الرحیم الرحمن الله بسم

Type of Building structures• Prepared by :

Nik Mohammad Aryaan B-126015Zabihullah Nasiri B-126034Osama Abdul hafeez Ramey B-126019

Structure Elements

1-Beams2-Column3-Tie rods

Structure Elements

Column:Columns carry primary Axial Loads and therefore are designed for compression.Additional loads from snow, wind or other horizontal forces can cause bending in the columns.Columns then need to be designed for Axial Load and Bending.

Structure Elements Beam:Beams are sized appropriately to safely support the loads a structure will carry.Beams are primarily subjected to bending and shear. Deflection and deformation can be calculated.Beams are sized to provide the maximum result with the minimum materials. A factor of safety is included in the design.

Structure ElementsTie Rods:A tie rod is a slender structural unit used as a tie and (in most applications) capable of carrying tensile loads only. Tie rods may be connected at the ends in various ways, but it is desirable that the strength of the connection should be at least equal to the strength of the rod. The ends may be threaded and passed through drilled holes or shackles and retained by nuts screwed on the ends

Type of building structures

Structure: refers to a system of connected parts that can support loads while performing its primary function.

Structure can be classified according to their uses:• Civil structures- Building,Bridges,Towers,etc. are used by civilians or

general public.• Military strucures-Ships,Aircraft frames, Tanks etc. .Used by military etc.• Normally all static/stationary structures used by the common public are

designed by civil engineers.

Type of structuresStructural system: The combination of structural elements and the

materials from which they are composed is referred to as a structural system.

Each structural system may be composed of one or more of the four basic types of structures.

The four basic type of structures are: Trusses Cables & Arches Frames Surface structures

Trusses

Truss: A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural elements.

Use of trusses in buildings: Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where

there is a requirement for very long spans, such as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and other leisure buildings. Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are sometimes used as transfer structures.

Trusses are widely used to serve two main functions: To carry the roof load To provide horizontal stability

Types of trussesTrusses comprise assemblies of tension and compression elements. Under gravity loads, the top and bottom chords of the truss provide the compression and tension resistance to overall bending, and the bracing resists the shear forces. Some of the commonly used types are shown below.I. Pratt truss ('N' truss)II. Warren trussIII. North light trussIV. Saw-tooth trussV. Fink trussVI. Vierendeel trusses

Pratt truss ('N' truss) Warren truss

North light truss Saw-tooth truss

Fink truss Vierendeel trusses

Cables & Arches

Cables and Arches: Tow other type of structures used to span long distances are the cable and the arch. They are commonly used to support bridges, and building roofs.

Cables• Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension• The external load is usually applied vertically (not along the axis of the cable).as a

result, the cable deforms with a SAG.• Cables have an advantage over beam and truss,especialy for spans greater than 150

ft. because they are always in tension, cable will not become unstable and suddenly collapse, as may happen with beam or trusses.

• Cables are limited by their SAG ,weight and method of anchorage.

Arches:• An arch has the reverse curvature of a cable and it

achieves its strength in compression• The arch must be rigid in order to maintain its shape.• It is primarily subjected to compression(but also shear

and moment).• arches are used in bridge structures, dome roofs and

opening in masonry walls.

Frames

Frames: Frames are often used in building and are composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected, like trusses, frames extend in two or three dimensions.Steel frames – concrete frames. Mostly commonly used buildings

There are different types of frames depending on the connection between beams and columns:

a. Braced frames-All connection between beams and columns are pinned and there are diagonal bracing members.

b. Moment resisting frames-connections between beams and columns are rigid and there is no need for diagonal bracing members.

Surface structures

Surface structures: A surface structure is made from a material having a very small thickness compared to its other dimensions.o The structure is subjected to in-plane(tension or

compression forces mainly).o Surface structures may be made of rigid material such as

reinforced concrete.o The structure may be shaped as folded plates,cylinders,etc.o They are referred to as thin plates or shells.

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