Understanding the Potential for Understanding the Potential for Open GovernmentOpen Government: :

Open Source Processes for Open Source Processes for E-Government E-Government

Walt ScacchiWalt ScacchiInstitute for Software Research Institute for Software Research

and CRITO Consortiumand CRITO ConsortiumUniversity of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine

Wscacchi@uci.eduWscacchi@uci.eduhttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchihttp://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi

http://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Presentations/CRITO/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~wscacchi/Presentations/CRITO/OpenGovt.pptOpenGovt.ppt

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Open Government?Open Government?

• Free/open source softwareFree/open source software development development encourages sharing, examination, reuse, encourages sharing, examination, reuse, modification, and redistribution modification, and redistribution

• E-GovernmentE-Government encourages adoption of encourages adoption of E-Commerce/E-Business in government E-Commerce/E-Business in government agency operations, functions, business linesagency operations, functions, business lines

• Open governmentOpen government embraces open source and embraces open source and E-government E-government processes, practices, and processes, practices, and communitiescommunities

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Why Open Government?Why Open Government?

• HelpHelp make government make government faster, better, cheaperfaster, better, cheaper

• EmpowerEmpower interested government employees, interested government employees, contractors, and interested citizens to offer contractors, and interested citizens to offer help and capture their contributionshelp and capture their contributions

• EnableEnable creation of creation of public test-bedspublic test-beds where where existing/new government processes can be existing/new government processes can be demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.demonstrated, manipulated, and refined.

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Open source Open source processesprocesses

• Free/open source Free/open source softwaresoftware does notdoes not embody the embody the processes for how to develop, deploy, use or sustain processes for how to develop, deploy, use or sustain themthem– Deploying free/open source software is low-cost, but Deploying free/open source software is low-cost, but

often inefficient and sub-optimaloften inefficient and sub-optimal

• Closed source software development, deployment, Closed source software development, deployment, use, and support is also inefficient and sub-optimaluse, and support is also inefficient and sub-optimal– Explicit open source processes could also help closed Explicit open source processes could also help closed

source systems.source systems.

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Motivations for open source Motivations for open source processesprocesses

• Closed source processesClosed source processes: opaque or tacit, : opaque or tacit, difficult to improve, subject to patent difficult to improve, subject to patent

• Continuous process improvementContinuous process improvement and and organizational learningorganizational learning requires open access requires open access to the “source code” of operational processesto the “source code” of operational processes

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Closed vs. administrative vs. Closed vs. administrative vs. open source processesopen source processes

• Closed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchaseClosed: Amazon “one-click” e-purchase– Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse, Patented processes inhibits their sharing, reuse,

study, modification, and redistributionstudy, modification, and redistribution

• Administrative: Java community processAdministrative: Java community process– asserts property rights, responsibilities, and asserts property rights, responsibilities, and

administrative authorityadministrative authority– legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures” legalistic or bureaucratic “policy and procedures”

are narrative, are narrative, notnot operational => ambiguous operational => ambiguous interpretation and legal wranglinginterpretation and legal wrangling

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A closed source business A closed source business process exampleprocess example

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Java Community ProcessJava Community Process

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Government operations and Government operations and business processesbusiness processes

• Example: Procurement and acquisitionExample: Procurement and acquisition• ProcurementProcurement: purchasing MRO supplies: purchasing MRO supplies• AcquisitionAcquisition: contracting for services: contracting for services

– Not simply a matter using electronic forms or extensible Not simply a matter using electronic forms or extensible markup notations about themmarkup notations about them

– ReengineeringReengineering these processes is complex and requires these processes is complex and requires process comprehension, transformation, integration, process comprehension, transformation, integration, commitment, and trainingcommitment, and training

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based ElectronRedesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Studyic Commerce: A Case Study, , Journal of Information Technology and ManagementJournal of Information Technology and Management , 2(3), 313-334, , 2(3), 313-334, 2001.2001.

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Administrative process exampleAdministrative process example

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Open source process exampleOpen source process example• ExampleExample of an open of an open

source process source process model of a model of a proposal proposal submissionsubmission process, process, specified in a specified in a Process Markup Process Markup Language, PMLLanguage, PML

• J. Noll and W. Scacchi, J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented HySpecifying Process-Oriented Hypertext for Organizational Comppertext for Organizational Computinguting, , Journal of Network and Journal of Network and Computer ApplicationsComputer Applications, 4(1):39-, 4(1):39-61, 2001.61, 2001.

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Government operations and Government operations and business processesbusiness processes

• Federal Enterprise ArchitectureFederal Enterprise Architecture process domains process domains are the prime candidatesare the prime candidates– Financial managementFinancial management

– Human relations Human relations

– Monitoring benefits and public healthMonitoring benefits and public health

– Data and statistics developmentData and statistics development

– Criminal investigationCriminal investigation

– Regulation and legislation development, deployment, Regulation and legislation development, deployment, and enforcementand enforcement

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Applications: State GovernmentApplications: State Government

• (Secretary of) State of Rhode Island(Secretary of) State of Rhode Island– www.state.ri.uswww.state.ri.us

• Civic participation and public monitoring Civic participation and public monitoring

• On-line rules and regulationsOn-line rules and regulations

• State of HawaiiState of Hawaii– HiGov.NET Intranet portalHiGov.NET Intranet portal

• Prototype (Microsoft format Prototype (Microsoft format videovideo))

• HiGov.NETHiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering Sta Intranet Portal: An Open Source Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web Portalte Employees With a Dynamic Web Portal

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OSS Web-DB on Legislative OSS Web-DB on Legislative Meetings and BillsMeetings and Bills

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RI Online rules and regulations RI Online rules and regulations w/email notification servicesw/email notification services

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Applications: State GovernmentApplications: State Government

• HiGov.NET Intranet portalHiGov.NET Intranet portal– Prototype (Microsoft format video)Prototype (Microsoft format video)– HiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source HiGov.NET Intranet Portal: An Open Source

Solution for Empowering State Employees Solution for Empowering State Employees With a Dynamic Web Portal (report)With a Dynamic Web Portal (report)

– Built using Built using PLONEPLONE (www.plone.org) (www.plone.org)

• Governor’s Office, State of TexasGovernor’s Office, State of Texas

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Applications: military and securityApplications: military and security

• Most of the military enterprise focuses on Most of the military enterprise focuses on operational, logistical, and training processesoperational, logistical, and training processes

• Administrative processes are ponderous, Administrative processes are ponderous, procrustean, rather than agile, flexibleprocrustean, rather than agile, flexible

• Current legacy processes are Current legacy processes are compliance compliance orientedoriented, rather than , rather than improvement orientedimprovement oriented

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DD(X) OverviewDD(X) Overview

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DD(X) Acquisition GuidelinesDD(X) Acquisition Guidelines

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Applications: military and securityApplications: military and security

• Homeland securityHomeland security will increasingly become will increasingly become focus of process improvement, streamlining focus of process improvement, streamlining and cost reduction.and cost reduction.

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Open Govt OpportunitiesOpen Govt Opportunities• Establish OG Web portals and clearinghouseEstablish OG Web portals and clearinghouse

– Create/share process toolkits, libraries, repositoriesCreate/share process toolkits, libraries, repositories

• Co-sourced development of OG processesCo-sourced development of OG processes– amortize and share OG development costsamortize and share OG development costs

• Capture and codification of government process Capture and codification of government process domain expertisedomain expertise

• Operational OG system and process demo’sOperational OG system and process demo’s– OG prototypes and public test-bedsOG prototypes and public test-beds– Exportable processes for democratic government operationsExportable processes for democratic government operations

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ConclusionsConclusions• Free/open source software systems for government Free/open source software systems for government

represent a significant opportunityrepresent a significant opportunity• Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for government Seek high-level, user-friendly processes for government

operations expressed as open source, computationally operations expressed as open source, computationally enactable processesenactable processes

• Open government embraces and extends open source, Open government embraces and extends open source, while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic while also moving towards flexible, agile democratic

government operationsgovernment operations • Current NSF Digital Govt program does Current NSF Digital Govt program does notnot embrace or embrace or

encourage OSS applications or processesencourage OSS applications or processes

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• The research described in this report is The research described in this report is supported by contracts/grants from:supported by contracts/grants from:

• National Science Foundation National Science Foundation – #IIS-0083075, #ITR-0205679, #ITR-0205724 and #IIS-0083075, #ITR-0205679, #ITR-0205724 and

Industry/University Research Cooperative for the Industry/University Research Cooperative for the CRITO ConsortiumCRITO Consortium

• Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition University – #N487650-27803#N487650-27803

• No endorsement impliedNo endorsement implied. .

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ReferencesReferences

• Center for Open Source and GovernmentCenter for Open Source and Government– www.egovos.orgwww.egovos.org

• Robert W. Hahn (ed.), Government Policy Robert W. Hahn (ed.), Government Policy toward Open Source Software. AEI-toward Open Source Software. AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Dec 2002. Studies, Dec 2002.

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ReferencesReferences• J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented J. Noll and W. Scacchi, Specifying Process-Oriented

Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Hypertext for Organizational Computing, Journal of Journal of Network and Computer ApplicationsNetwork and Computer Applications, 4(1):39-61, 2001, 4(1):39-61, 2001

• W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement W. Scacchi, Redesigning Contracted Service Procurement for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, for Internet-based Electronic Commerce: A Case Study, Journal of Information Technology and ManagementJournal of Information Technology and Management, 2(3), , 2(3), 313-334, 2001.313-334, 2001.

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Open Acquisition: Combining Open Source Software Development with System AcquisitionSoftware Development with System Acquisition, technical , technical report, July 2002.report, July 2002.

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Open EC/B: A Case Study in Electronic Commerce and Open Source Software DevelopmentCommerce and Open Source Software Development, , technical report, July 2002.technical report, July 2002.

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ReferencesReferences

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Understanding the Social, Technological, and PoliUnderstanding the Social, Technological, and Policy Implications of Open Source Software Developcy Implications of Open Source Software Developmentment position paper presented at the position paper presented at the NSF Workshop on NSF Workshop on Open Source Software,Open Source Software, January 2002 (revised January 2002 (revised August 2002). August 2002).

• W. Scacchi, W. Scacchi, Understanding the Requirements for Developing Understanding the Requirements for Developing Open Source Software Systems,Open Source Software Systems, IEE Proceedings--SoftwareIEE Proceedings--Software, 149(1), 24-39, , 149(1), 24-39,

February 2002.February 2002.