œkRD”TÙ”˚PVYo. R™˙Zfl Gu\ œfleLÙl©Vj˚Rl T˚Pj’s[Ùo.CYW’ LÆ˚RLs ˙YZ ˙YkRu LÆ˚RLs Gu\ ˘RÙœlTÙL˘Y∞´PlTh”s[’. SÙ˚[V EXLm, LÙÆ¨, T˚LdLPp, T˚Pl◊, G’CuTm ˙TÙu\ LÆ˚RL˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo. ˘Sg—m ®˚]l◊m, SÙ”m ˘UÙØŸm,LÙR¤m LiΩ⁄m, YÙr‹m YØŸm ˙TÙu\ LÆ˚RLfim CYW’ LÆ˚R˘RÙœl◊dœs APeœm.

˘NÙpG›j’Ls ApX’ J≠Ls

R≤j˙RÙ ˙Nok˙RÙ Yk’ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[jR⁄UÙ]Ùp A’ ˘NÙp G]lT”m. (G.”)

B, ˙LÙ, æ GuTYt±p Ko G›j’Uh”˙U Yk’ ˘TÙ⁄˚[j Rk’

˘NÙpXÙ°\’. CqYÙfl Y⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[K˘W›j’f ˘NÙp G]XÙm. CXdLQËXÙo CR˚] K˘W›j’ J⁄ ˘UÙØ

GuTo.˘NÙp˚Xd °[Æ, ˘UÙØ, YÙoj˚R

G]‹m œ±l©”Yo GuT˚R Ceœ®˚]Æp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. CWh˚Pd°[Æ, JmT˚Pd°[Æ, R”UÙfl °[ÆGu˘\pXÙm Y⁄m CPeL∞p °[Æ

GuT’ ˘NÙp˚Xd œ±d°u\’. T—, LÙ—,UXo RÙU˚W, T\˚Y, CXdLQm ˙TÙu\

˘NÙtL∞p Ju±tœ ˙UtThP G›j’LsYk’s[]. K˘W›j’ ˘NÙp¤dœ ˙U¤m

£X G”j’dLÙh”Ls R⁄L˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛,˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛CWi˘P›j’, Íu˘\›j’SÙu˘L›j’f ˘NÙtLfidœ

G”j’dLÙh”Ls R⁄L.˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ , ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ , ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ , ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

AßLThNUÙL GjR˚] G›j’f˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±kRÙn? A’ GkRf ˘NÙp

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛,˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

67

Ge-Ls R™r

TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu (1891 - 1964)CVt-˘T-Vo L]-L-—l-◊-Wj-ß-]m. ◊’f-˙N-¨-´p ©\k-RÙo. TÙi-•-Vu-T-¨-—,œ”mT Æ[d-œ, AZ-°u £¨l◊ B°-V˚Y CY-W-’ Ëp-L-[Ù-œm. CY-W-’©£-WÙk-˚R-VÙo Gu\ SÙP-L-Ëp NÙ°jV Ad-LÙ-P™ T¨— ˘Tt\ Ëp.

C≤-˚Uj R™r-˘UÙØ GU-’ ˛ GUd

°u-Tk R⁄m-T-• YÙnj-R-Sp Aÿ-’!

L≤-˚Vl ©Øk-ßhP NÙfl ˛ Ge-Ls

Lß-´p EVok-ß-P-VÙm-˘Tt\ ˙Tfl!

R≤-˚Uf —˚Y-Ÿs[ ˘NÙp˚X ˛ Ge-Ls

R™-Ø-‡m ˙Y˘\e-œm-VÙe-LiP ßp˚X!

S≤-Ÿi-” S≤-Ÿi-” LÙRp ˛ R™r

SÙh-•-]o VÙYod-œ˙U R™r ¡ßp

(C-≤-˚Uj)

R™r-Ge-Ls E´o-GuT RÙ˙X ˛ ˘Yp-¤k

RW-ÿi-” R™-Z-⁄d-°l-◊Æ ˙U˙X

R™r-Gu-≤p Gm-ÿ-´ol ˘TÙ⁄-[Ùm ˛ Cu-Tj

R™r-œu-fl-˙Up R™r SÙ˘Pe-œm

C⁄-[Ùm.

R™-›i-” R™r-UdL fii-” ˛ Cu-Tj

R™-›d-œ SÙfim-˘Nn-˙YÙm-SpX ˘RÙi-”

R™r-Gu-fl ˙RÙs-Rh• B”! ˛ SpX

R™r-˘YpL ˘YpL Gu˙\ ß]m-TÙ-”!

(C-≤-˚Uj)

˛ TÙW-ß-RÙ-Nu

C⁄Y˚Lf ˘NÙtLs

˘NÙtLs A•lT˚P´p ˘TVof˘NÙp Æ˚]f ˘NÙp G]C⁄Y˚LlT”m.

˘TVof˘NÙp

UdLs, Sm˚Uf —t±Ÿs[E´⁄s[ Utflm E´¨pXÙR˘TÙ⁄hLs, CPeLs, Ti◊Ls˙TÙu\Yt˚\d œ±dœm ˘NÙp˘TVof˘NÙp G]lT”m.LiQu,AÿRÙ˛ UdLs ˘TVoVÙ˚], TÙm◊, U´p ˛ ©\E´¨]l˘TVoU˚X, UWm, œ[m, „¨Vu˛CVt˚Ll ˘TÙ⁄sL∞u ˘TVo˘YlTm, œ∞o, AZœ, L⁄˚Q˛Ti◊l ˘TVoß⁄Y]kR◊Wm, TÙXdLÙ”,C”d°˛ CPl˘TVoG]l TX ®˚XL∞p˘TVof˘NÙtLs A˚UŸm.

68

@ R™r-˘UÙ-Ø-´u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[ EQoj-’UÙfl LÆ˚R T˚PdL.

@ R™r-˘UÙ-Ø-´u ˘RÙu-˚U-Ÿm £\l-◊-L-fim Gu-‡m R˚Xl-©p L⁄j-R-We-Ld

Lh”˚W RVÙo˘Nn-L.

@ R™r-˘UÙ-Ø-˚Vj RY-±u±l ˙T—-Y-Rt-œm G›-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d

œ±j-’ J⁄ Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨j-’ AR˚] A±d-˚L-VÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

69

˘UÙØ´V≠p J≠´Vp

˘UÙØ´Vp

˘RÙpLÙl©Vo LÙXjß≠⁄k’ RÙufl˘RÙh”j RÙPok’ LÙXeLÙXUÙL

Y[ok’ YkR’ CXdLQj’˚\VÙœm. CXdLQm UW©u A•lT˚P´p ®uflm

˘UÙØú A˚Ul◊ ÆßL˚[ G”j’dLÙh”LfiPu Æ[d°]Ù¤m AYt±t LÙ]

LÙWQeL˚[d ·\Æp˚X. ˘UÙØ´Vp GuT’ ˘UÙØú CVp˚T Æ[d

œY’Pu ARu CVpTÙ] Ru˚U´˚] Æ[d° Y˚WV˚\ ˘Nn°\’. ˙U¤m

A±ÆVp TÙo˚YŸPu TÙodL ÿVp°\’. A±ÆVp A•l-T- P- p Ju±˚]d

·ok’ ˙SÙdœ°\’. A±Rp Ru˚U ˘LÙi”m ARu ©u◊ Jl©h”m, Bn‹

˘Nn’m Cflß´p ˘UÙØ´VXÙ[o-Ls J⁄ ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°u\]o. CkR Bn‹

ÿ˚\´p ÿRu ÿR≠p Bn‹ NnV Gi¶VYoLs U˚XSÙh•]˙WVÙYo.

AYo YØ´pRÙu R™r ˘UÙØ´¤m ˘UÙØ´Vp Bn‹ S˚P-˘Tt-\’

˘UÙØ´Vp A±YÙp, J⁄ ˘UÙØ´˚]d Lt\±YRtœd LÙXm GuT’ ™Ld

œ˚\YÙL˙Y B°\’.

˘UÙØ´Vp Ti◊Ls

˘UÙØú CVp©˚] BWÙŸm J⁄ A¨V L˚Xdœ ˘UÙØ´Vp Gufl ˘TVo.

˘UÙØ´Vp ’˚\ 19˛Bm Ët\Ùi”dœl©u R≤j’˚\VÙL Y[ok’ Y⁄°\’.

˘UÙØ´Vp GuT’ ˘UÙØú Tp˙Yfl Ti◊L˚[ Æ[dœY’. CXdLQÿm

˘UÙØ´V¤m ˘S⁄e°V ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]. CXdLQ A±Æu Y[of£˙V

˘UÙØ´V˚Xj RÙtflÆj’s[’. C⁄kRÙ¤m, Cufl UÙØ´V≠u TWk’ThP

Y[of£VÙp, CXdLQm, UÙØ´V≠u J⁄ TœßVÙL APe°ÆhP’. UÙØ´V

XÙ]’ CXdLQj˚RŸm J⁄ TœßVÙLd LÙi” Y[ok’ÆhP’. J⁄ TÙo˚Y

´p CXdLQm RÙn Gu°u\ ˘TÙ›’ ˘UÙØ´Vp ˙Nn Gufl GiQlT”

°\’. B]Ùp Gu] RYm ˘NnRÙ˙]Ù Gufl EXL˘UXÙm ˙TÙtflmT• ˙Nn

Cufl EX°p ÿkß ®t°\Ùs. Cufl ˘UÙØ´Vp ˘T¨V BXUWUÙLd LÙh£

R⁄°\’.

˘UÙØ´Vp ©¨‹Ls

˘UÙØ´Vp ˘UÙØú CVp˚T Y˚WV˚\lT”j’Y’Pu AR˚]

A±ÆVp Li-˘LÙi-” Æ[dœ°\’. ˘UÙØ´˚]d ·ok’ ˙SÙd° A±Rp,

Jl©h” Bn‹ Ut˘LÙs[p, Cflß´p J⁄ ÿ•Æ˚] Ht\p G] UÙØ´Vp

YÙßLs L⁄j’˚Wd°u\]o. TX LÙXUÙL Y[ok’ YkR CXdLQj’˚\VÙ]’

70

LÙXjßt˙LtTl ◊’◊’f £kR˚]LfiPu L˚Xf˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙi”

˘UÙØ´VXÙL Y[okß⁄d°\’.

J≠˚Vl (Sound) Tt±V Bn‹ J≠´Vp (Phonetics) Bœm. J⁄

˘UÙØdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] J≠L˚[d LiP±k’, AkR J≠Lfidœ "YŸ•Ym'

(Letter form) ˘LÙ”j’, Bn‹ ˙Ut˘LÙsY˚R J≠V≤Vp (Phonemics) GuTo.

˘TÙ⁄˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]YÙL C⁄lT’ E⁄Tu (Morphemes)L[Ùœm.

E⁄TuL∞u A˚NL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnRp GuT˚R E⁄T≤Vp (Morphology)

GuTo.

˘TÙ⁄˚[j R⁄YRtœ A˚NLs ˙Nok’ ˘NÙtL[ÙL Y⁄°u\]. Af

˘NÙtLs ˘RÙPok’ ®ufl YÙd°VeL[ÙLl ©\d°u\]. CqYÙfl ˘TÙ⁄˚[

EQoj’m ˘RÙPoTt±V ˘UÙØ´V˚Xj ˘RÙP¨Vp (syntax) Gu\]o.

˙U˙X ·\lThP CmÍufl ˘T⁄m ·flL˙[ ˘UÙØ´V≠u ©¨‹Ls

G]‹m, ˘UÙØ´V≠u A•lT˚Pd ·flLs G]‹m œ±l©”°u\]o. CkR

Íufl A˚Ul◊d ·flL˚[ Bn‹ ˘NnY˚R˙V ˘UÙØ´Vp Gu°˙\Ùm.

˘UÙØdœm, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞lT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄fidœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl

˘TÙ⁄i˚U´Vp (Semantics) Gu°˙\Ùm.

J≠´Vp (Phonetics)

˘UÙØ GuT’ TÙ⁄˚[j R⁄°u\ Tf˘NÙ≠L[Ùp E⁄YÙ]’ G]XÙm.

CqYÙfl ˘TÙ⁄˚[j R⁄°u\ TX Y˚LVÙ] ˙Tf˘NÙ≠L˙[ (Speech sounds)

TXY˚LVÙ] G›j’L[ÙL E⁄YÙœ°u\]. G]˙Y GpXÙ G›j’Lfim

Ei˚U´p YÙ˘VÙ≠Ls (Oral sounds or Vocal sounds) G]lT”°u\]. B˚LVÙp

G›j’L∞u ©\l◊, Ru˚U, Y˚L, ˘RÙ˚L ˙TÙu\] GpXÙm YÙ´p ©\dœm

J≠L[Ùœm.

˘NÆVÙp EQ⁄m Cq˘Y›j’Lfid˘L] A˚UkR YŸ•YeL˙[

Li‘dœd LÙh£ R⁄m YŸ•Y G›j’Ls (Script or Alphabet) Bœm. J≠

®˚X´p A˚UkR G›j’L∞pXÙUp YŸ•Y G›j’Ls A˚UVÙ’. YŸ•Y

G›j’L[Ù]’ J≠´˚]l Ttfls[ YŸ•Y G›j’Lfid˙LtT "YŸ•Ym'

UÙt±V˚UdLlT”m G]XÙm. YŸ•Ym˘LÙiP G›j’L[Ù]’ J⁄ ˘UÙØd

˘L] A˚UV‹m ˘NnVXÙm A˚UVÙU¤m C⁄dLXÙm. CRt˘L] Li•l◊

Cp˚X. Cu˚\V A±ÆVp SÙL¨Ll TiTÙh•u TZdL YZdLeLfid˙LtT

UdLs ReL∞u ˘UÙØLfid˘L] YŸ•Y G›j’L˚[ A˚Uj’d˘LÙs°u

\]o. B]Ù¤m, Cl˘TÙ›’m TX ˘UÙØLs "YŸ•Ym' CpXÙUp Es[].

J≠ Y•Y G›j’Ls ˙Yfl, YŸ•Y G›j’Ls ˙Yfl G]l ©¨j’ Æ[d

LÙRRÙp CXdLQ ËpL∞¤m, ˘UÙØ´Vp ËpL∞¤m TX CPoTÙ”Ls

71

HtTh”s[]. J≠Y•Y G›j’L˙[ ÿRXÙ]RÙL‹m, ÿRu˚UVÙ]RÙL‹m

EQoY˘RuT’ ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. G›j’ GuT’ ˘NÆ´]Ùp EQWlT”m

J≠Y•Yj˚R˙V œ±dœm.

R™r˘UÙØ G›j’Ls ©\dœm ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm Am˘UÙØú A•l

T˚P´X˚UkR NÙtTÙœTÙh•˚]Ÿm LÙiTRtœÿu CVpTÙLl Tf˘NÙ≠Ls

©\dœm ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm Aq˘YÙ≠L∞u Tœl◊ ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙs

Y’ ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. C˚R˙V J≠´V≠u ˘TÙ⁄s G]lT”°\’. ˘RÙpLÙl

©Vo ˙TÙu\ CXdLQ B£¨VoLs R™r˘UÙØú J≠ Y•Yjß˚]Ÿm

©\l©˚]Ÿm Æ[d° G›j’L˚[Ÿm Y˚L RÙ˚LlT”jßŸs[]o. CXdLQl

B£¨VoL∞u J≠´Vp L⁄j’L˚[ Ceœ Jl©h”l TÙodL Gi¶]Ùp

R™r˘UÙØ G›j˘RÙ≠L∞u YWXÙt˚\j ˘R¨k’˘LÙsfiYRtœl ˘T¨’m

’˚Q◊¨Ÿm. C⁄l©‡m Cufl ˘UÙØ´Vp’˚\´p J≠´V˚Xj ˘R¨k’

˘LÙs[ ER‹m ÷iL⁄ÆLs AßLUÙL Y[ok’s[]. G]˙Y, ˘RÙpLÙl©Vo

ÿRXÙ] CXdLQl B£¨VoL∞u LÙXjßp Cu˚\V LÙX ˘UÙØ´Vp

L⁄ÆLs Cp˚XVÙRXÙp AYoL∞u L⁄j’Ls TpY˚L´¤m œ˚\TPd

·\lTh”s[RÙL˙Y ·\XÙm.

˘RÙpLÙl©V⁄m SÙdœ, CRr, AiQm, Tp ÿR≠VYt±u ’˚Q

´˚]d˘LÙi˙P J≠´˚] Æ[d°f ˘Np°u\Ùo. ˘UÙØ´V˚X BWÙn

˙YÙ⁄dœ J≠˚V Æ[dLl TVuT”m L⁄ÆLs GpXÙm J≠Ÿfll◊L˙[ Bœm.

J≠ú ˙RÙt\jß˚] Æ[d°d LÙh”m˘TÙ›’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ U≤R‡m

J≠Ÿfll◊L˚[j ˘RÙØtT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄ J≠´˚]Ÿm G›lT ÿ•Ÿm

Gu°u\]o.

ÿu≤Wi” ÿ˚\Lfim ˘UÙØ´V≠p J≠´V≠u Bn‹dœl

TVuTPÆp˚X. Íu\ÙYRÙ] EfN¨l◊ J≠´Vp (Articulatory phonetics)

BWÙnf£RÙu ©uTt\lThP’. LÙWQm G∞˚UVÙ] Bn‹ÿ˚\ GuTRÙp

˘UÙØ´VXÙ[o-Ls CR˚] G”j’d˘LÙiP]o. Cmÿ˚\VÙ]’ £\l◊\ Y[ok-

’s-[-’.

øiP LÙXUÙL J⁄Yu R]dœj ˘R¨VÙR ˘UÙØ ˙T—°u\ CPjßp

Re°]Ùp EfN¨l◊ J≠jRu˚U UÙ\ÙUp ˙TNÿ•Ÿm. AkR ˘UÙØú J≠

Y˚LL˚[d LtL˙Yi•V ˙R˚Y´p˚X. B]Ùp ClT´t£´˚] GjR˚]

˙TWÙp T\ ÿ•Ÿm? U¤m, CRtœd LÙXÿm, TQÿm R˚Y´pXÙUp NXYÙ

LXÙm. G]˙Y, UÙØ R¨kR J⁄Y˙]Ù” Am˘UÙØ˚Vd LtL ÿV¤m˘TÙ›’,

˘UÙØ´˚]d Ltfld˘LÙsTYu J≠lT´t£´˚] Suœ A±k’˘LÙsfi°\Ùu.

˙U¤m J≠Ÿfll◊L∞u Y˚LL˚[Ÿm AYt±]Ùp G›m ˘RÙØpL˚[Ÿm

A±kß⁄d°u\ LÙWQjRÙp ©\ ˘UÙØ´¤s[ J≠L˚[ G∞ßp ˘R¨k’

72

˘LÙsfi°\Ùu. A”jRRÙL AkR ˘UÙØú J≠L∞p LÙQlT”m ˘RÙPo◊Ls

ÍXm, A•lT˚P Efll◊L∞u NVpL˚[ BWÙnk’ Suœ A±k’˘LÙs°\Ùu.

CkR A•lT˚P´p Al◊ßV UÙØ´˚] AY]Ùp T•j’d˘LÙs[ ÿ•°\’.

˙Tf˘NÙ≠ú ˙RÙt\m ˛ J⁄ Æ[dLm

J≠ú ˙RÙt\j˚Rl Tt± Bn‹ ˘NnŸm˘TÙ›’ AYt±u Íufl

ÿ˚\L˚[l Tt± Æ[dL ÿtT”°u\]o.

1. LÙt±u CVdLm (Air Mechanism)

2. œWp ˙RÙt\m (Pharyngeal Mechanism)

3. EfN¨l◊ ®˚X (Articulatory Mechanism)

EP¤fll◊dLs £XYt±u ˘NVpTÙ”L[Ùp ˙Tf˘NÙ≠Ls ˙RÙufl

°u\]. Cf˘NVpL˚[ "J≠jRp' ApX’ "J≠l◊' G]d ·\XÙm. Cl˙Tf˘NÙ≠

Lfidœl TVuT”m Efll◊L˚[˙V ˙Tf—fll◊Ls Gu°˙\Ùm. EP≠p

Cl˙Tf—fll◊Ls Es[ Tœß´˚] "˙Tf£u ©\lTLm' G]‹m ·\XÙm. J≠

˙RÙuflYRtœ APe°V Tf—fll◊dL[ÙL CRr, Tp, AiQm, SÙdœ, RÙi˚P,

œWpY˚[, ÷˚W¬WpLs, Íf—dœZp, J≠jR˚NLs TÙu\˚YL˚[d ·\XÙm.

÷˚W¬WpLs, Íf—dœZp, RÙi˚P, YÙVLm, ÍfNLm B°V Ikß˚]Ÿm "Y∞

˘NpYØLs' G]d œ±dLXÙm.

LÙt\Ù]’ YÙnYØVÙL‹m, Ídœ YØVÙL‹m Es∞›dLlTh”, ©u◊

˘Y∞˙VtflRp T¶Ÿm Ceœ ®Lr°\’. CR˚] Íf— YÙeœRp ApX’

—YÙ£jRp Gu°˙\Ùm. Es∞›dLlTh”d LÙtfl UÙo©¤s[ ÷˚W¬WpL∞p

˙TÙnf N⁄°\’. CkR ÷˚W¬WpL[Ù]’ Y´t±u UtTœß´p Re°Ÿs[].

C’ R˚NVÙp ˙YVlTh”s[’. CjR˚NL˙[ A›jRm ˘Nn’, ÷˚W¬W¤d

œs∞⁄dœm LÙt˚\ ˘Y∞˙V Rsfi°\’. ˘Y∞˙Vflm LÙt\]’ Íf—dœZp

YØVÙLf Nufl, œWp Y˚[˚Vd LPk’ RÙi˚P˚V A˚Pk’ YÙn YØVÙL

‹m Ídœ YØVÙL‹m ˘Y∞˙Vfl°\’. CqYÙ\ÙL ˘Y∞Y⁄m LÙt˚\d œWp

Y˚[j R˚NLs, SÙdœ, CRrLs, AiQm, TtLs ˙TÙu\]Yt±p R”j’m,

A˚Pj’m, AßW‹m ˘NnVlT”°\’. Aq˙Y˚[´pRÙu ˙Tf˘NÙ≠Ls

˙RÙufl°u\]. Jq˙YÙo J≠Ÿm ©\l©u NVXÙp Tp˙Yfl Y˚LlThPRÙLl

©\d°u\].

˘_oUu SÙh” UÙØ´Vp A±Oo Gm. Gf. TÙoTWÙ vhWÙe J≠´˚]l

Tt± BWÙŸm˙TÙ’ EPm©¤s[ ˚L, LÙpL˚[j RÆW, ©\ Efll◊Ls

A˚]j’m J≠ú ©\l◊dœj ’˚Q ®t°u\] Gu°\Ùo. Sm CXdLQ

73

B£¨VoL˙[Ù ˘Sg—, ™Pfl, R˚X, CRr, SÙdœ, Tp, AiQm, Ídœ Gu‡m

Efll◊L˚[˙V ÿd°VUÙ]RÙLd œ±l©”Yo.

J≠Ÿfll◊Lfim ARu ˘RÙØpLfim

÷˚W¬Wp ÿRp ER”Y˚W Es[ Efll◊L∞u ˘RÙØp ˙Tf˘NÙ≠L˚[l

©\l©dLf NnYRÙœm. J≠Ÿfll◊L∞u RÙØpL˚[ J≠lT´t£ Tt\Y]Ùp

EQok’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm. Cj˘RÙØpL˚[ Gdv ˛ LßodL⁄Æ Utflm

XÙ¨eLÙv˙LÙl ÍXm VÙY⁄m LiQÙp TÙodLXÙm. ÷˚W¬W≠≠⁄k’ CRrLs

Y˚WŸs[ Efll◊L˚[Ÿm CVdœm J≠jR˚NL˚[Ÿm C’ œ±d°\’.

J≠Ÿfll◊L˚[d œ±dœm TPm ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.

J≠Ÿfll◊Ls

1. CRr / ER” (Lips)

2. Tp (Teeth)

3. ÷≤ViQm (Alveolar ridge . alveolum)

4. C˚PViQm (Dome)

5. ÿRXiQm / L˚PViQm (Velum)

6. EsSÙdœ (Uvula)

7. SÙÆ∞m◊ (Blade of the tongue)

8. ÷≤ SÙ (Tip of the tongue)

9. C˚P SÙ (Centre / front of the tongue)

10. L˚P SÙ (Dorsum)

11. A• SÙ (Root of the tongue)

12. ÍdL˚\ (Nasal cavity)

13. ÍdL˚\ YÙ´p (Velic)

14. ÿu˘RÙi˚P (Pharynx)

15. LÙtfldœZp Í• (Epiglottis)

16. J≠jR˚NLs (Vocal chords)

17. LÙtfldœZp (Trachea)

18. œWpY˚[ (Larynx / Adam's Apple)

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CRr / ER” (Lips)

CRrL∞u ˘NVpL∞]Ùp ©\dœm J≠-L˚[ CRr J≠Ls (Labials)

Gu\]o. ∏ØR›m, ˙U≠R›m ˙Nok’ LÙt±˚]j R”j’ ®flj’°\’.

CqÆRrLs ˙N⁄ ™Pjßp, £±V C˚P˘Y∞˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’, AR≤˚P˙V

LÙt˚\f ˘N¤jß AßWf ˘NnVXÙm.

Aeœ ""CRØ˚Vk’ ©\lT] "TLÙW', "ULÙWm' Bœm. ∏ØR›m, Tp¤m

˘TÙ⁄k’m ®˚X´p "YLWm' G‡m Tp≠Rr J≠ (Labio Dental) ©\dœm. Tp≠Rr

C˚QV "YLÙWm' ©\dœm G]j ˘RÙpLÙl©Vo ·fl°\Ùo.

Tp (Teeth)

˙T—YRtœ ˙UtTpY¨˚NŸm ∏rTpY¨˚NŸm TVuT”°u\]. ClTp

Y¨˚NL˚[ SÙdLÙ¤m CRrL[Ù¤m ˘RÙh”m, AYt±t°˚P˙V C˚P˘Y∞

˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’m J≠L˚[ G›lTf ˘NnVXÙm. AqYÙfl G›m J≠L˚[l

Tp˘XÙ≠Ls GuTo. RÙpLÙl©Vo, Tp ÿRp U⁄e°p SÙ ÷≤TWk’, Jt\j

RÙ™≤’ ©\dœm RLÙW SLÙWm ©\dœm Gu°\Ùo.

AiQm (Upper Palate)

YÙ´u ˙UtTœßVÙ] L•]lTœß AiQUÙœm. EsSÙd°˚] A”j

ß⁄dœm Tœß ˘Uu˚UVÙL C⁄dœm. ¡Rÿs[ Tœß L•]UÙ]˚YVÙœm.

AiQj˚R Íu\ÙLl TœlTo. ˙UtTpY¨˚N˚V A”jß⁄dœm Tœß ÷≤

AiQm (Alveolar ridge. Alveolum. Alveolar region), ARtL”jR Tœß C˚PViQm

(Dome), ARtL”jR Tœß L˚PViQm (Velum) Bœm. RÙpLÙl©V⁄m ÿRpSÙ

AiQm, C˚PSÙ AiQm, L˚PSÙ AiQm G] Íu\ÙLl ©¨d°\Ùo. ˙Ut

RÙ˚P A˚NVÙ’. ∏rjRÙ˚P A˚NŸm.

J≠Ÿfll©p C’ ™L ÿd°V EfllTÙœm. ˙YLUÙL CVeœm Efll◊

GuTRÙp "Active Articulator' GuTo. Ut\ Efll◊Ls "Passive Articulator' Bœm.

SÙd°˚] ÷≤SÙ, SÙ Æ∞m◊, C˚PSÙ, L˚PSÙ, A•SÙ G] IkRÙLl ©¨lTo.

÷≤SÙÆ]Ùp G›m J≠L˚[ ÷≤SÙ J≠Ls (Apicals) G]‹m, ÷≤SÙ‹m Tp¤m

C˚QYRÙp G›m J≠L˚[ ÷≤SÙlTp˘XÙ≠Ls (Apicodental) G]‹m, ÷≤

SÙ‹m, ÷≤ViQÿm C˚QYRÙp G›m J≠L˚[ ÷≤SÙ ÷≤ViQ J≠Ls

(Apico Alveolar) G]‹m, ÷≤SÙ‹m C˚PViQÿm C˚QYRÙp G›m J≠L˚[

÷≤SÙ C˚PViQ J≠Ls (Apico Domal) G]‹m, ÷≤SÙ C⁄TtLfid°˚P˙V

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C˚QYRÙp G›m J≠L˚[ ÷≤SÙl Tp≠˚P J≠Ls G]‹m ·±]o. ÷≤

SÙlTp≠˚P J≠L˚[l Tp˘XÙ≠ (Dental), ÷≤ViQ J≠ (Alveolar) SÙY˚[

J≠ (Retroflex), Tp≠˚P J≠ (Inter Dental) G]‹m ·flYo. C˚P SÙ‹m

C˚PViQÿm C˚QYRÙp ©\dœm J≠L˚[ C˚PSÙ C˚PViQ J≠Ls

(Lamino Palatals) Guflm, CR˚] C˚PViQ J≠Ls Guflm ·flYo. L˚PSÙ‹m

L˚PViQÿm C˚QYRÙp L˚PSÙ L˚PViQ J≠Ls (Velar) GuTo.

EsSÙdœ (Uvula)

C’ YÙ´u A•lTÙLjßp ˘RÙeœm R˚NlTœßVÙœm. ÿu˘RÙi˚P

´≠⁄k’ ÍdL˚\dœf Np¤m YÙ´˚Xj ß\dL˙YÙ A˚PdL˙YÙ EsSÙdœl

TVuT”°\’.

ÿu ˘RÙi˚P (Pharynx)

CeœjRÙu ÍdL˚\ YÙ´p (Velic), LÙtfldœZp (Trachea), EQ‹dœZp

(Gullet), YÙnlTÙ˚R B°V SÙuœm Nkßd°u\].

ÍdL˚\ (Nasal Cavity)

LÙtfl ÍdL˚\ YÙ´≠≠⁄k’ Up˙SÙd°f Nufl ∏˙Z C\e° Íd°p

ÿ•°\’. Ceœ G›m J≠L˚[ Íd˘LÙ≠Ls (Nasals) GuTo. Al˙TÙ’ YÙ˚V

GRÙY’ K¨Pjßp A˚Pj’d˘LÙs˙YÙm. AqYÙfl ˘NnVÙUp ÍdL˚\ YÙ´

XÙL‹m LÙt˚\ ˘Y∞´”m˘TÙ›’ Íd°u NÙVp˘Tt\ J≠Ls (Nasalished

Sounds) ©\dœm.

LÙtfldœZp (Trachea)

LÙtfldœZp YØVÙLd LÙtfl ÷˚W¬W¤dœf ˘Nufl Y⁄m. CRu ˙Ut

Tœß, ˘RÙi˚P ApX’ œWp Y˚[ (Larynx) G]lT”m. ∏rlTœß CWiPÙLl

©\k’ ÷˚W¬W¤dœf ˘Np°\’.

LÙtfldœZp Í• (Epiglottis)

LÙtfldœZ≠u RÙPdLjßp C’ Es[’. —YÙ£dœm˘TÙ›’ ß\kß⁄d

œm. EQ‹i‘m˘TÙ›’ Í•d˘LÙsfim. EQ‹ Es˙[ ˘NpX ÿVu\Ùp

EQ˚Yj Ád° C’ G±k’Æ”m. C˚RjRÙu ◊˚W˙VflRp Gu°˙\Ùm. —YÙ

£dœm˘TÙ›’ ß\kß⁄kRÙp ReœR˚P´u±d LÙtfl Es˙[ ˘Nufl Y⁄m.

76

œWpY˚[ (Larynx)

CeœjRÙu LÙtfldœZ≠u J≠jR˚NLs (Vocal Cords) C⁄dœm. CR˚]j

˘RÙi˚P G]‹m ·flYo.

J≠jR˚NLs (Vocal Cords)

CRtœd "œWp SÙi' G‡m Ut˘\Ù⁄ TV⁄m Ei”. C’ Up≠V Eflß

VÙ] CWi” R˚NlTœßL[Ùœm. CYt±tœ C˚PlThP C˚P˘Y∞ J≠jR˚N

YÙ´p (Glottis) G]lT”m. J≠jR˚NLs ALu±⁄dœm˘TÙ›’ LÙtfl Reœ

R˚P´u±f NVpT”m. Al˙TÙ’ J≠jR˚N AßoYßp˚X. Al˙TÙ’ ©\dœm

J≠˚V J≠l©XÙ J≠ (Voiceless Sound) GuTo. YÙ´p œfl° J≠jR˚N Aß⁄m

˙TÙ’ J≠l◊˚P J≠ (Voiced Sound) ©\dœm.

÷˚W¬WpLs (Lungs)

C’ ERWÆRÙ]m (Diaphram), ÆXÙ˘Y¤m©¤s[ R˚N SÙoLs

B°VYt±u ˘NVXÙp Æ¨V‹m —⁄eL‹m ˘Nn°u\’. Æ¨Ÿm˙TÙ’ Es˙[

˘Np¤m LÙtfl, —⁄eœm˙TÙ’ Y∞˙Vflm. CR˚]˙V J⁄ —YÙNm Gu°˙\Ùm.

C’ ReœR˚P´u± S˚P˘Tflm. CR˚] SÙ•j’•l©]Ù¤m EQWXÙm.

Ekß ÿRXÙLd LÙtfl ®˚\k’ ®tœm ÷˚W¬W≠u ˘NVXÙp LÙtfl

™Pt±p Y⁄m˙TÙ’ J≠dLÙtfld œWXÙœm. œWXÙ]’ Aßo‹˚PV’. C˚Nj

Ru˚UŸm E˚PV’. CdœWXÙ]’ YÙŸfll◊L∞uÍXm A˚PTh”f £X

œ±l©hP A˚Xø[ÿm, Aßo‹m HtTh” ˘Y∞˙Vflm˙TÙ’ 'G›j˘RÙ≠'

©\dœm.

WÙ. —l˚TVÙ

WÙ. —l˚TVÙ

CYo R≤ UÙYhPjßp ∫˚XVmTh•´p 20. 02. 1960Cp ©\kRÙo.

˘Nu˚] VÙRYÙd LpÌ¨´p R™r C˚Ql ˙TWÙ£¨VWÙLl

T¶◊¨k’ Y⁄°\Ùo. T¨V YÙjßVÙo, J⁄ œ”mT Æ[dœ, R™r

SÙh”l◊\l TÙPpLs, ˙R≤ YhPÙW SÙh”l◊\l TÙPpLs Gufl

25dœ ˙UtThP ËpL˚[l T˚Pj’s[Ùo.

77

@ R™r GiL˚[l T•j’ C’-˙TÙufl Im-T’ ÿRp Ëfl Y˚W- G›-’--L.

@ L⁄j’l TÜÙt\jßtLÙ] J⁄ L⁄Æ Uh”˙U UÙØ LXk’˚WVÙ•d œ±l◊

RVÙo˘NnL.

@ R™r ˘UÙØ-´p ©\-˘UÙØj RÙd-Lm Gu-‡m R˚Xl-©p Lh-”˚W RVÙ-¨d-L. L⁄j-

R-We-Lj-ßp Y∞- -”-L. L⁄j-R-WeLf NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Tp- Y-fl UÙØ Y∞-¬h-”

Y•-Ye-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-L. (®-Lrf-£-®-Wp, Æ[m-T-Wm, ÿj-ß-˚W-YÙd-°-Vm,

—Y˘WÙh-•, A˚Zl-©-Rr)

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

C ˙Tf—YZdœf NÙtLs G›j’ UÙØ´≠⁄k’ YflT”m ÆRjß˚]

ÆYÙßj’d Lh”˚W G›’L.

C G›j’L∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V G›ß ®Wl◊L. AYt±u UÙjß˚W˚VŸmœ±l©”L.

œ±p ˘S•p Eó ˘Un Eó˘Un BnRm

78

AX-œ 4

Ui-¶u UQm

TWm-T-˚W-VÙLf ˘NÆ-Y-Ø-VÙ-Ld ˙Lh-”m

˘NÙp-Xl-Th-”m TÙPl-Th-”m YkR L˚R-L-fim TÙPp-L-fim

SÙh-PÙo CXd-°-Ve-L-[ÙLj ßLr-°u-\-]. Cq-Æ-Xd-°-Ve-Ls R≤-

U≤R-≤u T˚Pl-◊-Ls Ap-X. CYt˚\ J⁄ NÍ-Lj-ßu ˘TÙ’f

˘NÙj’Ls G]-XÙm. CXd-LQ Y˚W-V-˚\-L-fid-œd Lh-”l-T-PÙ-Up

£\kR K˚N SVj-’-P‡m NÙRÙ-WQ Ud-L-∞u ˙Tf-— YZd-œf

˘NÙtLfiP‡m A˚UT-˚Y. SÙh-PÙo CXd-°-Ve-Ls, L˚R-Ls, L˚Rl-

TÙ-Pp-Ls, YÙn- UÙ-Øl TÙPp-Ls, TZ- UÙ-Ø-Ls, Æ”L˚RLs

G]l Tp-˙Yfl Y˚L-L-[Ù-Ll Tœd-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

v SÙh”l◊\ CXd°VeLs YÙ´XÙL AYt±u ·flL˚[˘Y∞lT”j’Rp.

v SÙh”l◊\ UdL∞u TiTÙ” Y[of£ ®˚XL˚[Ußl©”Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

79

Æ˚[-VÙh-”

Ru-]-]Ù˙]

Si˙P Si˙P £fl

˘Ne-LÙp Si-˙P,

E£-¨-⁄dL K•-⁄dL

Eu-˚]l ©[k-’,

J⁄ œj-’l ◊∞-VeLÙ

˘RÙ˚Y-Vp Yf-£,

Lu-]Ùe LXj-˚R-Ÿm

L›Æ Yf-£,

Y⁄-YÙu Y⁄-YÙu-‡

YØ TÙoj-˙Ru

YWÙ-’ ˙TÙL-‹m,

YØf-—d-°h- Pu.

Yk-RÙi-•-VmUÙ U˚X Y´j-Ru,

œj-Rd œjR Yk-RÙi-•

œWe-œ-Íg-£,

HX-°¨ ˘Vp-XÙm °”-°-”dL

G”j-RÙi-• £¤d-œj R•˚V

A•dL A•dL Yk-RÙi-•

B˚]-Y-´j-Ru

A•f-£h-”l ˙TÙLf ˘NÙp-¤.

˛

80

LÙRp

U≤R C] YW-XÙt-±p ˘UÙØ-ú ˙RÙt-\mTt± Afl-ß-´h-”d ·\ ÿ•-VÙ-R-’ ˙TÙu-fl,Ud-L-∞u CXd-°-V-UÙ] SÙh-”l-◊\ CXd-°-Vj-ßu ˙RÙt-\m Tt± Afl-ß-´h-”d ·\-ÿ-•-VÙR ®˚X-´p Es-˙[Ùm. ˘UÙØ-ú˙RÙt-\m E⁄-YÙ] ˙TÙ˙R U≤R C]-ÿm Ru£k-R-˚]j ß\˚] Y[odL ÿt-Th-P-˙TÙ˙RYÙn-˘UÙØ CXd-°VUÙ] SÙh”l◊\ CXd°VY˚L L⁄d-˘LÙiP-’ G]-XÙm. EX-°p ˘UÙØ-Ÿm A”j-’ YÙn-˘UÙØ CXd-°-Ve-L-fim AR-˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ G›-Rl-ThP CXd-°-Ve-L-fimÿ°rj-R] G]d ·\-XÙm. G]-˙Y, U≤RC]m ˙RÙu-±V Au˙\ SÙh-”l-◊\ CXd-°-Ve-L-fim ˙RÙu-±-Æh-P] G]d L⁄-R-XÙm. Ui-¶u ˚Uk-Ro-Rm U]d-L-⁄-Y-˚\-´p L⁄d-˘LÙi-” E⁄l-˘Tt-fl Eó-˘Tt-fl EXÙ Y⁄mEs-[j-ßu Ei-˚U-VÙ] ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L˙[ SÙh-”l-◊\ CXd-°-Ve-Ls.

SÙh-”l-◊\ Ud-L-∞u TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-L-˚[-ŸmTi-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Sm-©d-˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm CXd-°-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm BWÙ-Ÿm CV˙X SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-V-XÙ-œm.

Bi TÙ”-Y-’:

Yi-PÙ[m UWj-’d LÙ”

Yi-Q-ÿj-’ E›-œm LÙ”

Re-Lm Æ˚[-Ÿm LÙ”

R¨-NÙnd °Pd-°-\-’.

Ug-Ns È£-Vp˙XÙ

U’- Wl TÙ˚R ˙TÙ\ ◊s˙[

Jm Ug-Ns YÙ˚P Rh-•

YWl◊ ˘Yh-Pd ·P-≠- VÙ?

Tf-£˚X L›j-ßp Yf£

TÙ˚R YØ ˙TÙ\ ◊s˙[ ˛ Jm

Tf-£˚X YÙ˚P Rh-•

YWl◊ ˘Yh-Pd ·P-≠- VÙ?

A¨£ œjß U•-´p ˚Yj-’

BYÙ-Wm Èl ˘TÙh-”m Yf-—

˘NÙ⁄-œ LÙi˚P

˘Ys- [-VmUÙ ˛ ø

˙NÙfl ˘LÙi-” YÙW-˘Rl-˙TÙ?

˘Ti-Ls TÙ”-Y-’:

LÙW ≈h-”j ßi-˚Q-´X

L¨d-œ Ug-Ns A˚WdL-´X

Gk-Rl-TV Áj-’-]Ù˙]Ù ˛ G]d-œ

C›j-R-˚Wd-Ld ·P-≠˙V

˙Ll-˚Td L⁄-’ ˙TÙX

°∞ ˙TÙX ˘Ti-¶-⁄dL

G]d-œu‡ C⁄d-LÙ˙]

Gi-Qe ˘LhP TÙÆ ULu

◊p-¤ Afld-˚L-´˙X

◊∞-Vm È‹m ˘LÙi-” ˙TÙ˙]u

◊∞-Vm È YÙP Rh-• ˛ SÙu

◊p-X-fllT U\k-’ Æh-˙Pu

YÙndLÙ YWl◊ NÙ™!

YVd-LÙh-” ˘TÙu-‡ NÙ™!

L˚[ G”d-œm ˘TÙm-T-˚[d-œ

LÙY-¤d-œ Yk-R-Y˙]!

YÙn˘UÙØ CXd°Vm

81

Ue-LX YÙrj-’

YÙrj-’e-Ls YÙrj-’e-Ls

YÙs ÆNV ˚Uk-R-⁄d-œ

˙Lfie-Ls ˙Lfie-Ls

Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˙Lfie-Ls

˙LÙX Yo-Ql Tk-R-≠˙X

·fl-°-˙\u ˙Lfie-Ls

˘NÙoQ U¶l Tk-R-≠˙X

˘NÙp-¤-°-˙\u ˙Lfie-Ls

Ck-Rf N˚T Ru-≤˙X

Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˙Lfie-Ls

Ge-Ls œ• R˚ZdL

C[-Y-W-— ˙Y‘-˘Uu-fl

AW-—-ÿRp ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl

Au˚] RYg ˘Nn-’

©s˚[ ÿRp ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl

˘T¨V RYg ˘Nn-’

TÙXu ÿRp ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl

TÙWj-R-Ym ˘Nn-’

˘RÙi-Ê-fl SÙ[Ù-Lj

’[-£d-œ øo-YÙoj-’

ÿu-Ú-fl SÙ[ÙL

ÿp-˚Xd-œ øo YÙoj-’

A⁄k-R-Ye-Ls RÙu ˘Nn-’

ÿk-ßj RY-™-⁄k-’

ÿu-Ú-fl SÙs —Uk-’

Ue-L-[-UÙL

˚Uk-R-˚Wl-˘Tt-˘\-”j-RÙs.

J⁄- SÙh-•u YÙr-˚Y-Ÿm YW-XÙt-˚\-Ÿm œ˚\-˚V-Ÿm ®˚\-˚V-Ÿm ˘R∞-YÙ-Ld LÙh-”-Y]

SÙh”l-◊\ CXd-°-Ve-Ls. Ud-L-∞u Ti-TÙ-”,TZdL YZd-Le-Ls, TZ-˚U-VÙ] Gi-Qe-Ls

B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld LÙh-”m Li-QÙ-•-VÙ-œm. SÙh-”l-◊\ Ud-L-[-’ EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm LÆ˚R ◊˚]-Ÿm Bt-\-˚X-Ÿm Lt-T˚]

Y[j-˚R-Ÿm SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-∞˙X LÙQ-XÙm.C˚Y-Ls Hh-•p H\Ù-Æ-•-‡m G›j-ß˙X YÙWÙ-

Æ-•-‡m TÙh-•˙X CPm-˘T-\Ù-Æ-•-‡m Sm ˘Sg-£-≠-⁄k-’ Uh-”m øe-LÙ-’ ®t-œm.

SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-œ-Ls Tt± A±-Æ-Vp A•l-T-˚P-´p BWÙ-Ÿm CVp SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-V-XÙ-œm.SÙh-”l-◊\ CV˚X SÙh-”l-◊\ Ud-L-∞u UW-◊l-

ThP T˚Pl-◊-Ls Gu-To. ˘TÙ’-Ud-L-˚[f NÙokRUW◊ ÿ˚\-Ls Gu\ ˘TV-¨-¤m Ud-Ls CXd-°-

Vm Gu\ ˘TV-¨-¤m ˘TÙ’l ◊WÙ-Q-Æ-Vp Gu\˘TV-¨-¤m Gg-£-V-’ Gu\ ˘TV-¨-¤m YZe-° -YkR-’. ©u-]o SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-V-˚Xd œ±d-œm

"Folklore' Gu\ ˘NÙp 1846Cp Æp-≠-Vm _ÙuRÙUv AYo-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-˘Tt-\-’.

82

RÙXÙh-”

UÙo-LØ UÙNj-ß-˙X-RÙu ˛ Li˙Q ø

UÙWÙ-NÙ-˚Yl TÙod-˚L-´˙X

˚Rl ˘TÙe-Lp LÙXj-ß˙X ˛

Li˙Q ø

R´-⁄m ˙NÙflm ße-˚L-´˙X

UÙ£ UÙNd L˚P-£-´˙X ˛ Li˙Q ø

UÙUu ≈” ˙TÙ˚L-´˙X

Te-œ≤ UÙNj-ß˙X ˛ Li˙Q ø

Te-œf ˘NÙj˚R YÙe-˚L-´˙X

£j-ß˚W UÙNj ’Yd-Lj-ß˙X ˛ Li˙Q ø

∫o Y¨˚N YÙe-˚L-´˙X,

˚YLÙ£ UÙNj-ß˙X ˛ Li˙Q ø

YV-˚Xf —t-±l TÙod-˚L-´˙X

B≤ UÙNd L˚P-£-´˙X ˛ Li˙Q ø

A•-˘V-”j-’ ˚Yd-L-´˙X

ALv-UÙjRÙ BY-¶-´p ˛ Li˙Q ø

AWi-U-˚]d-œl ˙TÙ˚L-´˙X

Il-T£ UÙN-˘Up-XÙm Li˙Q ˛ ø

Al-Tu ≈” Re-˚L-´˙X

LÙoj-ß˚L UÙNj-ß-¤m ˛ Li˙Q

LP-‹-fid-œd ˚L˘V-P-•.

Cp-X-\m

A¨£ ÿ[l ˙TÙh-”

AW-U-˚]-Ÿm —jß YkRÙ

A¨£ UQ UQd-œm

AW-U-˚]-Ÿm È UQd-œm

T⁄l◊ ÿ[l ˙TÙh-”

Th-P-Q-ÿm —jß YkRÙ

T⁄l◊ UQ UQd-œm

Th-P-Q-ÿm È UQd-œm

Y¨˚N UQÙ-[-˙]Ù-”

YÙn £¨j-’l ˙T£ Yk-RÙp

YÙrd˚L ˘Sn UQd-œm

YÙN-S-flm È UQd-œm.

CRt-œl ©u-]˙W Cj-’-˚\-´p ÿ˚\-VÙ]

Bn‹ ˘RÙPe-°t-fl. U≤-R-≤u NPe-œ ÿ˚\-Ls,

L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-Ls, TZ-˘UÙ-Ø, SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp

ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\d œ±l-T-RÙ-Ld ·±-Ÿs-[Ùo. TZe-

LÙ-Xl Ti-TÙh-•u Gf-Nm SÙh-”l ◊\-Æ-Vp Gu-

T-’ AYo L⁄j-RÙ-œm.

Folklore Gu-T-’ Folk, Lore Gu\ C⁄ ˘NÙt-Ls

C˚Qk-R-RÙ-œm. -19 Bm Ët-\Ùi-•p I˙WÙl-©V

SÙ”-L-∞p "Folk' Gu\ ˘NÙp ÆY-NÙV Ud-L-˚[d

œ±j-’, ©u-]ol T•l-T-±-Æp-XÙR SÙh-”l-◊\ Ud-

L-˚[d œ±j-R-’. ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ˘RÙØp, ˘UÙØ, NU-

Vm ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\l ©uTt-flm œ›˚Y Folk

Gu-To. ˘TÙ’-YÙLd °WÙ-Ul-◊-\, T•l-T-±-Æp-XÙ-R,

Ud-L-˚[d œ±d-œm. Lore Gu-T-Rt-œ "UW-◊f ˘Nn-

ßj ˘RÙœß' Gu-flm "YZd-LÙ-fl' Gu-flm ˘TÙ⁄s

˘LÙs-[-XÙm. Folklore Gu-T-’ SÙh-”l-◊-\-Ud-L-∞u

A±‹ G]l ˘TÙ⁄s-T-”m. SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-

LÙt˚\ Folklore Gu-flm SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙt˚\

BWÙ-Ÿm Bn˚Y "Folkloristics' Gu-flm ·\-XÙm.

83

EZ-‹d LÙ˚[

™u-˙]-⁄ G⁄-’d-˘Lp-XÙm

Gu] Gu] A˚P-VÙ-[m

˘Sj-ßd-œ £h-•-L-[Ùm

˘SXm TÙod-œm Li-QÙ-•

YV-¤d-œf Np-X-P-UÙm

YÙœd-˚L ˘TÙu-]Ù˙X

˘LÙm-◊d-œd œl-©-L-[Ùm

˘LÙQ-YÙ-¤ Np-X-P-UÙm

Ád° ˚Yd-œm LÙp-L-fid-œ

’j-ßl È Np-X-P-UÙm

Ui-•-´-”m LÙp-L-fid-œ

UÙR-[m È Np-X-P-UÙm.

Tg-N-ÿm U˚Z-Ÿm

B” Æj-’, UÙ” Æj-’

I˙VÙ Y⁄Q ˙RYÙ!

Aj-R-˚]-Ÿm ·P Æj-’


LÙ’ L”d-œ-Æj-’


˚L Y˚[-Vp ·P-Æj-’


Cf £d-LÙn ßu] Tg-Nm


Cu-‡m ˘R∞-V-˚X˙V


LÙ˚Wd-LÙnj ßu] Ud-Ls


LÙR-˚Pf-— ˘NjR Ud-Ls


UdL ˘YRfN Lm◊

Uf-— Yk-’ ˙NW-‘˙U!

K• ˘YRfN Lm◊

F”-Yk-’ ˙NW-‘˙U

LXl˚T ©•d-œk Rm©

SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-V˚X SÙh-”l-◊\ CXd-°-Vm,

L˚X Gu\ ©¨-Æ-‡s APd-œ-°u-\-]o.

B]Ùp, SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-Vp CYt-fl-Pu ®u-fl-

Æ-PÙ-Up SÙh-”l-◊\ Sm-©d-˚L, BPp,

KÆVm, ˘TÙ⁄s-NÙo Ti-TÙ-”

B°VYt˚\Ÿm BWÙn-°-\-’.

SÙh-”l-◊\ YZd-LÙ-fl-Ls R˚X-ÿ˚\ R˚X-

ÿ˚\-VÙL, YÙ˚Z-V-• YÙ˚Z-VÙL ®XÆ

Y⁄°u\-]. SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp, L˚R-Ls,

TZ˘UÙØLs, Æ”-L˚RLs ˙TÙu-\-˚Y-

Tp-XÙi” LÙX-UÙL YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙ-Ll

TWl-Tl-Th-” Y⁄-°u-\-].

84

˚L ˙NÙk-’ ®d-°-\ÙeL!

A’d˙L U]-™-We-œ


Ho ©•d-œk Rm© ˘Vp-XÙm

Gi-Ql-Th-” ®d-°-\ÙeL

A’d˙L C\eL ˙Y‘m


˙TŸ-˚RVÙ ˙TŸ-’

˙Tn U˚Z-Ÿm ˙TŸ-’

F£ ˙TÙX LÙ≠-\e°

EX-L-˘Ue-œm ˙TŸ-’

EXL ˘Ue-œm ˙TgN U˚Z

F¨-˘Xe-œm ˙TV˙X

TÙ£ ˙TÙX LÙ≠-\e°

Th-P-Q˙U ˙TŸ-’

Th-P-Q˙U ˙TgN U˚Z,

Th-•-´˙X ˙TV˙X

’h-” ˙TÙX ™u≤

∫˚U-˘Ve-œm ˙TŸ-’

∫˚U ˘Ve-œm ˙TgN U˚Z

˘NpX U˚Z ˙TŸ-’.

L˚[ G”j-Rp

L˚[ ˘V”d-œm- ˘T-¨V œ[m

LQd ˘L›-’m BX-U-Wm

˘LÙj-R-•d-œm ˘LÙh-PÙ-Wm

·fl ˚Yd-œm L[j-’ ˙U”

Li-QÙ-• Y˚[-Vp ˙TÙh-”

L˚[ G”dL YkR ◊s˙[

Li-QÙ-• ™u-]-≠˙X

L˚[ GPl-◊l ©k-’-R-•

˘Ys-∞l ◊• Y˚[-Vp ˛ SpX

ÆP-˚Xl ©s˚[ ˚L Y˚[-Vp

˘NÙp≠ A•f-N-Y˚[ ˛ SpXÙ

LZh-” ßpX ˘Sp-L-˚[-˚V.

85

Ht-\l TÙh-”

Th-”l TVÙm Ys-∞d

œf-NÙm

ßp-XÙ-Xe-°-• ˙XXm

Tß-]Ù-fl ˘Yj-ß-˚X-VÙm


£u-]l ˚TVu œ”jR ˚T

ßp-XÙXe-°-• ˙XXm

£¨d-œ ˙RÙ• C”l◊ ˙U˙X


Afl-Y- Pl TÙPp-Ls

(˘Ti)

˙LÙ˚P L⁄-R-fll ˙T

˘LÙ•d-LÙ˙X „rk-ß-⁄l˙T

SÙ[d L⁄-R-fll˙T

SÙ‡m Yk-RÙ-XÙ-LÙ˙RÙ!

(Bi)

Lg-£d LX-Vm ˘LÙi-”

L⁄-R-fldL ˙TÙ\ ◊s[Ù

LÙd-LÙn AXm-◊-R-•

L⁄j-Rl ◊s[Ù Ee-L-X-Vm

(˘Ti)

˘Sp-¤d Lß-WÙ-˙]u

˙Sj-R-fljR RÙ[Ù-˙]u

˙Sj-’ YkR ˙RÙZ-‡d-œ

˙SWm ˘R¨-VÙ˙RÙ!

(Bi)

L⁄-R-fll-©X Le-LÙ-Qj-ß˙X

LU-L-Ue-œ-’ œÿ-œ-ÿe-œ-’

Lu-]j-’ Ug-Ns Gu-˚]l-T-Lh-”-’

ÿu˙] ˙TÙ\ ˘TÙi˙Q!

Eu-˚]j RÙi-• ˘TÙi˙Q

(˘Ti)

F˙WÙ-Wm Lß-W-flj-’

EW-¤l ˙TÙX Lh-”d-Lh-•

Ád° Æ”m ˘LÙj-R-]Ù˙W

ÁWL-[m ˙TÙnf- NW

86

L⁄-R-flj-’d °fl-°-flj-’Li-‘ ˘Wi-”m Tg-N-˚Pf£Ád° Æ”m ˘LÙj-R-]Ù˙W˙RÙl-◊d L[m ˙TÙnf ˙NW

(Bi)˘Sp-¤d L⁄-R-flj-’®™ok-’ ®t-œm ˘NYj-R-◊s[ ˛ Gu˘NÙpX U\k-ß-WÙR ˛ ø˘NÙu-]-T-• SÙ≤-⁄l-˙Tu

(˘Ti)’mT UXo ˙Yh-• Lh-•Ád-œl ˙TÙ¶ ˚L´-˙XkßYÙWÙL GeL UÙUuYh-Pm ER-fl-Rt˙L

(˙Y-fl)SÙ¤ Í˚X YV-¤d-œs˙[SÙt-fl S”m œs-[j-RÙWÙœ¤e-œ-˙RÙ-• œi-Pg-NmTÙEu-]-¨-YÙs Gu-]-¨-YÙsE⁄d-œ YfN L⁄d-L-¨-YÙsNÙVl-©-• A -YÙsNm-◊-R-• ˘Sp-Xm T´o˘Ys-∞l-©-• A¨-YÙs≈—-R-• ˘Sp-Xl T´oAfll Tflj-’ ß¨j-ß-¨f-—Au-]m ˙TÙX S˚P SPk-’£u-]d LhPÙ Lh-Pf ˘NÙp≠£‘e-°-]Ù-[Ùm ˘TÙu-≤-VmUÙ≈ß-´˙X Lp EW-XÙm≈£ ≈£d œj-’-WÙ-[Ùm˚L˚Vl ◊•d-LÙ-æeL˚LY-˚[-Vp ˘SÙfle-°-Æ-”mLi-QÙ-• Y˚X-Æ-˘RÙh-”L⁄-R-fldLj-Rl ˙TÙ\ ©s[Li-QÙ-• ™u-]-¤XL⁄-R-fll◊ ©k-’-R-•˘Ys-∞l-©-• V⁄YÙÆP- Xl-©s˚[ ˚LV-⁄YÙ˘NÙp-≠-V-•f N⁄YÙ

LZh-”-˚RVÙ ˘Sp-L-⁄˚R

Æ˚]f˘NÙp

J⁄ ˘NVp ApX’ ˘RÙØ˚Xd œ±dœm˘NÙp Æ˚]f˘NÙp G]lT”m.

T•,G›,YQeœ,˘Nn ˙TÙ, TÙ”............

Æ˚]f˘NÙtLs ˘TVof˘NÙtL[ÙL‹mA˚UY’i”.

G.” G”jRp, T•jRp YQeœRp, ˘LÙ”jRpB”Rp

CqYÙfl Y⁄Y˚Rj ˘RÙØt˘TVo GuTo.

˘TVof˘NÙp˛Æ˚]f˘NÙp A•lT˚P˙YflTÙ”Ls.

˘TVof˘NÙp¤Pu ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊Ls (I J”,œ, Cu) C˚Qk’ Y⁄m.B]Ùp Af˘NÙtLsLÙXj˚Rd œ±l©PÙ’.

LiQ˚]d Li˙PuLiQ˘]Ù” ˘Nu˙\uLiQ‡dœd ˘LÙ”j˙RuLiQ˚] ÆPf £\kRYu CWÙUuLiQ]’ ≈”LiQ≤Pjßp ◊jRLm Es[’

Ceœd LiQu Gu\ ˘TV⁄Pu I, J, œ,ÿRXÙ] ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊Ls ˙Nok’ Y⁄m.B]Ùp Af˘NÙtLs LÙXj˚Rd œ±l©PÙ’.

AÿRÙ T•jRÙs

AÿRÙ T•d°\Ùs

AÿRÙ T•lTÙs

Ceœl T• Gu\ Æ˚]f˘NÙp¤Pu LÙXmLÙh”m C˚P®˚XLs (jR, d°t, l )˙Nok’Yk’ Íufl LÙXj˚RŸm EQojß].

87

Jl-TÙ¨

·h-PÙod-œf Nm-U-R-˙UÙ?

∫˚U AØ-Ÿ-’i-‘ SÙu

£k- R- -¤m Gi-Q-≠˙V;

∫˚U AØ-V-≠˙V ˛ Gu

£\l-T-ØgN UÙV-˘Uu-]?

U⁄R AØ-Ÿ-’i-‘ SÙu

U]-£-˙X-Ÿm Gi-Q-≠˙V!

U⁄R AØ-V-≠˙V ˛ Gu

Ußl-T-ØgN UÙV-˘Uu-]?

L”-œ £fl-RÙ≠

Lp TßfN Ah-•-V-XÙm

Lp-T-ßfN Ah-•-V˚X ˛ SÙu

LZh-• ˚YdL SÙ[Ùf˙N

™[-œ £fl-RÙ≠

ÿLl◊ ˚YfN Ah-•-V-¤

ÿLl◊ ˚YfN Ah-•-V˚X ˛ SÙu

ÿ•g— YdL SÙ[Ùf˙N

Th-” LZh-• Yf-˙Nu

TÙRm Y˚W ˘Ys-˚[-´h-˙Pu

£Ll◊ LZh-• Yf-˙Nu ˛ Gu

˙RL- Up-XÙm Ys- [- h- Pu

Bj-’X ◊p-X-flj-’

Afl-Lm-◊p-¤ Tk-R-≠h-”

A⁄U UL RÙ≠ YÙeL ˛ JeL

IY-⁄d-œm Nm-U-R˙UÙ

œ[j-’X ◊p-X-flj-’

˙LÙWmTÙ Tk-R-≠h-”

œZk˚R UL RÙ≠ YÙeL ˛ JeL

·h-PÙod-œm Nm-U-R˙UÙ?

TßlTÙ£¨Vo: SÙ. YÙ]UÙU˚X

@ SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-Vp Gu\ ˘NÙp-≠u ˙RÙt-\m œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.

@ SÙh-”l-◊-\-Æ-V-≠p CPm-˘T-flm Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-s

œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•d œ±l◊j RVÙ-¨d-L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

YÙd°Vm˘NÙtLs ˘RÙPok’ Yk’ ˘TÙ⁄sÿ•‹ ˘Ttfl A˚UY’ YÙd°Vm.

G.”. LiQu YkRÙu. AÿRÙ SP]m B•]Ùs

B£¨Vo Su\ÙLl TÙPmSPjß]Ùo.

YÙd°V A˚Ul◊LsYÙd°VeL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄s ApX’L⁄j’ A•lT˚P´¤m A˚Ul◊

A•lT˚P´¤m Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.L⁄j’ A•lT˚P

YÙd°VeL˚[d L⁄j’ A•lT˚P´p˘Nnß YÙd°Vm, EQof£ YÙd°Vm, Æ]Ù

YÙd°Vm LhP˚[ YÙd°Vm G]SÙuLÙLl TœdLXÙm.

˘Nnß YÙd°Vm·\YkR L⁄j˚R ApX’

˘Nnß˚Vj ˘R∞YÙLd ·flY’. G.”. LiQi SpX UÙQYu

CkßVÙ LÙpTk’ ˙TÙh•´p˘Yt±˘Tt\’.

88

˘TÙu-≤-\j-RÙs L˚R

YQd-LmÆ⁄j-Rm

T˚Pd-œ —⁄-TUÙ °⁄-˚Td-œs˙[ ´WQ Uk-’

SPj-ß˙V ÿuÚ t˙\-› SÙfim SXm T\ YÙr-‹m Rk-’

A˚Pj ˘Ru˚] œPj-ß-‡s˙[ B˘Q˚] E⁄-Y-

RÙd°

œPj-ß-≤p A˚Pj-æ-˘Wu˚] œP˙UÙ SÙLÙ Yi-Qm

’\k-˘Ru˚] Y∞-´-XÙd° Yj-æo £Y-£-Y-ß] U\d-L-

UÙh- Pu

L˚Rf—⁄d-L-ÿm LÙl-◊m

AQgN ˘T⁄-UÙs R˚X-Yu A⁄-˚U-VÙL

B´-˚Z-VÙs ˘TÙu-UÙ¨ R˚]-Ÿm

L≠-VÙ-Qm ˘Nn-’-P˙] C⁄-˙T-⁄m-RÙu

LÙ£-´p YÙrk-ß-⁄k-RÙo £X LÙX-UÙn

UÙU-˚\-˙VÙo ß⁄-Y-⁄-[Ùp UR˚X Ru˚]

Yœj-RÙo H› Bi-Ud-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-\ÙL

H› Ud-Ls Bi Ud-Ls C⁄d-œm ˙TÙ’

Hk-ß-˚Z-VÙs ˘TÙu-UÙ¨ U]-’ ˘SÙk-’

B´-Wj-˘RÙ-⁄ Tß-´p RY-Zf ˘Nn-’

B´-˚Z-VÙs Du-˘\-”j-RÙs J⁄ ˘Ti UR˚X

Du-˘\-”jR UR˚X Li-” C]j-RÙo RÙÿm

CRW EX-˙LÙo U]-U-°rk-’ Nk-˙RÙ-`-UÙL

È‹-X-°p ∏ojß ˘Tt\ ˘TÙu-≤-\j-RÙs

◊Lr LÙÆ-Vm TÙP ◊j-ß-W-‡m ◊Æ-´-¤s-˙[Ù-⁄m

©˚Z ˘TÙflj-’ Cd-L-˚R-˚Vl ◊j-ß-Ÿs[

U˚]-Æ-Vo-Ls BWÙnk-’ A±k-’ ˙LhL

L¨-ÿ-LYÙ LP-L-¨-YÙs ÿLj-’ H˚Zd

LQ-Tß Ru-≤-⁄ NW-Qe LÙl-T-RÙ˙U

Æ]Ù YÙd°Vm

J⁄Y¨Pm Ju˚\ Æ]‹Rp (˙LhPp)ø Gl˙TÙ’ YkRÙn?£XlTßLÙWj˚R G›ßVYo VÙo?

LhP˚[ YÙd°Vm

ÿu]Ùp ®tTY˚W ˙SÙd° K⁄ ˘NV˚Xf˘NnVf ˘NÙp¤Rp ApX’ LhP˚[C”Rp.

LiQÙ! SpX ËtL˚[l T•.ø ˙TÙn A˚R G”j’d˘LÙi” YÙ.

EQof£ YÙd°Vm

EQof£, BfN¨Vm ApX’ AfNj˚R˘Y∞lT”j’°\ YÙd°VeLs.

I˙VÙ! Y≠d°\˙R!

BLÙ! KÆVm GqY[‹ AZLÙLC⁄d°\’!

I˙VÙ ! SÙn K• Y⁄°\˙R !

89

˘TÙu-UÙ- - u ß⁄-U-Qm

SÙPÙ] SÙP-ß˙X SpX LP-Vj-’ FW-ß˙X

LP-Vj-’ FW-ß˙X LÙ¨-˚L-VÙs ˘TÙu-UÙ¨

˘TÙu-UÙ¨ RÙVÙ-⁄m ˙TÙod ˘LÙ•-VÙs C≤-ß-⁄k-RÙs

Y”-Yo œX ˘TÙu-UÙ-¨-Ÿm YÙrk-ß-⁄d-œm SÙ˚[-´˙X

˘TÙu-UÙ-¨-Ÿm ˙RÙØ-V-⁄m ◊LrkR ˘Ru-LÙ-£-´˙X

YÙrk-ß-⁄d-œm SÙ˚[-´˙X Y”-Lo œX ˘TÙu-UÙ-¨˚V

AQgN ˘T⁄-UÙs R˚X-Yu B´˚Z˚V UÙ˚X-´h-PÙu

UÙ˚X-´hP ˘TÙu-UÙ-¨-Ÿm YÙrk-ß-⁄k-RÙo C⁄-˙T-⁄m

YÙrk-ß-⁄d-œm SÙ˚[-´˙X Ue˚L Sp-XÙs ˘TÙu-UÙ¨

Tu-≤-Wi-” ß⁄-Y-V-ßp TÙ˚Y Sp-XÙs ß⁄l-Èt-\Ùs

E\‹ ÿ˚\-VÙu RÙu ·• Et\ NPe˙L ÿ°j-RÙo

NPe-L-’-RÙu ÿ°j-R-˙TÙ-’ RÙo œZ-XÙs ˘TÙu-UÙ-¨-Ÿm

Uu-]-Y-⁄m Ue-˚L-V-⁄m YÙrk-ß-⁄k-RÙo £X-LÙ-Xm

Tß-]Ù-fl ß⁄-Y-V-£p TÙX-L˚W Du-˘\-”j-RÙs

˘TiœZk- Rd-œj RY-™-⁄j-Rp

J⁄ ˘Ti UR˚X ˙Y‘-˘Uu-fl ˘TÙu-UÙ¨ RY-™-⁄k-RÙs

ÁWj-’d ˙LÙÆ-˘Xp-XÙm Áj’ ˘R∞j-ß-⁄k-RÙs

TZe-˙LÙ-Æ-XÙ-]-˘Rp-XÙm TLp Æ[d-œ Ht± ˚Yj-RÙs

œ∞okR UWf ˙NÙ˚X Gp-XÙm ˙LÙÆ-˘Xu˙\ œm-©-”-YÙs

Rÿj-R-UÙ-Lf ˙NÙ˚X Gp-XÙ-⁄m Nk-Rß Gu˙\ ˘RÙ›-RÙo

Nk-Rß Gu˙\ ˘RÙ›-’ NÙj-RÙ˚Y ˚L˘V-”j-RÙs

S˚]kR ÿkß ’Y-WÙ-Up S˚P-´p Yk-’ ˚L˘RÙ-›-RÙs

E”jR ÿkß œ˚X-VÙ-Up KÆ-V-ÿm RY-™-⁄k-RÙs

NÙWeL SÙR-⁄d-œ ß⁄-‹-⁄-Ym ˙S⁄-YÙ-[Ùm

œU-¨-Vm-UÙs TL-Y-ßd-œ œZ-XÙ-• ˙S⁄-YÙ-[Ùm

œ⁄j-˙RÙ˚X SÙR-⁄d-œ œß˚W ˘TÙu-]Ùp ÆP-‹m ˙Sok-RÙs

£Y-]-QgN ˘T⁄-UÙ-fid-œ ˘Ne-˙LÙ-¤m ˙S⁄-YÙ-[Ùm

ß⁄-Y-]k-R-◊W ˘T⁄-UÙ-fid-œ C˚X-Ÿm Æp-¤m ˙S⁄-YÙ-[Ùm


@ ˘TÙu-≤-\j-RÙs L˚RlTÙP-˚Xl T•j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•f £fl-L˚R Y•-Æp

R⁄-L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

90

WÙN ˘T⁄UÙs ß⁄ UL˚]

L˚W˙Vj’m ÈeœZXÙs

Su…WÙh•l ˘TÙh”™h”

˘TÙh•h” S˚LŸ™h”

◊Rp Y]Z˘LpXÙm TÙojß⁄kRÙo.

ÿ˚XlTÙp ÿRX∞j’

ÿLk’ ÿjßd ˘LÙg£ ˘UÙnd œZXÙs

L˚XlTÙ´u ˙Up °Pjß

LiQÙ[o ˘RÙh•p N˚UŸ˘Uu\Ùo

LiQÙ[o LÙYXYo

LÙYX‡dœj RÙu Ts∞ ˘LÙs[

ÆiQÙfi URVÙ˚]

˘LÙm˚T ˘Yh• CQd°˙V NhP™h”

NhPjß˚P E⁄dœj

ReLUßp ReLU¶´]Ùp A›jß

Lh•d LiQÙ• ©˚\ „[d

L˚Pk’⁄Æ ®fljß

Th”f NLXÙj’l

TY[ Y˚[Ls RÙu Ád°

˘RÙh•p N˚Uj ˘R”j’

—kRW UÙ\u ÿu ˚YjR]WÙm

˚YjR U¨VÙ˚R˚V

Uu]u A∞jRd LmUÙ[⁄dœ

˘UjR ETN¨j’ U°rkß⁄kRÙo.

˙YkRoLs ˘TÙu≤u ˘RÙh•≠˙X

®jßX ˘Uj˚R´h”

®˚W ®˚W ˘TÙu≤u Lm©d L´flm

˘LÙjRÙLd œgNm ˙UXj Ád°

œZk˚R˚Vj ˘RÙh•≠p °Pj’YÙWÙm.

(˙Yfl)

IYo WÙNÙdLs L˚R

A˚Ul◊ A•lT˚P

A˚Ul◊ A•lT˚P´pYÙd°VeL˚[j R≤YÙd°Vm,˘RÙPoYÙd°Vm, LX˚Y YÙd°Vm G]

Íu\ÙLl TÙœT”jRXÙm.

R≤ YÙd°VmKo G›YÙ˙VÙ, TX G›YÙnL˙[ÙYk’ J⁄ TV≤˚X˚Vd ˘LÙi”ÿ•Y’.LiQu T•jRÙu.˛ Ko G›YÙnLiQ‡m AÿRÙ‹m T•jR]o.C⁄ G›YÙnLs˙NW,˙NÙZ TÙi•VoLs ˘Yt±˘Tt\]o. ˛Íufl G›YÙnLs

˘RÙPo YÙd°VmKo G›YÙn Ju±tœ ˙UtThPTV≤˚XL˚[d ˘LÙi” ÿ•Y’.AÿRÙ ˙TÙh•´p Teœ ˘Tt\Ùs;˘Yt± A˚PkRÙs; T¨—YÙe°]Ùs.AÿRÙ Gu\ G›YÙn J˙WYÙd°Vjßp ˘Tt\Ùs, A˚PkRÙsYÙe°]Ùs, G] ÍuflTV≤˚XL˚[d ˘LÙi”ÿ•k’s[’.

91

°PjßV TgN˚Q¡’ Ts∞ ˘LÙs[˙Y

°g—L YÙn ß\k’ Yg£l ˘TiLs RÙXÙhP

L”R˚]ŸiP ˘NÙdLo AeLVtLi¶ V⁄[Ù˙X

LÙ¶VÙ[ YkR ˘RÙ⁄ LÙYX˙]Ù ˘VuTÙo.

LiP SÙ” ˘LÙi” ˘TÙu≤L˚W SÙ” ˙Noj’

Lp¤ ˘Yh• SÙhP YkR LÙYX˙]Ù ˘VuTÙo.

˘Nufl Aeœ EV⁄m ˘Nm˘TÙu ULÙ ˙U⁄Æ≤p

TßdL

˘RnY TÙi•Vu œXj’ßjR ßXL˙]Ù GuTÙ⁄m

˘RÙi” ˘NnŸm A•VÙ⁄m Ag˘N›j’m YÙZ˙Y

˘NÙdLSÙRo A⁄[Ùp YkR —P˘WÙ∞˙VÙ GuTÙ⁄m.

¡i” ˙T—m U⁄YX˚W ˘Yh•´˚W ˙VjR˙Y

˘Yp¤m T¨˙V\ YkR ˙YkR˙]Ù GuTÙ⁄m

AiPo SÙVLu ß⁄d˙LÙÆp È˚Ndœm

BLURjßT• SPj’m UÙWÙN˙]Ù ˘VuTÙ⁄m.

ßeLs ÿmUÙ¨ ˘TÙØk’ TXThP˚\Ÿm YÙZ˙Y

˘RnY NkßWu œXj’ßjR ßXL˙]Ù˘VuTÙ⁄m

GeLs LXj’dœ Ko B∞VÙ] æW˙]Ù

Gufl RÙXÙhP TgN˚Q ¡’ Ts∞ ˘LÙiPÙo.

(˙Yfl)

Ts∞ ˘LÙsfiUkRl TÙXL‡d ˘LhPÙ UÙRm

TÙ¤m TZÿm NdL˚W ∫≤RÙ‡UÙn

˘Ys∞j R∞˚L´≠h ˘PÙu\ÙLd œZl©˙V

˙YkRu U•´p ˚Yj’ AÿÁh• ˙UÆ]Ùo

SÙfim SÙfi RoUk R˚ZdL˙Y, ∫o Æ[eL

SÙ¤ ˙YRÿm SÙR™P YÙXf NkßWu ˙TÙX˙Y

BfidLZLu Aß OÙ] YpXTUÙ\u

Bi” ®ufl Ru◊Æ ¡’ YÙZ˙Y

øiP œg£ ÿ•dœ AgN]m UgN˚[ È£

˘SjßdLZLÙnl ˘TÙh”™h” —h•Lh•

ÁiPÙU¶ ˘Wjß]ÿm ÿj’ UÙ˚XLfim

OÙX Í]œZ¤˙U RÙoYPÿ U¶kRÙo.

˙Yi” ÆWXÙØ Y˚[d LfNÿm Lh•

≈⁄ Ri˚Pf NRe˚Ld °i°¶ŸU¶kRÙo.


LX˚Y YÙd°Vm

ÿtflj ˘RÙPWÙL A˚UkRJ⁄ ÿRu˚U YÙd°Vÿm, GfNj

˘RÙPWÙL A˚UkR TX ’˚QYÙd°VeLfim LXk’ Y⁄Y’.

TV‡s[ ËpL˚[lT•j’m SpXYoLfiPu TZ°Ÿm

YÙrd˚L´p ÿu˙]\A˚]Y⁄m ÿVX˙Yi”m.

Ceœ YÙrd˚L´pÿu˙]\ A˚]Y⁄m

ÿVX˙Yi”m GuT’ L⁄j’ÿ•‹ ˘Tt\ ÿRu˚U

YÙd°Vm.TV‡s[ ËpL˚[lT•j’, SpXYoLfiPu TZ°

B°V] GfNj ˘RÙPWÙL A˚UkR’˚QYÙd°VeLs.

92

@ C⁄ L˚RlTÙPpL˚[Ÿm Jl¿” ˘NnL.

@ L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-L-∞p ˘Y∞l-T-”m ˘Ti-L-∞u ®˚X œ±j-’ ÆYÙ-ßd-L.

@ L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-Ls ÆZÙd-LÙ-Xe-L-∞p ·j-RÙL S•d-Ll-T-”-°u-\-]. øe-Ls LiP

H˙R‡m J⁄ L˚X Y•-Ym œ±j-’ A‡-T-Yd œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn-L.

@ C˚Q-Vj-ß -≠-⁄k-’ H˙R-‡m ·j-’dL˚X-˚Vl Tß-Æ-\d -Lm ˘Nn-’

LXk’˚WVÙ”L.

@ YhPÙWYZdœf˘NÙtL˚[j ˘RÙœj’ ALWÿR≠ RVÙ¨dL.

@ ""J⁄ ˘LÙPm Ri¶ Fjß

J⁄ È Èj-R-’

˘Wi-” ˘LÙPm Ri¶ Fjß

˘Wi-” È Èj-R-’'' ˛ C’- TÙu\ Æ˚[-VÙh-”l TÙPp-L- [j ˘RÙœd-L.

@ SÙh-”l-◊\l TÙPp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’ C˚N-Ÿ-Pu TÙ”-L.

@ Tp-˙Y-fl Y˚L-VÙ] SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-˚[j ßWh-• SPj’L.

@ SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-∞p Æg£ ®t-T-’ C˚N-VÙ? Ti-TÙh-”d ·fl-L-[Ù? Gu\

R˚Xl-©p Th-•-Uu-\m SPj-’-L.

@ ""SÙPÙ] SÙP-ß˙X SpX Xi-Pu Th-P-Qj-ß˙X

˙RN-UÙ] ˙RNj-ß˙X £\k-R- Xi-Pu Th-P-Qj-ß˙X

TÙW-Pd° AW-NÙi-PÙo T\e-°j ’˚W Ru L˚R˚V

TÙ”-°u-˙\Ùm CdL-˚R˚V LU-X-TÙ-Rm RÙu ˙TÙt±'' ˛ C’-˙TÙu\ L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-

L∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U- œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.

@ SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-fid-œm L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-L-fid-œ-™-˚P˙V LÙQ-XÙ-œm Yfl-TÙ-”

œ±j-’ ÆYÙ-ßd-L.

@ SU’ Tœß´p YZeœm TZ˘UÙØL˚[Ÿm Æ”L˚RL˚RL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙœdL.

SÙ. YÙ]UÙU˚X

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

CYo 15 Bi”L[ÙL SÙh”l◊\ÆVp ˘RÙœlTÙ[WÙL‹m

BnYÙ[WÙL‹m T¶◊¨kRYo. B´WdLQdLÙ] SÙh”l◊\l

TÙPpL˚[Ÿm L˚RlTÙPpL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙœj’s[Ùo. CYo

˘RÙœjR Bfl L˚RlTÙPpL˚[ U’˚Wl TpL˚XdLZLm

˘Y∞´h”s[’. "BWÙnf£' Gu‡m BnÆR˚Zj ˘RÙPok’

˘Y∞´hPÙo.

93

TZ- UÙ-Ø-Ÿm S˚Lf-—- Y-Ÿm

ÿu-‡˚W

£¨d-Lj ˘R¨kR ÆXeœ U≤-Ru. Cm-™-⁄L C]j-ß-¤m, R™r C]j-˚Rl ˙TÙXl

Td-œ-Ym A±k-’ £¨d-Lj ˘R¨kR Ko C]m EX-Lj-ßp ˙Yfl Ge-œm LÙQ ÿ•-

VÙ’ Gu-TÙo-Ls. S˚L-ÿ-Lm LÙh-”-Y-’, ◊u-ÿ-fl-Yp Èl-T-’, YÙnÆh-”f £¨l-T’,

C≤V £¨l-TÙp, ©\o ˙TNÙR ˙Tf-NÙp ©\o Es-[j-˚Rd ˘LÙs˚[ ˘LÙs-Y-’

Gp-XÙm R™-Zod-œd ˚LYkR J⁄ L˚X-VÙ-œm. £¨d-Lj ˘R¨-VÙ-R-Yu ©˚Zd-Lj

˘R¨-VÙ-R-Yu GuT’ Sm-SÙh-” ÿ’- UÙØLfis Ju-fl.

TZ- UÙ-Ø-Ÿm LÆ- R-Ÿm

TZ- UÙ-Ø- Vj RÙp-LÙl-©-Vo Nn-Ÿ-∞-V-≠p ·fl-Y-RÙp, CR- ]-Ÿm VÙl◊ Y˚L-

´-‡s Noj-’d LQd-°-”-°u-\]o. TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-˚Vd LÆ˚R Gu-TÙo-Ls. TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-

˚V, A˘U-¨dL SÙh-”l ˙TW-±-Oo CWÙ-Toh ¿Po ˙LÙ©u Gu-T-Yo S˚Lf-—˚Y

TVd-œm Sp-X- RÙ-⁄ LÆ˚R Gu˙\ TÙt-fl-°u-\Ùo. YÙohv- YÙoj TÙu- \Ùo

LÆ-˚Rd-œd ·flm CXd-L-Qm A˚]j-’m TZ-˘UÙ-Ød-œl TÙ⁄k-’-Y-]˙Y Gu-

TÙo-Ls. Tp- Y-fl —˚Yd-œ CP-]ÙL A˚Uk-’s[ TZ- UÙØ, S˚Lf-—- Yd-œm CPm

Rk-’, S˚Lf-—˚Y ˙U˙XÙe° ®t-L-‹m A˚Uk-’ Æ”-°u-\-’. LÆ-˚R-´p S˚Lf-

—˚Y ˙TÙXl TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-´-¤m Cf-—-˚Y-Ÿi-”.

Ju-TÙu —˚Y

˘RÙp-LÙl-©-Vo —˚Y-´˚] Gh-” G]d- ˘LÙi-PÙo. AR-˚],

S˚L˙V A›˚L C∞-Y-Wp U⁄h˚LAf-Nm ˘T⁄-™-Rm ˘Yœ∞ EY˚L Gu-flAl-TÙp Gh˙P ˘Unl-TÙ-” GuT

Gu-fl ˘Unl-TÙh-•-Vp ËtTÙ 33 Cp ·fl-Yo. Ce-M-]m ·\l-T-”m Gh-”-Y˚Lf

—˚Y-L- [Ù-”, NU-®˚X Gu\ —˚Y- - ]-Ÿm Noj-’f £Xo —˚Y Ju-T-’ GuTo.

Æ⁄l◊ Yfll-Tt\ NU-®- X-VÙ-Ld LÙs-Y-RÙp £Xo AR- ]f —˚Y G]d LÙs-

Y-ßp-˚X.

U≤-Rl-©-\Æ J⁄ Æk-˚R-VÙ]’ -RÙu. CkRl ©\Æ G”jR ©\-˙L, U≤-R-]Ùp,

—˚Yd-L- ÿ-•-°u-\-’; GR-˚]-Ÿm Su-\ÙL A‡-T-ÆdL ÿ•-°u-\-’. ˙Yfl-TÙ-”

EQok’, Es-[j-’ EQof-£- Vf £¨l-TÙ-¤m LÙhP ÿ•-°u-\-’. H˚]V ÆXeœ-

L-˚[l ˙TÙX U≤-Ru ˘Yflm CVp-Èd-Lj-RÙp (Instinct) Uh-”m CVe-L-Æp-˚X.

94

Í˚[-Ÿ-Pu SWm◊ Ui-P-X-ÿm ˘LÙi-” CVe-œ-°u-\Ùu. U] EQo‹ ˘Tt-fl

Es-[Ùu. B\Ù-Y-’ A±‹ AY-‡-˚PV R≤j-Ru-˚Ud-œm —˚Y EQo-‹d-œm

LÙW-Q-UÙL A˚U-°u-\-’. U]j-RÙp Gi-—˚Y LÙi-°u-\Ùu. SÙd-LÙp Afl-—˚Y

LÙi-°u-\Ùu. Lt-T- ]-VÙp TX —˚Y-L˚[Ÿm LÙi-°u-\Ùu. Ck-Rf —˚Y EQo‹

U≤-R-‡d˙L E¨-V-’. Cq-Y-˚Lf —˚Y-L-fis R˚X-£-\k-’ Æ[e-œ-Y-’ S˚Lf-

—˚Y˙V Bœm. AR-]Ùp RÙu ˘RÙp-LÙl-©-V-]Ù-⁄m S˚Lf-—-˚Y˚V ÿR-≠p

˚Yj-’ ËtTÙ CVt-±-]Ùo.

YÙrd- L- p S˚Lf-—˚Y

H˚Z- u £¨l-©p C˚\-Y- ]d LÙi-°- \u Gu-fl TW-±-Oo AiQÙ ·±-]Ùo.

NU-V-YÙ-ß-L-fim ·Pd œZk-˚R-ú £¨l-©p C˚\-Yu LÙh-£-V-∞l-T-RÙ-Ld ·fl-

YÙo-Ls. ˘Tt-˘\-”jR RÙú U]m Ru œZk-˚R-ú UZ-˚X-˘UÙØ ˙Lh-L-‹m

£¨l-˘TÙ≠ ˙Lh-L-‹˙U He-°d-°-Pd-°u-\-’. RÙn Ru S˚L-ÿ-Lm LÙh-•d LÙh-•d

œZk-˚R´Pjßp £¨l˚T Eß-Wf ˘Nn-°u-\-Ùs. œZk-˚R-ú £¨l˙T, RÙnd-œ

Ei- U-VÙ] ød-L-ÿ-•-VÙR U°rf£VÙL A˚Uk-’ Æ”-°u-\-’.

A”j-’d LÙR-Xo EX-Lj-ßt-œ Y⁄-°u-˙\Ùm. LÙR-˙X, Li-˘QÙ-” Li-¶˚Q

˙SÙd°j ˙RÙu-±-”m ◊u-£-¨l-©p RÙ˙] ©\d-°u-\-’. £¨l◊ Cp-˚X-˘Vu-\Ùp

LÙRp Gu-T˙R EX-Lj-ßp Cp-XÙ-Ut ˙TÙ´-⁄d-L-XÙm. Ne-Ll TÙPp-L-∞p ALl

TÙPp-Ls A˚]j-’m CR-˚]j-RÙ˙] TÙ”-°u-\-].

CRt-œl ©u-]o, LÙR-˚Xd ˚Ll-©-•j-’d œ”m-Tm SPj-’m ®˚X YkR Æ⁄k-ß-

]˚W YW- Yt-L- Yi-”m. ß⁄-Ys-fi-Y-⁄m Cp-X-\j- Rl TN YkR CPj-ßp, Au-

◊- P- Ud-œ A”j-’ Æ⁄k-’ TÙt-flm Y[Ùi- U- Vl T—-°u-\Ùo. CkR Ys-

Æd-œ A•l-T-˚P-VÙL ˙Yi-”-Y-’ S˚L-ÿ-Lm Gu-T-R-˚]j RUd˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-

´p Æ[d-œ-Y- Rd LÙQ-XÙm. C’ œ±j-’l TZ- UÙ-Ø-Ls Ei-”. YkR ÿLj˚Rd

LÙh-”; YkR Æ⁄k-ß-]˚W Kh-”.

Æ⁄k-ß-]˚W YW-˙Yt-T-ßp SÙh-”d-œ SÙ” Æj-ß-VÙ-Nm. SU-’ SÙh-•p Aß-L-UÙ-Ll

˙TNÙ-’ TÙ]Ù-¤m S˚L-ÿ-Le-LÙhP Yi-”m. ◊u-ÿ-fl-Yp Eßoj-’ Æ⁄k-ß-]˚W

YW-˙YtL ˙Yi-”m. Cp-˚X-˙Vp Æ⁄k-ß-]-ü ÿLm YÙ•-Æ-”m.

A”j-’, YÙrd-˚L-´p £¨l◊ ˘Tflm CPj-˚Rl Tt-±f ˘NÙp-Xj ˙R˚Y-´p˚X.

‘£¨j-’ T˚L-Y˚] Yp-Xj R -VÙ-R-Yu J⁄ T˚R’ Gu-fl J⁄ TZ- UÙØ Ei”.

‘£¨j-’ YkR ˘RÙp-˚X˚V Kh-”’ Gu-TÙo-Ls. Sm-SÙh-•p Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up EX-Lm

Ge-œm Es[ NÙu-˙\Ùo-Ls A˚]-Y-⁄˙U £¨d-Lj ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

ß⁄-Ys-fi-Yo ‘C”d-Li Y⁄e-LÙp SœL’ Gu-\Ùo. YkR ’u-Tj-ßu Gß- p £¨j’,

SÙu GRt-œm Ag-N-UÙh-˙Pu Gu\ Eu-‡-˚PV U]-®-˚X-´-˚]d LÙh-”; EWm

˘TflL; J¸ı ˘TflL Gu-fl ·\Ù-Up ·±-Ÿs-[Ùo.

95

Gs-[p

Ko AW-£-Vp-YÙ-ß, XgN JØl◊ UÙSÙ-” Ju-±t-œj R˚X˚U RÙe-°l ˙T£-]Ùo.

˚LÎh-” YÙe-œ-˙YÙ-˚Wd L”-˚U-VÙ-Lj RÙd-°l-˙T-£-]Ùo. Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ˙Lh-”

ANk’ ˙TÙ]Ùo-Ls. AYo ˙Tf-˚Nd ˙Lh-”d ·h-Pm ÿ•k-R-©u-]o, J⁄-Yu

AY-¨-Pm ˘Nu-fl, Rm UL-‡d-œ VÙ¨-P-UÙ-Y-’ £TÙ-¨-— ˘Nn-’, Sp-X-˘RÙ-⁄ ˙Y˚X

YÙe-°d ˘LÙ”e-Ls Gu-\Ùu. EP-˙], AYo G]d-œ Gq-Y-[‹ TQm R⁄-YÙn

Gu-\Ùo, AYo ˙Tf-— F⁄d-œ ET-˙R-Nm.

LQ-Y-‡m U˚]-Æ-Ÿm Si-To J⁄-Yo ≈h-”d-œ J⁄-SÙs Æ⁄k-’ NÙl-©-Pl

˙TÙ]Ùo-Ls. CP- S-⁄d-L-•, Tk-ßd-œ ÿk-ßd- LÙ, T˚Pd-œl ©k-ßd- LÙ Gu-T-R˚]

U\k-R-]o. ˘U’-YÙ-Ll ˙TÙ]-RÙp Tk-ß-´p L˚P-£-´p RÙu CP-ÿm °˚Pj-R-’.

·h-Pm Aß-L-UÙL C⁄k-R-RÙp, CYu U˚]-Æd-œl T±-UÙ-flm Y˚X LÙ”j-RÙo-

Ls. T±-UÙ-flm Bs Sm B[ÙL C⁄k-R-RÙp, Tk-ß-´p ÿu˙] C⁄k-RÙp Gu-]?

L˚P-£-´p C⁄k-RÙp Gu-]? Gu-fl ®˚]j-’d ˘LÙi-PÙu LQ-Yu. U˚]Æ

˘Sn˚V Ft-±d-˘LÙi˙P Yk-RÙs. Ru ≈h-•p ˘Nn-Y-’ ˙TÙX˙Y ˘NÙh-”f

˘NÙhPÙL ˘Sn-˚Vl ˙TÙ”-YÙ˙[Ù Gu-fl ®˚]jR AY-‡d-œ Ko HUÙt-\m! YÙ¨

YÙ¨ Ft-±-]Ùs. AV-XÙo ≈h-” ˘Sn˙V Gu ˘Ti-PÙh-•d ˚L˙V Gu-fl U]j-

ßt-œs ®˚]j-’ EY˚L Èj-RÙu. Tk-ß-´u L˚P-£-´p Eh-LÙok-R-RÙp Ju-flm

CZl-©p-˚X˙V!

J⁄ ©f-˚Nd-LÙ-Wu TX ≈” ˘Nu-\Ùu. ©f˚N ˙Lh-PÙu. VÙ⁄m ˙TÙP-Æp-˚X.

Gu] ˘Nn-Y-’ Gu-fl ÆØj-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-RÙu. Ko AmUÙ Yk-RÙo-. AY]’-

Th-•≤ ®˚X˚V EQok-’ Y⁄k-ß-]Ùo. C⁄d-œm TZe-Lg-£- V-Ÿm Ft-±-ÆhPÙp

Gu] Nn-Y-’ Gu-fl Gi-¶d LÙi-•-⁄d-œm TÙ’ TZg- NÙ-fl C⁄k-RÙp˙TÙ”

T£d-LÙ-U-≠dL YWm R⁄-°-˙\u Gu-\Ù-]Ùm.

SU-’ SÙh-•p Jl-TÙ-¨-˚Yj-’ A›-Y-’ J⁄ L˚X-VÙL Y[ok-’-Æh-P-’. ˘Nj-R-Y-

‡d-œf ∫¨h-” A› Gu-T-’ R™-Zod˙L E¨V Ti-TÙ-”. ˘NjR EP˙] Ád-°d

˘LÙi-”- TÙnj RL-]m Nn-’-Æh-” U\k-’-ÆP UÙh- PÙm. TZ- UÙØ ·flm TiTÙ-”

C’. CkR ®˚X-´p, Ko Bf-£-VÙo Yk-RÙo. TÙP BWm-©j-RÙo. Jl-TÙ¨ ÿ•d-L-

Æp-˚X. TdLj-ßp ®u-fld ˘LÙi-•-⁄kR RÙn-UÙo-Ls £Xo Nt-fld °i-P-XÙ-Ld

‘L≠-VÙQ ≈h-”d-œl-˙TÙ-]Ù˙X Lh-• A›-°-\-Ys

GZ‹ ≈” °˚Pj-’-Æh-PÙp Gu] ˘NnV UÙh-PÙs’ Gu-\-]o.

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls

R A˚Wl-T-• Au-]-RÙ-]m Æ•V Æ•-Vf ˘Nn-RÙ-]Ùm.

R HiPÙ Æ›k-RÙn Gu-\Ùp LW-Qm ˙TÙh-”l TÙoj-˙Ru Gu-\Ù-]Ùm.

96

R LW-•d-Lt-\-Y˚] HiPÙ CP-±Æ-›k-RÙn Gu-\Ùp, A’-‹m J⁄ Æj˚RGu-\Ù-]Ùm.

R LPp Yt-±d L⁄-YÙ-” ßu-]-XÙm G]d LÙjß⁄k’ EPp Yt-±f ˘Nj-R-RÙm˘LÙdœ.

R Gs- Æ-›k-RÙp G”dL ULÙ-˙N-˚], Bs Æ›k-RÙp G”dL Bs Cp˚X.

R ˚L˚Vl ©•j-’j Ád-°-Æ-”, ©Qd-LÙ-PÙd° Æ”-°-˙\u.

R Cg£ Gu-\Ùp ˘R¨-VÙRÙ G¤-™f-˚Nl-T-Zm ˙TÙp C≤l-TÙL C⁄d-œm.

R SÙR-—Wm ˘R¨-VÙ-RÙ? Uj-R-[m ˙TÙXd LX-LX Gu-fl C⁄d-œm.

R Tg-N-TÙi-P-Yo Gu-\Ùp ˘R¨-VÙ-RÙ? Lh-•p LÙ˚Xl-˙TÙX Íu-fl Gu-fl˘NÙp≠, CWi-” ÆW- Xd-LÙh-•, Ju-fl G›-ß, A˚R-Ÿm A›jß ÆhPÙ]Ùm.

R ≈”-Tt± G¨-°u-\-’; SpX ˙SWm TÙoj-’d °Q-fl-˙RÙi-•j Ri-Ωo˘LÙi”YÙ, G¨-°u\ ˘S⁄l˚T AÆl- TÙm Gu-\Ù-]Ùm.

R ˙VÙd-°-VÙ, ˙VÙd-°VÙ ≈” TÙoj-’d-˘LÙs Gu-\Ùp, G]d-œ C⁄l-T-’ß⁄h”d-˚L, ≈h-˚Pl-Èh-•˚Y Gu-\Ù-]Ùm.

R LÙh-”d-œs C⁄k-’ ˚LLÙh-”m Ls-∞, LÙdLÙ T\d-Ld Li-” ß”d-°h-”l˙TÙ˙]u Gu-\Ù-[Ùm.

R LÙd-˚Ld-œf ˙NÙfl ˚Yd-Ld LÙR-YØ ˙TÙ]Ù-]Ùm J⁄-Yu.

R VÙ˚] LÙQÙ-Up ˙TÙn-Æh-P-’ Gu-fl œi-” Nh-•-´p ˚LÆh-”j ’ZÙ-Æj ’ZÙ-Æl TÙoj-RÙ-]Ùm.

R AYs ˘TVo ·k-Rp AZ°; R˚X ˘UÙh˚P.

R J¸ıd-œm ˙NYL-‡d-œ ¡˚N ÿfld-°P Ju-T-’ B[Ùm.

R Ae-LÙ-•dLÙ¨-˚Vf Ne-∏-Rm TÙPf-˘NÙu-]Ùp, ˘Ye-LÙ-Vm, ˘Yi-˚Pd-LÙnGu-fl TÙ•-]Ù-[Ùm..

R U’-˚W-´p A•-ThP „W-‡d-œ UÙ]Ù-U-’-˚W-´p ¡˚N ’•j-R-RÙm.

R Uj-R-[m ˘TÙj-Rp Gu-fl £t-˘\-flm-◊j ˙RÙXÙp Í•-]Ù-]Ùm.

R Bi-•-Ÿm Bi-•-Ÿm Lh-•l-◊-Wi-PÙp, NÙm-T-¤m NÙm-T-¤m-RÙu Jh-•d-˘LÙs-fim.

ÿ•-‹˚W

R™-Zo-Ls, C˚\-Y-]Ù-¨u ß⁄-ÿ-Lj-ßp ˘LÙq-˚Yf ˘Nq-YÙ-´p œ™i £¨l-◊d-LÙQ ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˙R ˘T⁄-˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” YÙrk-’ Yk-R-]o. C˚\-YuÿLj-ßp LÙQl-T-”m ◊u-£-¨l-©˚]j Rm YÙrd-˚L-´-¤m Li-”, Ak-Rf £¨l-©-˚]˙V H˚Z- u ◊u-£- l-©-¤m Li-”, C˚\-Y- ]d LÙQj-’-•jR R™r-SÙh-•p,S˚Lf-—˚Y R⁄m TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-L-fid-œ A[˙Y Cp-˚X. A˚Y-˘LÙi-” £¨j-’l©\˚W-Ÿm £¨dL ˚Yj-’, EX-Lm YÙZ, SÙÿm YÙrk-˙RÙe-œ-˙YÙ-UÙ-L.

˛ T. ÿ⁄Lu

97

@ ÷m TÙPl-T-œß- u YØ-®u-fl L⁄j-’d-L- [j ßWh-• YÙrd- L- u ÆUo-N-]˙U

TZ- UÙ-Ø-Ls Gu‡m R˚Xl©p NÙt- TÙ-Ø-‹d-LÙ] L⁄j-’d-L- [j RVÙo NnL.

@ EU-’ Tœ-ß-´p YZe-œm TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-L-˚[j ßWh-• Es-[-PdL A•l-T-˚P-´p

Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-L.

@ "TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ÿm A±-Æ-V-¤m' Gu\ A•l-T-˚P-´p J⁄ Lh-”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ ""FWÙu ©s-˚[˚V Fh-• Y[oj-RÙp Ru-©s˚[ RÙ˙] Y[-⁄m'' Gu\ TZ-

˘UÙØ ˙So-˘TÙ-⁄s Uh-”-™u± ˙Yfl U˚\˘TÙ⁄-˚[-Ÿm R⁄-°-\-’. C’-˙TÙu\

˙Yfl TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-L-˚[j ßWh-”-L.

@ SÙh-”l-◊\ CXd-°-Ve-L-∞p T´u-fl Yk-’s[ Tf-— YZd-œf NÙt-L- [j ßWh•,

Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-ß, C˚Q-VÙ] ÁV R™rf ˘NÙt-L˚[ G›ß J⁄ AL-WÙß RVÙo

˘Nn-L.

@ Cq-Y-X-°u ’˚Q˘LÙi-” J⁄ "SÙh-”l-◊\ CRr' RVÙo Nn-L. ∏rd-LÙ‘m œ±l-

◊-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-R-‹m.

R˚X-Ve-Lm

YÙn- UÙ-Øl-TÙ-Pp-Ls

L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-Ls

TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls, Æ”-L-˚R-Ls

SÙh-”l-◊-\-dL˚X Y•-Ye-Ls

@ ∏r-Y-⁄m Be-°-Xl TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-L˚[ ˘UÙØ-VÙd-Lm ˘Nn-L.

A crying child obtains milk.

Empty Vessels make most sound.

Money makes many things.

Unity is strength.

Barking dogs seldom bite.

Even the elephants slips.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

98

TW-U-£-Y-WÙq! Ck-Rd L˚X˚V SPj-’-Y-Rt-œ Bh-Ls Cp-XÙ-R-R-]Ùp C’ AØg—˙TÙœm-‡ ®˚]d-°-»e-L-[Ù?

A’-‹m ÿd°-V-UÙ] LÙW-Qm-RÙu. A˙RÙP Cu-˚\V C˚[V R˚X-ÿ-˚\d

L˚X-Oo-L-fid-œj ˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd ·j-’d L˚R-Ls Gp-XÙm ˘R¨-V-‹m Cp-˚X.

CYeL ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m WÙUÙ-V-Qd L˚R˚V SPj-’-YÙe-L. U´p-WÙ-Y-Qu L˚R,

Uf-N-Yp-X-Tu TÙo TÙu\ ·j-’-L-fid-œ Cl˙TÙ TPe-L˙[ Cp- X- V. AkRd

L˚R-Ls R -V-‹m R -VÙ-’. A˙RÙ-” Cu- ]Ù-⁄ ÿd-°-V-UÙ] Æ -VjR øeL

LY-≤d-L-‘m. Ck-Rd L˚X˚V SPj-’m NÙßd-LÙ-We-L-∞u Lh-”l-TÙ-”, CYeL

J›d-Lm, ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙ-W ®˚X, Gp-˙XÙ-WÙ-¤m ◊\d-L-¶d-Ll-ThP ˙TÙd-œ,

AkRv’ Cp-XÙR ®˚X Cl-T-• Gp-XÙ-Yt- \-Ÿm LQd- L-”jR ©\-œ-RÙu CkRÿ•-‹d-œ YÙ˙\u.

·j-’ SPj-’-\-˚R˙V CYeL ˙LY-XUÙ ®˚]dL BWm-©f-£h-PÙe-L. ¨d-LÙo-”˙Puv B”-\-ß˙X °˚Pd-°\ Y⁄m-T-•-´p LÙp-Te-œ-RÙu ·j-’X °Pd-œ-’.Cu-‡m VÙ£f-—f NÙu]Ù CkR d-LÙo-” PuNÙ- X˙V Ck-Rd L˚X AØg-—˙TÙœm-‡ ˘NÙp-X-XÙm.

CRd ˘LÙg-Nm Æ[d-LUÙ ˘NÙp-¤e-L-˙[u.

Ys-∞-Îo Td-Lm Gu UL-‡m, U⁄-U-L-fim ¨d-LÙo-” ˙Puv B•d-°h-•-⁄d-LÙe-L. J⁄ SÙ˚[d-œ 3 4 TdLÙA¨-£-Ÿm, 50 ÿRp 100 ÏTÙ-Ÿm°˚Pd-œm. C’X W¥≤ TÙh-”, LUpTÙh-”, NWj-œ-UÙo TÙh-”u-‡ UÙ±UÙ± B”]Ù FoX Es[ C[m ©s-˚[-L-˘[p-XÙm ˙TÙh-• ˙TÙh-”°h” ˘LÙ”d-°\ TQm C⁄d˙LA’ 10 SÙs ·j-’ SPj-ß-]Ù-¤m°˚Pd-LÙ-’.

˙RÙp-TÙ- Yd L˚X-O⁄PuJ⁄SÙs

99

ClT GeL NÙßd-LÙ-We-Ls[ £X C˚[-Oo-Ls L¶-VÙu ·j-’X Ti Y`m˙TÙh-” BPl ˙TÙ\Ùe-L. C’X SpX Y⁄-UÙ-]m. L¶-VÙu NÙßV AW-NÙe-LmTZe-œ-• Ud-L[Ù A±-Æf-N-R-]ÙX AYe-Ls[ TX- T-⁄ AW-— YXd-œl TÙ´h-PÙeL. AR-]ÙX AeL Ti Y`m TÙP Uœ-Pm Lh-• BP Bh-Ls CpX.GeL Bfi-L-RÙu ˙TÙ\Ù-L.

R™-Z-Lj-’X ˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd ·j-’ L˚X˚V SPj-’-\-YeL Ge-˘Lp-XÙm C⁄d-°-\Ùe-L?

SÙLo-˙LÙ-Æp, ß⁄-˘Sp-˙Y-≠, Áj-’d-œ-•, ˙LÙÆp-Th-•, ˘Ru-LÙ-£, WÙU-SÙ-R-◊-Wm B°V SL-We-L˚[ A”jR °WÙ-Ue-Ls[ ◊\m-˙TÙd-œ ®Xe-Ls[ CYeLœ•- -⁄d-LÙe-L. SÙLo- LÙ-Æ˚X A”jR Rm-Uj-’d- LÙ-Qj-ßp J⁄ œ”m-T-ÿm,ß⁄-U-XÙ-◊-Wj-ßp 11 œ”m-Te-L-fim, YPd-œ ÷s-∞-Æ-˚[, ULÙ-RÙ-]-◊-Wm B°VCPe-L-∞p 4 œ”m-Te-L-fim BL 16 œ”m-Te-Ls Lu-≤-VÙ-œ-U¨ UÙYh-Pj-ßpYÙr-°u-\-]. ß⁄-˘Sp-˙Y-≠˚V A”jR Tœ-ß-´p 3 œ”m-Te-L-fim, ˙LÙÆp-Th-• Uk-ß-˙RÙl-©p 40 œ”m-Te-L-fim U’-˚W-´-¤m A”j-R-”jR Tœ-ß-L-∞-p14 œ”m-Te-L-fim Ru-LÙ-£-´p J⁄ œ”m-T-ÿm BL 84 œ”m-Te-Ls R™-Z-Lj-ßp YÙr-°u-\-].

˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd-·j-’ SPj-’-\-YeL —UÙ-WÙ Gq-Y-[‹ ˙To C⁄l-TÙe-L?

˘WÙm-Td œ˚\-YÙ] BfieL RÙu Cl˙TÙ Ck-Rd L˚XV SPj-’-\Ùe-L. SÙLo-˙LÙ-ÆpX Bfl œ”m-Te-L-fim, ˙LÙÆp-Th-• U’˚W Tœ-ß-´p 5 œ”m-Te-L-fim WÙU-SÙ-R-◊-Wj-’X J⁄ œ”m-T-ÿm BL 12 œ”m-Te-Ls-RÙu Ck-Rd L˚X˚VSPj-ßd-°h-” C⁄d-LÙe-Lu-‡ Ej-˙R-N-UÙf ˘NÙp-X-XÙm.

Ut-\-Ye-L?

¨d-LÙo-” Puv, TÌu, Tu£ TÙ⁄s Æt-T˚] Cl-T-•j-RÙu. IkRÙfl œ”m-

TeLs ·≠-˙Y˚X ˘Nn-Ÿ-\Ùe-L. Ui-•-Lo NÙßd-LÙ-WeL EP-¤-˚Zl-©p Æ⁄l-

Tm Cp-XÙ-R-Ye-L ˘Nn-V-‹m ÿ•-VÙ-R-Ye-L. Y≠-˚U-Ÿm Cp-X. CYe-L-fid-œ

TÌu, Tu£ Æ˚[-VÙh-”l TÙ⁄-hLs ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wj-ßp °˚Pd-°\ XÙTm Aß-

Lm-RÙu. Ck-Rj RÙØpX CYeL KW-[‹ Sp-X-T-•VÙ YÙ›-\Ùe-L. RÙp-TÙ- Yd-

·jR SPj-’-\-YeL Uh-”m-RÙu ÀY-]j-’d-œd Lx-Pl-T-”-\Ùe-L. CR-]ÙX CkRd

L˚X ·•V ∫d-°-Wm AØg-— ˙TÙœm.

L˚R SPjR BWm-©d-œm˙TÙ’ HRÙ-Y-’ NPe-œ Ei-PÙ?

AlTÙ LÙXj-’X 30 ˛ 40 Y⁄- e-L-fid-œ ÿu-]ÙX NPe-œ SPk-ß-⁄d-œ. ·j-’

BWm-©d-œm ÿu-]ÙX ·j-’ AWe-°t-œs Es-[ÙX C˚X- TÙh-”l TZm, Yt-

±˚X, TÙd-œ, AYp, ˘TÙ±, LP˚X, NÙ¶l-©s-˚[-VÙo ˚Yj-’f „Pm LÙh-•

·j-’ SPj-’-T-Yo È˚N Ti-‘-YÙo. ©\-œ-RÙu ·j˚R BWm-©l-TÙo. Jq˘YÙ⁄

SÙfim C’ SPd-œm.

100

LR SPd-°-\l˙TÙ C’ UÙß¨ ˙Y\ HRÙ-Y-’ NPe-œ SPd-œ-UÙ?

°˚P-VÙ-’. B]Ù CWÙ-Uo Th-PÙ-©-˙`L L˚R SPd-°-\l˙TÙ ·j-’ SPd-œm NU-

Vj-’X Fod-LÙ-WeL CWÙ-Uo TPj-’d-œ ˙Yh-• ∫˚Rd-œ ˙N˚X ˘LÙ”l-TÙe-L.

CWÙ-Uo LÙh-”d-œl TÙ\l˙TÙ CWÙ-Uo Th-PÙ-©- -Lm SPd-°-\l˙TÙ Fod-LÙ-

WeL U¨-VÙ-˚RVÙ C⁄l-TÙe-L. C˘Rp-XÙm ˘WmT Y⁄-`j-’d-œ ÿu-]Ù˙X.

AlT TÙ˚Yd-·j-’dLÙWe-Lfid-œ CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm T⁄X Ußl◊ C⁄kR NU-Vm.

TÙdœ\ Bfid-œm Ußl◊ C⁄k-R-’.

˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Y-L˚[ Y˚W-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’ HRÙ-Y-’ NPe-œ-Ls Ei-PÙ?

°˚P-VÙ-’. GeL RÙjRÙ LÙXj-ß-≠-⁄k˙R C⁄k-RRÙ ®˚]-Æp-˚X.

˘TÙ’YÙ ·j-’ SPjR Gj-R˚] ˙To ˙Yi-”m?

C’d-œ LQd-œ Cp- X. Ak-Rd œ”m-Tj-’X Es[ Gi-¶d- L- Vl TÙfljR-’

A’. ·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y-⁄ ™⁄-Re-Lm Ap-X-’ LÙh-” A•d-°\Y⁄ —ß TÙ”-

\-Y-⁄, RÙ[d-Lh- P, Lg-£-\Ù, ©u-TÙh-” Cl-T-• BL 8 9 To. Bfi LÙ\gN

œ”m-T-ÿu]Ù ·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y-⁄ ˛ ™⁄-Re-Lm —ß RÙ[d-Lh˚P BL 4 ˛ 5

˙To-L[ Yf-— SPd-œm. Ge-L-fid-œl ˘T¨V œ”m-TUÙ ®˚\-Vl ©s-˚[-Ls

C⁄kRÙ Sp-X-’u-‡ ®˚]fN LÙXm A’. Ge-Ls SÙ¶-RÙXÙ È˚N-´u-˙TÙ-’m

®˚\-Vd œZk-˚R-Ls ˘T\-‡mu-‡ Am-U] ˙Yi-•-d-œ-˙YÙm.

TÙ‹WÙ Gl-T-• C⁄d-œm?

TÙ‹-WÙ‹ YÙVÙp C˚Nd-œm L⁄-Æ. TÙYÙo Gu-flm C˚Rf ˘NÙpYÙo-Ls. C’

UWÙh-•-Vo NÙp. K˚X Íe-°-≠u S”˙Y ©[Ùv•d Tl-T˚W Yj-’ C˚Rf

˘Nn-°-˙\Ùm. WÙh-N-Ro-Ls Ni˚P ˙TÙ”-°\ LÙh-£-´-¤m TÙQm BLÙ-Vj-ßp

T\d-°\ TÙ’m TÙ’-YÙ] Ni-˚Pd LÙh-£-´-¤m C˚Rl TVu-T-”j-’-˙YÙm.

LÙ¤X Lh-PV Lh-•-´-⁄l-©e-L-[Ù? Gl-T-• A•l-¿e-L?

WÙh-N-Ro-Ls Ni-˚P-´-Pl-ThP NU-Vj-’-˙X-Ÿm Yfl LÙW-UÙ] LÙh-£-´-˙X-Ÿm

Lh-PV A•f-—d LÙh-”- YÙm. Ud Cp-XÙR LÙXe-Ls[ Lh˚P Rh-”m YZdLm

·”-RXÙ C⁄k-R-’. Cl˙TÙ C’ ˚Ud-œd-œ CPg-NXÙ ˘S]d-°-\Ùo-Ls. BL

·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y-⁄ TÙ‹-WÙ-N-Xe˚L, U¶, ·j-’d LÙ¤-Lh˚P BL Í‘ C˚Nd

L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm C˚Nl-TÙ-⁄. C˚Y ˙TÙL YN-]m ˙T—-\-’m TÙ˚Y-L˚[ Bh-

”-\-’m CYo ˙Y˚X-RÙu.

L˚R SPj-’-\l˙TÙ øeL TÙ”\ TÙh-”L˘[p-XÙm UW◊ YØVÙ TÙP-\-’-RÙ-]Ù?

BUÙ. Al-TÙ, RÙjRÙ TÙ”\ TÙh-Pd-˙Lh-” U]l-TÙ-Pm Ti¶ TÙ”-\-’-RÙu.

SÙeL T•l-T-±‹ Cp-XÙ-R-Ye-L-RÙ-˙]. ◊j-R-Lj-Rl T•f-— Gl-T-•l TÙP ÿ•-Ÿm.

SÙeL TÙ”\ TÙh-”-L-[d ˙Lh-” T•f-N-YeL C’ Lm-T-WÙ-UÙ-V-Ql TÙh-”u-‡

˘NÙp-≠d ˙Lh-” C⁄d-˙Lu.

101

UWÙh-•-Vl TÙPp C˚P-´X TÙ”-±e-L-˙[?

AkRd LÙXj-’X £X UWÙh-•-Vl TÙPp-L[Ù C˚P- - P˙V TÙ•- ]Ùm. Cl˙TÙ

Ji˙QÙ ˘Wi˙PÙ TÙP-Xl TÙ”-˙\Ùm.

L˚R BWm-Tj-’X GkR UÙß-¨l TÙP-˚Xl TÙ”-±e-L?

ÆSÙ-V-Lo NWv-Yß ’ß, ÆL-P-WÙ-_u TÙh-”.

“ÆL-P-W-]Ùo TÙh-Pd ˙LfieL

S˚Wj-ß-”m ¡˚N RÙ•

SW-£e-Lm Tp-˚Xd-LÙh-•

LWj-ß˙X R•˚V Fu±

≈QÙn ˙Tf-—l ˙T£

ÆL-P-WÙ-_u N˚T-R-≤˙X Y⁄-¶d°-\Ù˙]”

·j’ SPj-’-\-’d-œu-‡ Gq-Y-[‹ ˙SWm G”j-’d-°-»e-L?

50 60 Y⁄-`e-L-fid-œ ÿu-]ÙX L˚R˚V Æ•V Æ•V SPj-’-˙YÙm. WÙj-ß¨

Tj-’ U¶dœ BWm-©fNÙ Æ•V Æ•V SPjß 4 5 U¶d-œd L˚R˚V ÿ•l-

˙TÙm. Al˙TÙ Ud °˚P-VÙ-’. 12 Lh-P- X WÙm-Tf Nj-RUÙ TÙP-‘m. TN‘m.

C˚P-´X ˘LÙg-Nm Kn‹ G”j-’d-°-”-˙YÙm. Al˙TÙ Gp-XÙm 2 ˛ 3 SÙs

Æh” Æh-”-jRÙu ·j-’ SPd-œm. Fod-LÙ-WeL Gi-˘Qn, ˙LÙØ, A¨-£u-‡

R⁄-YÙe-L. Gi-˘Qn ˙Rnj-’d-œ∞ Lh-PÙ-Vm Ei-”. ˙LÙØ, Bh-•-˚\f-£f

NÙl-TÙ-” Ei-”. J⁄ F⁄X 30 ˛ 40 SÙh-Ls Re-œ-˙YÙm. Ak-Rd LÙXj-’X

Gu·P (—l-˚TVÙ WÙq) L˚R SPj-’-\-Ye-Ls[ U’˚W LÙ[-˙U-L-WÙq, ß⁄f-

˘Nk-Áo ˘Np-˚XVÙ WÙq, ß⁄-˘Sp-˙Y≠ L˙Q-N-WÙq CYe-L[ ˘NÙp-X-XÙm.

TPm œ˚\YÙ C⁄kRÙ L˚R-Vf —⁄d-œ-≈e-L-[Ù?

Cp-˚X. TÙod-°\ ·h-Pm Y„-Xl ˘TÙflj-’d L˚RV øh-”-\-’m —⁄d-°-\-’m.

GeL AlTÙ ˙LÙTÙ-X-WÙq 5 ˙T⁄ C⁄k-RÙ-¤m L˚RV ÿ›-’m SPj-’

-YÙ-⁄. ˘TÙ’YÙ 1 ˛ 2 U¶d-·WÙ L˚RV SPj-’\ TZd-Lm ClT C⁄d-œ. AlT

UÙß-¨-´pX, Cl˙TÙ WN-˚]-Ÿm J⁄ Æ`-VjR øeL LY-≤d-L-‘m Ck-Rd

·j’X TPj-˚R-ÆP YN-]m TÙh-” RUÙ-—-RÙu ÿd-°-Vm. GeL AlTÙ Ak-Rd

LÙXj-’X Æ•V Æ•-Vd L˚R SPj-’-\l˙TÙ Es[ TPe-L-˚[j-RÙu Cu-‡m

Yf-£-⁄d-˙LÙm. Ck-Rl TPe-L˚[ Bh-”\ ÿ˚\ ˘NÙp\ L˚R TÙ”\ TÙh-”

Gp-XÙm TZ-—-RÙu. £X RUÙ-— £X Ah-˚Pl-T-Pe-L, £≤-UÙl TÙh-” Gp-XÙm

◊’-—-RÙu. C’X YÙnf NÙUoj-ß-Vm, œWX UÙj-\-’ LÙXe-LÙ-XUÙ Yo\ L˚R˚V

EQof-£-˙VÙP ˙T—-\-’ C’d-œ Gp-XÙm ˙Noj-’-RÙ˙] Ußl◊. C’X œWX

UÙjßl ˙T—-\-’ ÿd-°-Vm.

102

Al-˙TÙ-’ ·j-’ AWe-Lm ClT UÙß-¨-RÙu C⁄k-R-RÙ?

Cp-X. ClT UÙß¨ Cp-X. Al˙TÙ Gp-XÙ˙U K˚X-´-X-RÙu Lh-”-˙YÙm. J⁄FoX Yk-’ SPjß ÿ•f-N-’m A”jR Fo G’e-°-\RÙ ÿu]d-LÙh-•˙V æo-UÙ-≤f-—d-°-˙\Ùm. Ji˙QÙ ˘Wi˙PÙ ˙To AkR F⁄d-œl-˙TÙn L˚R SPj-’\CPj- Rl TÙoj-’ Fod-LÙ-We-°h-Pl T£ ÿ•‹ Ti-¶-°h-” Yk-’ Æ”-YÙeL.Fod-LÙ-We-L˙[ K˚X-L-˚[d LÙ”l-TÙe-L. £X NU-Vm Yk-’ SPj-’-\-Ye-L˙[Æ˚Xd-œ YÙe° Æ”-YÙe-L. LR SPj-’\ CPj-Rf —jß K˚X Lh-”-YÙe-L. ·j’AWeL Sp-XÙ˙Y LhP‘m. Hu]Ù TÙ˚Yd ·j-’dLÙWe-L-fid-œ Gp-XÙ˙UAkR CPm-RÙ-˙]. TPe-L-˚[l TÙ’-LÙd-œ\ CPm ˛ œZk-˚R-L-˚[j ÁeL˚Yd°\ CPm ˛ Aj-ß-VÙ-Y-£-Vl ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[l TÙ’-LÙlTÙ ˚Yd-°\ CPmGp-XÙ˙U A’ RÙ˙]. Yk-’ SPj-’-\-Ye-L-∞u ≈”u-‡ AR Yf-— Æ”-YÙe-L.AR-]ÙX AR Sp-XÙ˙Y Lh-•-⁄-YÙe-L.

J⁄ F¨˙X ·j-’ ÿ•g-N-’m K˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm Lm-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm AkR F¨-˙X˙V˘LÙ”j-ß-”-YÙe-L. Hu]Ù A˙R Yi-•-´X Ád-°-°h-”l ˙TÙL-ÿ-•-VÙ-’.Yi-• TÙW˙U N¨VÙ C⁄d-œm Jj-˚Rd-LÙ˚[ RÙ˙] Lh-•-´-⁄l-TÙe-L.

˚Ud ˘NhP TÙ˚Yd-·j-’X Ej-˙R-N -UÙL Gk-Rd LÙXj-’-Xl TVu-T-”j-’-…e-L?

U’-˚W-´p 1960 YÙd-°X Yk-ß-⁄d-L-‘m. Hu]Ù WÙ‹d-œ Jj-Rd œZ-Æu-‡ThPl-˘T-Vo Yf-˙NÙm. AY-⁄-RÙu ÿRpX œZÙn YÙe° ˚Uœ Yf-— A˚RSPj-ß-]Ù-⁄. SÙLo-˙LÙ-ÆpX 1968 YÙd-œX SÙu (T-W-U-£-Y-WÙq) Ai-Qu-UÙo-Ls WÙU-Nk-ß-W-WÙq, L˙Q-N-WÙq BL Í‘-˙T-⁄m 300 ÏTÙn ˘LÙ”j-’ J⁄v¿d-Lo ˘NhLÙWe-°hP C⁄k-’ ˚Ud, v¿d-Lo Gp-XÙm YÙe-°-˙]Ùm.

˚Ud Y⁄m ÿu-]ÙX GkR UÙß-¨-VÙ] Æ[d˚L Yf-—-⁄k-æe-L?

Ak-Rd LÙXj-’X ◊u-]d-LÙ´ Gi- Qn Æ[d-œ-X-RÙu ·j-’ SPd-œm. Æ[dLUi-QÙX Nn-ß-⁄l-˙TÙm. Cl˙TÙ TÙ˚]-L˚[ Í•-˚Yd-°\ E˚X Í•f Nh-•- -⁄d˙L A’ UÙß¨ £u-]RÙ C⁄d-œm. A˚R Yd-°-\-’dœ ≈ßVÙ YhPUÙJ⁄ C⁄m-◊j Rh-” Ei-”. Ak-Rj Rh-”d-œ ˙UX NÙ¶V Yf-— A’d-œ ˙UXUi Nh-•V Yl- TÙm. NÙ¶- Up Ui Nh-•V YfNÙ Gi- Q- Vd œ•d-LÙ’TÙ⁄e-L. C⁄m-◊j Rh-”X ø[-UÙLd Lm© TÙ⁄j-ß-´-⁄d-œm. AkRd Lm-©-´uY˚[gN TÙLj-˚Rd ·˚W ˙U˙X ˘LÙfijß Yf-£-⁄l-TÙ. CkR Æ[d-œ ·j-’®Lrj-’\ AWe-œX ß˚Wf-∫- X˚V Jh-• SWÙ-Lj RÙe-LÆh-” C⁄d-œm. ·j-’®Lrj-’-\-Y-¨u R˚Xd-œ ˙UXÙ J⁄ A•d-œ ˙UX C’ ˘RÙe-œm. Ui Nh-•-´˙X A˚Wl-T-• Gi-˘Qn Æ”-YÙe-L. —i-”-Æ-Wp A[‹ Es[ ’¶j-ß-¨-Ls C⁄d-œm. ß -Ls Gp-XÙ-X˙U ß˚Wf-∫- X- Vl TÙoj-’ C⁄d-œm. Gi- Qnæok-R-’u]Ù ·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y˙W Æh-” Æ”-YÙ-⁄. AY-⁄ LÙ¤d-œd ∏r Í˚X-

´p J⁄ TÙ˚]- p ◊u- ]d-LÙn Gi- Q-Ÿm, Cu- ]Ù-⁄ TÙ˚]- p Lsfim

C⁄d-œm. Gi-˘Qn æWj æW Fo-LÙ-WeL ®Wl© Æ”-YÙe-L.

103

CkR Æ[d-œX ®˚\V ATÙ-Vm C⁄d-œ. CWÙU CWÙ-YQ Ÿj-Rm „o-T-]˚L

Ÿj-Rm, A‡-UÙu Ÿj-Rm Gp-XÙm SPd-°-\l˙TÙ TÙQm Æ”-\l˙TÙ TÙQm

Æ[d-œX Th-” „PÙ] Gi-˘Qn ·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y-⁄ ˙UX Th-•-⁄d-œ. ß¨

LWi-” (J¸ı œ˚\k-’) Yo\ NU-Vj-’X NÙU-Qm Yf-— ß¨-Vj Ái-• Æ”-YÙ-⁄.

Gi-˘Q-Ÿm ®Wl-©-Æ-”-YÙo. AlT J⁄ TdLÙ Gi-˘Qn 1 AQÙ RÙ˙]. J⁄

SÙs ·j-’d-œ 2 AQÙ Gi- Qn Y˚W Bœm. Gi- Qn Fod-LÙ-We-L-RÙ˙]

AlT Rk-RÙe-L. CkR Gi-˘Qn ˘Y∞f-Nj-’˙X ß˚W-´X ˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Y-Ls

GpXÙm Sp-XÙj R¨-Ÿm. ClT Gu] RÙu 100 500 YÙh-” Tp◊ TÙh-PÙ-¤m-

AkRl ◊u-˘]e-LÙn Gi-˘Qn Y∞f-Nj-’dœ YWÙ-’. TÙod-°-\-Ye-L-fid-œm

Li‘ œfi-˚UVÙ C⁄d-œm. ·j-’ SPj-’\ CPj-’X ·P ·j-’ SPj-’-\-Y-

⁄d-œ, ˘YdL ˘R¨-VÙ-’. ClT CkR Tp◊ ˘Y∞f-Nj-’X C⁄dL ÿ•-Vp-X. A’-

]Ù-X-RÙu ·j-’ SPj-’\ CPj-’X ˘Yflm ˙Yh-•V Uh-”m RÙfl-TÙnf-£-°h-”

Jd-LÙk-ß-⁄d- LÙm. Gi- Qn Æ[d-œ C⁄d-Lf-£- X˙V £X- T-⁄ Th- WÙ-UÙdv

Æ[d-Ll TVu-T-”jß]Ùe-L. A’-‹m LWi-” Æ[d-œ UÙß-¨-RÙu. Yd-˚L-Ÿm

˘Y∞f-N-ÿm T¨V Æj-ß-VÙ-Nm Ji-‘m Cp-X. ClT £X- T-⁄ Th- WÙ-UÙdv

Æ[d-œ Yf-—d-°-\Ùe-L.

·j-’ SPj-’\ CPj-’X Es[ Æ[d-œ RÆW ˙Yfl Æ[d-œ Ei-PÙ?

Ei-” J⁄ A¨d-Lu Æ[d-œ •d-Lh œ”d-°\ CPj-’X Yf-£-⁄l-˙TÙm. ·j-’

SPd-œ\ CPj-’-˙X-Ÿm Æ[d-œ C⁄d-œm. ·j-’ SPj-’\ AWe-œd-œ Y∞˙V

LP˚X ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm Ti-‘-\-YeL Æ[d-œ Yf-£-⁄l-TÙe-L. WÙj-ß¨ ·j-’ ÿ•g-

N-’m A¨d-Lu Æ[dL Æ•Ÿ Uh-”m G¨V Yf-£-⁄l-˙TÙm.

Ak-Rd-LÙ-Xj-’X J⁄ CPj-’X ·j-’l TÙ”-\-’d-œ Gl-T-• Æ[m-T-Wl-T-”j-ß-…e-L?

FoX ·j-’ SPj-’-°\ CPjR ˙Lh-°-\l˙TÙ K˚X Lh-”-\l˙TÙ Fod-LÙ-We-L-

fid-œj ˘R¨g-— ˙TÙœm. TÙ˚Yd-·j’ SPd-œ-\-’u-‡ ·j-’ BWm-©d-°\

ÿRp SÙfiX NÙVe-LÙ-Xm J⁄ ˚TVu CWÙ-Uo TPj-˚R˙VÙ ˙Yfl HRÙ-Y-’

TPj-˚R˙VÙ ©•f-—d-°h-”j ˘R⁄-Y-Ø˙V ˙TÙYÙu. AYu ©u-]ÙX Ri-•WÙ

A•f-—d-°h-” J⁄-Yu Cu-≤d-œ CWÙ-Uu ©\l-◊u˙]Ù YÙ≠ Y˚Ru˙]Ù

L˚R-Vf ˘NÙp-≠-°h-” ˙TÙYÙu. GpXÙ ˘R⁄d-L-∞-˙X-Ÿm ˘Nu\ ©\-œ ·j-’

SPj-’\ CPj-’d-œ Y⁄-YÙe-L. Ae˙L Yk-’ Ri-•-˙WÙ-˚Y ·j-’ BWm-©d-°-

\-’-Y˚W Rh-•-°h-” C⁄l-TÙe-L. AkR Rh-•l-T-Pj-˚Rd ·j-’ SPj-’\ CPj-

’dœ ÿu-]ÙX ˘RÙe-L-Æh-•-⁄-YÙe-L. £X-˙T-⁄ Ri-”-WÙ-‹-Pu RL-Wd œZÙV

Yf— SPd-°\ LR-Vf ˘NÙp-≠d-°h-”l ˙TÙYÙe-L.

ClT Gl-T-• Æ[m-T-Wl-T-”j-’-»e-L?

Cl˙TÙ Al-T-• Æ[m-T-Wl-T-”j-’-\-ßpX. NÙVe-LÙ-Xm 6 U¶d-œ ·j-’l T”-

RÙ‹X 60 YÙph Tp◊ Ji-Ql-˙TÙ”-˙YÙm. v¿-dLo TÙh-”-”-˙YÙm. GpXÙm

104

£≤-UÙl-TÙh-”-RÙu. LÙNh Yf-£-⁄d- LÙm. ˙Pl- d-LÙo-Po C⁄d-œ. ˚Ud-œX ·j-’

SPj-’-\R ˘NÙp-≠-°h˙P C⁄l-˙TÙm.

˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd ·j-’ TPe-L˚[ Ak-Rd LÙXj-’X Gl-T-•j RVÙ-¨f-∫eL?

Bh-”j-˙RÙ-¤-X-RÙu TPj-Rj RVÙ-¨d-°-˙\Ùm. Bh-”j-˙RÙX NÙRÙ-WQ Ri-Ω-

⁄X F\-˚Yl-˙TÙm. 2, 3 SÙs F±-]-’m ˙RÙ¤X Es[ ÿ•-L˚[ ÿ›-’m

G”j-ß-⁄- YÙm. RÙ¤ ’¶ UÙß¨ B -”m. AkRj RÙX SpXÙ Æ¨f-— Pm-

TWÙ R˚W-´X Yf-— B¶ A•f-£-⁄-˙YÙm. Al˙TÙ ˙RÙ¤ LNe-LÙ-’.

2 ˛ 3 SÙfiX LÙg-—-˙TÙ-œm. ˘Pm-TWÙ ®d-œm. A’d-œ-˙UX L¨j ’i-PÙX

Y˚W-T-Pm Y˚Wg-—d-œ-˙YÙm. A’d-œl ˘TÙ\-œ ®\m ˘LÙ”l-˙TÙm. Lfll◊

®\jR A¨d-Lu ˙Xml Æ[d-œd-œ ˙UX Es[ L¨l-˘TÙ-•-´X ˙Yl-Tm T˚N-

˚V-Ÿm Ri-Ω-˚W-Ÿm Æh-” Sp-Xl ©˚Nk-’ RVÙ-¨f-—°”-˙YÙm. Ut\ ®\e-

L˚[d L˚P- X YÙe-°d-°-”- YÙm. GpXÙ ®\e-L- [-Ÿm R≤j-R-≤VÙ £Wh˚P-

´X Yf-Nd LXd-œ- YÙm. Al-TÙd-LÙ-Xj-’˙X C⁄k-’ K˚Xf NÙVj˚R YÙe°l

TVu-T-”j-’-]RÙ OÙT-Lm. Lfll◊ ®\e-L-[d ·P ClT ˘Y∞-´X YÙe-°d-°-”-

˙YÙm. ˙RÙp-T-Pe-Ls[ Ri-Ωo TPÙU C⁄kRÙ 100 Y⁄-`e-L-fid-œ ˙U˙X

˙TÙœm. U˚Zf-N-U-Vj-’X TPe-Ls ß˚Wf-∫-˚X-´X Th” ®\m ˙TÙ\-’d-œ

YÙnl◊ Ei-”. Ak-Rd-LÙ-Xj-’X TPe-L[ ˚Yd-°-\-’d-œu-‡ K˚Xl-˘Th-•

Ei-”. ø[-UÙ] ˘Th• GpXÙl TPe-L-fim Ak-Rl ˘Th•-´-X-RÙu C⁄d-œm.

Cl˙TÙ UWl ˘Th•-´X TPe-L˚[ ˚Yd-°-˙\Ùm.

ClT ◊’NÙ ˙RÙ¤X TPm Y˚W-´-»e-L-[Ù? Gl-T-•?

ClT VÙ⁄ ˙RÙ¤X TPm Y˚W-Ÿ-\Ù. T˚ZV TPe-L-˚[j-RÙu Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m Yf-

—d-°-\Ùe-L. ◊’NÙ ˙Y‘m-™u]Ù Ah-˚P-´X RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùe-L. Ak-Rd LÙXj-

’X LÙÆpX B” Yh-”]Ù RÙ¤ °˚Pd-œm. Fod-LÙ-WeL B”- Yh-”]Ù

˙RÙX C]Ù-UÙj R⁄-YÙe-L. GeL L≠-VÙ-QeL∞-˙X-Ÿm B” ˘Yh”-˙YÙm.

˙RÙ¤ °˚Pd-œm. ClT GeL L≠-VÙ-Qe-Ls[ ˘Yh-Pl-ThP Bh-˚P˙V

Æ˚Xd-œl TÙh-”- \Ùm. A˙RÙP Bh-”j- RÙ˚X YÙe-œ-\-’d-œu-‡ H_uh

C⁄d-LÙe-L. AYe-L-fid-œj-RÙu LNÙl-◊d-L-˚P-´X ˙RÙXd ˘LÙ”d-°-\Ùe-L.

10˛ 13 Y⁄-`e-L-fid-œ ÿu-]ÙX ˙RÙ¤-L˚[ H_uh YÙe° ˘Y∞-SÙh-”dœ

A‡lT BWm-©fN TÙ\-œ RÙ¤- YX H±l- TÙf-—. RÙ¤ ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm R≤VÙ

˘T⁄L BWm-©fN TÙ\-œ SÙeL Ah- P- X Y˚WV BWm-©f-£h- PÙm. B]Ù

Ah- Pl TPm Gj-ß≤ SÙ˚[d-œl TÙœm. SÙ¤ Ag-— SÙs L˚R SPj-RXÙm.

Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu. Ck-Rj RÙ¤-L-fis[ ·P ¡h RÙ˚X˙VÙ (El◊ YfN RÙp)

E˚WfN RÙd-L- W˙VÙ (B-LÙR RÙp) SÙeL G”d-°-\-ßp-X. A’X TPm Y˚WgNÙ

N¨-VÙ-°d-°-PÙ-’.

105

J⁄ œ›-Æ-Pm Ej-˙R-N-UÙL Gj-R˚] TPe-Ls C⁄d-œm?

Al-T-•d LQd-œ Cp-˚X. AYeL Gj-R˚] L˚R SPj-’-\Ùe-L˙[Ù A˚Rl

˘TÙflj-’l TPe-Ls C⁄d-œm. CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚R˚V Gp- XÙ-⁄m SPj-’-\-RÙX

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Ql TPe-Ls Gp-XÙ˙U C⁄d-œm. Cu-‡m A¨f-Nk-ß-Wu L˚R, U´p-

WÙ-Y-Qu L˚R, Uf-N-Yp-X-Tu ˙TÙod L˚R-L-fim Sp-X-ReLÙ L˚R-˚VŸm

˘TÙ’YÙ Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m SPj-’-\Ùe-L. ARt-œs[ TPe-L-˘[p-XÙm C⁄d-œm.

U’˚W Td-Lm £X ˙T⁄ ˙LÙÆ-Xu N¨j-ß-Wm SPj-’-\Ù-e-L. Ck-Rl Td-Lm (œ-U¨

UÙYh-Pm) TW-U-£-Ym OÙ]-˘N¸k-ß¨ L˚R˚V SPj-’-\Ùu. £X-˙T⁄ An-Vl-T-

NÙ™ L˚RV SPj-’-\ÙeL. Cl-T-• VÙ⁄ VÙ⁄ Gu] UÙß¨ L˚R SPj-’-\Ùe-

L˙[Ù AkR UÙß-¨-VÙ] TPe-Ls C⁄d-œm. Ck-Rl TPe-Ls[ ÿd-LÙp Te-œ

˙RÙ¤ TPe-L, ¡ß RÙfiX CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚Rl-T-Pm ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m ˙RÙ¤-X-

RÙu C⁄d-œm. UjR L˚R-Ls[ Ah-˚Pl-T-Pm ·”-RXÙ C⁄d-œm. A˘Rp-XÙm

◊’NÙ Yk-R-’ TÙ⁄e-L. RUÙ-— LÙh-£l-T-Pe-L-[j ˙RÙ¤X Y˚Wg-—-°-˙\Ùm. A’

Ls-[Ùm A•d-L-• A•-T-”m. Ah-Pl TPm]Ù N¨l-Th-”d-°-PÙ-’ TÙ⁄e-L.

˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yl TPe-L˚[ øeL Gl-T-• Ußd-°-»e-L?

˘WmT U¨-VÙ-˚RVÙ Yf-—d-°-˙\Ùm. Ak-Rd LÙXjR UÙß¨ Cp-˚X˙V ClT

GpXÙm. ·j-’ SPj-’-\R Æh-”h-PÙe-Lu]Ù TPe-L˚[ A”jR œ”m-Tj-’dœ

Æ˚Xd-œd LÙ”l-TÙe-L. Ap-X-’ Bj-’X G±g-£-P-‘m. G¨dL Uh”m ·PÙ-’.

˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m CX-Y-N-UÙj-RÙu LÙ”l-TÙe-L. £X œ”m-TeL TPj˚R Æ˚Xdœd

˘LÙ”j-ß-⁄d-œ. J˙W œ”m-Tj-’d-œs-[ÙX ˘LÙ”d-°-\-’ Sp-X-’. A”jR œ”m-

Tj-’X ˘LÙ”jRÙ A’ ˙UÙNUÙ´-⁄m. SmU TPe-L[ ®fljß Yf— AYeL

TPe-L-[ÙX A•d-°\ UÙß¨ LÙh-• Sm-U-[d ˙LY-Xl T”j-’-YÙ-‡-L. J⁄j-R-⁄

˘TÙmUVf ˘Nn-’ AY-⁄ ˙TWf ˘NÙp≠ A•d-°\ UÙß-¨-RÙu A’. AR-]ÙX

TPe-L-[d ·•-V-’m Bj-’-X-RÙu Æ”-\Ùe-L.

J˙W TPj˚R GpXÙ L˚R-L-fid-œm TVu-T-”j-’-»e-L-[Ù?

GpXÙl TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm Al-T-•l TVu-T-”j-’-\-ßp-˚X. CWÙ-Uu, Xh-—-U-Qu,

∫˚R TPe-L˚[ Al-T-• ˙Y\ L˚R-L-fid-œl TVu-T-”j-’-\-ßp-X. RN-W-Ru

TPj˚R Sp-X-Re-LÙ-∞u Ai-Qu LÙ£-WÙ-_-‡d-œm, AXe-LÙ¨ TPj˚R ∫˚R-

´u CXe-˚Lj ˙RÙØ-L-fid-œm Nk-ß-W-Uß TPj˚R SpXRe-LÙ-fid-œm TVu

-T-”j-’-˙\Ùm. CWÙ-Uu TPj˚R ˙Yfl L˚R-L-fid-œl TVu-T-”j-ß]Ù °Øg-—

˙TÙœm-‡ Sm-©d˚L C⁄dœ.

˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd ·j-’X ˘TÙ’YÙ GkR UÙß-¨ L˚R-L˚[ SPj-’-»e-L?

GeL AlTÙ RÙjRÙ LÙXj-’X C⁄k-’ CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm Nm-Tk-R-UÙ] L˚R-L-[j-

RÙu SPj-ß-°h-” YÙ˙\Ùm. ClT J⁄ LR-Vf NÙp-≠˙VÙ G›-ßj Rk˙RÙ SPjRf

˘NÙu-]Ù-¤m SPj-’-˙\Ùm.

106

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚R˚V Gj-R˚] SÙs SPj-’-»e-L?

C’d-œu-‡ SÙs LQd-°p-X. TÙ’YÙ CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qd L˚RV 10 Tœ-ß-L-[Ùl ©¨f-

£h-” SPj-’-˙\Ùm.

ÿRp Tœ-ß- p CWÙ-Uu ©\l- T-Ÿm, RÙP˚L Y˚R- V-Ÿm SPj-’- YÙm. CWi-

PÙm Tœ-ß-´p CWÙ-Uu Æp-˘XÙ•l-◊m ∫RÙ L≠-VÙ-Q-ÿm SPd-œm. Íu-\Ùm

Tœ-ß-´p CWÙ-Uo Y]m Np\ ®Lrf-£-L-˚[d LÙh-”-˙YÙm. SÙXÙm Tœß „ol-

T-]˚L Ÿj-Rm. C’X LÙg-Nm S˚Lf-—˚Y LÙh-£˚V Aß-LUÙ Noj-’d LÙh”

-˙YÙm. Ik-RÙm Tœß ∫˚R-˚Vf £˚\ G”j-Rp. B\Ùm Tœß YÙ≠ —d-√-Yu

Ÿj-Rm C’X RUÙx LÙh-£-Ls Aß-Lm Y⁄m. HZÙm Tœ-ß-´p A˙NÙ-L-Y]

Ÿj-R-ÿm, CXe˚L RL-]-ÿm Y⁄m. C’ —k-RW LÙi-Pd LÙh-£-RÙu. £X NU-Vm

CR ˘Wi-” SÙ[Ùj ˘RÙPok-’ ·Pl ˙TÙ”-˙YÙm. Gh-PÙm Tœß ß⁄-Y˚Q

Lh-Pp, C˚R CWÙ-Y-Qu ÿRpSÙs ˙TÙou-‡ Æ[m-T-Wl-T-”j-’-˙YÙm. Ju-

TRÙm Tœß œm-T-Lo-Qu Ÿj-Rm. C’ SPkR A”jR SÙs U´p WÙY-Qu

L˚RŸm ARt-L-”jR SÙs Uf-N-Yp-X-Yu TÙo L˚R-Ÿm SPd-œm. C’ CWi-”

Í‘ SÙ[ÙL SPd-œm. L˚P£ SÙfiX Th-PÙ-©- -Lm. C’X CWÙ-Y-Qu ŸjRm

˘RÙPe° ÿ•V Th-PÙ-©- -Lm SPd-œm. C’d-œl ©\-œ £X F⁄-Ls[ A—-Y-

˙U-R-VÙ-Lm L˚R-Ÿm SPd-œm.

CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm Tj-’ SÙs L˚R-Ÿm Ut\ Í‘ L˚R-L-˚[-Ÿm BL 13 L˚R-L-˚[-

Ÿm RÙjRÙ LÙXj-’X C⁄k-’ SPj-’-˙\Ùm. GeL AlTÙ LÙTÙ-X-WÙq LÙXj-’-X-

RÙu A¨f-Nk-ß-Wu L˚R-Ÿm Sp-XRe-LÙs L˚R-Ÿm SPjR BWm-©f-NÙe-L. CkR

CWi-” L˚R-L-˚[-Ÿm SPjR BWm-©f-— ·•l-˙TÙ]Ù 70 ˛ 80 Y⁄-`m C⁄d-

L-XÙm.

A¨f-Nk-ß-Wu L˚R-Ÿm, Sp-X-Re-LÙs L˚R-Ÿm Ak-Rd LÙXj-’X SÙP-Le-L[Ù S•f-

£h-” C⁄k-RÙe-L-˙[.

BUÙ. GeL AlTÙ LÙTÙ-X-WÙ-‹d-œ SÙP-LdLÙWe-L-˙[ÙP RÙPo◊ Ei-”. Áj-

’d-œ-•-´X L˚R SPj-’-\l˙TÙ AlT SÙP-Ld-LÙ-We-L-˙[ÙP ˙T£-°h-” C⁄l-

T˚Rl TÙoj-ß-⁄d- Lu. Sp-X-Re-LÙs L˚R˚V GeL Al-TÙ˙YÙ T -Vl-TÙ˙YÙ

£j-Rl-TÙ˙YÙ VÙ˙WÙ J⁄ Bfi SÙP-Lj-Rl TÙj-’ SPjß´⁄d-L-‘m-‡ ®˚]d-

°-˙\u.

Sp-X-Re-LÙs ·j-’X Yo\ TÙh-”, SÙP-Lj-’X Es-[-RÙ?

Cp-˚X. GeL Al-TÙ˙YÙ T¨-Vl-TÙ˙YÙ VÙ˙WÙ J⁄ Bfi Lh-•-´-⁄d-L-‘m.

Gl-T-• A˘Rp-XÙm Yk-R-’u-‡ ClT ˘NÙpX ÿ•-Vp-X.

˘TÙ’YÙ L˚R SPj-’-\l˙TÙ CWÙ-UÙ-V-Qm ÿ›-˚R-Ÿm J˙W-V-•VÙ SPj-’-»e-

L[Ù? Æh-” Æh-” SPj-’-»e-L-[Ù?

107

J⁄ SÙs Æh-” J⁄ SÙs SPj-’- YÙm. SpX Re-LÙs L˚RV CWi-” RP˚Y·PSPj-’- \Ùm. A’d-œ SpX ·h-Pm N⁄m. Y„-¤m SpXÙ C⁄d-œm. 2 U¶˙SWm

˘RÙPok-’ Gl-T-•f Nj-Rm˙TÙP ÿ•-Ÿm? AR-]ÙX Æh-”-Æh-” SPj-’- \Ùm.

L˚R-L˚[ UW◊ YØVÙ Lh-”- Lh-” SPj-’-»e-L-[Ù? CpX C’d-œu-‡ VÙWÙ-Y-’

G›ß Yf-£-⁄d-LÙe-L-[Ù?

VÙ⁄ G›ß Yf-—d-°-\Ùe-L? SÙeL GeL T•l-˙TÙm? GeL NÙß-´X ÿRpX

T•f-NYu TW-U-£-Ym Rm-©-RÙu ©. -H. T•f-NÙu. TW-U-£-Ym Gv.- Gv. -Gp .£.Y˚W

T•f-NÙu.

RÙjRÙ AlTÙ LÙXj-’X ˙T—-\R TÙ”-\-Rd ˙Lh-”d ˙Lh-” Yo-\-’-RÙu 70 Y⁄-

`m ÿu◊ AlTÙ ·P TÙP BWm-©f-˙Nu. G]d-œ (—l-˚TVÙ WÙq) Al˙TÙ

12 YV-’ C⁄d-œm. Al-T˙Y ®˚\V U]l-TÙ-Pm An-VÙ˙Y ˘NÙp-≠-´-⁄d-LÙ.

RÙjRÙ °⁄x-Q-WÙq L˚R SPj-’-\R Lh-” Yk-R-’-RÙu-‡ Al-TÙ-‹d-œj ß\˚U

C⁄k-R-RÙX AY˙W ◊’-—-◊-’NÙ ˙Noj-’f ˘NÙu-]Ù-⁄.

˘TÙ’YÙ RUÙx LÙh-£-L˚[ Gl-T-• SPj-’-»e-L. RUÙx LÙh-£-L-fid-œu-‡ ·j-’

SPj-’-\-’ Ei-PÙ?

RUÙx LÙh-£-L-fid-œu-‡ ·j-’ SPj-’-\-’ Cp-X. L˚R SPj-’-\l˙TÙ C˚P-

´X RUÙx LÙh-£-L-˚[l ˙TÙ”-˙YÙm. A’ L˚R-˙VÙP ˙Nok-’m Y⁄m.

„ol-T-]˚L Ÿj-Rm, YÙ≠-Y-˚R, A˙NÙLY]d LÙh-£-Ls[ ˘LÙg-Nm ·”-RXÙ

RUÙx LÙh-”-˙YÙm. CWÙ-Uo UÙ]j R•l TÙ\l-˙TÙ, „ol-T-]˚L Íd-œ Afl-

T-”-\l- TÙ, Sp-X-Re-LÙs LÙ£ SÙh-”d-œ TÙ\l- TÙ, ß⁄-Po-L- [f Nk-ßd-°-\l˙TÙ,

Sp-X-Rm© WÙ_u Yh- Pd-œl TÙ\l˙TÙ Cl-T-•-VÙ] LÙh-£-Ls[ RUÙ-— LÙhP

YN-ß-VÙ- -⁄d-œm.

CkR RUÙ-— LÙh-£-L˚[ F⁄d-œ F⁄ Æj-ß-VÙ-N-UÙ-Ld LÙh-”-˙YÙm. ˙LÙÆp-

Th-• U¶-VÙf£ Td-Le-Ls[ Es[ Up-≠l-Th-•, œ±g-NÙu Th-•, Ad-L-SÙn-

Lu-Th-•, U˚X-Vl-Th-• ˙TÙu\ °WÙ-Ue-Ls[ Bh-”f-Ni˚P RUÙ-— SPj-’-

˙YÙm. C’d-œd LÙW-Qm C⁄d-œ. ˘Wi” B”L Ni˚P ˙TÙ”m.

RUÙx LÙh-£-L˚[ Gl-T-• _Ù•d-°-»e-L? A’ RÙjRÙ AlTÙ LÙXj-’X C⁄k-’Yo-\-RÙ? ◊’NÙ ˙_Ù•d-°-»e-L-[Ù?

˘TÙ’YÙ RUÙx LÙh-£-L-fiX Yo-\-Ye-L[Ù Efi-Yj-R-˚X-Yu, Ef-£d-œ-”m-Tu,

L⁄l-TÙ-´, YLÙ-£, A™o-Rm Gp-XÙ-˚W-Ÿm NÙp-X-XÙm. CkR A™o-Rm Ef-£d-

œ-”m-T-≤u U˚]-Æ. Efi-Yj R˚X-Y-‡m, Ef-£d œ”m-T-‡m Ai-Qu Rm©

UÙß-¨, Si-To-Ls UÙß-¨. CYeL L˚R-˙VÙP L˚R-VÙ-‹m Y⁄-YÙe-L. R≤-VÙ-L-

‹m Y⁄-YÙe-L. Efi-Yj-R-˚X-Yu Sp-X-Rm© WÙ_-≤u ˙Y˚Xd LÙW-]Ùh-”m

Y⁄-YÙu.

108

CWÙ-YQ Ro-TÙo ˙Y˚XdLÙW-]Ù-Lh-”m Y⁄-Yu. R≤d LÙh-£-Ls-˙[-Ÿm Y⁄-

YÙu. CYeL R≤-VÙ-Yk-’ L˚R ˘NÙp-¤-YÙe-L. Æ”-L˚R ˘NÙp-¤-YÙe-L, TÙ”-

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˙RÙp-TÙ-˚Yd ·j-’ £fl-Yo-L-fid-LÙ] L˚Xu-‡ ˘NÙp-\Ùe-L˙[ N¨RÙ]Ù?

Cp-˚X. Cl-T-RÙu £fl-Yo-L-fid-LÙ] L˚XVÙ UÙ±-´-⁄d-œ. £≤UÙ Yo-\-’dœ

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XÙm AØg-— ˙TÙ\-’d-œs[ LÙW-Qm-RÙu C’d-œm.

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109

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110

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TÙoj-’ Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m TVk-’ K•-]Ùo-Ls.

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Yk-RÙu.

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©•d-L-˚X-VÙm; £u-]mUÙ ≈h-”-X-˙Ru TÙm◊ ©•d-Ll-

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111

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˙TÙn U -N-≠p H± Eh-LÙok-’ LÙi- PÙm. ≈” XNÙ]

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˘Y∞V C⁄eL Gu-fl ˘NÙp-≠-Æh-PÙu.

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112

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Rj’-Y-ÿm Æg-OÙ-]-ÿm Ei-˚U˚V Uh-”˙U EQoj-’-

°u\]. øß Ëp-Ls Su-˚U˚V Uh-”m EQoj-’-°u-\-]. B]Ùp

CXd-°-Vm Ju-fl-RÙu Su-˚U-˙VÙ-” ·•V Ei-˚U˚V AZ-œ-TP

EQoj’Y-’-Pu A\m, A±-‹, AZ-œ-Qo‹ B°-V-Yt-˚\j Rk-’

Es[j-’d-œm A±-‹d-œm Æ⁄k-’ ˘Nn-’ YÙrd-˚Ld-œ YØ-LÙh-•-

VÙL A˚U-°u-\-’. Cj-R- LV Ru- U-L˚[ J⁄e˙L Tt\ TZk-R™r

CXd-°-Ve-L-∞u Y˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm R≤j-Ru-˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm UÙQ-Yo-

L-fid-œ G”j-’-˚Wl-T˙R Cq-Y-X-°u ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm.

v CXd°Vj˚Rf —˚Ydœm ·flL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙQp.

v Tp˙Yfl LÙXLhP CXd°V Y[of£˚V AhPY˚QlT”jRp.

v CXd°V Y˚LL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Æ[dLd Lh”˚WLsRVÙo˘NnRp.

v CXd°Vjßtœm NÍLjßtœ™˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊L˚[Jl©”Rp.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

115

Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm

˘Yflm ˘Y∞j-˙RÙt-\e-L˚[ Y⁄-¶d-œm LÆ-O˚]ÆP U]-Æ-Vp˚T

ÆY¨dœm LÆ-O˙] £\k-R-Y-]Ù-Ll TÙt-\l-T-”-YÙu. Sg-£u CVp-˚T-Ÿm,

Aßp ˙RÙu-flm TX-ÆR EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm, AR-]Ùp ˘Y∞l-T-”m Gi-Qe-

L˚[Ÿm TÙe-LÙ-Ld LÙh-”-Y˙R NeLÆXd-°-Vl TÙPp-L-∞u A•l-T˚P˘V]-

XÙm. J⁄-Yu J⁄j-ß-V-¨-˚Pj ˙RÙu-flm LÙR-˚X-Ÿm, Ad-LÙ-Rp Y[-⁄m

Au◊˚P ˘Sg-Ne-L-˚[-Ÿm, Ad-LÙ-R-XÙp U°-›m U°rf-£-˚V-Ÿm ©¨-YÙp

˙S⁄m ’u-Tj-˚R-Ÿm LÙh-”-Y-ßp, Cl TÙPp-Ls R˚X£-\k’ Æ[e-œ-°u-\-].

Es-[j-˘R-›m AL-‹-Qo-‹-L-˚[l TÙ”-Y-RÙp, ClTÙPp-L-fidœ ALl-TÙ-Pp-

Ls G]l ˘TVo YZe-œ-Yo. AL-SÙ-Ú-fl, St-±-˚Q, œflk-˘RÙ-˚L, Ie-œ-fl-Ë-fl,

L≠j-˘RÙ˚L ÿR-≠-V] Cq-Y-˚L-˚Vf NÙ⁄m, Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nj˚R Æ[d-

œm LÙh-£-Ls TX-Yt˚\ ClTÙPp-L-[Ùp SÙm A±-°-˙\Ùm.

R˚X-Yu J⁄-Y-‡m R˚X-Æ-˘VÙ-⁄j-ß-Ÿm Nk-ßj’ Es-[m Ju-fl-Th” EY˚L

˘LÙs-fi-°u-\-]o. Aq-‹-Y-˚L-´p AYo-Ls TÙ• U°r-Y’ AkR Es-[m Ju-fl

-ThP ®˚X-˚Vj-RÙu Gu-T-˚Rd œflk-˘RÙ˚Ll TÙh” Jufl Æ[d-œ-°-\-’.

Eu‡˚PV RÙVÙo GY-˙WÙ, Gu-‡-˚PV RÙVÙo GY-˙WÙ, AYo-L-fid-œs CRt-œ-

ÿu GkR E\-‹m Ht-Th-P-ßp˚X; A˚Rl-˙TÙ-X˙Y Eu-‡-˚PV Rk-˚Rd-œm

Gu-‡-˚PV Rk-˚Rd-œm CRtœ ÿu GkR E\-‹m C⁄k-R-ßp-˚X. øŸm SÙ‡m

ÿu E\‹ LÙi-P-Yo-Ls Ap-Xo. G≤-‡m Sm-ÿ-˚PV Es-[m Au-TÙp Ju-fl-

Th-”l ©˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. YÙ]j-ß-≠-⁄k’ ˚YV-Lj-ßp Æ›m U˚Zj-’-

∞-Ls ˘Nm-Ui-¶p LXk’ ˘Ne-œ-Zm-TÙ-°-Æh-PÙp, AYt- \j R≤j-’l ©¨j-’d

LÙQ-ÿ-•-VÙRYÙfl ˙TÙX C≤ Ju-fl-ThP Sm Es-[j-˚Rl ©¨d-L-ÿ-•-VÙ’;

Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm RÙUÙ-Ld LXk-’-Æh-P]'' Gufl ·fl-°-u-\Ùu.

VÙŸm OÙŸm VÙWÙ °V˙WÙ

Gk-˚R-Ÿm ÷k-˚R-ŸmGm-ÿ-˚\d ˙L∞o

VÙ‡m ø-Ÿm Gq-YØ V±-’m

˘Nm-◊-Xl ˘TVp-øo ˙TÙX

Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm RÙe LXk-R-]˙Y (œ-flk-˘RÙ˚L, 40)

Gufl Rm Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm Ju-fl-ThP ˘Nn-ß-˚Vl Ti◊ œu-\Ù-Up

TÙ”-°-\Ùu.

Ut- \Ù⁄ œflk- RÙ- Ll TÙPp, R˚X-Yu R˚X-Æ-Vo YÙr-Æp LÙ‘m Au-◊˚P

˘Sg-Nj-˚Rd LÙh-”-Y-˙RÙ-”, AR˚] Æ[dL ÆXe-œ-L-∞u YÙr-Æp LÙ‘m

Au-◊˚P Sg-Nj-˚R-Ÿm EPu —h-”-°-\-’. J⁄ RÙØ R˚X-Yu Y⁄m YØ-V-

Gh-”m Tj-’m

116

⁄- U˚V AY-‡d-œd ·± Ad˘LÙ•V YØ- p AYu Y⁄-Y-RÙp R˚XÆ Sg-Nm

’•l-TÙs Gu\ ˘Nn-ß˚V AY-‡d-œj ˘R¨-Æd-°-\Ùs. A˚R Æ[d-L, AYu

SÙh-•p Es[ Ti œ-We-°u Au◊ Es-[j˚RŸm ARu NV- X-Ÿm Noj-’d

·fl-°-\Ùu.

Bi œWeœ C-\k-’-Æh-P’ Gu\ ˘Nn-ß-˚Vl ˘Ti-œ-Weœ A±-°-\-’. C≤j

R≤j’ YÙrk’ ˚Lm˚U ˙SÙu◊ ˙SÙtL Æ⁄m-TÙR Ukß Ru œh-•-L-˚[j Ru

—t-\j-ß-Pm Jl-T-˚Pj’ Æh-”l ˘T¨V U˚X-ú Ef-£-´p H±d ∏˙Z Æ›k’

Eó-Æ-”-°-\-’. Cf ˘Nn-ß- Vd ·± Aj-R- LV Ti-◊-™œ Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nj- R-

Ÿ-˚PV Ukß YÙ›m SÙP˙]! Gufl AY˚] Æ∞j-’d ·fl-°-\Ùs. AR-]Ùp

R˚X-Æ-Ÿm AYu S” CW-Æp Y⁄-Y˚R Ag-—-°-\Ùs Gufl AYs S”e-œm

˘Sg-Nj- Rd LÙh-”-°-\Ùs. Ud-L-∞u Au-◊˚P Sg-Nj- Rd LÙhP ÆXe-œ-L-∞u

Au-TÙ] YÙr- Yl ◊X-Yo-Ls LÙh-”--Y-Rtœ Cl-TÙ-Pp Ko G”j-’dLÙh-PÙL Æ[e-œ-

°-\-’.

L⁄e-Li RÙd-L˚X ˘T⁄m-©± ’t-˘\-]d

˚Lm˚U Ÿn-VÙd LÙUo Ukß

LpXÙ Yu-◊Lr °˚[-ÿ-Rt ˙Nojß

Ke-œ-Y˚W V”d-Lj-’l TÙnk-’-ó ˘Nœd-œm

NÙWp SÙP S”-SÙs

YÙWp YÙØ˙VÙ Y⁄k-’-’m VÙ˙U (œ-flk-˘RÙ-˚L. 69)

Uk-ß-ú Au-◊˚P Sg-£u CVp-˚Td LÙh-•j R˚X-Æ-ú Sg— A˚R-ÆP

˘S°r-‹m ©¨-YÙt-\Ù-˚U-Ÿm E˚P-V’ Gufl EQoj-’-°-\Ùs.

Au-TÙp ©˚Qd-Ll-ThP Sg-Ne-Ls SPj-’m Cp-X\ YÙrd˚L Cu-T-ÿm ®˚\-

‹m ˘LÙiP YÙr-YÙ-œm Gu-T˚R CqY˚Ll-TÙ-Pp-Ls EQoj-’-°u-\-].

ß⁄-U-Q-UÙ] ©\œ J⁄ R˚X-Y-‡m R˚X-Æ-Ÿm YÙrd˚L ˘RÙPe-œ-°u-\-]o.

AYs EQ‹ CP AR˚] Ei” U°Z AYu Æ˚Z°-\Ùu. AYfid-œm

AY-‡d-œj Ru ˚LVÙp ÿRu-ÿ-R-≠p EQ‹ T¨-UÙ\ ˙Yi-”m Gu\ BYp

G›-°-\-’. Æ˚W-Æp EQ‹ Ah” AY-‡dœ CP-˙Yi-”m Gu\ Bo-Ym

AY˚[ Ek-’-°-\-’. ◊∞d-œ-Zm◊ Nn-Ÿm˘TÙ-⁄h” AdœZm-©-˚]d ·h• Yd-Lj

Ru ˚LVÙp ’ZÙÆ AR˚] A˚Ud-œm Bo-Yj-RÙp, Al-T-•˙V RÙu A¶k-’-

˘LÙi-•-⁄kR ◊˚P- Y- p L˚Vd L›-YÙ-Up ’˚Pj-’d- LÙi-”, Ad-œ-Zm- Tj

RÙ∞-Rm ˘Nn-’, Adœnl-◊˚L AYs Li-L-∞p T•-Vj RÙ˙] ’ZÙÆ AhP

◊∞dœZm-◊f ˙NÙt-±˚] AY-‡dœ Ch-”, Bo-Y-ÿm Au-◊m ˘T⁄L AYu

ÿu-]Ùp ®ufl AYu TÙWÙh-”-R˚X GßoTÙod-°-\Ùs. AYs œ±d- LÙ- [p-XÙm

Aq‹Q˚Y Ei-‘m AYu YÙ -≠-⁄k’ "C≤’' Gu\ ˘NÙp- Xd ˙Lh-T-RÙL

C⁄d-°-\-’. AYs ’Zk’ AhP EQ‹ C≤-RÙL C⁄d-°-\’ Gufl AYu ·flm

˘NÙt-Ls AYs Es-[j’ U°rf-£˚V ™œ-ßl-T-”j-’-°u-\-]. ◊’-UQ YÙr-YÙp

117

˘TÙ≠-‹-˘Tt\ AYs AZ-°V ÿLm ÷h-T-UÙL Af £fl-U-°rf-£˚V ˘Y∞l-T-”j-

’-°u-\-’. Aq-Yu-◊˚P ˘Sg-Ne-Ls SPj-’m AL-YÙr‹ Cf£fl-®-Lrf-£-L-[Ùp

˘TÙ≠‹ ˘Tfl-°u-\-’.

ÿ∞-R-´o ©˚NkR LÙk-Rs ˘Up-Æ-Wp

L›-‹fl L≠eLe LZÙA ’º-Cd

œY˚[ Ei-Li œnl-◊˚L LU-Zj

RÙu-’-Zk RhP æm-◊-∞l TÙLo

÷i-¶-ßu U°rk-Rufl Js-÷-Rp (œflk-˘RÙ-˚L, 167)

Ut˘\Ù⁄ R˚X-Yu R]d-œm AY-fid-œm ˙SokR FPp æo-Y-Rtœ Æ⁄k-ß-]o

Y⁄- L˚V Gßo-TÙod-°-\Ùu. Æ⁄k-RÙp AYs EYk’ ÿfl-Yp˘LÙs-fim ÿLj- Rd

LÙ‘m LÙh-£˚V Gßo-˙SÙd-œm BY-≠p AYo-Ls Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm

£j-ß-¨d-Ll-T-”-°u-\-]. Æ⁄k’ Yk-RÙp, AYs AY-˙]Ù-” AYo-L˚[ YW-˙YtL

ÿfl-Yp ˘LÙi-PÙs. AR-]Ùp AYs U°-›m ÿLj-˚Rl TÙod-L-ÿ-•-Ÿ˙U Gufl

AYÙ-‹-°-\’ AYu ˘Sg-—.

LQ-Y- ]Ù” ©Qd-œd LÙiP LÙW-Qj-RÙp, LR- Yj RÙØh-”d- LÙi” R≤˙V

N˚U-V-X-˚\-´p Ru LP-˚U-´p Li-‘e L⁄j-’m ˘N¤j-ß-V-Y-[Ùn AY-≤-Pm

˙TN U]-™p-XÙ-R-Y-[Ùn ÆflÆfll-TÙ-Lj Ru LP-˚U-L-˚[f ˘Nn’- ˘LÙi•⁄d-°-

\Ùs J⁄ R˚X-Æ. AYs YÙ˚[-¡-˚]d L›Æ Aflj’ Y˚Ll-T-”j-ßf N˚U-Vp

˘Nn-Vj ˘RÙPe-œ-°u-\Ùs. Li-L-∞p ◊˚L-T-•V, ˘St-±-´p ÆVo˚Y ’∞odL,

AYt-˚\j Ru ◊˚P-˚Y-´p ’˚Pj-’d LÙi-”, AY-≤-Pm TNÙ-Up N˚U-V-X-˚\-

´p Ru LP-˚U-L∞p D”-Th-”d-˘LÙi•⁄d-°-\Ùs. AYs ÿLj-ßp ◊u-]˚L

RY-›UÙ Gufl Gßo-TÙoj’ ®t-°-\Ùu. ◊u-]˚L RY-Z-Æp˚X ˘Vu\Ù¤m ◊u

-ÿ-fl-Y-XÙ-Y-’ RÙu-\d ·PÙRÙ Gufl He-œ-°-\’ AYu Sg-Nm. ""ÿu-˘]p-XÙm

Y⁄m Æ⁄k-ß-]o Cl- TÙ-›’ YWd ·PÙRÙ? AYo-Ls TÙ⁄h-PÙ-Y’ AYs ÿLm

UX-⁄˙U! Am-U-XokR ÿLj˚R Al- TÙ-›-RÙ-Y-’ TÙodL ÿ•-Ÿ˙U! Ge-Ls FP-¤m

˘Up-Xj R¶-Ÿ˙U'' Gufl AYu Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm Gßo-TÙod-œm LÙh-£˚V

St±-˚Ql TÙPp Jufl LÙh-”-°-\’!

RP-U-⁄l◊ G⁄˚U UP-S-˚Pd œZÆ

Ái ˘RÙflm VÙjR LÙi-Rœ Sp-≠p

˘LÙ”e-œ˚Z ˘TnR ˘N›g- ˘Nn ˙T˚R

£fl-RÙr ˘N±jR ˘Up-Æ-Wp ˙NlT

YÙ˚[ Dok-R• Yp-≠-ßu Y˚LCl

◊˚L-Ÿi” AUojR Li-Qs R˚L-˘T-\l

©˚\-÷-Rp ˘TÙ±jR £fl-÷i Tp-Æ-Vo

Ak-’-°p R˚X-´u ’˚P-´-]s Sl-◊-Xk’

Ah• ˙XÙ˙[ AmUÙ A¨˚Y

GUd˙L Y⁄-L-ßp Æ⁄k˙R £Yl-TÙufl

118

£±-V-ÿs G´fl ˙RÙu\

ÿfl-Yp ˘LÙiP ÿLm-LÙi Lm˙U (St-±-˚Q. 120)

ÿs TÙu\ £fl G´fl RÙu\ AYs ÿLj-ßp ◊u-ÿ-fl-Yp RÙu\ Yi”m

Gufl AjR˚X-Yu Gßo-TÙod-°-\Ùu. ’°p R˚Xl-TÙp ˘St-±-´p ˙RÙu-flm

£fl ÆVo-˚Y-L-˚[j ’˚Pj-’d-˘LÙi”, AkR Ah-•p CPj˚RÆh” AL-

XÙ-Up AY˙]Ù” ◊Xk’ ˘Yflj’ C⁄d-°-\Ùs. Aj-R-˚LV ®˚X-´p AYs

U]m £±’ Yfl Y˚L-VÙ-Lj ß⁄m-©-]Ùp SX-UÙL C⁄d-œ˙U Vufl L⁄-’-°-

\Ùu. AkR ≈” G⁄-˚U-Ÿm ARu Lu-flm Ái-˙RÙ-flm Lh-Pl-Th” AZ-LÙL

Æ[e-œ-°-\-’. AkR SpX Cp-≠p YÙ˚[ ¡˚] Y˚Ll-T-”jß Ah-•p RÙØ-

≠p D”-T-”m R˚X-Æ-ú ®˚X Cq-YÙfl Y⁄-¶d-Ll-Th-•-⁄-°-\-’. AYs

Au◊˚P ˘Sg-Nj-ßp Ht-Th-•-⁄d-œm £fl ˘Yfll˚T AYu Es-[m UÙt\

AYÙ-‹m ®˚X-˚U˚V Cl-TÙ-Pp LÙh-”-°-\-’.

J⁄-Y˚W J⁄-Yo ©¨-Y-RÙp Ht-T-”m Bt-\Ù-˚U-VÙp Ap-X¤-flm ˘Sg-£u

’V˚Wf Ne-Lj-’f NÙu-˙\Ùo LÙh-”-Y-ßp Yp-X-Y-WÙL Æ[e-°-]o Gu-T-˚Rl

TÙ˚Xj ß˚Q-´p Y⁄m TÙPp-Ls A±-‹-flj-’m. R˚X-Yu ˘TÙ⁄s LÙW-Q-

UÙ-L˙YÙ ˙TÙo-Æ˚] LÙW-Q-UÙ-L˙YÙ ©¨-Ÿm ©¨-‹d-œl TÙ˚X Gu-flm. Aq-

˘YÙ-›-L-XÙt-˚\l TÙ˚Xj ß˚Q Gu-flm ·fl-Yo. ClTÙ˚Xj-ß-˚Ql TÙPp-

Ls Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Ne-Ls ©ŸÙp Eflm Ap-X˚X AZ-œ-T-Pd ·fl-°u-\-].

˘Nn-Æ˚] ÿ•d-Lf ˙Ni ÁWg ˘Nu-fl-ÆhP R˚X-Yu LÙRp ˘Sg— J⁄

◊\m, LP˚U EQo‹ J⁄ ◊\m G] Cq-Æ⁄ ®˚X-L-[Ùp A˚Xd-Ll-Th-”d

L˚W LÙQ ÿ•-VÙ-Up ß˚Ld-°u-\Ùu. Sg— AY∞Pj-ßp˘LÙiP Æ˚ZYÙp,

Æ˚W-Æp ≈” ß⁄mT ˙Yi-”m Gu\ ˙Yh-˚L˚V ™œ-ßl-T-”j-’-°u-\’.

AY‡- PV A±‹ LP˚U T -’ Gu-flm, AR-]Ùp Nn-Æ˚] ÿ•j-’-Æh”

≈” ß⁄m◊-R˙X £\l◊ Gu-flm A±-‹-flj-’-°-\-’. A±-‹d-œm EQo-‹d-œm

C˚P˙V SPd-œm U]l- TÙ-WÙh-Pj-ßu S”-Æp EPm◊ ALl-Th-” ˘U≠k-’-Æ-”-

°u-\-’. Ck®˚X Y≠V U⁄l-◊-˚Pd L∞-fl- C-Wi-” C⁄-◊-\m R≤j-R-≤˙V

®u-fl RnkR TZe-L-´-fl Ju-\u C⁄-◊-\j-˚R-Ÿm Tt± C›d-L, A’ U≠k-’

Aflk-’ ˙TÙœm ®˚Xd-œ EY-™d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. L∞-fl-L-[Ùp Dod-Ll-T-”m

˙Rn◊¨l TZe-L-´t-±u ®˚X-˚Vl ˙TÙp C⁄-˙Y-fl EQo-‹-L-[Ùp A˚Xd-

Ll-˘Ttfl ˘U≠kR R˚X-Yu EPp S≠k-’ Æ”-°-\-˘Ru-fl- ·-\l-T-”-°-\-’.

R˚XYu ˘Sg-£p G›m A˚X-L-∞u A˚Xl-TÙp ˘U≠-Ÿm AYu EP-˚X,

Aflk-’ Æ›m ˙RnkR TZe-L-´t-fld-œ EY-˚UlT”j-’-°u-\Ùo.

◊\k-RÙr‹ C⁄iP ·k-Rt ˙TÙßu

®\m-˘T-flm D¨-Rr ˘TÙ≠kR Ei-Li

Es-[m ©¶d-˘LÙi ˙PÙs-Y-ú ˘Sg-Nm

˘Np-Xp æod-Lm ˘Np-YÙm Gu-‡m

˘Nn-Æ˚] ÿ•-VÙ-’ Gq-Ym ˘Nn-Rp

119

GnVÙ ˚Y˘VÙ-” C∞-U-R-˚Xj R⁄-˘U]

Eflß ÁdLj ÁMÛ° A±˙Y

£±-’-S≤ Æ˚W-Vp Gu-‡m B´˚P

J¸ı˙\k’ Ufll-©t L∞-fl-UÙ-fl Tt-±V

˙Rn-◊-¨l TZe-L-´-fl ˙TÙX

≈Y-’ ˘LÙp-Gu Y⁄k-ßV EPm˙T (St-±- Q, 284)

Gu-fl U]l-˙TÙ-WÙh-Pe-L-˚[j RdL EY˚U ˘LÙi-” Æ[dœm ®˚X-˚Vl

TÙod-°u-˙\Ùm. Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm RÙe-œm Ap-X˚X Cq-‹-Y˚U AZ-œ-TP

EQoj-’-°-\-’.

R˚X-Æ- Vl ©¨kR R˚X-Y-≤u R≤˚U ˘Sg-Nm ˙U˙X ÆY- d-Ll-Th-P-YÙ-fl

˙TÙX˙Y Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ ◊X-Yo R˚X-Y-˚]l ©¨k-’ R≤-˚U-VÙp YÙ”m R˚X-Æ-

ú Sg-Nj-ßu Ru- U- Vl ◊Xl-T-”j-’-°u-\Ùo. R˚X-Yu EP-≤-⁄k-R- TÙ’

EY-˚L-˘LÙi-” Y[-UÙ] YÙr-˚Yl Tt\ R˚X-Æ, AYu AY-˚[l ©¨k-’-

ÆhP LÙW-Qj-RÙp R≤- U-Ÿfl-°-\Ùs; AYs Sg-— AYu-UÙh-”f Nu-fl-ÆhP

LÙW-Qj-RÙp EQo‹ œu± EPm˚T Uh-”m ≈‘d-LÙ-Ll ˙T‘-Y’ ˙TÙu\

EQo-YÙp, YÙr-Æp Yfll-◊m N≠l-◊m LÙs-°-\Ùs. AYs A˚PkR R≤˚U

®˚X-˚Ud-œ ˙Y˙\Ùo R≤˚U ®˚X˚U EY-˚U-VÙ-Ld ·\l-T-”-°u-\-’.

˘Yg-£] ˙Yk-R-≤u ˘Ym-T-˚L-VÙp A˚Xl-◊i-Qp Ag-£,- Ud-Ls RÙm

YÙ›m TÏ˚W Æh-” ALu-fl-Æ-P, AR- ]d LÙd-œm R≤-U-Lu J⁄-Yu R≤- Uj

’V-WÙ-¤m Æ⁄l-Tt\ EQo-YÙ-¤m YÙrd- L˚V Yflj-’, Aq-‹-P-¤d-œ EQ‹

A∞l-T-˚R-Ÿm Uflj-’, YÙr-˚Yf —˚U-VÙ-Ld L⁄ß SÙh-L-˚[d LPj-’m ®˚X-

˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl CYs YÙr‹ A˚Uk-ß-⁄l-T-RÙ-Ld ·fl-°-\Ùs. TÙr LÙj-ß-⁄d-

œm R≤-U-Lu EP˚X Æ⁄l-©u-±l ˙T‘-UÙ-fl ˙TÙX Cq-‹-Pm-˚Td LÙdL

˙Yi-•-´-⁄l-T-RÙ-Lj R˚XÆ L⁄-’-°-\Ùs:

˘Sg-Nm AYo-Y-ú ˘Nu-\] Di- ˘PÙ-Øk-’

Ei-Pp A∞j-’-Gu EPm˙T Æ\t-˙TÙo

˘Yg-£] ˙Yk-Ru T˚L-V-˚Xd LXe°

YÙr-˙YÙo ˙TÙ°V ˙TÏol

TÙr-LÙj ß⁄kR R≤-U-Lu ˙TÙu˙\ (St-±-˚Q, 153)

YÙr-˙YÙo ˙TÙn-ÆhP LÙW-Qj-RÙp ˘Yfl-˚U-Ÿt\ ˙TÏ-WÙ-°V TÙØ-Pj-˚Rd

LÙd-œm R≤-U-L-˚]l ˙TÙu-fl, ˘Sg-— øe-°-ÆhP LÙW-Qj-RÙp R≤-˚U-Ÿ-flm

EPm◊ EQo-Yt-fld °Pd-°-\-’ Gu-fl EQoj-’-°-\Ùs. Cq-YÙ-fl © -YÙp Au-◊˚P

˘Sg-Ne-Ls T”m Ap-X-˚Xl TÙ˚Xj-ß-˚Ql TÙPp-Ls EQoj-Rd LÙi-

°u˙\Ùm.

ÿp-˚Xj ß˚Ql TÙPp Ju-fl, Cp≠⁄k-’ Bt-±j R˚X-Yu Y⁄-˚L˚V

Gßo-TÙod-œm R˚X-Æ-ú BY-¤s-[j˚R A¶-TP G”j-’d LÙh-”-°u-\’.

LÙo-LÙ-Xm Y⁄-Y-Rt-œs ˘Nn-Æ˚] ÿ•j-’ ≈”-ß-⁄m© Y⁄-Y-RÙ-Lf ˘NÙu]

R˚X-Yu œ±jR LÙXj-ßp ≈” ß⁄m-T-Æp-˚X. LÙ˙WÙ Yk-R-’; AYu ˙Ro-

120

Uh”m YW-Æp- X. AkR ®˚X- p LÙo-LÙ-Xj-’ ÿp˚X UXo-Ls Èd-Lj RÙPe-°-

Æh-P-]. ÿp˚X ÿ˚L-L- [l Tt-L-[Ù-Ld LÙi-” LÙo-LÙ-Xm AYs R≤- U- Vl

TÙoj-’f £¨l-T-’ TÙX C⁄d-°-\-’ Gu-fl R˚XÆ ·fl-Y-RÙL B£- Vo A˚Ud-

°-\Ùo. Æ˚]-ÿ-•j-’ YW-˙Yi-•V R˚X-Yu YWÙ-R-RÙp EX-L˙U AY-˚[l

TÙoj-’f £¨l-T-’-˙TÙX C⁄d-°-\-’. C[˚U TÙWÙ-Up Y[m Æ⁄m-©l ©¨k-’

˘Nu\ R˚X-Yo GY-Q˙WÙ G] He-œm R˚X-Æ-ú ˘Sg-—, ÿp˚X UX-˚Wl

TÙoj-’ U°-ZÙ-Up, A˚Y LÙo-LÙ-Xm Yk-’-ÆhP ˘Nn-ß˚V A±-Æl-T-]-YÙL

EQo-°-\-’. ÿp˚X UXok-’m AYu Jp- X- p YW-Æp- X˙V Gufl AYs

He-œ-°-\Ùs:

C[˚U TÙWÙo Y[-S-˚N-Cf ˘Nu-˙\Ùo

CY-‘m YÙWÙo GY-Q˙WÙ ˘Y]l

˘TVo-◊-\k RkR Èe-˘LÙ-• ÿp-˚Xj

˘RÙœ-ÿ˚L ´Xe-˘L´ \ÙL

Sœ˙U ˙RÙØ Sflk-Ri LÙW˙W (œflk-˘RÙ-˚L, 126)

Gu-fl AYs Au-◊-˚PV Sg-Nm AYu YWÙ-˚U-VÙp A˚PkR LY-˚X-˚Vd

LÙh-”-°-\-’. Ak-Rd LY-˚X˚V CVt˚L ®Lrf-£-VÙ] UX-ü UXof-£-˙VÙ-”

˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ßf NÙp-Y-’ A¶-S-Vm-TP A˚Uk-’s-[-’. ""ÿp-˚X-ú ÿ˚L

Gu-˚]l TÙoj-’ S˚Ld-°u-\˙R'' Gu-fl R˚XÆ ˘NÙp-¤m Cd ·t-±p

AY-‡d-LÙL He-œm AY-fi-˚PV Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nm ˘Y∞l-T-”-°u-\-’.

Cp-≠-⁄k-’ Sp-X-\m Km-◊m Cp-XÙ-∞u C≤V ÿLj-˚Rd LÙQ BY-¤-flm

R˚X-Y-≤u Au-◊-˚PV ˘Sg˚N St-±-˚Ql TÙPp Ju-fl LÙh-”-°-\-’. AYo-

Ls Au◊ AYo-Ls-TÙp Uh-”m TW-YÙ-Up Tt\ UL-≤-Pj-’m Et\ Æ⁄k-ß-]-

-Pj-’m TW-‹-°-\-’. Cf ˘Nn-ß˚V Cl-TÙ-Pp Suœ LÙh-”-°-\-’. LÙo-LÙ-Xm Yk-’-

Æh-P˚R EQok-’ R˚X-Yu œ±jR LÙXj-ßp ≈”-ß-⁄mT Æ˚Z-°-\Ùu. AR-]Ùp

˙R˚W Æ˚W-Æp ˘N¤j-’-UÙ-fl TÙL˚] H‹-°-\Ùu. ≈h-•p Æ•-VtLÙ- X- pRu U˚]Æ œZk-˚R˚V G›l© Cu-‡-˚W-VÙ-”m C≤V NÙt-L-˚[d LhLAYu AYÙ-‹-°-\Ùu. R˚XÆ Æ⁄k-’ Æ⁄m-◊-Ys BR-≠u, AYu Æ˚W-Æt˘Nu-fl, Æ⁄k-ß-]˚W Ht-fl Cp-X-\m £\l-◊\ S˚P- T-\f ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-flÆ⁄m-◊-°-\Ùu. AR-]Ùp AYu U]m R˚X-Æ˚V Uh”m SÙPÙ-Up UL-≤-Pj-’m C⁄-Y-⁄m C⁄k-’ YW-˙Yt-œm Æ⁄k-ß-]-¨-Pj-’m TW-‹-°-\-’ Gu-fl A±Vÿ•-°-\-’.

˘NpL TÙL! ®u ˘Nn-Æ˚] ˘S”k- Ro;Æ⁄k-’ Æ⁄l-◊-Ò-Em ˘T⁄k-˙RÙs œfl-U-Ls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Èe-Li ◊Rp-Yu Áeœ-Y-ú Jp°Yk-æL Gk˚R Gu-‡mAk-æm °[Æ ˙LhL SÙ˙U (St-±-˚Q, 221)

œZk- R- V-Ÿm RÙ˚V-Ÿm J⁄- N-Wd LÙQ Yi-”m Gu-fl AYu Au◊ Sg-Nm AYÙ-‹-°u-\-’. Cp-X-\j-ßu UÙh-£˚V Su-œ-QokR R˚X-Yu Æ⁄k-ß-]˚W

121

YW-˙Yt-T-ßp R˚XÆ ˘LÙi”s[ Æ⁄l-˚Td œ±l-©-”-°u-\Ùu. RÙu Cp-XÙ-Up AYs R≤-VÙL Æ⁄k-ß-]-˚Wl ˙TÙt\ ÿ•-VÙ˙R Gu-T-RÙp, Æ˚W-Æp˘NpX ˙Yi-”m Gufl AYu Æ⁄m-◊-°-\Ùu. Ti-ThP AYu Es-[m RuAu˚T Gßo-TÙod-œm U˚]-Æ-´-Pj-’m, C⁄-Y-⁄m Y[od-œm Au-◊f Np-Y-UÙ-°V œZk-˚R-´-Pj-’m AYo-Ls C⁄k-’ ˙TÙt-flm Æ⁄k-ß-]-¨-Pj-’m —t±Y[ok-’s-[-˚U˚V Cl-TÙh-” LÙh-”-°u-\-’.

TX-SÙs ©¨k-’ C⁄kR R˚X-Æd-œj R˚X-Y-≤u Y⁄- L- p J⁄ ◊’˚U LÙiT-’CVp-◊. AR-]Ùp Æ⁄k-’ Æ⁄l-◊-flm R˚XÆ Gu-T-Rt-œj R˚X-Y-≤u ◊ßVY⁄-˚L˚V Gßo-TÙod-œm R˚XÆ Gu-fl ˘LÙs-∞-‡m A˚U-Ÿm. "R˚X-Æ-´uBYp ®˚\kR ˘Sg-— U°-Z, ø Æ˚W-Æp ˙R˚Wf ˘N¤j-’' Gufl R˚X-Yu·fl-Y-RÙ-L-‹m LÙs-[-XÙm. R˚X-Æ- u BYp Sg- N-Ÿm UL- ]Ù-” U°rk’˙T—m Au-◊d LÙh-£- Vd LÙQ AYÙ-‹m R˚X-Y-≤u Sg- N-Ÿm Cl TÙPp˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-°-\-’ Gu-flm ·\-XÙm.

Au-◊-˚PV ˘Sg-Nm Gu-T-’ R˚X-Yu R˚X-Æ-V-¨˚P Uh-”m ®X-‹-Y-˘RÙu-\ufl Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm, H˚]-V-Y-¨-Pj-’m Aq-Yu◊ ˘Sg-Nm, EP-≤⁄l-T-RÙpU°rf-£-˚V-Ÿm ©¨-RXÙp ’V-Wj-˚R-Ÿm RW-Yp-X-’ Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Ne-Ll-TÙ-Pp-L˙[ A±-‹-flj-’m, UL-˚[l ˘Tt-fl Y[ojR RÙn, Ru ULs Ru B⁄-´ojR˚X-Y-˙]Ù-” A⁄g-—W YØ-´p EPu-˙TÙ-L, AR-]Ùp AY˚[ SÙ•j ˙R•A˚Uk-’ U]g-˙NÙok-’ ·flm ·t-±p, ˘Tt\ U]j-ßu Au-◊s-[m ˘Y∞l-T”-°-\-’.

R˚XÆ J⁄jß RÙu Æ⁄m-◊m R˚X-Y-˙]Ù-” ˙Yt-Òo ˘Nufl Æ”-°-\Ùs.≈h-•p AY˚[ Y[ojR RÙn AYs ˘Nu\ CP-˘Up-XÙm ˙R•, Y⁄-YÙ-˚W-˘Vp-XÙm AYo-Ls ˘Nu-\-Æ-Pm ˘R¨-ŸUÙ Gu-fl Æ]-‹-°u-\Ùs. AYo-Ls,˘Ti-Ls Rm R˚X-Y-˙WÙ-” EPu-˙TÙ-Y-’ Cp-X-\j-ßu Sp-X-\m-RÙu Gu-flm,VÙØ˙X ©\d-œm C˚N VÙ›d-œ-¨VRÙLÙ-Up ˙Lh-T-Yod˙L E¨-V-’ ˙TÙX-‹m,LP-≠˙X ©\d-œm ÿj-’ A¶-T-Yod˙L E¨-V-’ ˙TÙX-‹m, U˚X-´˙X ©\d-œm Nk-R-]m ’nl-T-Yod-œl TVu-T-”-Y-’ ˙TÙX-‹m ©\kR ALj-˚R-Æh-”jR˚X-Yu ALm ˘Np-Y-’-RÙu ˘Ti-L-∞u CVp◊ Gu-flm, Cu] ©\ ·±AY-Xj˚R Bt-±- -⁄d-œ-UÙ-fl Yt-◊-flj-’-°u-\-]o. AkR AY-Xj˚R Bt-fl-RpJp-XÙ-’ Gu-fl AYs Y∞l-T-”j-’m L⁄j-ßp Au◊ Sg-Nj-ßu BZj- RdLÙQ ÿ•-°-\-’.

""G]d-œ C⁄l-T-’ J˙W ULs. AY-fim ˙St-fl ≈W-™dL R˚X-Y-˙]Ù-” ˘T⁄-U- X- p A¨V YØ LPk-’ Nu-fl Æh-PÙs. C≤ øe-Ls "AY-Xj- Rj RÙe-œ'G] G∞-ßp ·±-Æ-”-°u-»o-Ls. A@-’ Gq-YÙ-fl Jp-¤m? A±-YÙp BWÙnk-’G∞-’ Gu-fl ·fl-Y˚R˘Vp-XÙm EQo-YÙp G∞-ßp Ht-fld-˘LÙs[ CVp-Y-ßp-˚X. Gu œfl-U-Ls Æ˚[-VÙ-•d LÙi-•-⁄kR SÙf£ UWj-˚R-Ÿm AR-]-⁄-°-p Es[ ≈h-”j ßi- Q- V-Ÿm Li-PÙp, AYs Cp-XÙR LÙW-Qj-RÙp Yfl-˚U-VÙ] LÙh£ Dk-’ AY-Xj-˚Rj R⁄-°-\-’; Gu Es-[m ˙Y°-\-’. AY-∞u-

122

±j R≤j-ß-⁄d-œm AkR CPe-L-˚[d Li-” Aj R≤-˚Ud LÙh-£-˚Vj RÙeLGu Es-[j-ßt-œ Bt-\-≠p- X. AYs T´u\ CP- Up-XÙm Cl- TÙ-›’ ˘Yfl-˚U-Ÿt-±-⁄d-°u-\-’'' Gu-fl ·fl-°-\Ùs.

J⁄-U-Ls E˚P-˙Vu Uu˙] AY-fim˘N⁄-™-œ ˘UÙnm-©t ·o-˙Yt LÙ˚[-˘VÙ-”˘T⁄-U˚X A⁄g-—-Wm ˘S⁄-St ˘Nu-\-]sC≤-˙V, RÙe-œ-®u AY-Xm Gu-±o A’-Ut-flVÙe-M-]m Jp-¤˙UÙ A±-‹˚P ¬˙WEs-∞u Es-[m ˙Y˙U Ei-LiU¶-YÙr TÙ˚Y S˚P-Lt \u]-GuA¶-´-Vp œfl-ULs B•VU¶-˙Vo ˘SÙf-£-Ÿk ˘Rt-±-Ÿm Li˙P (St-±-˚Q, 184)

""Li-¶-¤s[ U¶l-TÙ˚Y Y∞˙V Yk-’ S˚P Lt-T-’ TÙX AZ-LÙL SPk’Æ˚[-VÙ-•V Af £fl-U-Ls Cl-˘TÙ-›’ ALu-fl-Æh-P-RÙp Li-L-∞p J¸ı´Zk’ ®t-°-˙\u'' Gu\ L⁄j˚R, "U¶-YÙr TÙ˚Y S˚P Lt-\u] Gu A¶-´-Vp œfl-U-Ls B•V' Gu\ ˘RÙP-¨p A˚Uj-’s-[-˚U˚V A±-°u-˙\Ùm.""Ad œfl-U-Ls Cl- TÙ-›-’ T⁄-U-L-[Ù° Æh-P-’RÙu Gu-]Ùp R¨k-’- LÙs[ÿ•-V-Æp-˚X. Aj-R-˚LV A±‹ Ge-M-]m Yk-R˙RÙ'' Gu-˘\p-XÙm Gi¶AXUk-’ Y⁄k-’m Au-˚]-´u Au-◊-˚PV ˘Sg-Nm AY-˚[d œfl-U-LsGu\ ˘RÙP-WÙp œ±d-°u-\-’.

Cq-YÙ-fl Au-◊˚P ˘Sg-Nj-ßu Ti-◊-™dL Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt-\Ùp˙RÙuflm ˘NVp-L-˚[-Ÿm Ne-Ll TÙPp-Ls A±-‹-flj-’m AZ˚L SÙm Al-TÙ-Pp-Ls ˘LÙi-” A±-V-ÿ-•-°-\-’. A˚Y EQo-Æu KÆ-Ve-L-[ÙL A˚Uk-’,˘Sg-£p G›m A˚X-˙VÙ-˚N-L-[ÙL Sm ˘NÆ-´p T”-°u-\-].

˛œflk˘RÙ˚Lf ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹

123

@ NeL LÙX Ud-Ls CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” C˚Vk-’ YÙrk-RÙo-L[Ù? Gu-T˚R ""Au-◊˚P

˘Sg-Nm'' Gu-fl Lh-”-˚W-´u ’˚Q ˘LÙi-” ÆYÙ-ßd-L.

@ ""˙UÙl-Td œ˚Z-Ÿm A≤f-Nm ÿLm-ß-¨k-’

˙SÙd-Ld œ˚Z-Ÿm Æ⁄k-’''

ClTÙP˚Xl T•j’ Au- \V Ud-L-∞u Æ⁄k- RÙm-Tp Ti-◊-Pu Cd-LÙX Æ⁄k-

˙RÙm-Tp Ti- T-Ÿm Jl-©h-”f ˘NÙt- TÙ-Ø‹ RVÙ- d-L.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

124

C˚NŸm Y˚NŸm

TÙflTPl T˚\kR TpUÙfl U⁄e°u

˙YflT” œWX ˘YqYÙnd ·˚L˘VÙ”

©Qm ßu œflS¨ ®QmßLr TpX,

˙TGn UL∞o ©Qm RÔEl Tt±,

Æ[oFu ßu\ ˘Ym◊XÙp ˘UnVo

L[¨ U⁄e°u LÙp-˘T-Voj’ B•

DU Æ[d-°u ˘Y⁄YWl ˙T⁄m

LÙ” ÿu≤]˙W, SÙ” ˘LÙi ˙PÙ⁄m;

®]dœm Y⁄Rp ˚YLp At˙\

Y˚NŸm ®tœm; C˚NŸm ®tœm;

AR]Ùp, Y˚Nød° C˚N ˙Yi•Ÿm,

S˚N˙YiPÙ’ Sufl ˘UÙØk’m,

®X‹d ˙LÙh”l TXL∞t˘\Ù”,

˘TÙXmT˚PV UÙUVe°P,

C˚Z°[o ˘S”k˙Ro CWYXodœ

A⁄LÙ’,

"˘LÙs' G] Æ”˚Y B´u, ˘Ys˘[],

Bi-”ø ˘TVokR ©u-‡m

Di” ø” Æ[eœmø GnßV ◊L˙Z.

(◊\SÙÚfl, 359)

◊\SÙÚfl

NeL CXd°VUÙ] Gh”j˘RÙ˚L ËtLfis Jufl ◊\SÙÚfl. NeL CXd°VlTÙPpLs ALjß˚Ql TÙPpLs, ◊\jß˚Ql TÙPpLs G] CWiPÙLlTœdLlTh”s[]. ALlTÙPpLs CpX\YÙr‹ œ±jR’, LÙRp YÙr˚Yl TÙ”Y’.◊\jß˚Ql TÙPpLs Cp≠u ◊\j˙R ®L›m ◊\ J›dLm œ±jR’. ≈Wm,˘LÙ˚Pf£\l◊, ˘Yt±f£\l◊ œ±j’l TÙ”Y’. ◊\m Tt±V SÙÚfl TÙPpL∞u˘RÙœß˙V ◊\SÙÚfl. Sm TÙPlTœßVÙ] ◊\lTÙP≠u ß˚Q ˛ LÙg£, ’˚\ ˛˘T⁄eLÙg£. Ak’Yu ∏W˚]d LÙYhP]Ùo TÙ•V’.

G›YÙn

J⁄ YÙd°Vjßp A˚UŸm Æ˚]˚V /˘RÙØ˚X VÙo ˘NnRÙo ApX’ G’˘NnR’ GuTRtLÙ] Æ˚P˙VG›YÙn.C’ ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m YÙd°VjßuÿR≠p Y⁄m. G›YÙn ˘TVof˘NÙpXÙL˙Y C⁄dœm.G.”. LiQu LP‹˚[ YØThPÙu.

Ceœ YØT”Rp Gu\ Æ˚]˚V ApX’˘RÙØ˚X VÙo ˘NnRÙo Gufl Æ]Æ]ÙpLiQu Gu\ Tßp °˚Pdœm. G]˙YLiQu G›YÙn.

""VÙ˚] ◊≠˚Vd ˘LÙu\’'' -˛ GuTßp˘LÙu\’ G’ Gufl ˙LhPÙp VÙ˚]Gufl Tßp °˚Pdœm. Ceœ VÙ˚]G›YÙn.

125

Uu-]u ˘T⁄˚UUu-]u ˘T⁄˚UUu-]u ˘T⁄˚UUu-]u ˘T⁄˚UUu-]u ˘T⁄˚U

Y˚W U⁄fim EVo ˙RÙu\X

Æ˚] SÆu\ ˙To VÙ˚]

£]m £\k’ L[u EZdL‹m

UÙ G”jR U≠œÏEj ’Ls

ALp YÙ]j’ ˘Y´p LWlT‹m

YÙm T¨V L”k ßi˙Ro

LÙtfl Gu]d L•’ ˘RÙhT‹m

Y[m ™œ U\ ˚UkRo

˙RÙs ÿ˚\VÙu ≈fl ÿt\‹m

C⁄˘T⁄ ˙YkR˘WÙ” ˙Y∞o NÙVl

˘TÙ⁄’ AY˚Wf ˘N⁄˘Yuflm

CXeœ A⁄ÆV Y˚W økß

—Wm ˙TÙrkR CLp Bt\p

EVok’ Ke°V Æ›f £\l©u

®Xm RkR ˙To ERÆ

˘TÙXkRÙo UÙo©u ˘S•˙VÙu!

(46 ˛ 61 )

˙TÙ¨p AØkR T˚LYo SÙ”

Efl ˘NflSo ◊Xm ◊dœ AYo

L• LÙÆu ®˚X ˘RÙ˚Xf£

CØ◊ A±VÙl ˘T⁄kRi T˚Q

œÏEd ˘LÙ•V G¨ ˙UV

SÙ” G‡m ˙To LÙ” BL

B ˙NkR YØ UÙ ˙NlT

Fo C⁄kR YØ TÙr BL

CXeœ Y˚[ UP Ue˚LVo

®˚XVÙ˚U

TV≤˚X

G›YÙn Gu] ˘NnRÙoApX’ Gu] ˘NnR’ Gu\

˙LsÆdœ Æ˚PVÙL Y⁄Y’TV≤˚X.

LiQu Gu] ˘NnRÙu?YØThPÙu

VÙ˚] Gu] ˘NnR’.˛˘LÙu\’.

G]˙Y YØThPÙu, ˘LÙu\’GuT˚Y TV≤˚X B´t].

TV≤˚X ˘T⁄mTÙ¤mYÙd°Vjßu Cflß´p Y⁄m. A’Æ˚]f ˘NÙpXÙL˙Y(ÿtfl Æ˚]/

Æ˚]ÿtfl) C⁄dœm.

˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s

TV≤˚Xf ˘NÙp¤Pu VÙ˚WApX’ G˚R Gufl Æ]Æ]Ùp

°˚Pdœm Tß˙X ˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s.LiQu LP‹˚[ YØThPÙu

GuTßp VÙ˚W YØThPÙu Gufl˙LhPÙp LP‹˚[ Gufl Tßp

°˚Pdœm. VÙ˚] ◊≠˚Vd ˘LÙu\’

126

’Qe˚L Am∫oj RÔE U\lT

A˚Y C⁄kR ˘T⁄m ˘TÙß´p

L˚Y A•d L” ˙SÙdLj’l

˙Tn UL∞o ˘TVo◊ BP

AQeœ YZeœm ALp BeLi

®˚Xj’ Btflm œÔEl ◊RÆu

AWk˚Rl ˘Ti•o C˚]kR]o ALY

˘LÙ›m TßV œ• ˙Rm-©f

˘N›e ˙L∞o ®Zp ˙NW

˘S”SLo ≈rkR L¨ œßol Ts∞d

œ”™d ·˚L œWÙ˘XÙ” ÿWX

L›øo ˘TÙ≠kR Li ALu ˘TÙn˚L

L∞flUÙn N⁄kß˘VÙ” Li◊ AUufl FoRW

SpHo SPkR S˚N NÙp Æ˚[ YVp

TpU´ol ©Q˘YÙ” ˙LZp EL[

YÙZÙ˚U´u YØRYd ˘Lh”

TÙr B´] ®u T˚LYo ˙RGm.

(152 ˛ 175)

®˚X-VÙ- U˚V EQoj-Rp

EVo-®˚X EX-Lm A™r-˘RÙ” ˘T±-‡m

˘TÙn ˙Ni øe-°V YÙn Sh-©-˚]˙V

ÿZe-œm LPp H¶ UXo-R˚X EX-L-˘UÙ”

EVokR ˙RGjR Æ›-™-˙VÙo Y¨-‡m

T˚L-Yodœ Ag-£l T¶k’ J›-L-˚X˙V

˘Ru◊X U⁄e-°u Æi” ®˚\V

YÙQu ˚YjR Æ›®ß ˘T±-‡m

TØ-S-Udœ G›L Gu-]Ùn Æ›®ß

DRp Es-[-˙UÙ” C˚N ˙Yh-œ- ˚Y˙V

Au-]Ùn ®u-˘]Ù” ÿu-≤˚X GY˙]Ù

˘LÙu Jufl °[d-œ-Yp A”-˙TÙo Ai-Qp

˙Lh-•£u YÙØ ˘L”L ®u AY-Xm

˘LPÙ’ ®˚X-C-Vo ®u˙Ni Æ[eœ Sp-C˚N

(197 ˛ 209)

GuTßp G˚Rd ˘LÙu\’ Gufl˙LhPÙp ◊≠˚V G]l Tßp°˚Pdœm.G]˙Y Ceœd LP‹s,◊≠ B°V˚Y ˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄sB´t].˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s˘T⁄mTÙ¤m G›YÙndœmTV≤˚Xdœm C˚P˙V A˚UŸm.C’‹m ˘TVof˘NÙpXÙL˙YC⁄dœm. CR‡Pu ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊C˚Qk˙RÙ C˚QVÙU˙XÙ YWXÙm.

LiQu LP‹˚[ YØThPÙuGuTßp LP‹s Gu\ ˘TV⁄Pu "I'Gu‡m ˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ C˚Qk’LP‹˚[ G] YkR’.

LiQu ≈” Lh•]Ùu GuTßp≈h˚P G] YW˙Yi•V’˙Ytfl˚U E⁄◊ ˘T\ÙUp ≈” G]YkR’.

GpXÙ YÙd°VeL∞¤m ˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s C⁄dL ˙Yi”m Gu\LhPÙVm Cp˚X. ˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄sCpXÙU¤m YÙd°VeLsA˚UVXÙm.

LiQu TÙPm T•jRÙu˛˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s (TÙPm) Ei”.

LiQu T•jRÙu.˛˘NVlT”˘TÙ⁄s Cp˚X.

˙RÙu\Ù G›YÙn

G›YÙn CpXÙU¤m YÙd°VeLsA˚UVXÙm.

G.”. ≈h˚Pd Lh•]Ùu GuT’ J⁄YÙd°Vm. B]Ùp Cßp G›YÙnCp˚X CqYÙfl Y⁄Y˚Rj ˙RÙu\ÙG›YÙn GuTo.

127

T⁄k’ T\d-Lp-XÙl TÙo-Yp TÙN-˚\l

T”-Li ÿW-Nm LÙ˚X CVmT

˘Y•-T-Pd LPk’ ˙Yi” ◊Xj’ CfljR

T˚]-˘L› ˘T⁄k-ß-\p Tp-˙Yp Uu-]o

L˚W ˘TÙ⁄’ CWe-œm L˚[ C⁄ ÿk-øoj

ß˚W C” UQ-≠-‡m TX˙W E˚W ˘NX

UXo-R˚X EX-Lm Bi” LØk- ˙RÙ˙W!

(231 ˛ 237)

˛U’˚WdLÙg£

˛ UÙe-œ-• U⁄-R-]Ùo

@ ˙TÙ¨-]Ùp Ht-T-”m æ˚U-L-˚[d œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•d œ±l◊ RVÙo˘NnL.

@ ˙TÙ¨-]Ùp Ht-T”m æ˚U-Ls œ±j-’ Ud-Ls Uj-ß-´p ÆØl-◊-Qo‹ Ht-T-”j-’-

YRt-LÙL J⁄ -T-PdLi-LÙh£ SPj-’-L.

@ ÆØl◊Qo‹ ÿLÙ™u NÙoTÙL SPjRlT”m L⁄jRWeLjßp TÙ⁄m NUÙRÙ]ÿm

Gu‡m R˚Xl©p L⁄jReLd Lh”˚W RVÙo ˘NnL.

@ C˚Q-Vj-ßu ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu Gh-”j- RÙ- L, Tj-’l-TÙh-” Ëp-L- [l Tt-±V Nn-ß-

L˚[f NL- j-’ ALm, ◊\m G] Y˚Ll-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[-Ru LÙW-Qe-L- [d œ±j’d

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.

U’˚WdLÙg£

R˚XVÙXeLÙ]j’f ˘N⁄˘Yu\ TÙi•Vu ˘S”g˘NØV‡dœd LÙg£VÙ°V

®˚XVÙ˚U J›dLj˚Rd ·±V TÙPp, Tj’lTÙh”s Jufl, CR˚]l TÙ•VYo

NeLl◊XYo R˚XYWÙ] UÙeœ• U⁄R]Ùo. Tj’lTÙh•p 782 A•L˚[ E˚PV øiP

TÙPp C’RÙu. G]˙Y RÙu C’ ˘T⁄œ Y[U’˚WdLÙg£ G]f £\l©dLl˘Tt\’.

ClTÙPp CWiPÙ´Wm Bi”Lfidœ ÿtThP U’˚W˚Vf £jß¨d°\’. A˙RÙ”

TÙi•Vu T˚P˘V”l◊, ˙TÙo ®Lrf£Ls, T˚L SÙ”L˚[l TÙZÙdœRp, ˙YkRo

G›Y˚W Yt± LÙs[p, Uu]≤u Bh£f £\l◊ TÙu\Yt˚\Ÿm Æ[dœ°u\’.

˘NVpTÙ”Ls

128

—P-˘WÙ∞

Y Y Y Y Y ß⁄dœ\s

J›dLjßu Gn’Yo ˙Uu˚U C›dLjßu

Gn’m GnRÙl TØ

˘RÙhP˚]j Áflm UQt˙L¶ UÙkRodœd

Lt\˚]j Áflm A±‹

AØÆp A˚Y ød° Bfl Enj RØÆu Li

ApXp EZlTRÙm Sh◊

A\

CXd°VeLs

YYYYYß⁄dœ\s

zzzzz£fl-TgNÍXm

uuuuuSÙX-•-VÙo

SSSSSTZ- UÙØ

mmmmmC≤-V˚Y SÙt-T’

BBBBBHXÙß

qqqqqß¨-L-”-Lm

vvvvvSÙu-U-¶dL•˚L

ß⁄dœ\s

Tß˘]i ∏rdLQdœ ËtLfisJufl. EXLl˘TÙ’U˚\ Gufl˙TÙt\T”m A\Ëp. TÙY˚LVÙp˘TVo ˘Tt\’. TX˘UÙØL∞¤m˘UÙØ˘TVodLlTh”s[’.

A˚NG›j’L[Ùp BdLlTh”f ∫⁄dœ EfllTÙLY⁄Y’ A˚N G]lT”m. C’ CWi”Y˚LlT”m. 1. ˙SW˚N 2. ®˚WV˚N

∫oJ⁄ A˚N R≤VÙL‹m CWi”m CWi”dœ˙UXÙLj ˘RÙPok’m Y⁄Y’ ∫o. SÙuœA˚NLs Y˚W´¤m J⁄ ∫WÙL A˚UY’i”.

R˚[®u\∫¨u Cflß A˚NŸPu Y⁄m ∫¨uÿRX˚N Jufl˙TÙX ApX’ UÙflTh”Y⁄Y’ R˚[ G]lT”m.

A•˙Ut·±V R˚[Ls Juflm TX‹m ˙Nok’Y⁄Y’ A•.

˘RÙ˚PTX A•L∞¤m TX ∫oL∞¤m G›j’LsJufl ˙TÙp Y⁄Y’ ˘RÙ˚P Bœm. C’G’˚Lj ˘RÙ˚P ˙UÙ˚]j ˘RÙ˚P G]C⁄Y˚LlT”m.

129

SÙX•VÙoSÙuœ A•L˚[Ÿ˚PV

TÙPpL∞u ˘RÙœl◊ RÙu CkËp.NUQÿ≤YoLs G›ßV 400TÙPpL∞u ˘RÙœl◊. C˚Rl

©tLÙXjßp T’U]Ùo Gu\ ◊XYoß⁄dœ\˚[l ˙TÙp A\m (13) ˘TÙ⁄s (24)

CuTm (3) G] ÿlTÙpL[ÙL SÙtT’AßLÙWeL∞p Yœj’l TÙœTÙ”

˘NnRÙo. ®˚XVÙ˚U Tt±V TÙPpLs™œß. ˘NpYm ®˚XVÙ˚U, C[˚U

®˚XVÙ˚U, VÙd˚L ®˚XVÙ˚UCYt˚\d ·±V ©u◊

C˚Y LÙWQUÙL Æ˚WÆp A\m˘NnL G]d ·fl°\’.

£fl-Tg-N-Í-Xm

Ck-Ëp 104 TÙPp-L˚[ E˚P-V-’.B£-¨-Vo LÙ¨-VÙ-NÙu. °.-©. 5 Bm Ët-

\Ùi-•p YÙrk-R-Yo.

z z z z z £fl-TgN ÍXm

œ[m ˘RÙh” LÙ‹ Tßj’ YØ ∫j’

E[m ˘RÙh” E›-Y-Vp Bd°, Y[m ˘RÙh-”l

TÙœ-T-”m °Qt-˙\Ù” Gufl C˚Y TÙt-T-”j-RÙu

Hœm ˘NÙod-Lm C≤-’.

u u u u u SÙX-•-VÙo

˘TÙt-L-Xj-’l ˘TnR ◊≠ E°o YÙi ◊›d-Lp

Ad-LÙ-Wm TÙ˙XÙ” AU-WÙo ˚Lj’ Ei-P-≠u

El◊ C≠l ◊t-˚L, E´o-˙TÙp °˚[-Oo-UÙh”

Gd LXj-RÙ-‡m C≤-’.

v v v v v SÙu-U-¶d L•˚L

Cu-]Ù˚U ˙Yi-•u CW‹ G›L! Ck ®Xj’

Uu-‡-Rp ˙Yi-•u C˚N S”L! Ru--˘]Ù”

˘Np-Y’ ˙Yi-•u A\m ˘NnL! ˘Yp-Y’

˙Yi-•u ˘Yœ∞ ÆPp

ß¨-L-”-Lm

LP-‹s YÙrj-’ Eh-TP 101 TÙPp-Ls ˘LÙi-P-’. CRu B£-¨-Vo

Sp-XÙ-R-]Ùo. BRu Gu-‡m ˘TVo NeLLÙXj-’ CVt-˘T-Vo-L-∞p Ju-fl. CYo

ß⁄-˘Sp-˙Y≠ UÙYh-Pj-’j ß⁄j-’ Gu-‡m F¨-]o. °.-©. 5˛-Bm Ët-\Ùi-˚Pf

NÙok-R-Yo.

q q q q q ß -L-”-Lm

Li-‘dœ A¶-L-Xm Li-˙QÙh-Pm; LÙÿt\

˘Ti-‘dœ A¶-L-Xm SÙi E˚P˚U; Si-‘m

Ufl-˚Udœ A¶-L-Xm LpÆ ˛ Cm Íu-flm

œ±-Ÿ-˚P-VÙo Li˙Q E[.

SÙuU¶dL•˚LSÙuœ SYU¶L[Ùp BV

L›jßp A¶Ÿm BTWQm GuT’˘TÙ⁄s. U]jßp ˘LÙsfim A¶VÙL

SÙuU¶dL•˚L Es[’. SÙuœU¶VÙ] L⁄j’dL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙP≠¤m ˘LÙi”s[’. CkË≠uB£¨Vo Æ[m©SÙL]Ùo. CYo LÙXm

°.©. SÙuLÙm Ët\Ùi”. CkË≠p™˚Ll TÙPpLs ÍuflhTP 104

˘YiTÙdLs Es[]. ß⁄dœ\sL⁄j’dLfim CPm˘Ttfls[].

130

S S S S S TZ- UÙØ

RÙVÙ-‡m Rk-˚R-VÙ-XÙ-‡m ™L‹ Cu±

YÙ-´u ¡d·-fl-U-Yo-L˚[ Hj-’-Rp

˙SÙn Cufl G≤‡m A”l-©u L˚P ÿPe-œm

SÙ˚Vl ◊≠-VÙm G]p

TZ˘UÙØJq˘YÙ⁄ TÙP≠¤m J⁄ TZ˘UÙØ˚VŸmA˚Uj’l TÙPl˘Tt\ Ëp. C’ SÙÚfl˘YiTÙdL˚[Ÿ˚PV’. ß⁄dœ\s,SÙX•VÙo ˙TÙufl UßdLl˘Tflm Ëp.CkË˚X CVt±VYo ÿufl˚\A˚WV]Ùo.

HXÙßLP-‹s YÙrj-’-Pu 81 TÙPp-L˚[ E˚PV øß-Ëp. B£-¨-Vo L¶R ˙URÙ-Æ-VÙo. CYo RmË≠p ˘LÙp-XÙ-˚U, ◊XÙ-¤i-QÙ˚U ÿR-≠VA\e-L˚[ Y≠-Ÿ-flj-’-Y-’ ˙TÙp, G∞-˙VÙod-œEQ-‹m E˚P-Ÿm YZe-œ-Y-Ru £\l˚T G”j-’- Wd-°-\Ùo. ˙U¤m Cp-X-\m, ’\-Y-\m, ≈”- T-flB°V Íu-˚\-Ÿm £\l-©j-’l TÙ•-Ÿs-[Ùo.

B B B B B HXÙßLPm Th-PÙo LÙl◊ Cp-XÙo ˚Lj’ Cp-XÙo Rm-LÙp

ÿPm Th-PÙo Íj-RÙo Íl◊ Cp-XÙodœ EPm-Th”

E˚P-V-WÙn Cp-¤s Fi Dj’ Ei-TÙo ˛ Ui-˙Up

T˚P-V-WÙn YÙr-YÙo T´u-fl.

m m m m m C≤-V˚Y SÙt-T’

œZÆ R[o S˚P LÙi-Pp C≤˙R

AYo UZ˚X ˙Lh-Pp A™r-ßu C≤˙R

Æ˚]Ÿ-˚P-VÙu Yk’ A˚Pk’ ˘Yn’ Eflm ˙TÙr’

U]u Ag-NÙu BLp C≤-’.

C≤V˚Y SÙtT’

C≤V L⁄j’dL˚[d ·flm SÙtT’˘YiTÙdL˚[ E˚PV’ CkËp. CRuB£¨Vo U’˚Wj R™ZÙ£¨Vo UL]ÙoÈRg˙NkR]Ùo. Tß˘]i∏rdLQdœËtL[Ù] A\ CXd°VeLfis Jufl.

@ Lp-Æ, J›d-Lm, Sh◊ B°V A\d-L-⁄j-’d-L˚[ Y≠-Ÿ-flj-’m TÙPp-L˚[l Tß-

˘]i-∏rd-L-Qd-œ Ët-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ßWh-•d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L.

@ œZk-˚R-Ls ß]j-˚R-˘VÙh-• Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´-”m UX-⁄d-LÙL "YÙr-‹m C≤-

˚U-Ÿm' Gu\ R˚Xl-©p A\-Ëp-L-∞u ’˚Q- LÙi-” £fl-Lh-”˚W RVÙo ˘Nn-L.

131

@ YÙr˚Y ˙Um-T-”jR ER-‹-Y-’ A\ CXd-°-V-UÙ? Tdß CXd-°-V-UÙ?

ÆYÙßd-L.

@ ClTÙP≠u ’˚Q ˘LÙi” Tß˘]i∏rdLQdœ ËpL˚[ Y¨˚Nl

T”j’L.

""SÙX• SÙuU¶ SÙ]ÙtT’ Ikß˚QÿlTÙpL”Lm ˙LÙ˚Y TZ˘UÙØ ˛ UÙÍXmCu≤˚XV LÙg£ŸPu HXÙß GuT˙Y˚Lk®˚XV YÙe∏rd LQdœ.''

C ""A⁄˘[u‡m Au¿u œZÆ ˘TÙ⁄˘[u‡m˘NpYf ˘NÆ≠VÙp Ei”''

A⁄ ˛ ®˚W˘[u ˛ ˙So‡m ˛ ˙SoAu ˛ ˙So¿u ˛ ˙SoœZ ˛ ®˚W≠ ˛ ˙So˘TÙ⁄ ˛ ®˚W˘[u ˛ ˙So‡m ˛ ˙So˘Np ˛ ˙SoYf ˛ ˙So˘NÆ ˛ ®˚W≠VÙp ˛ ®˚WEi” ˛ LÙ—

C’ ˙TÙufl J⁄ œ\hTÙ˚Y A˚N, ∫o©¨j’ G›ß YW‹m

C ""L⁄eLh RÙdL˚X ˘T⁄m©±’ Et˘\]˚Lm˚U EnVÙd LÙUo UkßLpXÙ YuT\r °˚[ÿRp ˙NojßKeœY˚W A”dLj’l TÙnk’ E´o ˘NœdœmNÙWp SÙP! S”SÙsYÙWp; YÙØ˙VÙ! Y⁄k’m VÙ˙U!''

(œfl. 69)ClTÙP≠p Y⁄m T•Uj˚Rd LiP±k’ G›’L.

C T•Um, œ±¬” ˘Y∞lT”m TÙPpL˚[j ˘RÙœdL.

132

AdLÙWm ˛ NodL˚W

Ag£ ˛ TVk’

Ah•p ˛ EQ‹

AQeœ ˛ Af—flj’m ˘Ti

AWk˚R ˛ ’uTm

A¨˚Y ˛ ˘Ti

AYXm ˛ ’uTm

ApXp ˛ ’uTm

Bfl ˛ YØ

C˚N ˛ ◊Lr, Jj’d˘LÙs

C˚Z ˛ BTWQm, Ëp

CXeœRp ˛ J∞Æ”Rp

D˚L ˛ ˘LÙ˚P

E°o ˛ SLm

Fu ˛ UÙ™Nm

G´fl ˛ Tp

GqYm ˛ ’uTm

Jp° ˛ ˙NÙo‹tfl

Jp˚X ˛ Æ˚W‹

Jp¤Rp ˛ EPuT”Rp

J›e∏]m ˛ J›e°u˚U

Lu]p ˛ L⁄m◊

Lß ˛ YØ, ◊L≠Pm

L¨ ˛ VÙ˚]

L[¨ ˛ EYo®Xm

L∞fl ˛ VÙ˚]

LÙ ˛ ˙NÙ˚X

°˚[Oo ˛ E\Æ]o

œZÆ ˛ œZk˚R

˚LÎh” ˛ CXgNm

˘LÙQW ˛ ˘LÙi”YW

^LXm ˛ ÿ›Y’m

N≠l◊ ˛ ˙NÙo‹

ALWÿR≠

˘NflSo ˛ T˚LYo

˙Nn ˛ œZk˚R

’°p ˛ B˚P

’Qe˚L ˛ J⁄ Y˚L ·j’

˙Rm- - ˙RNm

S≤ ˛ ™œß

®Qm ˛ ˘LÙ›l◊, UÙ™Nm

®TkR˚] ˛ Lh”lTÙ”

˘S• ˛ £pYi”

TRo ˛ TV≤u˚U

◊XÙp ˛ C˚\f£

◊›dLp ˛ ˙NÙfl

T\r ˛ œh•

◊t˚L ˛ Lg£, ˙NÙfl

◊u]˚L ˛ ◊u£¨l◊

˘TÙ⁄’ ˛ ˙TÙ¨h”

UR˚X ˛ œZk˚R

Ukß ˛ ˘TiœWeœ

U⁄fiRp ˛ TVlT”Rp

U\˚UkRo ˛ ≈Wo

UÙkRo ˛ UdLs

ÿ°p ˛ ˙ULm

˙U‹Rp ˛ A˚PRp

˘UÙn G›’Rp ˛ Su˘LÙ˚P A∞jRp

Y˚N ˛ TØ

Y±VÙo ˛ CpXÙRYo

Æ›™˙VÙo ˛ £\kRYo

Æ[o ˛ ˘YhLm

˘Yœ∞ ˛ ˙LÙTm

˙Yh˚L ˛ B˚N, Æ⁄lTm

˙Y∞o ˛ œfl®X Uu]o

˚YLp ˛ ReœRp, Æ•VtLÙXm

Unit 00...G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd ˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl LØp SÙu...

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Transcript of Unit 00...G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E´¨‡m ˙UXÙL Ußd ˙\u. ARu Y[m YÙnkR TpY˚Ll TWmT˚Wl LØp SÙu...