Typomorphology project

LENDER AND TALLINN HOUSES IN KALAMAJA

Anita Pinter, Laura Uibopuu, Kadri Vaher, Elo Liina KaivoTallinn 2006Tutors: Edina Dufala-Pärn, Panu Lehtovuori

Estonian Academy of Arts

INDEX OF TABLES

INTRODUCTION

TIME SCALE

LENDER AND TALLINN HOUSE TYPES

VARIATIONS OF LENDER AND TALLINN HOUSE TYPES- LENDER HOUSE- TALLINN HOUSE- COMPARING LENDER AND TALLINN HOUSES- CHANGES ACROSS TIME

FACADESTAIRCASESFUNCTIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF LENDER AND TALLINN HOUSE TYPES

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this paper is to examine more closer the Lender and Tallinn housetypes in Kalamaja. It must be said that these are not the only house types foundin the study area, but the reason to concentrate on these two types is that theyconstitute the greater part of the wooden houses in Kalamaja. And Kalamaja is byfar most known and appreciated by its wooden buildings and the atmosphereshaped up by them.Another reason for focusing on these two is that there has not been any concreteand sufficient studies on Lender or Tallinn houses. These two types are usuallyjust mentioned or referred to in the context of broader writings about woodenarchitecture in Estonia.We would like to turn the attention towards the forgotten and so-called ordinarywooden slum houses. And by doing this to change that common understanding.

NAMEKalamaja means a house of fish.Although the name is known to originate from the fishermens settlements thetwo legends tell the different stories.

LEGEND I

LEGEND II

13thcentury

Per

man

ents

ettle

men

t;fis

hing

villa

ge

ThebiggestsuburbofMedievalTallinn

1570-1571

Bur

ning

dow

nin

The

Livo

nian

War

1688

1500

inha

bita

nts

the

size

and

grow

thof

Kal

amaj

ase

ttlem

ent

was

rest

ricte

dby

mili

tary

purp

oses

;bui

ldin

gof

ston

eho

uses

orev

enpr

oper

woo

den

hous

esw

asfo

rbid

den

outs

ide

city

wal

ls

1710

The

Nor

ther

nW

ar

1733

Bui

ldin

gof

Kop

list

reet

asth

ero

adto

the

new

grav

eyar

d

1854

The

Crim

ean

War

1914-1918

The

Firs

tWor

ldW

ar

1857

Era

sing

Talli

nnfro

mth

elis

tofb

urgs

1871

Rai

lway

and

Bal

tiJa

am

1920-1940

Est

onia

nR

epub

lic;

the

best

times

for

Kal

amaj

aas

aun

ique

and

com

plet

ese

ttlem

ent

1918

-1920

The

War

ofIn

depe

nden

ce;1934

1688

4in

habi

tant

s

1964

Taki

ngdo

wn

the

fenc

es;

dest

royi

ngth

efe

elin

gof

'my

own'

1939-1945

The

Sec

ond

Wor

ldW

ar.

Inco

rpor

atio

nof

Est

onia

with

the

Sov

ietU

nion

;ch

ange

ofre

gim

ean

dec

onom

icsy

stem

;dec

line

ofK

alam

aja

1967

1570

0in

habi

tant

s

1970/1980

The

chan

gein

thin

king

ofar

chite

cts;

real

izin

gth

ehi

stor

ical

valu

eof

Kal

amaj

a

1991

Res

tora

tion

ofth

eR

epub

licof

Est

onia

;ch

ange

ofth

ere

gim

ean

dec

onom

icsy

stem

;reo

rgan

izat

ion

ofth

ein

dust

ry;

the

leav

ing

ofR

ussi

anA

rmy

1985

1215

8in

habi

tant

s

1987

Form

atio

nof

Kal

amaj

aIn

habi

tant

sC

onve

ntio

n

1994

Pla

nnin

gst

rate

gyfo

rthe

pres

erva

tion

ofm

ilieu

inK

alam

aja

2003

7319

inha

bita

nts

1699

1913-1914

Noblessner

1899-1901

Volta

1900

FranzKrull

The

olde

stho

uses

date

back

toth

attim

e

The

mai

nst

imul

usfa

ctor

fort

hede

velo

pmen

tofK

alam

aja

1993

Inth

een

dof

the

19th

and

inth

ebe

ginn

ing

ofth

e20

thce

ntur

ym

osto

fthe

build

ings

ofno

wad

ays

wer

eco

nstru

cted

;cha

nge

from

one-

stor

y-ho

uses

toa

sing

lefa

mily

ortw

o-st

ory-

hous

esfo

rren

t;st

raig

hten

ing

ofth

est

reet

s;th

eris

eof

tradi

ngan

dse

rvic

ing

ente

rpris

es

Kal

amaj

aw

asde

vast

ated

The

decl

ine

oftra

dean

dse

rvic

es;

viol

entb

ehav

ioro

fRus

sian

sold

iers

;de

porta

tion

ofE

ston

ian

citiz

ens;

chan

ging

the

nam

esof

stre

ets

and

ente

rpris

es;

reor

gani

zatio

nof

the

indu

stry

;br

ingi

ngin

offo

reig

nR

ussi

anw

ork

forc

e

2006

The

city

gove

rnm

enti

sst

illw

orki

ngw

ithth

ebu

ildin

gac

tofK

alam

aja;

the

auth

entic

mili

euis

cont

inuo

usly

vuln

erab

le

prot

ecte

dbu

ildin

gve

ryva

luab

lebu

ildin

gva

luab

lebu

ildin

gle

ssva

luab

lebu

ildin

gva

luel

ess

build

ing

diffe

rent

from

the

mili

euof

Kal

amaj

a

2006

19th/20thcentury

TIM

ES

CA

LE

19thcentury

Indu

stria

lizat

ion

LEN

DE

RA

ND

TALL

INN

HO

US

ETY

PE

S

TALL

INN

HO

US

ELE

ND

ER

HO

US

E

The

urba

nisa

tion

ofes

toni

ans

issa

idto

have

star

ted

with

the

emer

genc

eof

the

Lend

erho

use

type

.The

nam

eof

the

type

isco

nnec

ted

with

the

arch

itect

Vold

emar

Lend

er,w

hous

edto

have

mad

em

osto

fthe

plan

sfo

rthe

seki

ndof

hous

es.I

n19

03th

ew

oode

nsl

umho

uses

beca

me

am

ass

cons

umpt

ion

artic

le.

But

itw

asno

tjus

tano

ther

slum

hous

ety

pe,t

his

new

type

was

abr

eakt

hrou

ghin

livin

gco

nditi

ons,

beca

use

from

now

onal

lthe

conv

enie

nces

wer

ein

side

the

hous

e,m

osti

mpo

rtant

lyth

eto

ileta

ndw

ater

.Th

eba

sic

plan

ofth

eho

use

isve

rysi

mpl

e:ce

nter

edst

airc

ase

onth

esy

mm

etric

alax

ean

dfo

uron

e-ro

omap

artm

ents

onev

ery

floor

.The

door

open

edto

ast

reet

leve

lbut

anot

here

ntra

nce

and

the

stai

rsw

ere

plac

edon

the

back

beca

use

ofth

efir

epr

escr

iptio

ns.

Als

o,th

ese

regu

latio

nsdi

dno

tallo

wto

build

aw

oode

nho

use

with

mor

eth

antw

ost

orie

shi

gh.B

utas

the

type

coul

dno

tgro

win

heig

ht,i

tgro

wed

inle

ngth

alon

gth

est

reet

.Tha

tis

how

the

num

bero

fap

artm

ents

perh

ouse

was

incr

ease

d.Th

egr

owin

gde

nsity

ofliv

ing

spac

esco

uld

also

beob

serv

edby

the

allo

catio

nof

build

ings

.Ofte

n,ho

uses

wer

ebu

iltal

ong

the

perim

eter

ofa

bloc

k,w

ithw

oode

nho

uses

linin

gth

est

reet

front

and

anot

herl

ine

ofho

uses

som

etim

esfo

rmin

ga

seco

ndro

wat

the

back

.

Typi

calL

ende

rhou

sesc

hem

ean

dfa

cade

The

hous

ing

shor

tage

was

soac

ute

inth

ela

te19

20s

that

even

the

build

ing

ofth

ree-

stor

ied

woo

den

hous

esw

aspe

rmitt

edin

Talli

nn,o

nth

eco

nditi

onit

had

ace

ntra

lsto

nest

airc

ase.

As

are

sult

anot

hern

ewty

peev

olve

dfro

mLe

nder

and

this

was

calle

dth

eTa

llinn

hous

e.In

the

end

of19

20ie

san

des

peci

ally

in19

30ie

sth

ebu

ildin

gof

two

orth

ree

stor

ied

chea

pTa

llinn

hous

esst

arte

dto

dist

ribut

e.Th

epl

anof

the

Talli

nnty

pew

asag

ain

over

ratio

nal:

onth

efir

stan

dse

cond

floor

ther

ew

ere

2-ro

omed

apar

tmen

ts,a

ndon

the

half-

base

men

tflo

orth

ere

wer

esh

ops

and

smal

lbus

ines

ses.

The

prom

inen

torp

lane

ston

est

airc

ase,

whi

chex

tend

edac

ross

two

floor

sw

asa

typi

cala

ccen

tfo

rthe

stre

etfa

cade

.

The

recr

eatio

nala

reas

also

mar

ked

the

diffe

renc

ebe

twee

nLe

nder

and

Talli

nnho

uses

.Itw

asus

ually

the

latte

rtyp

eth

atha

dits

char

acte

ristic

alap

ple

orch

ards

and

cour

tyar

dsfu

llof

gree

nery

.It

issa

idth

atth

iski

ndof

hous

ety

peoc

cure

son

lyin

Talli

nnan

dit

isno

tkno

wn

inot

hert

owns

.Som

eex

epct

ions

still

exis

t,be

caus

ea

few

sing

lew

oode

nte

nem

ents

with

ace

ntra

lsto

nest

airc

ase

are

foun

din

Rak

vere

,Haa

psal

u,Ta

rtuan

dK

ures

saar

e.Th

em

ostp

rodu

ctiv

ear

chite

ctw

hode

sign

edth

isty

peof

hous

esw

asK

arlT

arva

s.H

isho

uses

wen

tup

inne

arly

allo

fTal

linn'

sdi

stric

ts,a

ndth

isfa

ctm

akes

itev

enm

ore

inte

rest

ing

that

the

type

did

not

rem

arka

bly

spre

adto

othe

rtow

ns.

Typi

calT

allin

nho

use

faca

dean

dsc

hem

e

LEN

DE

RA

ND

TALL

INN

HO

US

ETY

PE

S

TALL

INN

HO

US

ELE

ND

ER

HO

US

E

The

appe

aran

ceof

the

Lend

erho

use

was

redu

ced,

butt

his

did

notm

ean

that

itha

dno

char

acte

ristic

alde

tails

.The

reas

onfo

rdec

orat

ions

was

togi

veth

eho

use

the

city

look

.In

gene

rala

llth

eLe

nder

hous

eslo

oked

sim

ilar,

butt

hey

also

had

thei

row

nsu

b-ty

pes,

refle

ctin

gth

eow

ner's

pref

eren

ces

ofta

ste

and

the

arch

itect

'sor

engi

neer

'sha

ndw

ritin

g.M

ostc

omm

onde

cora

tive

feat

ures

wer

ea

two-

leaf

door

with

carv

edde

tails

and

fanl

ight

and

aniro

nwor

kaw

ning

over

the

front

door

,ski

rtboa

rds

with

asi

mpl

esa

w-c

utor

nam

enta

roun

dth

ew

indo

ws

and

ade

cora

ted

tiebe

amat

the

tipof

the

gabl

e.It

issa

idth

aton

eLe

nder

hous

edo

esno

thav

ea

cons

ider

able

valu

e,bu

twhe

nth

eyar

eto

geth

erth

eycr

eate

anes

thet

ical

lyde

light

fuls

treet

scap

e.It

isno

ticea

ble

ina

com

mon

line

ofea

ves,

rhyt

hym

ofst

orey

san

dat

ticw

indo

ws.

The

unpr

eten

tious

appe

aran

cew

illha

vea

diffe

rent

mea

ning

whe

nyo

ulo

okat

the

side

-by-

side

Lend

erho

uses

from

the

stre

etsc

ale.

The

row

ofLe

nder

hous

eson

Sal

me

Stre

et

Initi

ally,

Tarv

as's

hous

esre

tain

eda

stro

ngin

fluen

ceof

Art

Nou

veau

,but

thes

efe

atur

esre

treat

edla

ter.

Als

oho

uses

built

byen

gine

erW

.Sal

eman

nin

Sal

me

Stre

et17

and

19w

ere

ina

late

Art

Nou

veau

vein

and

with

aric

hid

iom

offo

rm(th

eho

use

has

thre

edo

rmer

s,th

ece

ntra

lone

ofth

emco

vere

dw

itha

half-

dom

e)an

da

plas

tic,s

tream

lined

shap

eof

the

roof

.The

high

man

sard

part

mad

eit

poss

ible

forf

lats

tobe

built

also

inth

eat

tic.

Inhi

sow

ntim

eth

eTa

llinn

hous

ety

pew

asco

nsid

ered

conc

erva

tive

asm

uch

inso

cial

asin

arch

itect

ural

way

.But

itre

pres

ents

the

pecu

liarit

yas

ave

rnac

ular

arch

itect

ural

appe

aran

ce.

Sal

eman

nho

uses

onS

alm

eS

treet

Bot

hho

use

type

sw

ere

owne

dby

one

pers

on,w

hore

nted

itfo

rthe

wor

king

clas

spe

ople

.Th

est

atus

ofyo

urcl

ass

and

your

poss

ibili

ties

dete

rmin

edth

ew

ayho

wyo

uliv

ed.

So

itca

nbe

said

that

certa

inlif

esty

les

wer

ebo

nded

with

thes

eho

use

type

s.It

mea

ntco

mm

onla

undr

yw

ashi

ngin

dow

nsta

irsor

onth

eco

urty

ard,

woo

d-sh

eds,

the

sche

dule

ofve

stib

ule

clea

ning

times

,sm

allf

irstf

loor

busi

ness

esan

dso

on.

Thes

eev

eryd

ayac

tiviti

esto

geth

erw

ithth

ear

chite

ctur

eof

the

build

ings

form

edth

ees

senc

eof

Kal

amaj

a.

Itw

asno

tsim

ply

gray

,fea

ture

less

,com

fortl

ess

slum

sex

pres

sing

the

hard

life

ofw

orki

ngpe

ople

inth

ebo

som

ofca

pita

lism

.

VA

RIA

TIO

NS

OF

LEN

DE

R A

ND

TA

LLIN

N H

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SE

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PE

SC

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ES

AC

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SS

TIM

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AM

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SALM

E49

1908

2002

REFERENCES

Bruns, D., 1993. Tallinn: linnaehituslik kujunemine.Hallas, K. (Toim.), 1999. Eesti puitarhitektuur.Hallas-Murula, K., 2002. Tallinna 20. sajandi arhitektuur.Nerman, R., 1996. Kalamaja ajalugu.Sepp, M., 2004. Tallinna elamutüübi säästev renoveerimine. Magistritöö, Eesti

Kunstiakadeemia restaureerimisteaduskond, Tallinn.Volkov, L., 1957. Tallinna tingimustes kasutatavad elamutüübid. Dissertatsioon,

Tallinn. Cit. Bruns, D., 1993. Tallinn: linnaehituslik kujunemine.Välja, L., 2004. Miljööväärtusliku puitasumi väärtuste määratlemine ja kaitse.

Magistritöö, Eesti Kunstiakadeemia restaureerimisteaduskond, Tallinn.

We would like to thank Leele Välja for introducing us the whole theme. This is how theconcept got started.And for Edina and Panu we would just like to say that we might not have done our best, butwe sure had many hardworking days.

AnitaElo LiinaLauraKadri