Understanding Animal and Livestock Production

Matching Your Farm with the Animal

Zoning

• Imposed by local government

• Agricultural, urban, rural, commercial

• Each zone has regulations on animals

• Some may require a permit

Why have animals?

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Animal ownership

Pros Cons

Relaxing Time-consuming

Close to nature Hard to get away

Teaches children skills Costly

Fun family activity Middle of night work

Supplemental income May be dangerous

Balancing pros and cons

Nutrient Needs

• Fiber (Forages)• Protein• Energy- can come from Fiber, Grains and Protein• Vitamin• Mineral• Water

Animal Ownership

Digestive tract capacities

Animal Gallons

Cattle 94

Sheep or goat 12

Horse 56

Pig 7.2

Humans 1.6

Digestive Systems

Cattle, Sheep and Goats—RuminantsPrefer high forage diets of grass or legumesGoats are browsers and not good grass eatersCattle and Sheep will eat grass and legumesAll diet changes must be gradual.

Feed Needs- Beef Cattle

• A Beef cow will consume about 5 ton of forages per year. Over one half a square bale per day.

• This cow would be expected to produce a 550 pound weaned calf.

• 550 – 1300 market animal would consume around 4500 pounds of feed. (most of it generally as grain)

Beef cattleWater 1.5 gallons per each 100 pounds of body

weightProtein 8 to 16% of their diet

Energy22 to 28 pounds of dry matter per day (or equivalent fresh material) with a fiber level of 30 to 70%

Vitamins Generally must supplement A and E

Minerals Ca to P ratios of 1.5:1 to 2:1; salt with trace minerals

Fats Less than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function

Grass Fed Beef

• Lower in fat• Higher in conjugated linoleic acid• Environmentally friendly?• E-coli?

Feed Needs--- Goats

• A 150 pound Dairy goat will consume around 3200 pounds of feed per year. Most as forages.

• Meat goats will consume less

Meat goats

Water 1 to 1.5 gallons per day average, double for lactating females

Protein 10 to 14% of their diet

Energy2 to 4% of body weight. Need a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of roughage per day to keep rumen functioning. Can add grain as supplement.

Vitamins May need to supplement A and E

Minerals Ca to P ratios of 2:1; copper, zinc, and selenium are likely to be low

Fats Less than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function

Sheep

• Prefer grass pastures with some forages mixed in.

• Lambs are usually finished on mostly grain diets

• Look out for a condition called Urinary calculi

SheepWater 1 to 1.5 gallons per day average, double for

lactating femalesProtein 10 to 14% of their diet

Energy2 to 4% of body weight. Need a minimum of 0.5 to 1.0 pound of roughage per day to keep rumen functioning. Can add grain as supplement.

Vitamins May need to supplement A and E

MineralsCa to P ratios of 2:1; zinc and selenium are likely to be low. Copper levels must be monitored as sheep are susceptible to copper toxicity.

Fats Less than 5%; fats interfere with rumen function

Swine and Poultry

• Prefer high energy low fiber diets• Diets will be high in protein• Manure will be higher in Nitrogen

Feed Needs- Swine

• It takes about 10 bushels of corn and 90 pounds of Soybean meal to raise and finish a hog to market.

• Pasture pork---One acre of good pasture can accommodate up to 8 sows for a season.

• Under 100 pounds --- 15–30 pigs per acre • Over 100 pounds----10-20 pigs per acre

Swine

Water 1 to 5 gallons per dayProtein 12 to 18% of their diet

Energy 3 to 6% of body weight per day

VitaminsMake vitamin C and some of the B vitamins; will need to supplement A, D, E, K, B-series, and other water soluble vitamins

MineralsSodium & chloride (salt), calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc, iodine, selenium

USDA NRCS

Poultry Digestive Tract

Poultry: for meat or eggs?• A laying ration provides two times

more vitamin A, 2½ times more vitamin D and at least 3 times more calcium

• A mature, lightweight bird will eat about 1/4 pound of feed daily, or 90 lbs/year, while producing about 240+ eggs each year

• Broilers can gain 2 pounds for each pound of feed eaten L. Allen, Nev.

Pasture Poultry

Pasture poultry

• Meat type poultry raised on pasture during warm weather.

• Chicks brooded and move to pasture at 3 weeks.

• Harvested at 8 weeks.

Free Range Eggs

• Yokes are darker and more flavorful. • Many different types of housing-chicken

tractors• Predators

PoultryWater 1 gallon per 10 chickens per day

Protein 16 to 22% of their diet

EnergyNeeds vary with age; layer hens require 1/4 pound of complete ration per day. Chickens can not digest cellulose.

VitaminsNeed A, E, K, B series, C, choline, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid; most are included in balanced ration. Vitamin D is produced in the skin if the birds have access to sunlight.

MineralsCa:P ratios of 2:1 for meat birds and 8:1 for laying hens; also require salt and trace amounts of iodine, iron, manganese and zinc

ReproductionReplacement rate

Animal Yearly repro rate Time to next Gen Swine 20 10 months Cattle 1 2 years Sheep and Goats 1-3 1 year Horse < 1 3 years Poultry Many 7 months

Fencing considerations

• Balance looks, functionality and economics• Safety of animals and people• Installed or do-it-yourself • Life expectancy• Annual maintenance costs

What kind of shelter do my animals need?

What kind of shelter do I want for my animals?

Considerations for shelter• Needs to provide adequate shelter for local weather

conditions – summer – winter

• Durable• Reasonable maintenance costs • Visually appealing• COSTS

Shelter• Can be simple

or elaborate• Costs vary

widelyThe Ritz

USU, Logan, UT

No Tell Motel

USU, Logan, UT

Nutrition and Health

• Well-fed animals in good condition are healthier and more resistant to disease

• Two categories of disease:– Infectious (“to put into”)- caused by parasites, fungi,

bacteria, viruses, protozoa– Noninfectious – results from issues such as

nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, trauma, congenital defects & toxic materials

Preventive healthcare for animals

• Consult a local veterinarian

• Maintain schedules of vaccinations

• Keep complete records• Quarantine new animals

Injection Site

Injection Site Lesion

What to look for in a Healthy Animal• Shiny coat• Bright eyes• Good breathing• Body condition• Sound feet and legs• Genetics• Manure consistency

Parasites…beef as an exampleWorms Lice/Mange Grubs

SymptomsDiarrheaBlood in urine Weight loss

Scratching Loss of blood

Look like marbles under the skin on animal’s back

How it spreads to other animals

Eggs in manure spread to grass or eggs in drinking water

Direct contact with other animals

Heel fly lays eggs on lower legs

Treatment or control measures

Dewormers: bolus, paste, drenches and injectables

Spray, clips, liquid pour-on dusts, rubbers, injectables

Sprays, dips, liquid pour-on, injections

Flies

• Bother animal• Reduce growth• Feed on blood• Carry disease “Pink Eye”

Deworming

• Parasitic nematodes• Species variation—cattle worms do not affect

sheep • Make animals anemic

Dispose of dead animals properly

http://defendingfarmanimals

Responsible Culling - BCS

Responsible Culling - BCS

Impact on Woods

Wellbeing

Producer-originated animal suffering :• Neglect -- failing to provide an animal with a

vital requirement such as food, water, or shelter.

• Abuse -- striking or willfully harming an animal with a club or instrument of harm.

SafetyAnimals to watch

• New moms• Males• Scared or cornered• Separated from the herd• Animals raised as pets

Flight zone