ADVANCED TYPE CIVIL

ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

--Malay Talaviya

Different types of advanced civil engineering

structure

Multi storeyed building

Chimney

Dams

Bridges

Industrial structures

Retaining wall

Hydraulic structure

Marine structure

Multi storeyed building

The tallness of a building is relative and can not be defined in

absolute terms either in relation to height or the number of stories.

But, from a structural engineer's point of view the tall building or

multi-storeyed building can be defined as one that, by virtue of its

height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake or

both to an extent that they play an important role in the structural

design.

The development of the high-rise building has followed the growth

of the city closely. The process of urbanisation, that started with the

age of industrialisation, is still in progress in developing countries

like India.

Chimney

Chimneys or stacks are very important industrial structures for emission of

poisonous gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to a

higher elevation such that the gases do not contaminate surrounding

atmosphere. These structures are tall, slender and generally with circular

cross-sections. Different construction materials, such as concrete, steel or

masonry, are used to build chimneys. Steel chimneys are ideally suited for

process work where a short heat-up period and low thermal capacity are required. Also, steel chimneys are economical for height up to 45m.

Dams

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes.

A dam and a reservoir are complements of each other.

Dams are generally constructed in the mountainous reach of

the river where the valley is narrow and the foundation is good.

Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near

the dam site to develop hydropower.

Dams are probably the most important hydraulic structure

built on the rivers. These are very huge structure and require

huge money, manpower and time to construct.

Bridges

A structure built in order

to allow people or

vehicles to cross a river or

a valley etc. Bridges are

structures which carry

people and vehicles

across natural or man-made obstacles

Industrial structures

An industrial building is any structure that is used to store raw

materials or furnished goods from a manufacturing process or

house the process itself like:

Food processing

Chemical processing

Paper and pulp industry

Metals industry

Powerplants

Engineering industry

Electronics industry or

High bay storages

Retaining wall

Retaining walls arestructure used to retainsoil, rock or othermaterials in a verticalcondition. Hence theyprovide a lateral supportto vertical slopes of soilthat would otherwisecollapse into a morenatural shape.

Hydraulic structures

Canal head regulator

Syphon

Barrage

Syphon

A canal can be conveyed below anatural stream with the help ofstructures like a super-passage or asiphon. These are exactly opposite infunction to that of the aqueducts andsiphon aqueducts, which are used tocarry the canal water above thenatural stream. The natural stream isflumed and made to pass in a troughabove the canal. If the canal waterflows with a free surface, that is,without touching the bottom of thetrough, it is called a super-passage.Else, when the canal passes belowthe trough as a pressure flow, then itis termed as a syphon or a canalsyphon.

Canal head regulator

A canal obtains its share ofwater from the pool behind abarrage through a structurecalled the canal head regulator.Though this is also a regulationstructure for controlling theamount of water passing intothe canal (with the help ofadjustable gates), it shall bediscussed under diversionworks (Module 4). In thislesson, attention is focussed onstructures that regulate thedischarge and maintain thewater levels within a canalnetwork

Marine structures

Docks

Harbours

Jetty

Harbours

Ports and harbours conduct fourimportant functions:administrative (ensuring that thelegal, socio-political andeconomic interests of the state andinternational maritime authoritiesare protected), development (portsare major promoters andinstigators of a country’s or widerregional economy), industrial(major industries process thegoods imported or exported in aport), and commercial (ports areinternational trade junction pointswhere various modes of transportinterchange; loading, discharging,transit of goods).