udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla f.dv ke - Citizens Lanka

1

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh6$5" f,hd¾âia mdr" fld<U 05

ÿrl:k ( 011 2370803 / 4*elaia ( 011 2370801 / 2

fjí wvúh ( www.cpalanka.orgBfï,a( [email protected]

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%ldYkhlsISBN : 978-955-4746-59-6

wdKavql%u jHjia:df.dv ke.Sug u.fmkaùula

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla f.dv ke.Su

wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï mámdá - 3 jeks mshjr

2

mßj¾;kh

kS;s{ tia' Ô' mqxÑfyajd

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%ldYkhls

wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï mámdáh

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sug u.fmkaùula

;=kajeks mshjr


3

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh hkq iajdëk foaYmd,k mCIjdÈ;ajfhka f;dr

ixúOdkhla jk w;r th uQ,sl jYfhka rdcHlrKh iy .egqï ksrdl-

rKh yd ine¢ .eg¨ flfrys ish wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' 1996 § úl,am

m%;sm;a;s flakaøh msysg jkq ,enqfha uyck m%;sm;a;Ska ms<sn|j jQ l;sldj;

i|yd isú,a iudcfha iÔú odhl;ajh w;HjYH jk njg yd th Yla;su;a

l< hq;=j mj;sk njg jk ±ä úYajdih fmr±ß fldg f.k h' uyck

m%;sm;a;Ska úfõpkd;aul úu¾Ykhg Ndck lrk" úl,amhka y÷kd .kakd

yd tajd jHdma; lrk m¾fhaIK yd n,mEï lsÍfï jevigyka fjkqfjka

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh lemù isà'

,smskh ( 6$5" f,hd¾âia mdr" fld<U 05'

ÿrl:k ( 011 2370803 / 4

*elaia ( 011 2370801 / 2

fjí wvúh ( www.cpalanka.org

Bfï,a ( [email protected]


m%:u uqøKh ( fmnrjdß 2016

ISBN : 978-955-4746-59-6

mß.Kl ieleiau ( jdlHd rE ÿ'we' 011-2708377

uqøKh ( .af,daí ms%kaáka j¾laia ÿ'we' 011-2329739

m%ldYkh ( úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

4

fmrjok

wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su iïnkaOfhka f,dj

mqrd meje;ajqKq m¾fhaIKhkaf.ka miq ,sheù we;s fmd;a

fm<ls'

—udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla f.dv ke.Su˜ fuys

tk lreKq wfma rgg o fnfyúka m,odhl úh yels fyhska

fufia mßj¾;kh úh'

tia' Ô' mqxÑfyajd

09'02'2016

5


1' jgd msgdj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djlg udkj whs;sjdislï we;=<;a

lsÍfï fya;= lSmhla fjhs¦ wdKavqfõ n,h iSud lsÍu

thska iksgqyka fjhs" m%cd;ka;%jdoh f.dv ke.Sfï

WmlrKhla fjhs" udkj whs;sjdislï f.dv ke.Sfï

mokula msysgqjhs" wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ iqcd; Ndjhg

wksjd¾h wx.hla fjhs' udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla

a u.ska mqoa.,hkag;a" lkavdhï j,g;a ish wjYH;d tal

rdYS fldg ixúOdkh ùfï bvlv iemfha' idudkH

ñksiqkag" rdcH ks,Orhkag;a" wdh;kj,g;a wNsfhda.

lsÍfï wjirh thska ,efnhs' udkj whs;sjdislï ls%hd

lrkafka flfiao hkq thska meyeÈ,s jk w;r th wd'l%'

jHjia:dj blaujd f.dia iudcfha ixlS¾K;djka iam¾Y

lrhs'

wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh wkqj udkj whs;sjdislï úYaj

idOdrKh" wkai;= l< fkdyels h" fkdfnÈh yels

h' tfy;a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍfï j.ka;s wd'l%'

jHjia:djlg we;=¿ lrkq ,nkafka" tys iajNdjh yd

mrud¾:h .ek úixjdohla mj;sk fyhsks' .egqï mj;sk

6

iudchkays wd'l%' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska ks;H

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqu ,nd .kafka rdcHhka

úiska iïu; lrkq ,enQ iïuq;Skaf.ks' m%Odk wNsfhda.

hla jkafka whs;sjdislï mk;la flgqïm;a lsÍu fkdj"

nyqúO iudchkays .egqï iys; lKavdhï iduldó

meje;aulg iyfhda.h foñka udkj whs;sjdislï

wdrlaIK l%u ie,iSu h'

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shl mrdih mq¿,a

lrkafka" jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hd mámdáh;a" ilik

wd'l%' jHjia:dfõ yevyqrelu;a h' udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;shl wjidk b,lalh iel ixldj,ska f;dr

jQjla fkdfõ' jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hdj,sfha § iuyr

fldgia u;=lrk udkj whs;sjdislï .eg¨ iïnkaO

md,kh lsßu wmyiq jdo újdo j,ska ta nj meyeÈ,s

h' fï .eg¨ w;r úfYaI ls%hdud¾. j, jdish fidhk

iq¿;rhkaf.a whs;sjdislï" cd;sl iïm;a j,ska wfmalId

lrk wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï" mjq,a in|;djka w;r iudk

ia;S% whs;sjdislï ta w;r fõ' udkj whs;sjdislï wdrlaId

lsÍu yd w;S; W,a,x>khkag jkaÈ f.ùu" n,h fn§fï

l%uhlg .e,mSu" wka;¾ cd;sl udkj whs;sjdislï ne£ï

Ndú;h" foaYSh kS;shg mgyeksj hdu iïnkaOfhka

iu;=,s; Ndjh we;s lsÍfï § fkdreiaik ;;ajhka

we;súh yels h'

;j;a wNsfhda.hla we;sjkafka whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul

lsÍfï § h' fuys§ wdh;ksl iy;slhka ienE f,i

ia:dk.; ù ;sìh hq;= h' fkdmeyeÈ,s ;ekla jkafka

úúO lKavdhï úiska ish jqjukdlï m%fhdackhg

.ekSfï§ whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul jk wdldrhhs' th ch

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mrdch wjia:djla f,i tu lKavdhïj,g yeÕS hd yels

h' ta ksid udkj whs;sjdislï iïnkaO ;SrK .ekSfï

j.lSu fn§hdu ±lafjk n, jHqyh jvd;a m%dfhda.sl

ksÍlaIKhlg fhduqúh hq;= h' kS;s iïm%odhhka ;=<

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï n, .ekaùu mq¿,a f,i úys§ mj;sk

w;r" udkj whs;sjdislï .ek mq¿,a tlÕ;d we;slr

.ekSu u.ska tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfï hdka;%Khka Yla;su;a

lrk foaYmd,khg jeä bv lv ie,iSug jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka ls%hd lrkq we;' udkj whs;sjdislï

.ek foaYmd,k tlÕ;d iy kS;suh m%fõYhka w;r

iunr nj we;s lsÍug jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka l=uk

weÕùula l< hq;= o@

8

2' udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;sh w¾: ±laùu

1948 udkj whs;sjdislï úYaj m%ldYkfha mQ¾úldfjys

m<uq fþofhka fufia olajhs( ñksia mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a

iyc .re;ajh iy iudk yd wkai;= l< fkdyels

whs;sjdislï ms<s.ekSu" f,dalfha ksoyi" hqla;sh iy

iduh iïnkaO moku h' udkj whs;sjdislï jQ l,S

ffk;sl yd iodpdrd;aul ysñlï h' th j¾Okh ù

we;af;a rdcH n,h Ndú; l<hq;= wdldrh .ek moku

f,i" fukau mqrjeis whs;sjdislï j,g tfrysj tu n,h

iSud lsÍula f,i h' wd.ñl oDIaáfldaKh wkqj udkj

whs;sjdislï ñksidg ,eî we;af;a ÈjHuh Wreuhla

f,i;a" iodpdr iy inqoaêl ks¾udKhla f,i;a h'

ksrd.ñl oDIaáfldaKh wkqj tajd jeã we;af;a iajNdúl

kS;sfhka ish¨ mqoa.,hkag ,eî we;s udkj .re;ajfhka

hq;a mßirhlsks' tu oDIaáfldaK foflkau lshefjkafka"

ñksid úiska yod.;a kS;shg jvd whs;sjdislï Wreuhka

jYfhks' ta ksid th ñksid ye¥ kS;sfhka wysñ l<

fkdyels h' ta w;r u ie,lsh hq;af;a jHjia:dfjka

ls%hd;aul lrk whs;sjdislï o kS;sfhau ks¾udK

nj h' fndfyda úg" iudch w;HjYH hhs is;d iuyr

jqjukdlï iy úYajdihka È.ska È.g mj;ajd .efkkafka

9

ish wkkH;dj yd foaYmd,k iudcfha f.dvke.Su

msKsi h'

iaffjÍNdjh hk ckms%h ixl,amh wkqj uyckhd

wdKavqfõ wdh;kj,g n,h mjrd fokq ,efí' tfiau

ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï wdKavqfjka ,nd .kakjd fkdfõ'

fuu whs;sjdislï iy n,h mejÍu iïnkaO ffk;sl

yd foaYmd,k l%ufõo ie,fikafka wd'l%' jHjia:dfjks'

tfyhska udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla ;SrKh jkafka

jHjia:dfjka ie,fik mßÈ fõ' tfy;a tu m%;smdok

blaujd hk ;;ajhla o ±lsh yels h' jHjia:djkays§

udkj whs;sjdislï m%ldYs;j fyda jHx.fhka ms<s.kq

,eìh yels h' wd'l%' jHjia:djg whs;sjdislï we;=¿ l<

muKska tu rdcH l%uh t;ekska ksu fkdfõ( mqoa.,

yd lKavdhïj, wjYH;d wjOdrKh lsÍfï iy Èkd

.ekSfï kj ud¾. mdod .ekSug bv lv ;sìh hq;= h'

udkj whs;sjdislï ixiald;shla mj;sk rgl

rdcH ks,Orhka ;Skaÿ .kafka udkj whs;sjdislï

by<u ;;ajfhka wdrlaId lsÍug h' b;d m%n, udkj

whs;sjdislï /flk iudchl rcfha ks,Orhka iy

wdh;k fukau iudcfha m%n,u ls%hdldÍka mqreoaola

jYfhka tu whs;sjdislï rlsk w;r tajd W,a,x>Kh

ùu j<lajkq we;' tfy;a úm;g m;ajQjkag iyk

ie,iSug Woafhda. su;a jkq we;' tn÷ yeÈhdjla ke;akï

whs;sjdislï /lSfï jHjia:djkql+, m%;smdok ;sîfuka

m,la ke;'

10

igyk 1' udkj whs;sjdislï uQ,O¾u

³ úYaj udkqIsl;ajfha mQ¾j moku whs;sjdislï h'

³ tu whs;sjdislï y÷kd .efkkqfha kS;sj,sks'

tfy;a kS;sh wksis f,i Ndú; fkdl< hq;=

w;r kS;sh msysgfldgf.k whs;sjdislï wysñ

fkdl< hq;= h'

³ tu whs;sjdislï wka;¾ iïnkaê;h" wfkHdkHj

mj;S' tfyhska fkdfnÈh yels h'

úfYaIs; whs;sjdislï fjku olajñka fmdÿ whs;sjdislï

wd'l%' jHjia:dfõ we;=<;a lsÍu ksid u;fNao we;s úh yels

h' Bg fya;=j iudcfha hï úYajdihka ;yjqre ù ;sîu

h' iuyr wjia:djkays§ th n,j;a ÿla .ekú,s j,g;a"

wix.;shg;a m;a ù oreKq ysxidldß;ajhg mjd fhduqúh

yels h' tfyhska wd'l%' jHjia:dfjka hï wdh;kj,g

n,h mejÍfuka" hqla;sh" iduh" m%;sikaOdkh" Y=N

idOkh iy fmdÿ hym; <Õdlr .ekSu isÿfõ'

fndfyda jHjia:djkays udkj whs;sjdislï h:d¾:hla

njg m;a lsÍug tys wka;¾.;h;a ta wkqj .;hq;=

ls%hdud¾.;a kS;s.; lsÍfuka nkaOkSh j.lSï njg m;a

fldg ;sfí' tu ne£ï wka;¾ cd;sl udkj whs;sjdislï

kS;sh jkafka h' tlai;a cd;Ska úiska tu kS;s úYaj.;

lsÍug uQ,sl f,aLk y;la fhdodf.k we;' ^igyk 2

n,kak'&

11

igyk 2 tlai;a cd;Ska úiska iïu; l< udkj

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| uQ,sl f,aLk y;

³ 1948 udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh

^th kS;sfhka ls%hd;aul l< fkdyels h&

(UDHR)

³ 1965 iEu wdldrhlu cd;sjd§ my;afldg ie,lSï

;=rka lsÍfï wka;¾ cd;sl iïuq;sh' (CERD)

³ 1966 isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

wka;¾ cd;sl iïuq;sh' (ICCPR)

³ 1966" wd¾Ól" iuc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| wka;¾ cd;sl iïuq;sh' (ICESCR)

³ 1979 ia;S%kag tfrys il,dldr fjkia fldg

ie,lSï ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| iïuq;sh' (CEDAW)

³ 1989 <ud whs;sjdislï iïuq;sh' (CRC)

³ 1984 jOnkaOk iy fjk;a l=ßre" wudkqIsl

yd my;a fldg ie,lSï yd o~qjïj,g tfrys

iïuq;sh' (CAT)

12

3' jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hd mámdá iy udkj whs;sjdislï úl,am

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ udkj whs;sjdislï úl,amhka

we;=<;a lsÍu iy tu.ska udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shl

úIh m:h yev .iajkafka (

^w& jHjia:dj ie,iqï lsÍug fhdod .efkk ls%hd

mámdáfha j¾.h¦ iy

^wd& jHjia:d j¾.fha iajNdjh hs'

3'1 ls%hdmámdáfha j¾.h

jHjia:djkays iaÓr úl,amhka we;=¿ lsÍug leue;a;

,nd .ekSu Wfoid úúO rgj," úúO ld, mßÉfþoj,

úúO ls%hd mámdá Ndú; lr we;' m%Odk Odrdfõ iudch

úiska udkj whs;sjdislï ms<s.ekSu Wfoid we;slrk

m%;sixialrK hï lKavdhï u.ska bÈßm;a jqjo tfia

l< yels jkafka jHjia:duh uQ,O¾u hgf;a h'

fjk;a iudchkays § jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su isÿjkafka"

meyeÈ,s ch.%dylhl= fyda foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhla

ke;súg .egqug ueÈy;a jQ hï lKavdhï iu. .kq fokq

lsÍfuks' fuu fndfyda wjia:djkays§ m%Odk jYfhka

ie,eflkafka udkj whs;sjdislï i|yd bvlv újrjk

.egqï ksrdlrKh iy iduh we;s lsÍu .ek h' ta yeu

13

ls%hd mámdáhl§u Bg u wdfõKsl miqìu ksid m%dfhda.sl

wkqñ;Ska we;sùu isÿ fõ' tkï ljr lKavdhu ch.;a;d

o" ljr lKavdhu mrdch jQjdo hkq m%lg jkafka ldf.a

whs;sjdislï we;=<;a úKso" ldf.a whs;sjdislï neyer

úKs o hk lrefKka h'

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ldßhg uyck iyNd.s;ajh

mq¿,a úh hq;= njg b,a,Sula f.dv ke.S we;' iuyr úg"

uyck iyNd.s;ajh Bg mq¿,a tlÕ;djla ,nd .ekSug

iydh ù we;' tfiau jHjia:djg jeä j,x.=;djla ,nd §

we;' ;j;a iuyr wjia:djkays § tu lKavdhïj, n,h

yd ±lau ksid whs;sjdislï jvd;a mgqùfuka" jHjia:d

iy;slhka iïnkaOfhka uyck wm%idoh n,j;a ù

we;' ksoiqkla jYfhka" t,a ie,ajfodarfha §" nyq;r

lf;da,slhka jQ mqrjeis ck;djf.a foaYmd,k wNs,dIhka

iy cd;sl ixialD;sh wkqj idOdrK jHjia:djla f.dv

ke.Sug m%h;akhla orkq ,eìK' nyq;rhla mqrjeishkaf.a

b,a,Su jQfha Ôú;hg we;s whs;sh jHjia:djg we;=<;a

lrk f,i h' túg .íid lsÍu wmrdOhla jkafka h'

ieneúka u 1999 wd'l%' jHjia:dfõ tu wod< m%;smdokh

fjkia leßK' zukqIH Ôú;h wdrïN jkafka ms<sis|

.ekSfï wjia:dfõ isghZ hk w¾: l:kh Èks'

3'2 jHjia:d j¾.h

udkj whs;sjdislï ixiald;shl m,,eîu" m%udKh

iy yevh fnfyúkau ;SrKh jkafka tu iudcfha yd

wd'l%' jHjia:djkaf.a .=Kdx. yd iajNdjh wkqj h' tys

uQ,sl mßj¾;kSh wx." tu úúO jHjia:d lshùfuka

myiqfjka jgyd.; fkdyels h¦ úúO jHjia:djkays

udkj whs;sjdislï ks¾udKh ù we;af;a" tu ffk;sl

iïm%odh iy úúO jHjia:d l%u wkqj ksid h'

14

úúO j¾.fha jHjia:d we;' tu jHjia:d fkdfhla

lKavdhï j,g úúO w¾: fokq we;' È.=ld,Sk

iïu;hka yd iïm%odhhka f.ka mek ke.=Kq fyhska"

jHjia:djka iuyr ls%hdldßlhkag fmfkkafka ziÔjZ

fohla f,i h' tlai;a rdcOdksh kso¾Ykhls' ;j;a

iuyr jHjia:djka y÷kd .efkkafka wdKavqfõ wdh;k

ie,iqï yd wdKavq l%uhg tajd iïnkaO jk wdldrh;a

olajk fohla jYfhks' fï ish,af,ka u isÿjkafka

n,h wksis f,i fh§fuka udkj whs;sjdislï wdrlaId

lsÍu h' fyd|u WodyrKh wjqreÿ 200lg;a jvd merKs

weußld tlai;a ckmofha 1789 wd'l%' jHjia:dj h' th

flgqïm;a lrkq ,enqfõ iyikaëh rdcHfha l,ska isg

mej;s rdcH 13 ksfhdað;hka úisks' rdcHh iu iudch

w¨f;kau ie,iqï.; fldg úfYaI iudcuh m%;sM, ,nd

.ekSug yok jHjia:d zúma,jldÍZ f,i ye¢kafjkq

we;' 2009 fnd,súhdfõ kj jHjia:dj ie,iqï lsÍu

werUqfKa tys wdÈjdiSka w;ßka f;aÍ m;ajqKq ckdêm;s

OQrhg meñKSu;a iu. h' tys kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh h<s;a

msysgq ùug woyia lf<a nyqúO cd;Skaf.a rgla f,i ms<s.

ekSfuks' tfyhska wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k m%Odk Odrdjg

úúO wdÈjdis ck fldgiaj,g iyNd.sùug bv lv

ie,fia' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ 1996 jHjia:dj ie,iqï lf<a

jHjia:d iNdjla úisks' ta merKs l%uh uq,skqmqgd oud

m%cd;ka;%jdoh u; mokï jQ cd;sfNaojdofhka yd iqmsß

,sx.sl;aj jdofhka f;dr kj jHjia:djla we;s lsÍu

Wfoid h' ^jHjia:dj 1^6& wjqreÿ 6l isú,a hqoaOfhka miq"

^2007& fkamd,h w;=re jHjia:djla m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h'

th wjqreÿ 240la merKs rdcdKavq l%uh fjkqjg ikaëh

iuQydKavq l%uhla úh' fuu w;=re jHjia:dfjka kj

fkamd,hla ;ekSu i|yd kj jHjia:djlg u. mEÈK'

15

fnd,Súhdj" fkamd,h iy ol=Kq wms%ldj hk rgj,a

;=kg u jHjia:djka f.dv ke.Sfï§ rch yd mqrjeishd

w;r .eg¨ ;snqKq fyhska jvd újD; iudc tlÕ;djla

wjYH úh' tfyhska fuu jHjia:djkays udkj whs;sjdislï

Ndú; jkafka iudc n,.ekaùfï idOlhla jYfhks'

hqfrdamd uydoaùm rgj, jHjia:djkays tu whs;sjdislï

kS;s ix.%y jYfhka wka;¾.; fldg" n,;, Ndú;

lsÍug rdcH wdh;kj,g mjrd § we;'

úfYaI iodpdr O¾u yd idrO¾u flfrys ta iEu j¾.hlu

jHjia:d iydh jk w;r wksla w;g tajdhska fmdaIKh o

,nhs' tfy;a mj;sk h:d¾:hg .e,fm;shs is;d jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka úiska jHjia:djkays ,ehsia;= .; l<

hq;= fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg idrO¾u ixlaIsma; f,i ±laúh

yels h' WodyrK f,i" ol=Kq wms%ldfõ zcd;sfNaofhka

f;dr m%cd;ka;%jdohZ" fnd,Súhdfõ znyqúO cd;sl;ajhZ"

fkamd,fha zh<s ie,iqï.; lsÍuZ ±laúh yels h' flfia

fj;;a" jHjia:d l%uh ;=< foaYmd,k pßhdjka yev.

iajk fuu iodpdr udkh" jHjia:dfjka m,.kakd

ck;djf.a foaYmd,k ixialD;sh m%ldY lrhs' tu.ska

tu jHjia:dj jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka úiska ziÔù

f,aLkhlaZ f,i y÷kajkq we;' ienE udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;sh thska fjka l< fkdyels jkq we;'

16

4' .egqï iys; rgj, jHjia:d f.dvke.Su iy

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;sh

wd'l%' jHjia:djkays udkj whs;sjdislï wka;¾.;

lsÍfï§ fndfyda mSvdldÍ ;;ajhka we;s fõ' tjeks

mSvdldÍ ;;ajhka o úiïuq;Ska o we;sjk lafIa;% lSmhla

fufia h (

^w& w;S; nrm;, W,a,x>khkag m%;sl¾u fh§u'

^wd& n,h fnodyeÍfï fmdÿ l%ufõoh'

^we& wd'l%' jHjia:dfõ ffk;sl iy foaYmd,k

.egqu'

^wE& foaYSh ffk;sl uQ,O¾u iy wka;¾ cd;sl

udkj whs;slï kS;sh w;r .egqu'

4'1 w;S; nrm;, W,a,x>khkag m%;sl¾u fh§u'

nrm;, W,a,x>khka we;s jQfha w;S;fha njg idOdrK

fya;= we;' tfia jqjo tajdg úi÷ï fiùug idudkH

wêlrK ls%hd ud¾.hkag wu;rj úfYaI jev ms<sfj<j,a

wjYH úh' iuyr wjia:djkays§ ft;sydisl jerÈ ksjerÈ

fkdlr jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su wdrïN l< fkdyels úh'

w;S; nrm;, W,a,x>khkag tfrysj úi÷ula ke;sj

17

kj jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï fyda udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;shlg moku ±ófï wjodkula o mej;sKs' wksla

w;g w;S; .eg¨ úi£ug W;aidy .ekSfï§ iduh lvùu

fyda W.% u;fNao mek ke.Su isÿúh yels h'

hï úfYaI ck fldgia" l%udkq.;j my;a fldg

ie,flk w;r Bg rdcH u¾okho tlaùu" mqrjeishkag

tfrys rdcH m%pKav;ajh u.ska udkj whs;sjdislï

W,a,x>kh lsÍfï ixialD;shla f.dv ke.S ;sìh yels h'

uOHu,;ska weußldfõ" i;Hh yd m%;sikaOdk lghq;=

isÿjk w;r;=r § jHjia:d l;sldj ;=<g rdcH m%pKav;ajh

iy rdcHh úiska isÿ l< w;=reoyka lsÍï .ek m%Yak

u;=úh' rejkavdfõ§ 2003 jHjia:dj f.dv ke.Sfï§ 1994

§ isÿ jQ j¾. >d;k ms<sn| .eg¨ biau;=úh' ldïfndacfha

§ o tfia isÿúh' brdlfha 2005 jHjia:d iïmdolhkag

uqyqK fokakg isÿ jQfha tf;la u¾okhg ,lafjñka isá

hï lKavdhuj,g h' ;jo" rch" rcfha fkdjk wh iy

Tjqkaf.a iydhlhka ksid nrm;, udkj whs;sjdislï

W,a,x>khkag f.dÿrejQ wh" jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï §

b;d jeo.;a msßila njg ms<s.eksK'

tn÷ b;sydihka we;s rgj, jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï

wdrïNl wjia:fõ§u" úúO úfYaI hdka;%Khka fhdod

.ekSu wjYH úh' tkï m%;sikaOdkh yd ffk;sl" iudc

m%;sl¾u ie,iSfï ixl%dka;sl hqla;sh" iïnkaOfhks'

b;d mq¿,a úêu;a hdka;%Khka fhÈK' tkï ( i;Hh

yd ixys¢hd fldñIka iNd" w;S; wmrdO iïnkaOfhka

wêlrK - ffjoH mßlaIK" iSñ; fmdÿ iudj§u" w;S;

wmrdO iïnkaOfhka wêlrK - ffjoH mÍlaIK" iSñ;

fmdÿ iudj§u" w;S; iaurKh" wmrdO kvq úNd." w;=re

m%;sl¾u iy ixl%dka;sl j.ùfï yd ksoyiaùfï kS;s

mekùu u.ska w¨;a ;;a;ajhkag m%fõYùu wdÈhhs'

18

4'2 n,h fnod yeÍfï fmdÿ l%ufõo

wd'l%' jHjia:d u.ska n,h yd wêldß;ajh mejf¾'

ta fya;=j ksid ta iïnkaO igka we;s fõ' tys m%;sM,h

jkafka Èkkafkda iy mrÈkafkda jYfhka md¾Yj.; ùu

h' jHjia:d f.dvke.Su uq,sl jYfhka u foaYmd,ksl

h' n,h iïnkaO ls%hdldß;ajh yev .efikafka

wksjd¾hfhkau w;S; .egqï yd fnÿKq md¾Yajhka ksid

h' fï lreK blajfodarfha uE; jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§

meyeÈ,s úh' 2007 wfm%a,a ys § w¨;a jHjia:djla ye§ug

blajfodarfha ishhg 82la Pkao ,enqfKa" 1995 isg 2006

olajd ckdêm;sjreka 8 fokl= hgf;a mej;s foaYmd,k

l,lsÍu wjqreÿ 11lg miq ;=rka lsÍug h' w¨;a

jHjia:dfjka jeo.;a fjkialï we;s leßK' úOdhl

iy jHjia:dodhl wxY w;r ndOlhka bj;a fldg

úOdhlhg n,h mejßK' ta wkqj fldx.%ih úiqrejd

yeßh yelafla tla jdrhlg tla jrla muKs' ckdêm;s;a

wiajqjfyd;a muKla uy ue;sjrKhla meje;aúh yels h'

ckdêm;sg wjqreÿ y;rla tl È.g OQrfha isáh yels

w;r" fndfyda n,;, Ndú; l<uy nexl=j Tyq hg;g

mejf¾' ta hgf;a kj nÿ y÷kajd§u iy m,odhS fkdjk

bvï h<s fnod§u l< yels h' uyck m%cd;ka;%jdoh

fufyhùu" foaYmd,kh jHdma; lsÍu" mqrjeis iN

msysgqùu" wdÈh i|yd Tyqg n,;, mejeßK' ;jo nyqúO

cd;Skaf.ka hqla;ùu ksid rdcHh m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu

isÿúh' ta ksid wkqu;sh wksjd¾h fkdjqjo" mdrïmßl

bvïj, m;,a leKSug fmr wd§jdiS ck;djf.a woyia

úuiSu uOHu wdKavqj úiska l< hq;= h' 2008 iema' 28

od w¨;a jHjia:djg blajfodar jeishkaf.ka iShg 63'9la

Pkaoh ÿkay'

19

n,fha p,kh ms<sn| .eg¨ j,ska udkj whs;sjdislï

yev .iajkq ,efí' ksoiqkla f,i" iudc úfNaokhka iy

W.% fn§ï md,kh lsÍfï udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla

j.d lrk n,iïmkak uOHia:dkhla iu. wdKavqjg

ls%hd;aul úh yels o@ tfia ke;akï ;u ksfhdað;

ixúOdk flfrys muKla keUqre jQ úúO lkavdhï

m%dfoaYSh uÜgñka n,.ekaùfuka udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;shla .ek ta iudk f,iu ;SrKh l< yels o@

4'3 wd'l%' jHjia:dfõ ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k bÈß

o¾Yk

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shl ksh;d¾:h fï hehs

jHjia;djlska ±lafjkafka l,d;=rlsks' ta fjkqjg w¾:

l:kh lsÍug bv ie,flk m%;smdok ±lafõ' úfYaIfhka

wka;¾.;h iïnkaOfhka tys§ ie,ls,su;a jk m%Yakh

fuhhs' udkj whs;sjdislï w¾: l:kh lsÍfï n,h

fhdod udkj whs;sjdislï yev .iajkafkda ljqreo@

u;=msg fmkqug" ish¨ udkj whs;sjdislï ,nd.; yels

m%fhdackj;a u m%;smdok jkafka" kS;sfhka n,.ekaúh

yels whs;sjdislï mk;a h' fndfyda m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,

wo idudkHfhka jHjia:dj ye¢kafjkafka W;a;Í;r

kS;sh f,i h' tu.ska rdcH ls%hdjlska ish whs;sjdislï

lvjk úg wêlrK ls%hdud¾. .ekSug fufyhefõ' Bg

mqrjeis ls%hdldÍka Ndú; lrk uyck iqnidOk kvq

ud¾.ho we;=<;a h' fuu m%jK;dfjka ms<sìUq jkafka

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;sh kS;s.; lr we;s nj h'

fjkialï we;s lrk úm¾hldrl lKavdhï wkd.;

foaYmd,k fjkiaùï ksid ;u ld¾hhka wjodkug ,laúh

yels nj is;;s' whs;sjdislï mk;a l%ufhka mq¿,ajk

w;r b;d §¾> o jkq we;' tfyhska wksla jHjia:d

20

m%;smdok ixfYdaOkh lr ls%hd mámdáhg;a jvd" tfia

lsÍu wmyiq fjhs' wka;¾ cd;sl udkj ysñlï iïuq;s

jeä jeäfhka rdcHhkaúiska w;aika lr we;' tu iïuq;s

wmrdkqu; lsÍu iu. kS;s.; lsÍug isÿ fõ' tu ;;ajh

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;slhlg fya;= fõ' tfy;a

Ndú;fha § tys iSudjla ±lsh yels h' tu ixialD;sh

f.dv ke.Su kS;s.; jQ muKska isÿ fkdfõ' wêlrKh

iajdëk yd m%ùK úh hq;= h' tfiau fiajd,dNSka jk

ck;djg wêlrK m%;sl¾u ,eîug wjYH iïm;a iSñ;

kï hqla;sh o iSud fõ'

ls%hdldßlhka fujekakla y÷kdf.k we;' tkï(

mj;sk iudc" foaYmd,k idrO¾u iïnkaO W.% u;fNao

m;skafka úúO lKavdhï yd mqoa.,hka w;r tlÕ;dj

Èkd.kakd f;la muKla nj h' th" ffk;sl fkdj"

foaYmd,k ls%hd mámdáhls' jHjia:d iïmdok ls%hdj,shg

úúO iudc fldgia olajk Wkkaÿfjka meyeÈ,s jkafka

tu ld¾hh fldgia olajk Wkkaÿfjka meyeÈ,s jkafka

tu ld¾hh iqmsß kS;s{hka lSm fokl=g fjka jQ fohla

fkdjk nj h' ieneúkau uyck iyNd.s;ajh hk

wd'l%' jHjia:dj ffk;sl oDIaáfldaKfhka tyd ±lsh

hq;a;ls' W.% f,i fNao jQ rdcHhkays" jHjia:d f.dvk.

kakka w;aÿgq fohla kï" tu fNao ch .ekSug ffk;sl

m%;sl¾uhkaf.a iSñ; nj h' tfia jkafka nrm;, iudc

wiudk;ajh iu. h' .eg¨j úi£ug iqÿiqlï we;s

úksiqrejka yd kS;s{hkaf.a ysÕlu tla WodyrKhls'

foaYmd,k{hka tu .eg¨j úi£ug m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uh

u; mokï jQ tlÕ;dj ,nd.ekSu h' tlÕ jkafka

idrO¾u .ek h' túg ;SrK .ekSfï j.lSu mejfrkafka"

Pkaofhka f;dard .ekqKq" ta ksidu bj;a l< yels

ks,Orhka fj; h'

21

4'4 foaYSh ffk;sl iïu;hkag tfrysj wka;¾

cd;sl udkj whs;sjdislï kS;sh

±kg ls%hd;aul fndfyda wd'l%' jHjia:d idod we;af;a

my; i|yka iïuq;Skag miq h' tkï( 1996 isú,a yd

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh"

(ICCPR) 1966 wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| wka;¾ cd;sl iïuq;sh (ICESCR) uqia,sï nyq;rh

isák rgj, wd'l%' jHjia:d m%;smdok ieleiqfKa 1990

bia,dï O¾ufha udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| lhsfrda

m%ldYkh wkqj h' wka;¾ cd;sl udkj whs;sjdislï

idrO¾u" cd;sl jHjia;djkays wka;¾.; lsÍug jHjia:d

iïmdolhka Wkkaÿ ù we;' ta iu. u W.% u;fNao iys;

rdcHhkays foaYSh ffk;sl m%Njhka o úêu;aNdjhla

jYfhka jHjia:djg we;=<;a fldg we;' tkï( wd.ñl yd

pdß;%uh ms<s.ekSï h' tys m%;sM,hla f,i foaYSh uQ,O¾u

fukau wka;¾ cd;sl kS;so we;=<;a ùu h' Ndú;fhka

ta fol fjkia h' wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sfhka wjOdrKh

jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a udkj whs;sjdislï iudkh" úYaj

jHdmSh" wkai;= l< fkdyelsh hkqhs' wksla w;g pdß;%uh

kS;sfhka wjOdrKh jkafka iudcfha by< mka;sj,

whs;sjdislï h' tfyhska jHjia:djl tfia tlsfklg

mgyeks ixl,am wka;¾.; úh yels h'

jHjia:djlg Èh hq;= ksis w.h .ek;a" .egqïldÍ kS;s

uQ,O¾u .ek;a u.fmkaùula" jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka

úiska Èh yels h' fndfyda jHjia:djka fuh isÿ lrkafka

jHjia:dj W;a;Í;r kS;sh nj m%ldY lrñks' Bg wu;rj"

jHjia:dfõ wraA:hg mgyeks kS;s wj,x.= nj m%ldYs;j

±lafõ' wksla w;g ßcq fkdjk ud¾. j,ska o jHjia:djg

mgyeks kS;s wj,x.= lrkq we;' ta hï m%;smdok j,g

jH;sf¾l we;=<;a lsÍfuks'

22

5' m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy udkj whs;sjdislï

m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq mqrjeishka úiska rdcH ks,OdÍkag

j.lSï mejßh yels wdKavq lsÍfï l%ufõohls' foaYmd,k

nyqúO iajNdjh ia:dms; jQ wdh;k iy ls%hdmámdá iys;

m%cd;ka;s%hlrKh jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ we;=<;a

l< yels h' ta hï ls%hdud¾. yd iSud lsÍï u.sks' ta

fufia h( úOdhlfha n,h iSud lsÍu" foaYmd,k

mlaI ls%hdldß;ajhg ksoyi iy;slùu" ue;sjrK

l<ukdlrKh yd ue;sjrK wdrjq,a úi£fï iajdëk

wdh;k msysgqùu" ikakoaO yuqod iy kS;s ls%hd;aul

lrk ks,OdÍka flfrys uyck n,mEu" úOdhlh iy

jHjia:dodhlh w;r iunr in|;dj we;slsÍu" yÈis

wjia:d n,;, iy hqo kS;s Ndú;h ±ä f,i iSud lsÍu"

iajdëk udOH Ndú;h iy;sl lsÍu" wdKavqj j.lSug yd

újD; ndjhg hg;ajk mshjr .ekSu wdÈh fõ'

újD; iudcfha mj;sk foaYmd,k woyiaj,g odhl

ùug my; i|yka lreKq ke;akï fkdyels h' tkï (

foaYmd,k ixúOdk we;s lsÍug iy tajdg ne£fï ksoyi"

woyia m%ldYkfha iy f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï ksoyi"

foaYmd,k woyia m%pdrh lsÍug hdfï Bfï ksoyi"

ksoyia yd iajdëk udOH Ndú;h Wfoid wdh;ksl

23

iy;sl ùu wdÈhhs' fuu foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï fndfyda

rgj, jHjia:d f.dvke.Su i|yd jQ fmdÿ úfYaIdx.hls'

th 1989g miq m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khlg udre jQ rgj,

isÿjQjls'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh iÔùNdjhg m;ajkafka mqrjeishka

foaYmd,k jYfhka ls%hd;aulùu;a" ±kqïj;aNdjh

,eîu;a iu. h' t i|yd újD; isú,a iudchla mej;sh

hq;= h' jHjia;d f.dvke.Su isú,a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId

lsÍfï m%h;akhla f,i Ndú; l< yels h' tkï ( fjkia

fldg ie,lSfuka ksoyi" kS;sh bÈßfha iudk f,i

i,lkq ,eîu" mqoa.,hdf.a iy mqoa., taldnoaO;djg

ksoyi" riHNdjfha whs;sjdislu" foam< ysñlr .ekSfï

whs;sjdislu" idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg iy hqla;sh

ls%hd;aul lrkq ,eîfï whs;sjdislu" odiNdjfhka iy

n,y;aldrfhka jev .ekSfuka wdrlaIdj" joysxidj,ska

ksoyi" ks¾fodaISNdjfha mQ¾j ks.ukh" whs;sjdislï j,g

ydks isÿjk wjia:djkays§ kS;sfha ksis ls%hdldß;ajh

wdÈhhs'

uE; oYlhkays § nyqúO foaYmd,k wdh;k u.ska

mqrjeis iyNd.s;ajfha jeo.;alu .ek id¾:l;ajhla

,nd we;' fuh Rcq m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd iyNd.s;aj

m%cd;ka;%jdoh hk fofla§u jeä ckms%hNdjhla ±lsh

yels úh' tys§ f;dard .ekqKq ksfhdað;hka lSm fokl=

fkdj m%Odk ;Skaÿ .ekSfï§ mqrjeis iyNd.s;ajh fï

ixl,am fofla§u fh§ we;' fuu woyiaj,g jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka úiska tjeks wjia:d j¾Okh lsÍu

u.ska m%;spdr ±laúh yels h' ta i|yd cku; úpdrK

we;s lsÍu Ndú; l< yels h' Bg wu;rj iyNd.s;aj

24

m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd jHjia:duh ie,iqï we;s l< yels

h' tkï( mqrjeis uka;%K iNd iy iyNd.s;aj iïm;a

l<ukdlrKh" jeks l%u Ndú; l< yels h' th m<d;a

md,k uÜgñka l< yels h' idudkHfhka úfYaI{hkag

muKla wereKq wêlrK ls%hdud¾." cQßiNd kvq úNd.

muKla fkdj uyck úksYaph iNd fyda mdrïmßl jß.

iNd jeks l%u u.ska ck.; l< yels h'

25

6' wd'l%' jHjia:dj udkj whs;sjdislï

f;dard .ekSu

tla Rcq f;dard.ekSula kï wka;¾ cd;sl f,aLk

we;=<;a lsÍu h' f,dalfha jHjia:djkays whs;sjdislï

iy wka;¾ cd;sl f,aLk ii|d ne,Sfï § tfia we;=<;a

lsÍu b;d fmdÿ fohla ù we;' wka;¾ cd;sl f,aLk

wmrdkqu; lsÍu u.ska jHjia:djkays whs;sjdislï i|yka

NdIdj flfrys uy;a n,mEula we;s fõ' tu m%fõYh wkqj

isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï hkq rdcHhg tfrys

mqoa., whs;sjdislï h' tajd iuyrúg ie,flkafka wls%h

whs;sjdislï f,i h' ulaksido" tys mrud¾:h rdcHh

úiska l<yels hï ls%hd iSud lsÍu ksid h' tfia lrf;d;a

th ydkslr fjhs' WodyrKhla kï" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï

yd tla/iaùfï ksoyi wysñ lsÍu h' tu whs;sjdislïj,

ft;sydisl j¾Okh wkqj tajd m<uq mrïmrdfõ whs;sjdislï

f,i ie,fla' wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

iïnkaOfhka rdcHh ksYaÑ;j hï ls%hdjla l< hq;= nj

woyia fõ' WodyrKhla f,i" ish¨ mqrjeishka i|yd

wOHdmk whs;sjdislu fyda wjYH wjia:djkays§ mqrjeis

Y=N idOkh ie,iSu h' ;=kajeks whs;sjdislï j¾.h

kï iudc fyda m%cdj flfrys jeo.;a jk whs;sjdislï

h' tajd iduQysl whs;sjdislï f,i o ye¢ka fõ' tkï"

26

wdÈjdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï" ckjd¾. sl cd;Skaf.a" wd.ñl

fldgia" iq¿;r ck;djka" ia;S%ka" <uhska fjkia yelshd

we;a;ka wd§ jYfhks'

W.% f,i fn§ .egqï we;s jQ rdcHhkays by; i|yka

úl,am m%dfhda.sl jeo.;a lï folla orhs' m<uqjekak" ;snqKq

NdIdj tfiau fhdod .efkk w;r iq¿ fjkialï muKla

fhfoa' fojekak" iuyr úg b;d jeo.;a h' whs;sjdislï

iïnkaO jkafka wls%h uQ,dY%hlg h' túg whs;sjdislï

we;s jQfha lsisu fldgil ixialD;sh" wd.u fyda pdß;%

uq,afldgf.khhs m%ldY l< fkdyels h' m%ldYs;j fyda

jHx.fhka wd'l%' jHjia:djkays i|yka jkafka cd;sl kS;s

moaO;sfha by<u kS;sh nj jqjo" jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka

ie,lsh hq;= jeo.;a lreKla we;' tkï" ne£ï iys;

wka;¾cd;sl kS;s iy udkj ys;jd§ kS;s tys wka;¾.;

nj h' udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khka .ek jHjia:d.;

wdjrKhka wka;¾cd;sl Ndú;fha fkdms<s.efkk w;r

tajd pdß;%.; wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fuu

uQ,sl kS;sh we;sjkafka rdcHhkaf.a mq¿,a iïuq;sfhks'

ta wkqj iuyr ls%hdjkag wjir ke;' WodyrK fufia

h( joysxid" jy,aNdjh" ckj¾. >d;kh" hqo wmrdO"

ukqIH;ajhg tfrys wmrdO jYfhks' iuyr w¨;a

jHjia:djkays m%ldYs;ju wka;¾ cd;sl fyda Wmß cd;sl

ffk;sl f,aLk ish kS;sh njg m;alrf.k we;' Wod(

fnd,Súhdj 257 jHjia:dj" blajfodarh 11 jH" f.da;ud,dj

46 jH&

jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka is;d ne,sh hq;= lreKla

jkafka jHjia:djg ft;sydisl isÿùï ksid we;=<;a l<

hq;=foa h' §¾> foaYmd,k wr., ksid u;= jQ lreKq úh yels

h' bkaÈhdj fkamd,h hk rgj, jHjia:djkays l=,ySk

fjkialug tfrysj whs;sjdislula we;=<;a úh' ;j;a

27

rgj, ujq NdIdfjka wOHdmkh hk whs;sjdislu we;=<;a

ù ;sìh yels h' blajfodarfha jHjia:djg" mßirjd§kaf.a

n,mEu ksid ziajNdj O¾uhg we;s whs;shZ 2008 § we;=<;a

úh' fnd,Súhdfõ th zfmdf<da ud;djf.a whs;sjdisluZ kï

úh' ck;dj È.= l,la wr., lr we;akï fyda ;j ÿrg;a

tfia lsÍug iQodkï kï fyda tu mrud¾: jHjia:djkays

wka;¾.; úh hq;= h' iduQysl whs;sjdislï o fufia

jHjia:djkag we;=<;a l< hq;= nj m%;HlaI ù we;'

úúO miqìï hgf;a jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ u;=jk

.eg¨ folla we;' tkï(

^w& mqrjeis iy udkj whs;sjdislï w;r fjki

^wd& uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iy idudkH whs;sjdislï

w;r fjki

6'1 mqrjeis whs;sjdislï iy udkj whs;sjdislï w;r fjki

úfYaI{hkaf.a Ndú;fha § mqrjeis whs;sjdislï" uQ,sl

whs;sjdislï" m%uqL whs;sjdislï iy udkj whs;sjdislï

hk fhÿï idudkHfhka iudk w¾:fhka Ndú; ù we;'

tu kdu Ndú;h" m%uqL;d §u i|yd jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakka w;r Ndú; ù we;' .egqïldÍ miqìula we;súg

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka is;du;du mqrjeis whs;sjdislu

fhdod we;af;a cd;sl;aj taldnoaO;dj Wfoid h' ta w;ru

rdcH;ajho wdrlaIdùu yd h<s w¾: l:kh lsÍu o isÿfõ'

1989ka miq kef.kysr hqfrdamSh iuQydKavqj, jHjia:d

f.dv ke.Sfï § cd;sl;ajh j¾Okh Wfoid fhÿfKa

mqrjeisNdj hhs' iuyr wjia:dj, § f,a iïnkaOlu

mjd mqrjeislu y÷kd .ekSug fhÈK' w¨;a rdcHhla

ìys lsÍfï§ .S%ish fï wjia:djg uqyqK Èks' w¨;a rdcHh

f.dv k.d zwms fy<kSia jreka fidhd .ksuqZ hk woyi

28

we;súh' n,af.aßhdj" fcda¾ðhdj" yxf.aßhdj" hqlaf¾kh"

;ks rdcH jYfhka f.dv ke.=fKa mqrjeis whs;sjdislu

mokï lrf.k h' tys§ tla w;lska ráka fk/mqKq

whf.a whs;sjdislï ms<s.eksK' wka;¾.%yKh ms<sn| kS;s

u.ska iuyr iq¿;rhkag ^Wod' frdaud cd;Ska& rg ;ykï

ù ;sìK' 1989 ixfYdaê; 1949 yxf.aßhdfõ jHjia:dfõ

fufia i|yka fõ' —foaYiSudfjka msg; jdih lrk yxf.

aßhdkq jrekaf.a brKu .ek j.lSfï yeÕSula yxf.aßhd

iuQydKavqj orkq we;' tkï" yxf.aßhdj iu. Tjqkag we;s

iïnkaOlu jeä ÈhqKq fldg ;yjqre lsÍu h' ^6 jeks

jHjia:dj& kj jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hd mámdáfha

§ uQ,sl m%;sm;a;shla f,i wjOdrKh ùu" c¾uka uQ,sl

kS;sh m%;srdj kexùula n÷ h' fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka

c¾uka jd¾.sl iïNjh .ek jHjia:dfõ i|yka úh'

tfy;a by; i|yka w¾:hg mgyeksj hqf.daia,dúhdj iy

fpfldaiaf,dajelshdj w¨;a cd;sl rdcH jYfhka folv

úh'

by; i|yka rgj,a hqfrdamd ix.ufha n,j;a rgj,a

jYfhka hqfrdamSh idrO¾uj,g wjk; úh hq;=j ;sìK'

Tjqka w;r .egqï we;s jQfha rdcH NdIdj" mdrïmßl wd.ï

iïnkaOfhka tla me;lska o nyq jd¾.sl cd;sl;ajh

iïnkaOfhka wksla me;af;ka o fï Bg iudk m%Yakhla

mek ke.=fKa wekaähka cd;Ska w;r fkdi,ld yer ;snqKq

wdÈjdiS m%:u ck fldgia .ek h' fuys § jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakka Ndú; lf<a udkj whs;sjdislï hgf;a fldka

lrkq ,enQ ck fldgiaj,g mqrjeis whs;sjdislï §fï

m%h;akhls' wms%ldfõ fuh ;ju;a wiSre m%Yakhla jYfhka

mek k.skafka úúO ck j¾.j,g wh;a ukqIHhka l=uk

rglg wh;a±hs ;SrKh lsÍu ÿIalr flfrñka foaY iSud

29

blaujd ráka rg ixl%uKh jk fyhsks' .eg¨j W.%

jkafka úúO vhiafmdardjka meñfKk neúks'

jHjia:d l%uhlska m%uqL;dj fokafkda fmdÿ

mqrjeisNdjh ksid udkj whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug

ñi hï úfYaI lKavhl idudðlhka ùu ksid fkdfõ'

fuu fjkafldg y÷kd .ekSu .eg¨jla jkafka iuyr

mqrjeisNdjh ke;s whf.a whs;sjdislï wysñ ùfï §

h' th my;a fldg ie,lSu ms<sn| W.% m%Yakhla fõ'

fld,ïìhdfõ mqrjeishkag ;sfnk isú,a whs;sjdislï msg

/áhkag o ysñ fõ' tfy;a iuyr foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï

mqrjeishkag muKla iSud fõ' ^tfy;a kS;s mkjd Pkao

n,h msg /áhkag o Èh yelsh'& tfiau mqrjeishkag rdcH

foaY iSudfjka msg;§ jqjo whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú¢h yels

h' jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ foaYiSud meje;au whs;sjdislï

iïnkaO ;SrKd;aul idOlhla lr .ekSfï wjodkula

we;' wj;ekaùu" ixl%uKh ksid ck.yK ixhq;sh

fjkiaùfuka ck.ykhu úlD; fõ'

iuyrúg jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka udkj whs;sjdislï

.ek i,lkafka tajd mqrjeis whs;sjdislïj,g wur;j

ysñjk fohla f,i h' WodyrKhla f,i n%iS, jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka ^1988 jHjia:dj& wjOdrKh lf<a mj;sk

mqrjeis whs;sjdislïj,g w;sf¾lj" iq¿;rhka iy

wd§jdiSka úiska iuyr iq¿;r NdId Ndú; l< yels nj;a"

bvï ysñlu wdrlaId lsÍu;a" isß;a úß;a /l .ekSu;a i|yd

bv ie,fik nj;a ±laúKs' 2007 fkamd, jHjia:dfõkao

tu Ndú;hu fhÈK' ta 1990 § jHjia:dfõ ;snqKq m%;sm;a;s

uQ,O¾uhlska zl=,ySkhkaZ wdrlaId lsÍug n,.ekaúh

yels whs;sjdislula we;s lsÍfuks' iuyr isoaëkaj,§

mqrjeis fkdjk tfy;a h:d¾: mqoa.,hkag fjkila

ke;sj /lshdjl fh§ug bv§ug udkj whs;sjdislï

30

Wml%uh fhdod .eksK' ta wkqj ol=Kq wms%ldfõ jHjia:d

wêlrKh mqrjeis fkdjk whg rdcHfha úÿy,aj, .=re

m;aùï fkd§ug l< ;Skaÿj ls%hd;aul fkdù h' wksla w;g

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hd mámdáhg ck;djg udkj

whs;sjdislï .ek ksis wjfndaOhla ,ndÈh yels h' yxf.

aßhdfõ l,ska jHjia:dfjka zjev lsÍfï whs;sjdisluZ

bj;a ù ;snqK;a" kj jHjia:dfõ th rdcH wruqKla f,i

kS;s.; leßK'

mqrjeisNdjh u; whs;sjdislï mokï lr .kakd

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska ie,lsh hq;= lreKla

fjhs' mqrjeisNdjh myiqfjka ,nd .ekSfï bvlv ie,ish

hq;= h'

6'2 uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iy fjk;a ffk;sl whs;sjdislï w;r fjki

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï foaYmd,k n,mEfuka wdrlaId

lrkq ,nkafka ffk;sl n,.ekaùu yd iajdëk wêlrK

u.sks' ;jo jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska uQ,sl

whs;sjdislï flfrys wkd.; foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï

je<elaùug úúO ndOl mkjd we;' ta i|yd whs;sjdislï

mk;a wka;¾.; lrkq we;' tu kS;s ixfYdaOk ls%hd

mámdáh ÿIalr jqjls' zudkj whs;sjdislïZ hkq jd¾.Sh

fhÿuls' thska wÕjkafka jHjia:dkql=< w¾:hls' tfy;a

kS;sfhka n,.ekaúh yels whs;sjdislï mK;la hk

w¾:h blaujd hk fohla tys .eí ù we;' ienE udkj

whs;sjdislï i|yka jkafka mQ¾úldjkays mrud¾: ;=<"

rdcH md,k uQ,O¾u" mqrjeisNdjh" wdh;ksl ie,iqï"

ue;sjreka l%uh" wdrlaIl l%u iy úê úOdk iy uQ,H

m%;smdok wdÈfhys h'

31

kS;sfhka fl<ska u fkdf.k uQ,sl whs;sjdislïj,

jdish ,ndf.k we;s lrk kS;s ksid" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh

;=< foaYmd,k yd rdcH ls%hd iSud l< yels h' ks;sh hgf;a

jQ ksis ls%hdmámdáh" iudk;ajh" fjkia fldg ie,iSfuka

wdrlaIdj yd Bg iudk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï" mßmd,lhka

úiska ms<smeÈh hq;= kS;s moku imhhs' md¾Yajhka w;r

wdrjq,l§ fuu m%ñ;Ska wkqj .eg¨j úifokafka o hkq

wêlrK .eg¨jla ñi foaYmd,k m%Yakhla fkdfõ'

jHjia:dfjka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï w;aysgqúh hq;af;a

m%ldYs;j h' Bg n,h ,eìh hq;af;a yÈis wjia:djl§

h' tfia jqjo ish¨u uQ,sl whs;sjdislï w;aysgqúh

fkdyels h' Wod( joysxidfjka ksoyi w;aysgqùug wka;¾

cd;sl kS;sfhka lsisu bvla fkd ,efí' fï i|yd úúO

rgj, úúOdldrfha kS;s fr.=,dis mj;S' fndfyda kS;s

iïm%odhhkays" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùu .ek wêlrK

úu¾Ykhg bv ,nd§ we;' w;aysgqùu hkq ;djld,sl

mshjrls' th fjkiafldg ie,lSfï ls%hdjla jYfhka

Ndú; fkdúh hq;= h' fuh uq¿ rfÜu yÈis kS;sh ke;sj

m%foaYhl muKla Ndú; jQ úg .eg¨ we;s lrhs' iuyr

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï j,g jHjia:dkql+, iSudjka ;sìh

hq;= h' tkï woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sjdislu iSudúh

hq;= h' oafõYNdIKh je<elaùfï kS;s ;sìh hq;= h' tfia

fkdjqjfyd;a foaYmd,lhka úiska oafõI NdIKh u.ska u

;j úreoaOjd§kaf.a whs;sjdislï wysñ lrkq ,eìh yels

h' iuyr uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mq¿,a lsÍu Wfoid foaYmd,k

tlÕ;dj wjYH h' tfy;a jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka

ie,lsh hq;= lreKla jkafka" foaYmd,kh kS;s.;

fkdlsÍug j. n,d .ekSu h'

32

7' whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lrùu

wdKavql%u jHjia:djg whs;sjdislï we;=<;a l< úg tys

m%;sM,h l=ula o@ meyeÈ,sju" f,dalfha ish¨u jHjia:d

fndfyda úg whs;sjdislï ,ehsia;=.; fldg olajkq we;'

tfy;a whs;sjdislï i|yka lsÍu;a" Ndú;h;a w;r úYd,

mr;rhla we;' whs;sjdislï tfia we;=<;a lsÍu ksid

l,ahdfï § n,.ekaùfï j¾Okh ksid jdishla ie,fia'

jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka tfia we;=<;a lsÍfï § is;d

ne,sh hq;= fojeks lreKla o we;' tkï tu whs;sjdislï

ls%hd;aul lsÍfï mshjrhka .ek h'

wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a th ls%hd;aul lsÍfï uQ,sl

hdka;%Kh rdcHhhs' ta kS;sfha wdêm;Hh iy;sl ùfuks'

whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍfï j.lSug ne£u ksid rch

whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul l< hq;= w;r tajd W,a,x>khg

f.dÿre jQjkag id¾:l m%;sl¾u ,nd.; yels úh hq;= h'

jHjia:djkays fndfyda whs;sjdislï we;=<;a fldg

mq¿,a l< yels h' tfy;a tajd ls%hd;aul ùfï ls%hdud¾.

ta ;rï mq¿,a jkafka ke;' ls%hd;aul lsÍu Wkkaÿ

lrùug;a n,.ekaùu iy;sl lsÍug;a ls%hdldrlhka

úúO l%ufõo olajd we;'

33

7'1 w¾:l:k Wmldrlh

ish¨ udkj whs;sjdislï .eg¨j,g jHjia:djla jQ

muKska u úi÷ï Èh fkdyels h' iuyr jHjia:djkays

udkj whs;sjdislï iúia;rj ksYaÑ;j i|yka fõ' ;j;a

iuyr jHjia:djkays ta .ek mq¿,a f,i" úhqla;j i|yka

fõ' b;d fmdÿ njg m;a lsÍu wjYH jkafka" flgqïm;a

lsÍfï idudkH uQ,O¾u ksid ke;akï hï tlÕ;djkag

meñKSu i|yd h' flfia fj;;a" fmdÿ mq¿,a jdlH ksid

m%Yak we;s fõ' ula ksid o tajd w¾: l:kh lsÍu wjYH

ksid h' ta ksid jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka w¾: l:kh

Wfoid u. fmkaùï lrkq we;' mQ¾úldjkays uQ,O¾u

iy m%ldY tla ud¾.hls' iodpdr uQ,O¾uhla jYfhka

±laùu ;j;a ud¾.hls' tfy;a th .eg¨ iy.; h' tu

iodpdr m%;sm;a;shg f,dal ms<s. ekSula ke;akï fyda th

jHjia:dfõ wfkla m%;smdok iu. .efgkafka kï h'

iuyr jHjia:djkays m%;smdok u.ska wjOdrKh lrkafka

th ks¾hqla; f,i fkdj ixhqla; f,i w¾: l:kh l<

hq;=h lshd h' túg th id¾:l Ndú;hlg ks¾udKd;aul

f,i ueÈy;a jkq we;' iuyr ls%hdldrlhka wd'l%'

jHjia:dj m%dfhda. sl u. fmkaùula jYfhka i,ld Bg

fndfyda úia;r we;=<;a lrkq we;' úfYaIfhka iq¿;r

lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï .ek h'

7'2 udkj whs;sjdislï m%;smdok ls%hd;aul lsÍfï

mámdá

udkj whs;sjdislï iïnkaO mj;sk meyeÈ,s wdrjq,a

úi£u ndrjkafka wêlrKhg h' Bg ta i|yd n,;, mejÍ

we;af;a jvd ixlS¾K .eg¨ úi£u i|yd h' tkï udkj

whs;sjdislï .ek ±ä u; .egqï mj;sk úg h' 1994 -6

ol=Kq wms%ld jHjia:djl .ek idlÉPd mj;soa§ jHjia:d

34

iNdjg f;dard m;alr .ekqKq m%Odkhka w;r" urKSh

oKavkh udkj whs;sjdislï m%;sm;a;sj,g mgyeks njg

tlÕ;djla we;súh' tfy;a ck;djf.a u;h jQfha tu

o~qju Èh hq;= nj h' cku; úpdrKhla meje;ajqK kï

ta u;h ch.kq ksh; h' ta ksid tu .eg¨j w¨f;ka

msysgqjqKq jHjia:d wêlrKhg fhduqúKs' wêlrK

;Skaÿj jQfha th jHjia:djg mgyeks fukau udkj

whs;sjdislï m%;sm;a;s W,a,x>kh lsÍula nj h' rcfha

wdh;k flfrys ±ä l,lsÍula mej;sho" tu wêlrKh

w¨f;ka msygqjkq ,enqjla jqjo" wêlrKhg ;Skaÿ §ug

we;s j,x.=;dj mq¿,a f,i ms<s.eksK' tfy;a rfÜ jeä

jQ wmrdO ixLHdj msysg fldg .;a iuyr mlaI 2005

jk;=re;a ta iïnkaO foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK meje;aùug

m%fhdackhg .;s'

fujeks W;aidyhka .kakd wêlrK kS;sh w¾:

l:khg jvd kS;sh w¨f;ka ye§u isÿ lrkafka h' tfia

kS;s ye§u jeo.;a jkafka m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhlska f;drj

wd'l%' jHjia:djla fjkia lsÍug hdfï § h' iq¿;r cd;Ska

yd iq¿;r lKavdhï ielh mokï fldg ish whs;sjdislï

,nd .ekSug wêlrKh fhdod .kq we;' kS;s ye§fï

wêlrK n,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug yd ;u Pkao

moku /l .ekSu i|yd úh yels h' b;sfhdamshdfõ wd'l%'

jHjia:dj u.ska m%ldYs;j u ms,sf.k we;af;a cd;Skaf.a

fyda cd;sl;ajhkaf.a udkj whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka

w¾: l:kh l< yelafla jHjia:dodhlhg nj h'

wêlrKfha ;sfnk .eg¨ o Bg wh;a h'

7'3 jHjia:dfõ we;=<;a meñKs,s lsÍfï ls%hd

mámdáh

whs;sjdislï n, .ekaùfï jdish ,eîug meñKs,s l<

yelafla ljqreka úiska o@ th ydkshg m;a jQ mqoa.,hd

35

úiska mukla o ke;akï Tyq$weh fjkqfjka fjk;a

ixúOdkhlg;a l< yelso@ uyck hym; fjkqfjka

fjk;a ixúOdkhlg;a l< yelso@ uyck hym;

fjkqfjka fmkS isák lKavdhulg tfia l< fkdyelso@

wêlrK ls%hdmámdáh .ek is;k fïjd ks;r mek

k.sk m%Yak fjhs' tfyhska jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka fï

iïnkaOfhka wêlrKhg ksis u. fmkaùu l< hq;= h'

myiqfjka Widú m%;sl¾u ,nd.; yels fr.=,dis mekúh

hq;= h'

7'4 wdh;ksl m%;sl¾u

udkj whs;sjdislï fldñIka iNd msysgqùu wo fmdÿ

ls%hdud¾.hla ù we;' fndfyda fldñIka iNd tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a iy cd;sl wdh;kj, u. fmkaùï wkqj ls%hd

lrhs' m%Yakh jkafka fï wdh;kj,g fld;rï ÿrg

id¾:l m%;sl¾u ,ndÈh yelso@ hkqhs' mqoa.,hl=f.a

fyda lKavdhulf.a whs;sjdislï lvùula .ek iuyr

fldñIka iNdj,g ksis m%;sl¾u iu. jkaÈ ,ndÈh yels

h' tfy;a ;j;a fldñIka iNdj,g l< yelafla rcfha

wdh;kh úiska m%;sl¾u §fï ks¾foaYhla lsÍu muKs'

úfYaIfhka iksgqyka l< hq;a;la we;' tkï fndfyda

rgj, jHjia:djg jvd jHjia:dodhlfhka fyda

foaYmd,k mlaI u.ska ie,iqï l< mx.= l%u Ndú; fõ'

thska jegfykafka mx.= l%u y÷kajd §ug jHjia:dj

jvd;au iqÿiq fkdjk nj h' ;jo foaYmd,k Ôú;hg

ia;S% ksfhdckh iy;sl lsÍu mx.= l%ufhka muKla isÿ

fkdjk nj h' wiudk ia;S% ksfhdckhg uq,a nei.;a

iudc" ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól idOl o n,mdhs' tfyhska

36

tu ndOl ue~,Sfï hdka;%K y÷kajd §u wjYH h' flfia

fj;;a mx.= l%ufhka Tjqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh jeäjk nj

ms<s.; hq;= h'

úuOH.; lsÍu fyda fjk;a ud¾. j,ska wdKavqfõ n,;,

fnod yeÍu ksid ia;S% whs;sjdislï iïnkaO ixlS¾K;d

u;= l< yels h' th idïm%odhsl miq.dó fldgiaj,g

Yla;shla úh yels h' iq¿;r cd;Skag n,h fnod yeÍu

ksid w;ajk jdish ia;S%ka tfia fkd,eî hd yels h' tfy;a

iEu iudc mka;shlu" ck j¾.hlu" wd.ulu ia;S%ka

isáho tu fldgiaj,g ,efnk n,h ia;S%kag fkd,eî hd

yels h' iq¿;r lKavdhulg úuOH.; n,h ksid ,efnk

iaj md,kh jeks whs;sjdislug iudk whs;sjdislula

tu lKavdhfïu isák ia;S%kag fkd,eî hd yels h'

wksla w;g" iuyr wjia:djkays§ ia;S% whs;sjdislïj,

m%.;sh i|yd n,j;a cd;sl uOHia:dkhla msysgqúh hq;=

h' iuyr úfYaI{hkaf.a u;h wkqj" l,dmSh fyda foaY

iSud jYfhka w¾: l:kh fkdjQ iuyr lKavdhï"

úuOH.; lrKfhka fkd;ld yeßh yels h' ;jo iuyr

idïm%odhsl yd wd.ñl úYajdihka ksid ia;S%ka iïnkaO

whs;sjdislï je<elS hd yels h' tfy;a tu úYajdihka

ksid n,h fnod yeÍuo isÿúh yels h' fï u; fol

.efgk úg m%dfoaYSh wdKavq idïm%odhsl u;hg iydh m<

lrkq ksiel h'

37

8' úfYaIs; whs;sjdislï iïnkaO mSvdldÍ ;;ajfhda

jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ hï lKavdhï - zwfmaZ iy

zTjqkaf.aZ whs;sjdislï jYfhka fufyhùu .egqï iy

wiykldÍ ;;a;ajhka we;sùug fya;= fõ' ta fufia h(

^w& iq¿;rhkaf.a whs;sjdislï¦

^wd& ia;S% whs;sjdislï¦

^we& wd¾Ól yd iudc (ECOSOC) whs;sjdislï

8'1 iq¿;rhkaf.a whs;sjdislï

jHjia:d l;sldfõ§ úúO lKavdhï iy ls%hdldÍka

ish ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k ms<s.ekSu /l .ekSug úúO

iq,a;rhkaf.a iy wd§jdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï flfrys

fhduq ù we;' n%iS,fha ^1988&" fnd,Súhdfõ ^2009&"

iy blajfodarfha ^2008& wdÈjdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï

iïnkaOfhka w¾nqo u;=úh' bkaÿkSishdfõ jHjia:d

m%;sixialrK .ek ixjdo we;s jQfha nyqúO ixialD;Ska

yd mxpiS, m%;sm;a;sh" wfÉm%dka;fha iq¿;r whs;sjdislï

iy fjk;a l,dmhkays whs;sjdislï .ek h' fkamd,fha

oi wjqreÿ ikakoaO wr.,hlska miq 2006 jHjia:d

f.dv ke.Sfï§ iq¿;r cd;slhkaf.a m%Yakh uq,a ;ekla

.;s' tß;s%hdfõ iy b;sfhdamshdfõ 1994 jHjia:d f.dv

ke.Sfï ls%hdj,shg uQ,sl jQfha iajhx ;SrK whs;sjdislu

38

ms<s.kakd f,ig l=vd lkavdhï l< b,a,Sï h' ol=Kq

wms%ldfõ 1990 isg 1996 olajd jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sug

m%uqL;dj ,enqfKa cd;sjd§ iq¿;rfha iy cd;sjd§ fkdjk

nyq;rfha .egqï h' ta wkqj m%cd;ka;%jd§ jHjia:djla

ks¾udKh úh' we*a>ksia;dkfha 2003 jHjia:djg wd.ñl

yd ia;S% whs;sjdislïj, n,mEu we;s úh' w;S;fha iy

j¾;udkfha fjkia fldg ie,lSfï ;;ajhka jHjia:d

fjkia lsÍug fya;=úh' jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï§ ÿIalr

.eg¨ we;s jQfha iq¿;rhkaf.a whs;sjdislï iïnkaO

úi÷ï §fï § h'

iq¿;r ckhdf.a udkj whs;sjdislï ixl,amh lreKq

folla u;= lrhs' m<uqj" iq¿;r lKavdhulg wh;a

úh yels iuyr mqoa.,hkag;a" fjkila ke;sj fiiq

whg jf.au iudk whs;sjdislï ysñúh hq;=o@ fojkqj"

iq¿;r lKavdhulg" úfYaIs; whs;sjdislï ;sìh yelso@

fuys fojeks woyig úl,amhla we;' tkï" iq¿;r

lKavdhulg wh;a ùfuka iuyr mqoa.,hkag úfYaIs;

whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSug fyda wysñùug mq¿jk'

iq¿;r whs;sjdislï .eg¨ nyq n,fhka hqla; h'

ixlS¾K h' m%Odk .eg¨ úia;r lsÍfï § jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakkag fun÷ m%Yak WmldÍ fõ' iq¿;r .eg¨

jHjia:dfjka u úi¢h hq;= cd;sl m%Yakhla jkafka

ulaksido@ l=uk jHjia:d m%;sl¾u wjYHfõo@ tajd

.eg¨j úi£ug m%udKj;a fõo@

8'1'1' iq¿;rhd hkq ljfrla o@

ziq¿;rZ hkq w¾:l:kh lsÍu u wNsfhda.d;aul

h' iuyr lKavdhï tu ziq¿;rZ hk jpkh mjd

ks.%yd;aulhhs fpdaokd lrkjd muKla fkdfõ'

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkag Tjqka y÷kd .ekSfï iSudjka

yuqùu .eg¨ldÍ ù we;' ;jo hï foaY iSud iïnkaO

39

fldg iq¿;rhka j¾. lsÍu ksid iudc úoHd;aul yd

udkj úoHd;aul ;;ajhka f.dv ke.S we;' ta weiqfrka

ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k n,mEï úúO jHjia:djkag we;s

fõ' j¾.Sh fyda mq¿,a ;rd;srulska ye¢kaùu u.skao

tu .eg¨ju we;súh yels h' tkï" ljqreka tu úfYaI

j¾.hg we;=<;a l< hq;= o hk .eg¨j we;s fõ'

iq¿;r Ndjh ;uka u w¾: l:kh lr.;a úg tys

j,x.=;dj .ek iq¿;r yd tfia fkdjk wh m%Yak lr;s'

tfia ;ukau w¾: l:kh lr.;a úg" kS;suh whs;sjdislï

,nd .ekSug wu;rj" thska we;sjk wmlS¾;sh o ú|

ord.; hq;= h' tfiau th fjkaj is;Sula f,i neyer

lrkq ,eìh yels h' tfy;a úYd, ck.ykhka iys;

iq¨;rhka tu lreK ish ;rd;sru fmkaùug fhdod

.ekSu jqjo w;a;fkdau;sl h" iq¿;rhka wdrlaId lsÍfï

mshjrla jYfhka bka§h wd'l%' jHjia:djg tu jHjia:d

iNdj úiska lsisu i|ykla we;=<;a fkdlsÍfuka

uqia,sï jreka iq¿;rhla f,i fkdi,ld we;' tfy;a

Tjqka meyeÈ,s iq¿;rhla úh' tfia jqjo my;a l=,

yska¥ka iy l=,ySkhka wd.ñl mokï u; iq¿;rhka

f,i i,ld we;' tfiau hï ixLHd m%udK u; mokï

jHjia:d l;sldjkays m%Yak .; jk úg ta iïnkaOfhka

wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sj, msysg ,nd.; yels h' tfy;a thu

m%udKj;a fkdfõ' iuyr iq¿;rhka .ek jeäfhka w¾:

l:k § we;s fyhsks' Wod( —cd;sl" jd¾.sl" wd.ñl iy

NdId;aul iq¨;rhkag wh;a mqoa.,hkaf.a whs;sjdislï

iïnkaO tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%ldYkfhys˜ wd§jdiS hkq

jd¾.sl lKavdhu hkakg jvd uekúka w¾: l:kh

lr we;' ;jo nyqjd¾.sl .egqï mj;sk rdcHhka ys

ixLHdfjka wvq ziq¿;rhZ md,k n,h orhs' ;j;a iuyr

rgj, nyq;r mlaIh" iq¿;r mlaI .Kkdjl ue;sjrK

iyfhda.s;dj wkqj foaYmd,k fn,ySk;ajhg m;aj we;'

túg by; i|yka .eg¨j mek k.S'

40

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkaf.a m%h;akfhys fldgila

jkafka" úúO lKavdhï .ek we;s w¾: l:k wkqj f.dv

kef.k §¾> idlÉPd u.yeÍu h' iq¿;rhka .ek jeo.;a

lreKla jQfha w¾: l:k wkqj j¾.SlrKfhys fh§u"

nyq;rhka j¾.SlrKfhys fh§u fukau úúO úh yels

nj h' WodyrKhla jYfhka" fnd,Súhdkq uq,a wdÈjdiS

f.dú ck;dj fjku ck fldgila f,i úia;r l<

yels h' tys m%;sM,h jkafka iuyr iq¿;r fldgiaj,g

Tjqkag wh;ah hs is;k whs;sjdislï j,g iSud we;sùu

h' cd;Ska jYfhka iq¿;rhka fyda nyq;rhka j¾.SlrKh

lsÍfuka thska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ;;ajh w;=reoyka úh

yels h'

;jo jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkaf.a wNs,dIh" ksrka;r

.egqïj,g fya;=jk fjkafldg y÷kd .ekSfï ;;ajh

fjkia lsÍu úh yels h' fï ish¨ lKavdhï iudk

;,hlg .ekSug udkj whs;sjdislï fyd| f;dard

.ekSuls' fuh idudkHfhka isÿjkafka " fjkiafldg

ie,lSu j<lajñka jHjia:djg kshuhka we;=<;a lsßfuks'

tu.ska iq¿;r - nyq;r .egqu wE;a l< yelsjkq we;'

iudc m%Njh" jhi" ia;S% mqreI Ndjh wkqj fjkialï

;ykï l< yelsh' iuyr úg ixLHd;aulj mqreI iy

jeäysá whg jvd ia;S% iy ;reK msßi jeäúh yelsh'

;jo iucd;s;ajh ms<s.ekSuo .eg¨jla f,i u;=úh

yelsh' h:d¾; jYfhka u iEu iq¿;r lKavdhulau ta

ksidu cdjdêlh' Tjqka iq¿;rhka we;=f<a iq¿;rhla

úh yelsh' iuyr iq¿;r j¾.SlrKhka ksid fjk;a

iq¿;rhka Yla;su;a úh yelsh'

W.% .egqï mej;=Kq rdcHhkays úfYaI whs;sjdislï ,nd

.ekSu i|yd" jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska iq¿;rhka

fufyhùu isÿfõ' iq¿;r lKavdhï ;ukag úfYaaI

m%foaYj, isák úg .egqï j,ska wdrlaIs;h' wd§jdiS

41

ck;dj tla WodyrKhls' tfiau rg mqrdu úisÍ isák

iu,sx.sl whs;sjdislï b,a,k wh ;j;a fldgils' tfia

W.% f,i fn§ï mj;sk rdcHkays ksYaÑ; foaY iSudjka

u.ska Tjqka n<uq¿ .ekaúh yelsh' ta i|yd jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka úúO whs;sjdislï úl,amhka y÷kajd

Èh yelsh' WodyrK(

wd.ñl iq¿;rfhda

úfYaI wd.ï wdrCId lsÍug jHjia:d m%;sl¾u wjYH

nj ms<s.eKqko" jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka wd.ñl

iq¿;rhka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd úfYaI mshjr f.k ;sfí'

iq¿;rhka wdrCId lsÍfï mshjrla jYfhka wd.ñl

fkdjk jHjia:d l%u fh§fuka kdñl jYfhka wd.ï

j,g úfYaI jq whs;sjdislï fkdms<s.efka' iuyr úg

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkag n,mEï t,a, ù we;' ta iuyr

wd.ï —rdcH˜ fyda —mdrïmßl˜ wd§ jYfhka úfYaI wd.ï

j,g ;snqKq iudc n,mEï wkqjh' yDoh idlaISfha ksoyi

jeks m%;sm;a;s j,g jvd m%dfhda.sl mshjrhka ksYaÑ;

úh yelsh' ksoiqkla kï" iuyr wd.ñl fldgia ;u

orejkag Tjqkaf.a mdi,a ixúOdkh l< yelsh' ;j;a wh

;u j¾.fha whg frday,a" ksjdi wdÈh ;eksh yelsh'

iuyr iïu; ie,iqï iys; wd.ñl lKavdhï i|yd

mokï jq kS;s Ndú; lsÍfï mshjr .kq we;' tys§ wd.u

mokï jq kS;s mj;sk kS;s l%uh ;=< Ndú;d lsÍug

fyda fjku iudka;r kS;s uQ,O¾u y÷kajd fokq we;'

2010 flkahd kj jHjia:djg bia,dï kS;sh úêu;a

kS;s moaO;shg we;=<;a lsÍu u;fNaoldÍ md,kh l<

fkdyels .eg¨jla úh' rfÜ ck.ykfhka ishhg kjhla

jq uqia,sï ck;djg .re;ajh ±laùu;a yd Tjqka cd;sfha

fldgila hkq fmkaùu Wfoid jHjia:dj u.ska ld;s

Widú l%uh fhÈK' th Ndú; jkqfha uqia,sï md¾Yjhka

42

w;r mjq,a kS;s lghq;= iïnkaOfhks' fndfyda rgj,

fuu ixjdoh meje;ajqfKa wd.fuka f;dr rdcH hk

ixl,amh wjOdrKh flfrñks'

cd;sjd§ iq¿;rfhda( jd¾.sl moku u; fjkiafldg

ie,lSug tfrys udkj whs;sjdislï kS;s ilia jqfha

jd¾. sl fjkialï ;=rka lsÍfï iïuq;sh (CERD) n,.ekajqKq ld,fha isgh' ^1969& tfia we;sjQfha m%p,s;j

;snqKq hqfoõ úfrdaOh ksid h' tu iïuq;sfha 1 jeks

j.ka;sfhka jd¾. sl fjkiafldg ±laùu w¾: l:kh fõ'

tkï cd;sh" j¾.h" j¾Kh" fm<m;" cd;sl fyda jd¾.

sl iïNjh mokï fldg fjkaj y÷kd .ekSu" neyer

lsÍu" iSud lsÍu" j<lajk iïuq;shls' thska idudkH

ck Ôú;fha" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl

whs;sjdislï we;=¿ kka jeoEreï ksoiy iudk ;;ajfhka

,eîu wjysr lsÍu ke;s lsÍu tys m%;sM,h fõ' tfy;a

iïuq;sfhys cd;sjdoh iy jd¾. sl iïNjh fjkafldg

y÷kd.; yels w¾: l:khka olajd ke;' iïuq;sh

hgf;a (CERD) jd¾.sl ksrEmkh" jd¾.sl fjkalsÍu"

j¾KfNaojdoh (Apartheid) hk ish,a, fkdms<s.efka'

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska fkdms<s.eKqko iuyr

rgj,a cd;sl uÜgñka jd¾.sl úl,amhla jHjia:djg

we;=<;a lrf.k we;' ol=Kq wms%ldj WodyrKhls' 1996

jHjia:dj meyeÈ,sju tu jHjia:dj j¾.jd§ fkdjk

mokul msysgd we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

1994 msysgqjq jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,h

—nyqjd¾. sl˜ hk moh újD;ju lf<a thska jHjia:dj

f.dv k.kakka w;ayer ±uq j¾KfNaojd§ woyia h<s

biau;=úh yels neúks' ta wkqj m%Odk md¾Yjhka w;r

tlÕ;djla we;s jQfha" j¾.jd§ fkdjk mokulska

jHjia:dj iïmdokh lsÍug h' ta iu.u iq¿ cd;sl

iq¿;rh iy l¿ cd;sl nyq;rh w;r we;s wiudk;ajh

43

wu;l l< fkdyels nj ms<s .eksK' tfyhska i;H jqfha

jHjia:dj n,.ekaùu;a iu. W.% újdohg ,lajQfha tys l¿

wms%ldkqjka n,.ekaùfï ls%hd ud¾.h j¾.jd§ mokulska

isÿjkakla hkqfjks' fuu m%;sm;a;sh uef,aishdfõ

uef,a jreka jd¾.sl lKavdhula jYfhka ie,lSfï

W;aidyh wkqj yev .eiqKls' tys§ rfÜ wd¾Ól md,kh

nyq;r fldgig mejÍfï ie,iqula fhÈKs' wjidkfha§

jHjia:d .Kkdjl§u cd;sjd§ oafõI NdIKh úfYaI

;ykulg ,laúh' cd;sl iu.shg mgyeksj foaYmd,k

mlaI ms<s. ekSfï ndOl mej;sKs'

jd¾.sl nyq;rfhda ( wka;¾ .%yKh u.ska l¿ cd;sh

f.dv ke.sfï ms<sfj;ska jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka wE;a

jkafka kï" jd¾.sl wkkH;djfha isg fmdÿ lghq;= j,g

ueÈy;a ùug ck;dj ixúOdkh yd fufyhùu ms<s.;yels

lreKls' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka jd¾. sl iq¿ ;rhkag

bv i,id we;s lreKq fufia h' NdId whs;sjdislï

nqla;s ú£u" m%dfoaYSh iïm;a j,ska m,m%fhdack ,eîu"

wdKavqfõ úúO uÜgïj, ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hd j,g

ksfhdackh úu" ;ukaf.au jq isß;a úß;a yd kS;sh Ndú;d

lsÍu" wdKavqj ;=<;a bka ndysrj;a ;u mdrïmßl n,;,

mj;ajd .eKSu hkdÈhhs' úl,amhla we;s lsÍfïÈ jHjia:d

f.dv k.kakka ie,lsh hq;= jkafka tys wruqK jd¾.sl

iq¿;rhka cd;sl foaYmd,k mßkdufha jeo.;a i,l=Kla

iksgqyka lsßuo ke;akï ixialD;sl fjkialï yqÿ ms<s.

ekSula muKla o hkqhs' m<uqjekak kï wdKavqfõ úúO

uÜgï j,§ Tjqkaf.a ksfhdackh iy iyNd.s;ajh i|yd

bv ie,ish hq;=hs'

wdÈjdiS ck;dj ( jHjia:dfjka fuu ckfldgi

ms<s.ekSu ksid th jd¾.sl nyq;rhkaf.a fldgig tl;=

fldg i,lkq ,efí' wd§ jdiS ck;dj hkqfjka w¾:

.ekafjkafka Tjqkaf.a uq,a cd;sfha mejf;kakka jYfhks'

44

túg Tjqka tu m<df;a fyda fldgil Wreu lrejka nj

weÕfõ' tu m%foaY ±ka rch wh;a lrf.k we;' tfiau

Tjqka fjkqfjka wd' l%' jHjia:djo idokq we;' ta ksid

Tjqka Wfoid jHjia:dfjys i,ld n,kafka Tjqkaf.a

bvï whs;sh yd ixialD;sl iajhx ;SrK whs;sjdislu

.ekh' wd§jdis wkkH;dj Wfoid ta lreKq fol

w;HjYH fõ' ms,smSkfha uq,a cd;Skaf.a b,a,Su foaYmd,k

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£u Wfoid wka;¾ cd;sl

lïlre ixúOdkfha iïuq;sfha 69 j.ka;sh wod<lr

.; yelsh' wksla w;g foaYmd,k b,a,Sï hkq ienE iaj

md,k b,a,Sug úl,am Ndú;hls' th m%Odk Odrdfõ

foaYmd,khg iyNd.súug yd ksfhdackhg bvlv

fiùuls' tfy;a nrm;, .egqï we;sjk wjia:d we;súh'

tkï wdÈjdiS m%foaYhkays b;d jákd iïm;a Tjqka úiska

ish m%fhdackhg fhdod .kakd úgh' ta w;r jHjia:dj

f.dv k.kakka we;sl< úl,amhla jq h<s mÈxÑ lrùfï

wjia:djkaysÈ o fuu .eg¨ u;= úh' mdßißl m%Yak ksid

È.gu mÈxÑù isàu .eg¨jla úh'

irKd.;hka iy wj;ekajq ck;dj ( .egqï ksid

wj;eka jq iy irKd.; ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï .ek

fndfyda jHia:djka ksy~ùu mqÿuhg lreKls' fndfyda

úg tfia úug fya;=jkafka f,dj .egqï iys; m%foaY

ixLHdj wêl ùuh' .eg¨jg tla fya;=jla jkafka th

;djld,sl .eg¨jla f,i ie,lSu h' tu ck;dj h,s

moxÑ lrjq úg tu .eg¨j úif|k fyhska mßmd,k

lreKla muKlshs is;k ksidh' ;jo th whs;sjdislï

ms<s.kakd f;la th ck;d iyfhda.h ,nd .eksfï

.eg¨j ksid we;s jqjls' .egqug wu;rj fndfyda ñksiaiq

;u mqrjeisNdjh wysñ lrkq ,eîu ksid wj;ekafj;s'

fufia úm;g m;ajk ñksiqka fjkqfjka jHjia:d f.dv

ke.Su ;=< hï m%;sl¾ufha§u l< hq;=h' mjq,a meje;au

yd úfoaYSkag rgjeislï Èfï l%u u.ska úi÷ï osh yelsh'

45

8'1'2 fjkiafldg ie,lsu ;ykï lsßu yd úfYaI m%;sl¾u ie,isu(

iq¿;rhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<s.eksu i|yd jHjia:duh

fjkialï flfrys we;s n,mEï iy Bg we;s úfrdaO;d

wkqj jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úi÷ï folla woyia lr

we;' iq¿;rhkaf.a wdrCIdjg mshjr jYfhka (

³ fjkiafldg ie,lSu ;ykï lsÍu iy

³ jrm%ido fkdjk úfYaI m%;smdok yd ls%hd ud¾.'

fjkiafldg ie,lsu ;ykï lsÍu(

fjkiafldg fkdie,lSu yd iudk;ajfhka ie,lSu

Wfoid m%;smdok mekúu iDcq m%;sl¾uhls' ta i|yd ieu

wjia:djlu mdfya" Wm;" NdIdj ia;s%mqreI Ndjh" jhi"

jd¾.sl;ajh" cd;sh jeks lreKq j,ska tlla fyda jeä

.Kkla wkqj lsisu fjkialulg f.dÿre fkdl< hq;=hhs

mkjd we;' iuyr fjkialï ksYaÑ;j i|yka lr we;s

w;r ;j;a wjia:djkays ,sys,a f,i i|yka fõ' ksoiqkla

fufiah' foaYmd,k mlaI jd¾. sl kï j,ska y÷kajd

.eksu ;ykï lsßuh' fuh tla m%cd ixúOdkhlg ke;s

whs;sjdislï ;j;a tllg §ug jHjiA:d osrs.ekaúï we;s

lsÍfuka tkï tllg miqj ;j;a tllg ,efnk fia l<

yelsh' fuhska woyia jkafka ;uka hï ksYaÑ;j y÷kajd

.efkk fldgila f,i ,efnkjdg jvd whs;sjdislï

fmdÿ y÷kajd .eksfï m%cd ixúOdkhlg ,efnk njh'

tys m%;sM,h jkafka whs;sjdislï ,eîfï uQ,H jHjia:dj

ñi wd.u fyda isß; fkdjk njh' fojkqj fï m%fõYh

iuia:fha fldgila f,i wka;¾.; lsÍuh' tkï

iq¿;rhka wdrlAId lsÍu" ish¨ fokdu wdrlaId lsÍfï

fldgila ùuh' tlÕ lrjd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfhaÈ hï

úfYaI fldgil hym; i|yd jq m%;sl¾u j,g jvd

46

iuia: hym; ie,fik m%;sl¾u j,g tlÕ;dj ,nd

.ekSu myiqh' iudk;aj m%;smdokhla flfrys úYajdih

we;s l< yelafla ta iïnkaOfhka fmdÿ ±kqu j¾Okh

lsÍu;a wëlrK ls%hdud¾. myiqúu;a u.sks' iq¿;r

lKavdhï ;u whs;sjdislï W,a,x.kh jq úg jHjia:d

wêlrKhg mjd úi÷ula Wfoid hd yels njg úYajdih

f.dv ke.sh hq;=h'

úfYaI whs;sjdislï yd m%;sl¾u i|yd jq m%;smdok(

.egqï mj;sk iudchkays iq¿;r whs;sjdislï ;yjqre

lsßu Wfoid úfYaI m%;sl¾u wjYHfõ' ta Tjqka jo ysxid

j,ska wdrCId lsrSug fyda fldkajq ;;ajfhka m%Odk

foAYmd,k Odrdjg iïnkaOùughs' Tjqkaf.a wkkH;dj"

.;s ,lAIK iy iïm%odhka wdrlaId lr .ekSfï úfYaI

whs;sjdislï mejfrkq we;' úfYaI whs;sjdislï j,ska

woyia jkafka iudcfha fiiq wh;a iq¿;rfhkq;a w;r

fjkia lï mj;sk nj ms<s.ekSuh'

tu úfYaI mshjrhka újO úh yelsh' idudkHfhka

my; i|yka foa wvx.= fõ'

³ iajmd,k m%foaY fjka lsÍu" n,h úuOH.; lsÍu"

fyj;a by<ska my<g n,h fnod yeßu'

³ n,h fnodyod .eksfï l%ufõo'

³ ffk;sl nyqúONdjh'

³ ixialD;sl iajmd,kh ^ixialD;sl úúO;ajh

ms<s. ekSu&

³ iïuq;sl f,i ie,iqï lsßu ^.egqï mj;sk rgj,

n,h fnod .ekSfï l%uhls'&

³ ue;sjrK l%ufhka n,h fnodyod .ekSu iudkqmd;sl

tlls'

47

³ iajmd,k whs;sjdislu iy

³ iykodhs ls%hd iy m%;sm;a;s'

iajmd,k whs;sjdislu iy iykodhs ls%hd ud¾. fndfyda

úg u;fNaoj,g ,lajk .eg¨h' ta .ek yß jegySula

ke;sùu;a" W.% foaYmd,k u;s u;dka;r we;sùu;a ksid

tfia úh yelsh'

iajmd,k whs;sjdislu'

iajmd,kh hkq úêu;a iajdëk;ajhg iudk jqjla

fkdfõ' mj;sk rdcHhla we;=<; ;sfnk whs;sjdislula

f,i th wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sfhka ms<s.efka' tys m%;sM,h

jkafka hï kS;shla ms<s.ekqKq lKavdhulg ;u brKu

f;dard .ekSug whs;sjdislu ,eîuh' tfy;a tfy;a tu

whs;sjdislu fjk;a úfYaI wdldrhlg ,eìh fkdyelsh'

fï ixl,amfhys úúO iajmd,k w¾: ;sìh yelsh' tla

wka;hlg th iyuq<ska fjkaùuo wksla wka;fhka

iSñ; iajmd,kho woyiaúh yelsh' tys wdldrh l=ula

jqjo iajmd,kh hkq u;fNaod;aul úIhhls' th iq¿;r

fldgil ixialD;sl iajmd,khla úh yelsh' tfy;a th

fiiq ck;djf.a jqjukdlï j,g mgyeks úh yelsh'

flfia fj;;a th mQ¾K iajdëk;ajh fkdjk w;r th

id¾:lj ,nd .ekSfï wmyiq;djo we;'

wka;¾cd;sl rdcH;aj ms<s.ekSfï§ o iajmd,k .egqu

È.a.eiS th úúOdldr jQ;a' ixlS¾KjQ;a .eg¨jla úh'

wka;¾ cd;sl ;=kajeks md¾Yjhka ish úi÷ï i|yd wjqreÿ

.Kka .; fldg we;' ta i|yd ÿIAlr idlÉPd mej;sK'

ta ksid ikakoaO .egqï kej;=K w;r iajmd,kh yd n,h

fnodyod .ekSu ms<sn| kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï wjiA:djg

meñK we;' WodyrK ( 1998 § W;=re wh¾,ka;h yd

tlai;a rdcOdksh w;aika l< uy isl=rdod .súiqu " 1995

we;sjq fâfgdka .súiqu wkqj fndiakshd iy y¾If.

48

dùkd f*vf¾Ikh '" 2001 memqjd ksõ.sks ys fnda.kaú,S

iajmd,kh iu. we;sjq n,h fnodyod .ekSfï ie,iqu"

1996 .súiqu wkqj ud,s rdcHfha wijdoa ys iq¿;rhkaf.a

iajmd,kh " 2006 ol=Kq iQvdkfha iajmd,k .súiqu

ksid 2011 cku; úpdrKhlska iduldñj iajdëk;ajh

meñKSu ±laúh yel' ;j;a iuyr .eg¨ ;ju úi¢

ke;' fldfidafjda we,afíkshdkq iajmd,k .eg¨j úi¢

ke;' 2008 tu jif¾§u fcda¾ðhdfjka fjkajq ol=Kq

TfiaIhd iy wíldishd m%Yakh o tfiau mj;s' oreKq

.egqï mej;=Kq rgj, iq¿;rhkaf.a iajmd,kh .eg¨

;ju;a úi¢h yels;;ajhl mj;sk nj jhjia:d f.dv

k.kakka ie,lsh hq;=h' f,dl= fyda l=vd rdcHhla ±ä

f,i fNaoNskak jq l,ays úúO miqìï hgf;a jHjiA:d

m%;sl¾u l%uhla j¾Okh úug ie,iSu jvd m%fhdackj;ah'

1994 § iq¿;rhkag iajmd,kh whs;sjdislï ,nd Èu

ksid b;sfhdamshdkq jHjia:dj iq¿;r ys;j;a jHjia:djla

f,i kula Èkd .;s' th flgqïm;a lrk ,oafoa f;dardm;a

lr .ekqKq jHjiA:d iïmdol uKav,hla u.sks' tjlg

md,l udlaia jd§ cqkagdj ikakoaO n,fhka mrdch

lrkq ,eìK' jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,h b;sfhdamshdfõ

úúO jd¾.sl lKavdhï j,g foaYmd,k j,x.=;djla

§u wruqKq lf<ah' ta w;r mej;s rchg tfrysj igka

jeÿKq lKavdhïo úh' talSh b;sfhdamshdkq rdcHjd¾. sl

yd ikaëh rdcH tluq;=jla njg m;alr .eksK'

jHjia:dfõ 39'1 j.ka;sfhka b;sfhdamshdfõ ms<s.;a

iEu jd¾.sl lKavdhulgu iajmd,kh whs;sjdislu

we;s nj ms<s.eksK' b;sfhdamshdj wmrdkqu; l< wka;¾

cd;sl iïuq;sj, we;s mq¿,a mqoa., yd iduQysl udkj

whs;sjdislï jHjia:dfjka ms<s.eksK' kS;s l%shd;aul

lsÍfï§ ckjd¾.sl;ajh b;d jeo.;a i,l=K f,i

ie,flk nj jHjia:d fjka ms<s.efka' w.ue;sjrhdg

n,;, iuQyhlau mejß we;'

49

ish¨ ikakoaO yuqodjkays fiakdêkdhlhdo w.ue;sh'

leìkÜ weu;s jreka w.ue;sg j.lsh hq;=h' uOHu rch

iu. idlÉPd flfrñka j¾Okh jk udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;shla ie,iqïfldg we;' foaYmd,k mßudkh

mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd jHjia:d w¾: l:khg cd;sl uka;S%

uKav,hg mjrd we;af;a wêlrKfha .eg¨o we;snjh'

fjkaù hdfï whs;sjdislu mjd tu iajmd,khg wh;ah'

iamd[a[fha we;af;a Bg fjkia ;;ajhls' tu rg

ft;sydisl cd;Ska ;=klska iukaú;h' legf,dakshdj

ndiala foaYh iy .e,Sishdj ta ;=kh' tajdg fjk

fjku jq cd;sl wkkH;d we;af;ah' 1978 iamd[a[

jHjia:dfjka ft;sydisl cd;Ska ;=k tlaj iajmd,k

wdKavqjla ks¾udKh úh' tfy;a tu m%;sm;a;sh fiiq

cd;Skago újD; úh' ta ish¨ cd;Skag úúO uÜgï j,

iajmd,khka we;s jqjo m%;sm;a;suh f,i l%ufhka

iudk uÜgulg meñKsh yelsh' iajmd,k jHdmdrh

iS>%fhka me;sr .sfhka iajmd,k wdKavq 17 la we;súh'

tu cd;Skaf.a wdrïNl ;;ajhka l=ula jqjo tu wd' l%'

jHjia:dj tla ck j¾.hlg wfkla ck j¾.hlg jvd

ffk;sl whs;sjdislï ;sìh hq;=h hk újdoh is;du;du

neyer lf<ah'

t;ekaisg iajmd,kh iïnkaO fjkialï i|yd

b,a,Sï ;snqKdo' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkaf.a ±lafï

yeáhg m%dfhda.sl jYfhka iajmd,kh kuHYS,S ffk;sl

yd foaYmd,k ie,iquls' tys ±lafjk ks;H whs;sjdislï

jvd;a ls%hdYS,sh' ;sfnk miqìu hgf;a jHjiA:d f.dv

k.kakka wjYH fmdÿ foa jvd ;yjqre flfrñka iajmd,k

úl,amhka ls%hd;aul lsÍu b;d wiSre nj meyeo,sh'

50

iykYS,S ls%hdud¾. $ meyeÈ,s fjkiafldg olAùu

iyk ls%hd úúOdldr úh yelsh' wOHdmkfha§ fyda

/lshd iemhsfï§ fyda m%uqL;djla osu" foaYsh NdId

b.ekaùfïÈ rcfha úhoñka ixialD;sl mshjr .ekSu"

ixfla;d;aulj mshjr .eksu fï iu. fjk;a mshjr .;

yelsh' m<uqj fjk;a fldgilg wjdishla fkdjk f,i

hï fldgilg jdishla ie,ish yelsh' m%dfoaYSh NdIdfjka

rdcH wOHdmkh ,nd Èh yelsh' úYAj úoHd,hkag we;=<;a

lsÍfï§ hï fldgilg jdis ie,ish yelsh' th meyeÈ,s

fjkiafldg ie,lSuls'

fuys§ u;=jk m%Odk m%Yakhla kï" rdcHh úiska

ft;sydisl jYfhka u hï fldgila fldkalrkq ,en

;sfío @ hkqhs' tfia kï jHjia:d m%;sl¾u u.ska Tjqkag

iudk ie,ls,a, ,ndÈh yelso@ jhjia:dfjka ,ndÈh

yels by<u foa l=ulao@ ffk;slj fyda n,;, u.ska

.;yels mshjr fudkjdo@ th foaYmd,k jYfhka ,eìh

yels o@ tfy;a ;sfnk iïm;a m%udKhg hg;ajh'

iyk ls%hdud¾. kHdh m;%fhys ;sfnkafka kï"

n,dfmdfrd;a;= wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug ljr ie,iqï iqÿiq

o@ ls%hdldßka úiska my; i|yka .eg¨ i,ld ne,sh

yelsh'

³ jHjia:d u.ska fldagd l%uhla fyda fjka lsÍï l<

hq;=o@

tjeks ls%hd ne|Sula we;s lrkafkao keoao@

³ iyk l%shd l=uk wdldrfha yd j¾.fha tajdo iSñ;

ld,iSudjla ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;akï újD;o@ tu

jdish ,eîfï iqoiqlï ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;akï hï

lKavdhulg wh;a ùu m%udKj;ao@

51

³ tlúg lKavdhï jeä .Kklg tu iyk ,eìh

yelso@

³ Widú úiska n,.ekaúh hq;=o ke;akï iSudjka ±laúh

hq;=o@

fï i|yd fldagd l%uh iy fjkalsÍfï idudkH

jHjia:dkql+, ls%hd ud¾. fjhs' ta folu úfYaIs;

lKavdhï i|yd fhfok kuq;a fjkia ld¾hhka isÿjkq

we;' fldagd l%uh fhfokafka iudk;aj m%;sm;a;sh

ls%hd;aul lsÍugh' ta u.ska tu iq¿;r

lKavdhug iudk ;;ajhg meñKsh yels h' tu

m%;sl¾uh fhfokafka u¾okhg ,laj isá iq¿;rhg n,

jHqyhg meñKSug h' fjka lsÍï n,h iïnkaO lreKla

fkdfõ' iq¿;r lKavdhï isák m%foaYhkays l,dm fjka

lr§u ta u.ska isÿ fõ'

iudkd;ajhg m;aùu jHjia:d u.ska fjkafldg y÷kd

.efkkqfha ta i|yd iemhqKq wjia:d iy tys m%;sM,

wkqj h' Ndú;fha § jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka b,lal lr

.kafka ls%hdmámdál iudk;ajh u.ska tkï wjia:dj

,eîfï iudk;ajh ñi ks;H m%;sM, fkdfõ'

iyk ls%hd ms<sn| yefÕk w¾:

fuu ls%hdldrlï fnfyúka újdo iïmkak h'

ieneúka u iyk ls%hd m%;sm;a;sh u;fNao j¾Okh lrhs'

tla w;lska th y÷kd .ekSfï fjkia jk iq¨ j¾. lsÍï

blaujd hdfï jHjia:duh wNs,dIhg mgyeks h' úfYaIs;

lKavdhï k.d isgqùfï mrud¾:hg úreoaO ñY% m%;sM,

,eî we;s nj ksÍlaIKhkaf.ka ikd: ù we;' ls%hd;aul

lsÍu kS;s ud¾.fhka jqj;a foaYmd,k ls%hd ud¾.fhka

jqj;a th Ndú;fha § kS;s .egqï u;= ù we;'

52

fojkqj yefÕk w¾:h jkafka iyk ls%hdud¾.

jHjia:dkql+, jYfhka ms<s.ekqK úg th Bg wjYH

foaYmd,k cjfõ.h ,nd.kq weoao hkqhs' wk;=rej th

wkjYH njg iel we;s jqj;a th neyer lsÍu wmyiq fõ'

th ls%hd;aul lsÍu wdrïN l<úg uef,aishdfõ isÿ jQjdla

fuka - jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka uq,ska woyia lf<a iyk

ls%hdud¾. wjqreÿ 30lg §¾> lsÍug jqj;a uyck n,mEu

u; th wjqreÿ 40la olajd Èla .eiS" ;jÿrg;a mj;S'

;=kajeks wkqñ;sh jkafka" n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjQ

m%;sM, we;sùfï kshduh iïnkaOfhks' wfkHdkH iu.sh

we;sjkjd fjkqjg tu lKavdhï w;r fNao Nskak;d

we;sùfuka ch.kakd - mrdchjkakd hk ixl,amSh

wjia:djg meñfKkq we;' rdcH fiajh iy /lshd ,nd

.ekSu iïnkaOfhka iuyr fldgiaj, iyNd.s;ajh ySk

lr ;sîu ksid iduQysl úfrdaO;d u;=úh yels h' iyk

ls%hdud¾. fjkqjg wiudk;djh u;=úh yels h' jHjia:d

m%;smdok j, i|yka iyk m%;sl¾u ,nd .ekSug §¾>

ld,hla .;ùu ksid ±ä úfrdaO;d W;aikak úh yels h'

tys m%;sM,h jkafka jHjia;dj j,x.= fkdjk tlla nj

fmkS hduhs' jHjia;d f.dv k.kakka úiska iyk ls%hd

ms<sn|j ksrka;rfhka iudf,dapkh lrk hdka;%Khka

ilia l< hq;= h' jHjia:dfjka ms,s.ekqK;a ke;;a"

miq.dó lKavdhïj,g msysgùfï l%ufõo ls%hd;aul úh

hq;= h'

tfia jqjo fnd,Súhdj" uef,aishdj" ol=Kq wms%ldj jeks

rgj, isÿjQfha fujekakls( ft;sydisl jYfhka fjkia

fldg ie,lSu ksid wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï wysñ lrkq

,enqfKa ixLHd;aulj nyq;rhg h' tfyhska iq¿;rhkag

wod< lr.efkk iyk ls%hd ud¾. nyq;rhg fh§u ksid

fjkia iudc n,mEula we;s lrhs'

53

8'2 ia;S% whs;sjdislï

ia;S% whs;sjdislï iïnkaO jHjia:duh iy;slhka

b,a,Su mSvdldÍ ;;ajhkaf.ka f;dr fkdfõ' .egqï

iys; miqìul jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su widudkH fkdfõ'

tu whs;sjdislï w¾: l:kh jkafka mqoa., fldgia

iïnkaO wka;¾cd;sl udkj whs;sjdislï kS;sh wkqj

h' úfYaIfhka zia;S%kag tfrys ish¨ wdldr fjkia fldg

ie,lSï ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;shZ

(CEDAW) wkqj h' th n, .ekajqfKa 1981 iema' 03 od h'

tu iïuq;shg bÈßm;a jQ fkdtlÕ;d fyj;a

jH;sf¾lj, iajNdjh yd ixLHdfjka mSvdldÍ ;;ajhka

we;s lafIa;%hka t<sorõfõ' tys§ uQ,sl fkd tlÕ;d we;s jQ

fCIa;%hka jQfha" foaYmd,k yd fmdÿ Ôú;fha iudk;ajh¦

/lshdfõ iudk;ajh" kS;sh bÈßfha iudk;ajh" újdyh

iy mjq,a in|;d iïnkaO iudk;ajh wdÈhhs'

igyk 3' ia;S%kag tfrys ish¨ wdldr fjkiafldg

ie,lSu ;=rka lsÍu ms<sn| iïuq;sh

CEDAW m%;smdok

³ cd;sl jHjia:djkays iy wfkla kS;sj, ia;S% mqreI

iudk;ajh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh wka;¾.; l< hq;=

h'

³ ia;s%hg tfrys w.;s.dñ;ajh iy weh my;ah

hk w.;s.dñ;ajh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd ixialD;sl

p¾hdjka w¨;a lsÍu' ^Bg wkql+, ndú;h o ;sìh

hq;= h'&

³ ck Ôú;fhys o foaYmd,kfhys o iudk

iyNd.s;ajh mej;Su'

³ cd;sl;ajh ,nd .ekSug" mj;ajd .ekSug

iy fjkia lsÍug iudk whs;sjdislu ;sìh

54

hq;=h' ^orekag cd;sl;ajh udre lsÍfï iudk

whs;sjdislu we;=¿j&

³ wOHdmkfha iudk whs;sjdislï'

³ /lshd lghq;= lafIa;%fha fjkialï ;=rka lsÍu'

³ újdyh iy ud;D;ajh iïnkaO fjkia fldg

ie,lSu ;=rka l< hq;= h'

³ fi!LH wdrlaIdjg iudk myiqlï ^Bg mjq,a

ixúOdkh o we;=<;a úh hq;=h&

³ kS;sh bÈßfha iudk f,i i,lkq ,eîfï

whs;sjdislu'

³ újdyfha § iy mjq,a in|;djkays § iudk

whs;sjdislu'

8'2'1 foaYd,k Ôú;fha § iudk;ajh

ia;S% mqreI iudk;ajh fmdÿfõ u;=msáka ms<s.efka' iEu

jHjia:djlu fjkialï fldmuK ;snqK;a fï iudk;aj

kS;sh fjkila ke;sj olakg we;' Bðma;= jHjia:dfõ

^1971& ia;S% mqreI iudk;ajh ms<s.;a w;r" ia;S%kaf.a wd¾Ól"

foaYmd,k yd iudc whs;sjdislï foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha §

N+la;s ú¢h yels nj lshd ;snqK;a bia,dï kS;s moaO;shg o

tlÕ;dj m< fldg we;' .S%isfha jHjia:dj ̂ 1975& fmrÈ.

Ñria:dms; ls%ia;shdksh md,l wd.u nj ms<s.kakd w;ru

.S%l ia;S%kag yd mqreIhkag iudk whs;sjdislï yd ne£ï

we;s njo m%ldY lrhs' idfmalaI f,i kj jHjia:djla

jQ iajdis,ka;fha mdrïmßl rdcdKavqjla msysgqùh' tfia

jqjo ia;S%kag iudk ie,lSu we;ehs m%ldY fõ'

Woa.; lreKq

ia;S% whs;sjdislï iïnkaO jHjia:duh wdrlaIKhkaf.a

m%;sM,h l=ula o@ uq,ska u" jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï

ld¾hhg ia;S%kaf.a iyNd.s;ajh u m,odhl h' jHjia:d

55

lreKq iïnkaOfhka ia;S%ka fhduq lrjd .ekSfuka"

ia;S%kaf.a ffk;sl yd iudc ;rd ;sru flfrys jHjia:dj

iy;slùu isÿjkq we;' ia;S%kaf.a .eg¨ .ek jHjia:duh

fhduqùug" bv lvla iemefhkq we;' úfYaIfhka mYapd;a

.egqï iudchl wiSre úi÷ï iïnkaOfhks'

idïm%odhsl kdhlhkaf.a úfrdaO;d ueo jqjo" ia;S%

mqreINdjh .ek isß;a foajkq fldg i,ld cd;sl wdKavqj

ia;S% whs;sjdislï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu jeo.;a h' nyqúO cd;Ska

yd f.da;s%lhka ksid iuia; iudch fNaoNskak ù we;súg

cd;sl foaYmd,lhka hï fldgil iudc fyda ixialD;sl

;;ajh k.d isgqùug Wkkaÿ fkdjkq we;'

foaYmd,k iyN.s;ajhg we;s bvlv ia;S%kag wjysr

lrkafka kï jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka Bg kS;suh

m%;sl¾u u.ska whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï wjia:d ie,ish

hq;= h' iuyr wjia:djkays wêlrK ;Skaÿjla ksid

foaYmd,k ixúOdk Bg wjk; jkq we;' tfy;a th

foaYmd,k ixúOdkfhka ;Skaÿ lf<d;a m%;sm%ydr we;súh

yels h' túg jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkag iudk;aj

j.ka;s iy Bg jH;sf¾l u.ska meje;au ;SrKh l< hq;=

jkq we;'

jHjia:d l%uh ;=< n,h Ndú; lrk wdh;k jeä jQ

;rug ia;S% whs;sjdislïj, m%udKh o úúO úh yels h'

túg cd;sl yd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka whs;sjdislï Èkd. ekSug

ia;S%kag ls%hd lsÍug isÿjkq we;' fuh isÿúh yelafla

m%dfoaYSh wdKavqj,g hï iajdëk;ajhla ,eî we;s úg h'

l,dmfhka l,dmhg ia;S% whs;sjdislï ;;ajh fjkia úh

yels h' tla tla m<d;aj, isß;a úß;a yd foaYmd,k u;s

u;dka;r ksid o fjkia fõ' túg ia;S%kaf.a whs;sjdislï

wdrlaId lsÍfï ;;ajho fjkia jkq we;' jHjia:dfjys

Bg wod< úh yels m%;smdok we;súg m<d;a wdKavq j,ska

56

th ,nd .ekSu myiq h' túg foaYmd,k lghq;=j, ia;s%

iyNd.s;ajh jeäjk úg ia;S%kaf.a ;;ajh o jeä ÈhqKq

jkq we;'

ia;S%kaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakka úiska úfYaI jHjia:dkql+, wdh;k msysgqjd

we;' tu wdh;kj, ld¾h mrdih úúO h' iuyr

wdh;kj,g fm!oa.,sl .eg¨j,g úi÷ï Èhyels

n,h we;' ;j;a tajdg we;af;a m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkag

yd kS;s iïmdolhkag Wmfoia §fï n,h muKs' tfia

úksYaphdêldÍka fyda ia;S% udkj whs;sjdislï fldñIka

iNd msysgqùu ksid rdcH ks,OdÍka iajdëkj ta .eg¨

iïnkaOfhka fhduqùu isÿfõ' fï iïnkaO újdohla

mek ke.sK' ia;S% whs;sjdislï bgq lsÍu i|yd úfYaI

wdh;k msysgqùu ke;akï ish¨ rdcH wdh;k úiska ia;S%

whs;sjdislï /flk udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla

we;s lsÍu hk foflka l=ula jvd id¾:lo@ hkqfjks'

thska fojekak biau;=ùu ksid flkahd jHjia:dfõ —

iEu rdcH wdh;khlu ia;S% mqreI ksfhdackh ;=fkka

tllaj;a úh hq;=h˜ hkqfjka iïu; úh' ;jo wdh;k

m%OdkSka fyda ksfhdcH m%Odkska o fomd¾Yjfhka úh

hq;=h hkqfjka o iïu; úh'

tkï( ia;S%kag foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudc fiajd

wjia:d iudk f,i ysñjk nj h' ;jo tu jHjia;dfõ

fufiao i|yka fõ' zwehf.a yDoidlaIshg mgyeks isß;la

ms<smeÈh hq;=hhs ia;s%hlg n,lsÍug lsisjl=g fkdyelsh'Z

ia;S%ka úuqla;s wr.,hg o iyNd.s jQ kef.kysr áfudarfha

^2002& jHjia;dfõ - mjq,a Ôú;h" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól"

iudc yd ixialD;sl lafIa;%hkays ia;S% mqreI yeugu

iudk whs;sjdislï yd hq;=lï we;ehs i|yka fõ' tfy;a

Ndú;fhka tfia iudk ke;'

57

jHjia:djkays ia;S% mqreINdjh fkd wÕjk uOHia:

NdIdjla fhdok f,ig m%jK;djla mj;S' tfy;a uOHia:

NdId jHjydrhla fh¥ muKska u whs;sjdislï wdrlaId

fj;shs fkdis;sh hq;= h'

wd.ñl yd iudc ixialD;sl ndOlj,g jvd ia;S%kag

yuqjk f,dl=u ndOlh we;af;a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajfha

§ h' th fndfyda rgj, foaYmd,k mlaIj, p¾hdj

ksid h' w;S;fha jHjia:dj,ska foaYmd,k mlaI

fufyh jqfka ke;' wo jk úg fndfyda jHjia:dj,ska

tu md,kh isÿ fõ' ^tys m%;sM,hla f,i n%iS, iy

rejkavd jHjia:dodhlhkays jeä ia;S% ksfhdackhla we;'&

ia;S%ka foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍka f,i wjia:d ,eîu i|yd

foaYmd,k mlaI úiska wfmalaIl;ajh §u wksjd¾h úh

hq;= h' Bg tlÕ fkdùfï mdvqj ú£ug mlaIj,g n,

lsÍu .ek jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=

h' tfy;a ia;S%ka fjkqfjka fldagd kshu lsßu .eg¨jg

kshu úi÷ula fkdfõ' tfy;a thska cd;sl ksfhdackhla

,eî we;'

8'2'2' újdyfha § iy mjq,a in|;dfõ § iudk;ajh

fuys§ mSvdldÍ ;;ajh jkafka tla w;lska mjq,a

Ôú;fha§ ia;S% mqreI iudk;ajhg iy;sl ùu h' wksla

w;ska mjq,a Ôú;fha iudk;ajh Wfoid ffk;sl uQ,O¾u

j,ska tu iudk;ajh iy;sl lsÍug .kakd W;aidyfha

§ h' by; lshejqKq mßÈ jHjia:djkays wka;¾ cd;sl

uQ,O¾u wka;¾.; úh hq;= h' Wod( ta iud.u" jd¾.sl iy

wd.ñl fldgiaj, .egqï úie£u i|yd fhfok m%;sl¾u

ksid m%;s úfrdaO;d u;=úh yels h'

m%;súreoaO kS;s uQ,O¾u blaujd hdug jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakkag jHjia:dj wka ish,a,g jvd m%uqLh hk

m%;sm;a;sh úl,amhla jYfhka fhdod.; yels h' fuh

.egqï ksrdlrKhg mokula jYfhka idOdrK fõ'

58

úúO fldgiaj,g rdcHhla f,i olajk ie,ls,s tl,ia

lsÍfï W;af;aclhka f,i fhÈh yels h' wdrïNhla

jYfhka jHjia;djg mgyeks lreKqj,g tfrys Ndú;

l< yels ffk;sl uQ,O¾u ,ehsia;=jla ieleish yels

h' fuh kS;s lafIa;%h ;=< mj;sk lreKla muKla ksid

fï iïnkaOfhka wdh;ksl iy;slhla ,enqK fyd;a"

ks;shg fkd.e,fmk uQ,O¾u wêlrKh úiska wj,x.=

l< yels h' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka hï m%fõYhka

j¾Okh lr we;' úl,am kS;s uQ,O¾u j,g .re lrk

lKavdhï wÈlrK ;Skaÿ idOdrKhhs woyia lrk

wjia:d fhfoa' wd§jdiS whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka ,;ska

weußldkq jHjia:d Ndú;fhka ol=Kq wms%ldkq jHjia:dj

fmdaIKh lr we;' ta u; fNaod;aul .eg¨ úÈu;a kS;s

moaO;shg we;=<;a lsÍu iy wNshdpk ie,eiau fhdod

.ekSfuks' fuhska woyia jkafka kS;s w¾: l:kfha §

jHjia:djg .e,fmk nj iEu ks;s uQ,O¾uhlu nrm;,

f,i ie,flk nj h' ,;ska weußldkq WodyrKfha§

wdÈjdiS kS;s flfrys úksYaphla §u úêu;a wêlrK

ls%hdud¾.hls' ol=Kq wms%ldkq WodyrKfha §" jHjia:d

wêlrKhg isß;a kS;sh j¾Okh lsÍfï n,h we;'

tkï tu isß;a kS;sh ms;D uQ,sl;ajh mokï jQjls' m%lg

kvq ;Skaÿjl § wêlrKh ish n,h fhÿfõ fogqmq;a

whs;sh wj,x.= fldg ia;S% Wreuh ;yjqre lsÍug h' fuu

ld¾h wêlrKh úiska tu wêlrKj, ixhq;sh .ek

i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' wêlrKh ;=< nyqúO;ajh flfrys

ie,ls,a,la ke;akï fujeks ffk;sl uQ,O¾u flfrys

Wkkaÿjla we;s fkdjkq we;'

8'3 wd¾Ól" iudc iy ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

(ICESCR).egqï mj;sk iudchkays jHjia:d f.dv ke.Su ta

iïnkaO idlÉPd meje;aùu" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl

59

whs;sjdislï j, ;;ajh yd Ndú;h mSvdldÍ yeÕSfuka

hqla; h' tu wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï ksid hï lgql njla

u;= fõ' tkï iSñ; iïm;a j,ska fldgila ,nkafka

ljfrlao hk lreK ksid h' iuyrúg m%udKj;a iïm;a

we;súg tu lgql nj ,sys,a úh yels h' brdl jHjia:dfjka

iy;sl fldg we;af;a kS;sfhka n, .ekaúh yels wd¾Ól

(ECOSOC) whs;sjdislï h' Bg we;=<;a jk foa fufia

h' ksoyia wOHdmkh" <ud iy jeäysá fi!LHdrlaIKh"

ys;lr mßirh ^fuh w¾: l:kh lr ke;& iudc

wdrlaIKh" m%udKj;a wdodhï ud¾.hla" ksjdi myiqlï

iy ish¨ brdl cd;slhka f.!rjkSh f,i Ôj;aúh yels

Ôjk ;;ajhla wd§ jYfhks' tys§ iïm;aj, m%udKh

i,ld ke;' tla fya;=jla kï rfÜ f;,a iïm;a ;sîu

h' wksla w;g tu jHjia:dfjka kQ.;alu ;=rka lsÍug

fldkafoais úrys;j m%;s{d fok ksid h' tfy;a fndfyda

rgj, iïm;a ysÕlu ksid fndfydaúg iy;sl jkafka"

wOHdmk" fi!LH wdrlaIKh iy ksjdi whs;sjdislï h'

m%dfhda.sl ÿIalr;d mj;skafka uQ,sl .eg¨ folla

iïnkaOfhks' m<uqj" fuu whs;sjdislï j,ska

jHjia:djg l=ula we;=<;a l< hq;= o@ l=ula neyer l<

hq;=o@ hk lreK h' fojkqj" tfia we;=<;a lsÍu ksid

l=uk .eg¨ Woa.;fõo@ w¨;a .eg¨ we;sùu je<elaùug

Bg ksis m%;sl¾u fhdokafka flfiao@ hkqhs'

8'3'1 l=ula we;=<;a l< hq;=o@

È.a .eiqKq iy oukh l< fkdyels .egqï ksid

jHjia:djkays wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

we;=<;a lrkakg isÿ jQfha fï ksidh" tkï(

³ ixj¾Okhg wod< ;Skaÿ" iïm;a fjka lsÍu yd

Ndú;h .Kka ne,sh yelsùu" .egqï wjia:dj, §

60

rdcH iïm;aj, jdish ,eîu hk lreKq ie,iqï

lsÍu¦

³ iïm;a Ndú;h .ek kj jHjia:d m%;smdok m%ñ;s

iïnkaO jHjia:dodhl yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdol

n,OdÍka" ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdmámdáj,g ne£ï kshu

lsÍu¦

³ rdcHhl mqrjeisNdjh ,nd ;sîu .ek wd¾Ól"

iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ,eîu jeo.;a

ixfla;hls' fuu whs;sjdislï ,eîu ksidu" Tjqka

jd¾.sl" wd.ñl l=," foaYmd,k mlaI fyda fjk;a

ixúOdkhla u; mejf;kakka fkdjk nj ikd:

ùu¦

³ wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl mßêhg ;,a¨ lrkq

,enQ úfYaIs; lKavdhï tu whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) ms<s.ekSu ksid m%;sikaOdkh fyj;a ixys¢hdj

j¾Okh lsÍu¦

³ ish¨ udkj whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka fukau"

whs;sjdislïj, fkdfnÈh yels nj ksid wd¾Ól

(ECOSOC) whs;sjdislï kS;s.; lsÍfuka ziudc

.súiquZ lg tlÕ;dj ±laùu¦

fuu wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) we;s jQfha

wka;¾cd;sl (UN) .súiqulsks' th 1976 ck' 03 od iïu;

jQ wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh fõ' (ICESCR)

igyk 4' wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| wka;¾ cd;sl iïuq;sh (ICESCR)

fjk;a lreKq w;r tys fufia o i|yka fõ'

61

³ ck;djkaf.a iajh ;SrK whs;sjdislu îajdNdúl

iïm;a iy Ôjk ud¾.hkays whs;sh iy md,kh o

Bg wh;a h'&

³ jev lsÍfï whs;sjdislu ^leu;s Ôjk ud¾.hla

f;dard .ekSfï whs;sjdislu o Bg we;=<;a h'&

³ jev lsÍug ys;lr ;;ajhka iy fldkafoais

,eîfï whs;sjdislu îdOdrK f.ùula" iudk

jevg iudk f.ùï" jev mßirfha wdrlaIdj"

f.!rjkSh Ôjk ;;ajhla" iqÿiqlï wkqj Wiiaùï"

idOdrK úfõl yd ksjdvq ,eîfï whs;sjdislu

Bg we;=<;a h'

³ jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgqùfï iy Bg ne£fï

whs;sjdislu ^Bg fhda.H kS;sj,g hg;aj j¾ckh

lsÍfï whs;sjdisluo we;=<;ah&

³ iudc wdrlaIKfha whs;sjdislu ^úY%du jegqma"

fjk;a iudc wdrlaIK úê Bg we;=<;a h'&

³ mjqf,a wdrlaIdj îdOdrK yd f.ùï iys; ud;D

ksjdvq" <ud yd ;reK mqoa.,hka iudc" wd¾Ól

iQrd lEu .ek o~qjï ;sîu Bg we;=<;a h'&

³ m%udKj;a Ôjk ;;ajhla ,eîfï whs;sjdislu

^l=i .skafkka ksoyi" m%udKj;a wdydr" we÷ï iy

ksjdi ,eîfï whs;sjdislu thska woyia fõ'&

³ ,nd.; yels by<u ;;ajfha YdÍßl yd udkisl

fi!LHfha whs;sjdislu ^wikSmfha § ffjoH

m%;sldr iy fiajd ,eîfï whs;sjdislu tys wvx.=

fõ'&

³ wOHdmkh ,eîfï whs;sjdislu îsh¨ fokdgu

wksjd¾h yd ksoyia m%d:ñl wOHdmkh tys we;=<;a

fõ'&

62

³ ixialD;sl Ôú;hg iyNd.sùfï iy úoHd ÈhqKqfõ

m%;s,dN ,eîfï whs;sjdislu ^l¾;Djrekaf.a

úoHd" idys;H yd l,d;aul whs;sjdislu wdrlaId

lsÍu o Bg we;=<;a fõ'

wo jk úg fndfyda rdcHhka fuu iïuq;sh wmrdkqu;

lr we;s fyhska" jHjia:d f.dv ke.Sfï ls%hdmámdáfha

§ th kshuhla ñi wkshuhla fkdù h' fndfyda

jHjia:djkays wd¾Ól iïuq;sfha (ICESCR) wka;¾.;

foa iïu; ù we;' bkaÈhdj mjd tfia lr we;' tys 1949

jHjia:dfjys wd¾Ól iïuq;shg fmr isgu th jHjia:d

.; lr we;af;a fYa%IaGdêlrKh úiska Ôú;hg we;s

whs;sh hgf;a uQ,sl wjYH;d ,eîfï whs;sjdislu .ek

;Skaÿ §ug n,h ,nd §fuks' iïuq;sh wkqj rdcHhka l<

hq;af;a whs;sjdislu N=la;s ú£ug we;s ndOl jyd bj;a

lsÍu h' túg whs;sjdislï l%udkql+,j iïmQ¾K jkq we;'

tfy;a ndOl iy fjkia fldg ie,lSï jyd bj;a l<

hq;= h' ;uka i;= n,h iy iïm;a m%udKhka wkqj udkj

whs;sjdislï m%ñ;Ska wdrlaId fkdlrkafka kï n,OdÍyq

tu iïuq;sh W,a,x>kh lr;s' l%udkql+,j whs;sjdislï

ysñlr. ekSfï§" iïm;a m%udK wkqj we;sjk ndOdjka

md,kh lsÍu l< hq;= foa jkafka h' túg wjia:dkql+,j

tu whs;sjdislu j¾Okhùu isÿ fõ'

tu iïuq;sh tfyumsáka u kS;s.; lrkjdg jvd

cd;sl ls%hdldÍka l< hq;af;a" rfÜ kS;sl%uhg" ;sfnk

iïm;a j,g yd wjia:djg .e,fmk mßÈ whs;sjdislfï

m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu h' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka

úiska tu iïuq;sj, wvx.= fkdjk hï whs;sjdislï

.ek wjOdkh fhÈh hq;= h' ta wkqj fkamd,fha w;=re

jHjia:djg mdkSh c,h ms<sn| whs;sjdislu we;=<;a

fldg we;'

63

iïuq;sfha (ECOSOC) whs;sjdislï jHjia:dfjka

ms<s.ekqKq muKska" úfYaIs; wd¾Ól l%uhla ^,snr,a fyda

uOH.; ie,iqï wd¾Ólhla& ms<s.;a njla woyia fkdfõ'

tfy;a jHjia:d m%;smdok y÷kajd§fï m%ldYs; fyda jHx.

m%;sM,h th úh yels h' jHjia:d iïmdokfha § .eí ù

;sfnk m%Yakh jkafka uOHld,Sk fyda È.=ld,Sk wd¾Ól

wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug ck;dj ud¾.hla jYfhka fhdod

.ekSu ms<s.; yelso@ hkqhs" fuh wkshï f,i ck;djf.a

whs;sjdislï iy hym; flfrys n,mEula l< yels ksid

tjeks wd¾Ól wruqKq leml< hq;= nj jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakkaf.a woyi h'

ta wdldrfhka u" wd¾Ól l%uhla fyda udÈ,shla

ms<s. ekSu u.ska mj;sk ixjdoj,g ;j;a bvlv újD;

fõ' tfy;a wdKavqjl úfYaI jev ms<sfj<la jHjia:dj

jYfhka ms<s.ekSfï § tu ls%hd ms<sfj< fkdje<elaúh

yels h'

8'3'2 Woa.; lreKq fudkjdo@

fuu whs;sjdislï jHjia:d m%;smdok u.ska wdrlaId

l< hq;=h hk b,a,Su fnfyúka újdo .;úh' úfYaIfhka

u th flfia mekúh hq;=o@ flfia ls%hd;aul l< hq;=o

hk lreK .ek h'

fuu whs;sjdislï zienEZ f,iu ord isákafkda ljqreo@

jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska fuu whs;sjdislï

ls%hd;aul lsÍu Wfoid ^w& ffk;sl yd ^wd& foaYmd,k

úl,am mshjrhka i,ld n,d we;'

wd¾Ól yd iudc whs;sjdislï jHjia:d .; lsÍu

.ek we;s iqmqreÿ úfõpkh fufia h' m<uqj" fuu

whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSug úêu;a rdcH ls%hdldß;ajhla

64

wjYH h' ta i|yd m%udKj;a iïm;a m%udKhla ;sìh hq;=

h' tfy;a iïm;a iSñ; h' f,dal nexl= ;lafiarej wkqj

rfÜ mj;sk .egqï ksid ixj¾Okh wjqreÿ 10-15lska

wdmiaig hkq we;' fojkqj" hym;a Ôú;h ms<sn| woyi

ue;sjrK ;r.ldß;ajhg wod< lreKla jkafka iïm;a

m%udKh ysÕ ksid h' fï ;;ajh hgf;a wju iïm;a

m%udKh jHjia:duh whs;sjdislula njg m;a lsÍu

u;fNaohg fya;=jkq we;' f;jkqj" rdcHfha j;alï iy

iïm;a m%udKh whs;sjdislï mokï jQ ms<sfj<lg ;sìh

hq;=hhs lSu mjd úúO foaYmd,k lKavdhïj, .egqïj,g

uq,a jkq we;' tfyhska jHjia:dfjka tla lKavdhul

u;h jHjia:d.; l< hq;= ke;' y;rjkqj" fufia úúO

u; .egqï ksid Pkaofhka m;a fkdjQ úksiqrejka jeks wh

úiska ta .ek ;Skaÿjla §u wiSre h' ;jo j,x.= ;Skaÿjlg

wjYH m%;sm;a;s f;dr;=re iy ixLHd o;a; ÿ¾,N úh

yels h'

fï úfõpk flfia fj;;a" foaYmd,k ls%hdldß;ajhg

msúish fkdyels iy msúiSug wiSre wjodkï mqoa.,hkaf.a

whs;sjdislï kS;sfhka ;yjqre lrk f,i jHjia:d

f.dvk.kakka f;dard m;alr .ekqKq wdh;k fj;

tu whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍu mjrk f,i h' fuu

whs;sjdislï jHjia:d.; lsÍfuka .egqu fkdkj;sk

njg o woyila mj;S' tfy;a wd¾Ól iïuq;sfha (lCESCR) iuyr whs;sjdislï kS;sfhka ls%hd;aul l< yels ;;ajhg

m;a ù we;' lïlre in|;d iy Bg wod< whs;sjdislï

^jev j¾ckhg" jD;a;Sh iñ;s ye£ug iy tajdg ne£ug"

nf,ka jev .ekSug f.dÿre fkdùug" jev w;=re j,ska

wdrlaIKh& hk whs;sjdislï kS;sfhka ls%hd;aul l<

yels h'

65

ffk;sl n,.ekaùu

kS;sfhka n,.ekaùug ie,iSfuka we;sjk Rcq

m%;sM,h jkafka" wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï iïnkaO md¾Yajhka

w;r .egqï úi£ug úksYaphldrjreka wjYHùu h' ta

lreK .ek jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka fufia ks¾foaY

olajd we;'

³ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) whs;sjdislï

mßÉfþofhys ,ehsia;=.; fldg" foaYmd,kfhka

ms<s.; yels wvqu iSud lsÍï o" úfYaI;d ke;sj o

±laùu¦

³ jHjia:dfõ m%;smdok wkqj .eg¨ úi£ug jHjia:d

wêlrK jeks wdh;kj,g we;s n,h y÷kajd§u¦

³ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) N=la;s ú£fï §

lsisjl=g fjkia lula fkdisÿúh hq;= nj;a" tu

whs;sjdislu iïuq;sfha (ICESCR) whs;sjdislug

iudk úh hq;= nj¦

³ kS;s mkjk wdh;k j,g jHjia:dfjka n,h mejÍu

iy tu whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍfï m%;smdok

mekùfï n,h mejeßh hq;= nj¦ iuyr wjia:djkays§

ld, kshuhka mjd l< hq;= nj¦

³ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï iïnkaO uQ,O¾u iy ks¾Kdhlhka

wjOdrKh fldg wêlrK úu¾Ykh iúu;a lsÍu¦

³ mqrjeis iSff;IS lKavdhï wêlrK ls%hdud¾. j,g

Èß .ekaùu¦

³ fï iïnkaOfka wka;¾cd;sl kS;shg we;s in|;dj

meyeÈ,sj fmkajd§fuka foaYSh kS;sh jeä ÈhqKq

lsÍu'

66

kS;s.; lsÍfuka Woa.;jk lreKq

wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh hgf;a wd¾Ól" iudc yd

ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ffk;sl ne£u jkafka"

iïuq;sfha wka;¾.; uQ,sl yrfhka wvqu m%udKhlaj;a

ls%hd;aul lsÍu h' tys uQ,sl woyi jkafka úúO

rdcHhkays úúO uÜgñka i,ld nef,k ksid f,dal

uÜgfï m%ñ;shlg .ekSu h' uQ,sl yrh fhfokafka

wkd.;fha tu whs;sjdislu iïmQ¾K lr.kakd f;la

mokula jYfhks' iïuq;sfhka (ICESCR) l%ufhka tu

whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSfï bv i,id we;s fyhska" wd¾Ól

iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSu i|yd

iïm;a fkd;ld iïmQ¾Kfhka iy jydu bgql< hq;=

ne£ï folla ±lafõ' tkï" fjkia fldg fkdie,lSug

we;s ne£u iy fuu whs;sjdislï ,nd §ug mshjr .ekSfï

ne£u h'

n, .ekaùu Wfoid w¨;a kS;s lSmhla mekùu wjYH

fjhs' ls%hdldÍka úiska jHjia:dfõ NdIdj Ndú; l<

hq;af;a tu kS;s mekùu wkjYH f,i È.a .eiSug bv

fkd,efnk wdldrfhks' rdcH md¾Yajh úiska mj;sk

;;ajhka hgf;a jqjo whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSug ls%hd

fkdlsÍfuka o iïuq;sfha ne£u W,a,x>kh úh yels h'

iïuq;sfha ne£ï hgf;a f,dal uÜgfï úYd, m%ñ;shla

olajd we;af;a ta i|yd we;s ne£ï meyeÈ,s lsÍfuks' fuu

whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH mshjr .ekSu;a

myiqlï iemhSu;a i|yd rdcHfhda ne£ isá;s' Wod' Bg

wjYH kS;s mekùu' fuh ta ms<sn| yeisÍfï ne£uh

Bg wu;rj" iïuq;s lñgqj úiska wjYHhhs olajk

idOk uÜgu wod< jd¾;djkays ;sìh hq;= h' th isoaëka

iïnkaO m%;sM, i,ld ne,Suls' fuh m%;sM, iïnkaO

ne£uh fuu iuqï;s (ICESCR) whs;sjdislï jHjia:dfõ

67

wka;¾.; lsÍu u.ska jHjia:d f.dv k.kakkag tu

ne£ïj, iajNdjh .ek we.ehSula l< yels h'

tu whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍu kS;s.; lsÍu cd;sl

jHjia:djkays ;sîu ksid wêlrKhkag j¾Okh jk

wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sh iu. iumd; úh yels h' tfia

ke;akï ish ls%hdjkaf.a j,x.=;dj foaYSh kS;sh iu.

ls%hd;aul l< yelsjkq we;' tkï" iEu rdcHhlu mj;sk

kS;s l%uh yd iïm%odhhka ksid kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï

úúO;ajhka olakg we;s ksid h'

úl,amhka kS;s.; lsÍu .ek ol=Kq wms%ldj

WodyrKhla fõ' 1996 jHjia:dfjka wd¾Ól" iudc yd

ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sf.k we;' th kS;sfhka

n,d;aul jQ whs;sjdislï mk;l o wka;¾.; fldg we;'

tu mk; ls%hd;aul lsÍug jHjia:d wêlrKhla o msysgq

jkq ,eìK' 1996 isg tu whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍug

tu wêlrKh ksfhda. /ila § we;' ta w;r" m%udKj;a

ksjdi myiqlï" ffjoH m%;sldr" mdkSh c,h - tla

kvqjl§ Èklg wjYH ,Sg¾ .Kko ;Skaÿ úh' l,ska kvq

;Skaÿjl § wêlrKh —wju uQ,sl yrh˜ hk kshufhka

neyer ù —hqla;s iy.; Ndjh˜ hk kj wêlrK m%ñ;shla

fh§h' hï whs;sjdislula iïnkaOfhka wdKavqfõ yeisÍu

mj;sk ;;ajhka hgf;a hqla;siy.; o lshd ;SrKh

lrhs' hqla;siy.; Ndjh hkq fmdÿ kS;sh Ndú; jk

rgj, jeo.;a wêlrK m%fõYhls' tfiau whs;sjdislï

iïnkaOfhka zwju yrhZ jk uQ,O¾uhla fhÈh fkdyels

nj ms<sf.k we;' ol=Kq wms%ldkq jHjia:dj iy;sl lr

we;af;ao tu jHia:d wêlrKh úisks' idlÉPd ls%hdj,sfha

fldgila jYfhka" th m%isoaO lsÍug fmr h' wd¾Ól

whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) n,.ekaùu ms<sn| uek ne,Sug

wêlrKhg fyd| wjia:djla ,eìK' ffk;sl n,.ekaùu

ms<sn|j w¾O úia;rhla tu f,aLkfhys wka;¾.; h'

68

iy;sl lsÍfï ls%hd mámdáh iu. we;s jQ woyi kï"

whs;sjdislï jefvkafka mqrjeishka úiska Ndú; lsÍfuka

nj h' tys yrh j¾Okh jkafka ffk;sl w¾: l:kh

ksid h' WodyrKhla f,i wêlrKh úia;r lf<a"

woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ms<sn| whs;sjdislu j¾Okh

jQfha wêlrK w¾: l:kh ksid nj h' th jeä ÿrg;a

m%ldY lf<a" wvq .Kfka ol=Kq wms%ldfõ wêlrKh u.ska

b;d jeo.;a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lr we;' tkï( hï

md¾Yajhka w;r .egqula úksYaph lsÍfï § tu isoaêhg

wod< m%udKhg jvd whs;sjdislï ,nd fkd§u h' tfyhska

Widúfha woyi jQfha" tu whs;sjdislu n,.ekaúh hq;af;a

foaYSh j,x.=;djg wjYH jk mßÈ wka;¾ cd;sl kS;sj,

i|yka m%udKhg fkdjk nj h'

bkaÈhdfõ udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;sh kS;s.; lsÍu

Èß .ekajqfKa uyck ys;jd§ kvqlrh (Public Intrerst Iitigation) hk úYsIaG ld¾hh u.sks' th whs;sjdislï n,

.ekaùfï bka§h l%ufõohhs' bkaÈh jHjia:dj 1949 §

tkï wd¾Ól iïuq;shg (ICESCR) fmr wd¾Ól" iudc yd

ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï wka;¾.; fkdlsÍu mqÿu ke;'

ta fjkqjg jHJia:d iNdj tlÕ jQfha rdcH m%;sm;a;s

yd uQ,O¾uj,g u. fmkaùu u.ska fï ke.S tk w¨;a

cd;sl iudcjd§ mßj¾;khlg fhduq lsÍu h' ta iu.

fY%aIaGdêlrKh kS;sfhka n, .ekaúh yels Ôú;hg we;s

whs;sh u.ska tu whs;sjdislï j, yrh jQ mqoa.,hkaf.a

uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd,Su isÿ lf<a h' fY%aIaGdêlrKh

ish ld¾h Ndrh bgq lsÍfï§ u;fNao j,ska ksoyia

fkdù h' udkj whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaO

fYa%IaGdêlrKfha;a" jHjia:dodhlfha;a .egqu w¨;a

tlla fkdù h' fY%aIaGdêlrKh;a" jHjia:dodhlh;a

w;r .egqula we;s jQfha" h<s fnÈh yels foam< kS;sh

wêlrKh wj,x.= l< wjia:dfõ § h' fuu §¾> .egqfï§

jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,h ;Skaÿ lf<a rdcH m%;sm;a;s

69

yd uQ,O¾u mßÉfþohg foam< whs;sjdislu we;=¿ lsÍu"

fjku whs;sjdislïmk;g we;=<;a lrkjdg jvd fhda.H

nj h' ixlÍ m%idoaisx tfrysj bka§h m%dka; iNdj hk

kvqfõ ;Skaÿjg jHjia:dodhlh È.gu úreoaO fjñka

fufia m%ldY lf<a h' —bka§h jHjia:dj fm!oa.,sl

foam< wdrlaId lrkafka ke;' ta fjkqjg bkaÈhdfõ

ÿmam;a nyq;rhg idOdrK f,i ,nd.; yels foam<

whs;shla wdrlaId lrhs'˜ fufia f.dúck m%;sixialrKh

Widú ;Skaÿfjka wdrlaId lsÍug jHjia:dodhlh 1951 §

jHjia:djg kj jeks Wmf,aLk ixfYdaOkh f.keú;a

Widúfha wêlrK n,h lmamdÿ lf<a h'

kS;s.; lsÍu;a iu. jHjia:d f.dvk.kakka is;d

ne,sh hq;af;a" fuu whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka wjir Èh

yels jHjia:d iSud lsÍï .ek h' whs;sjdislï iïnkaO

m%ñ;Ska olajkq we;' thska iSud lsÍfï mrud¾:h o ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï kS;s.;

lsÍfuka Widú j, kvq f.dv .efi;shs hk úfõpkhla

we;súh' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ tu whs;sjdislï kS;s u.ska

ls%hd;aul l< yels h' tfyhska ta iïnkaO Widúfha kvq

m%udKh iy 1996 jHjia:d wêlrKfha ;Skaÿ m%udKh;a

wkqj úYd, h' tu kvqj,ska jeä m%udKhla isú,a yd

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï .ek' wmrdO kvq mßmdáh hg;g

.efkk tajd o we;' jHjia:d f.dv k.k wh is;d

ne,sh hq;=j hkafka" kS;s.; lsÍu hkq yeu úgu .eg¨

Widúfhka úi¢h hq;=h hkq fkdjk nj h' tfyhska

wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) fjk;a foaYmd,k

ls%hdldÍka u.ska o úi¢h yels nj h'

foaYmd,k f;dard .ekSï

wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï iïnkaO

.eg¨ u.ska meyeÈ,s jkafka" th jHjia:d m%;sl¾u blaujd

70

hk nj h' úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha n,mEu o"

1990 isg we;s jQ f.da,ShlrKh o wu;l l< fkdyels

h' tla w;lska .egqï iys; rgj, wd¾Ól iudc wd¾Ól

whs;sjdislï mq¿,a lsÍug úYajdih ;enQ wka;¾cd;sl

iïm;a ±ka fnfyúka ySk fjñka hhs' wksla w;g" n,fha

;sfnk u;jd§ miqìu hgf;a" ksoyia fj<|fmd< f;dard

.ekSug rdcHhka fmd<Ujkq ,eìK' tys § rchg jvd fiajd

imhkafkda fm!oa.,sl wxYhhs' tu fiajd iemhSï wdÈh

iu. ck;djf.a wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl ne£ï mj;S'

h:d¾:h jkafka" rdcHh úiska l¾udka; kS;s ,sys,a lsÍu"

fmdÿ foam< fm!oa.,sl whs;shg mejÍu" wdfhdacklhkag

ys;lr nÿ mekùu" whjeh f,aLkfhka wdydr iSud lsÍu"

/lshd fj< fmd< mq¿,aùu" wdÈh kï jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakka whs;sjdislï i|yd kS;s mekùug fhduq ùfuka

m,la fõo@ iudcfha úúO fldgiaj,g ish wd¾Ól

Ôú;h iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug fld;rï mq¿,a bv lvla

,efío@ úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shla f;dard .ekSu

i|yd iyNd.sùug yelsfõo@ ula ksido" rdcHh úiska

ish iaffjÍNdjh" ;dlaIKfõ§ka iy Wmß cd;Ska iu.

fnod .kakd úg flfia tu ksoyi ;yjqrefõo@ fujeks

m%Yak úfõpkd;aul h' tfyhska ta i|yd ixfla;d;aul

jHjia:d m%;sl¾u wjYH foa fkdfõ' tfy;a foaYmd,k

ls%hdldÍkag ta i|yd m%;sl¾u fh§ug;a ck;djg mq¿,a

f,i foaYmd,k iyNd.s;aj bvlvla ie,iqï l<

hq;= h'

wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) ;kslr kS;s

wdêm;HOdÍ jkjdg jvd" jHjia:djl foaYmd,k moku

jYfhka ie,lSu jvd fhda.H jqj;a ls%hd;aul lsÍfï

mámdá jHjia:dfõ ;sìh hq;= h' fï i|yd jHjia:d f.dv

k.kakka úl,am lSmhla fhdodf.k we;' tajd wêlrK

ls%hdud¾. fkdfõ' my; i|yka jkafka tu úl,am

.ek h'

71

³ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï jHjia:djg yd whs;sjdislï

mk;g;a w;=¿ lr we;' Bg iSudjka o" wêlrK

n,.ekaùu o olajd we;'

³ tu whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) ks¾foaYl m%;sm;a;s yd

uQ,O¾uj, o we;=<;a jkafka foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍka

yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka b,lal lrf.khs'

³ fjk;a n,.ekaúh yels whs;sjdislï iu. wd¾Ól

whs;sjdislï o n,d;aul l< yels h' fuu whs;sjdislï

N=la;s ú£u m%;sm;a;s u; r|d isák w;r nÿ uqo,a

hgf;a o r|d mj;S' tkï ls%hdldÍka úiska fï .ek

mqrjeishka fhduq l< hq;= h' wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s yd

wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï Wfoid lrk úhou .ek úuid

ne,Sug h' fuh jHjia:dkql+, ne£ula u.ska l<

yels h' tkï ks, f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug mqrjeishdg

we;s whs;sjdislu ;yjqre lsÍfuka iy Bg ls%hdldÍ

kS;shla mekùfuks'

³ ;j;a ls%hdldÍ ms<shula jkafka mqrjeishkag iydh

úh yels hï wdh;khla mssygqùfuks' m%Yia; f,iu"

tn÷ wdh;khla jQl,S" whjeh ;SrKh lrk úOdhl

m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka f.ka yd ks;s iïmdolhkaf.

ka ksoyia h' tys jeo.;au ,laIKh jkafka wêlrK

fkdjk iajNdjhhs' tn÷ ;j;a fmdÿ wdrlaIlhl=

jkafka Tïnqâiauka h' fndfyda rgj, fuu

wdh;kj,g mÍlaIK mj;ajd wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï

W,a,x>kh ù we;akï kS;s yd mßmd,k m%;sixialrK

i|yd ks¾foaY bÈßm;a l< yels h'

fuu whs;sjdislï ls%hd;aul fkdlsÍu .ek j.lsh

hq;= wh ljqreka±hs by; lS úl,amhka f.ka meyeÈ,s

jkq we;' ks¾foaYl m%;sm;a;sj, fhfok NdIdj u.ska

j.lsh hq;a;d ljfrlaoehs y÷kd.; yels h' kS;sh u.ska

meyeÈ,sj m%ldY lrkafka kï tu f;dr;=re md¾,sfïka;=

72

uka;S%jreka fj; fhduq l< yels h' tu.ska wod< úi\qu

fj; <Õdúh yelsjkq we;' ,;ska weußldfõ m%cd ixúOdk

u.ska zwd¾Ól mqrjeisNdjhZ hk ixl,amh fhdodf.k

wdÈjdiSkaf.a yd wjodkï fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï

Wfoid - ks¾foaYl m%;sm;a;s hgf;a wdKavqfõ ixj¾Ok

jHdmD;sj, zudkj whs;sjdislï n,mEï ;lafiarejlaZ

b,a,d isákq we;' úúO jd¾.sl lkavdhïj, fjkialï

fjkqfjka n,mEï lrk wh wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï

(ECOSOC) fjkialï j,g m%dfhda.sl úi÷ï fok nj

bÈßm;a lr;s' tu.ska fjkialï ms<sn| yeÕSu yd ienE

fjkialï Ndú;hka w;r fjki biau;= fõ'

ia:djr jQ;a' kuHYS,SjQ;a udkj whs;sjdislï

ixialD;shla Wfoid wêlrKhka yd jHjia:dodhlhka

wjYH jkq we;' ta tys ffk;sl yd foaYmd,k iunr;djh

wdrlaId lsÍug h' jHjia:d f.dv k.kakka úiska

ixj¾Ok wruqKq wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) iu.

noaO fldg wd¾Ól iNdjla f.dv ke.sh yels h' thska"

úOdhlhg iy ish¨ wdKavqfõ wêldÍkag" whs;sjdislï

ls%hd;aul lsÍu wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s .ek Wmfoia Èh yelsh'

jHjia:dfjka tu .eg¨ ksYaÑ;j úi¢h fkdyels jqj;a"

;Skaÿ .kakd whg u. fmkaùfï m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh l<

yels h' tu m%;sm;a;s w¾:fhka yd n,mEfuka wúksYaÑ;

kï jHjia:djlg wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) we;=<;a lsÍu m, rys; fõ' wdrÓl yd øjHuh ;;a;ajh

È<s÷ ck;dj fjkqfjka jeäÈhqKq fkdlf<d;a tu .egqu

È.gu mj;skq we;' th jHjia:djlska úi¢h fkdyels"

Bg tyd .sh lreKla fõ' kS;sfhys wka;¾.; lsÍu u.ska

wdh;ksl .egqï o u;=úh yels h' tkï úOdhlh iy

wêlrKh w;r iy Widú iy md¾,sfïka;=j w;r h'

whs;sjdislï (ECOSOC) idlaId;a lr .ekSfï taldhk

ud¾.hla ke;s úúO jHjia:d l%uhkays ch.%yKhla

fukau mrdchka o we;af;a h'

73

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh6$5" f,hd¾âia mdr" fld<U 05

ÿrl:k ( 011 2370803 / 4*elaia ( 011 2370801 / 2

fjí wvúh ( www.cpalanka.orgBfï,a( [email protected]

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%ldYkhlsISBN : 978-955-4746-59-6

wdKavql%u jHjia:df.dv ke.Sug u.fmkaùula


wdKavql%u jHjia:d f.dvke.Sfï mámdá - 3 jeks mshjr

udkj whs;sjdislï ixialD;shla f.dv ke - Citizens Lanka

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