TX Planning Basic

1 © NOKIA Presentation_Name.PPT / DD-MM-YYYY / InitialsCompany Confidential

TRS Planning Workshop


Contents

• Microwave Radio Basics• Microwave Network Planning Aspects• Microwave Network Planning Process• Microwave Propagation• Fresnel Zone• Fading• Link Engineering & Reliability• Loop protection techniques• NMS Planning• Common applications for E1/T1, FXC-RRI, FIU19 units• Use of Integrated Transmission• Other Transmission Products• Exploring other available media for traffic protection• PtP MW Transmission Issues• Useful Formulae


What is Transport ?

• Transport is an entity that carries information between Network Nodes

• Information is sent over a carrier between Network Nodes.

• Carrier is sent over a Transmission Media

• Commonly used Transmission Media : Copper Cables• Microwave Radio• Optical Fiber• Infra Red Radio


Microwave Radio Basics

1. Basic Modules

2. Configuration

3. Applications

4. Advantages

5. Radio Manufacturers

6. Frequency Band assignments

7. Limitations of Line of Sight systems


Microwave Radio - Modules

• Microwave Radio Terminal has 3 Basic Modules

• Digital Modem : To interface with customer equipment and to convert customer traffic to a modulated signal

• RF Unit : To Up and Down Convert signal in RF Range• Passive Parabolic Antenna : For Transmitting and

Receiving RF Signal

• Two Microwave Terminals Forms a Hop

• Microwave Communication requires LOS


Basic Hardware Configurations

• Non Protected or 1+0 Configuration (1-FIU19 or RRI, 1-ODU, 1-Antenna,

1-Flexbus cable)

• Protected or 1+1 Configuration, also known as MHSB

(2-FIU19 or 1-RRI, 2-ODU, 1-Antenna,2-Flexbus cable)

• 1+1 Space Diversity Configuration, also known as 1+1 SD (2-FIU19 or 1-RRI, 2-ODU, 2-Antenna,2-Flexbus cable)


Microwave Radio – Capacity Configurations• Commonly Used Capacity Configurations

• 4 x 2 Mbps or 4 x E1

• 8 x 2 Mbps or 8 x E1

• 16 x 2 Mbps or 16 x E1

• 155 Mbps (STM-1) or 63 x E1

• 21x2 Mbps( sub STM1) or 21 x E1/ (uncommon capacity)


Microwave Radio - Applications

• As Transport Medium in• Basic Service Networks

• Mobile Cellular Network

• Last Mile Access

• Private Networks


Microwave Radio Advantages

• Advantages over Optical Fiber / Copper Cable System• Rapid Deployment

• Flexibility

• Lower Startup and Operational Cost

• No ROW Issues

• Low MTTR


Microwave Radio - Manufacturers

• Few well known Radio Manufacturers• Nokia• Nera• NEC• Siemens• Digital Microwave Corporation• Fujitsu• Ericsson• Alcatel• Hariss


FREQUENCY WAVE LENGTH (CM)

1. LF : 30 kHz-300 kHz

2. MF : 300 kHz-3 MHz

3. HF : 3 MHZ-30 MHz

4. VHF : 30 MHZ-300 MHz

5. UHF : 300 MHz-3GHz

6. SHF : 3 GHz-30 GHz 100mm-10mm

7. EHF : 30 GHz-300 GHZ

THESE BANDS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUB-BANDS

General Frequency Assignments ( BANDS)


Limitations of Line of Sight systems

How far we can go: The range of LOS microwave systems is limited by:-• Curvature of earth-Actual• Technical radio characteristics (K-factor)-Modified Earth Curvature• Actual Obstructions en-route in each hop• RF effect of fresnel zone• Path loss• Transmitter power• Antenna gains• Transmission line losses• Frequency of operation• Received power• Receiver threshold• Signal to noise ratio• Fade margin required• Desired reliability of link


Microwave Network Planning Aspects

1. Network Architecture

2. Route Configuration

3. Choice of Frequency Band


Network Architecture

• Common Network Architectures• Spur or Chain (commonly used)

• Star (uncommon, typically used in Point to Multipoint radios)

• Ring (commonly used)

• Mesh (uncommon)

• Combination of Above


Spur Architecture

B

C

D

E

A

•For N Stations N-1 Links are required•Nth station depends on N-1 Links

Spur Architecture


Star Architecture

•For N Stations N-1 Links are required•Each Station depends on Only 1 Link

BC

DE

A

Star Architecture


Loop Architecture

•For N Stations N Links are required•Route Diversity is available for all stations

B

C

DE

A

Loop Architecture


Loop protection is effective against faults, which are caused by e.g.

•power failure

•equipment failure

•unexpected cut of cable

•human mistake

•rain and multipath fading cutting microwave radio connections


BTSDN2 or METROHUBMW RADIOSINGLE MODE MW LINKHSB MODE MW LINK

COPPER CONNECTION

Figure 2. Primary solution where loop masters (DN2) or Metrohubs are co-llocated in the BSC.

To Next BSC

To Next BSC

BSC


Figure 3. Solution of using remote loop master (DN2) or Metrohubs co-located in a remote BTS

To Next BSC

To Next BSC

BSC

BTSDN2 or METROHUBMW RADIOSINGLE MODE MW LINKHSB MODE MW LINK

COPPER CONNECTION


Mesh Architecture

•Each Station is Connected to Every Other•Full Proof Route Protection•For N sites N(N-1)/2 links are required

C

DE

A

Mesh Architecture

B


Typical Network Architecture

B

GDE

I

Typical Architecture

J

FA

C

•Typical Network Consist of Rings and Spurs


Network Routes & Route Capacities

• Inter- City routes - Backbone• Backbone routes are planned at Lower Frequency Bands• 2, 6 and 7 GHz Frequency Bands are used• Backbone routes are normally high capacity routes• Nominal Hop Distances 25 – 40 Km

• Intra – City routes - Access• Access routes are planned at Higher Frequency Bands• 15,18 and 23 GHz Frequency Bands are used• Nominal Hop Distance 1 – 10 Km


Frequency Bands

• Frequency Band 7, 15, 18 and 23 GHz are allowed to Private Operators for deployment in Transport Network

• 15,18 and 23 GHz bands are used for Access Network• 7 GHz band is used for Backbone Network• Different Channeling Plans are available in these bands to

accommodate different bandwidth requirements• Bandwidth requirement is decided by Radio Capacity

offered by the Manufacturer


Microwave Network Planning Process

1. Map Study

2. Field Survey

3. Basis of Design Criterion

4. Actual TRS NW Planning


N

N

Y

Y

RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Application for Frequency License

Define BSC Borders

Estimate BSC Locations

Preliminary Transmission Planning and LOS Checking

for possible BSCs

Finalize BSC Locations

Microwave Link Planning and LOS Checking for BTSs

Update LOS Reports, Frequency Plan, Planning

Database, Equipment Summary

Customer to apply SACFA based on Nokia Technical

Inputs

Change BTS Prime Candidate?

Change BTS Prime Candidate?

Figure 1. Microwave Link Planning Process

Planning Process

Are there any new sites?

N

YIs there any TRX

expansion?N

FINISHY

Check on TRS capacity

Is capacity an Issue?

N

Y

Define New BSCs


Map Study

• SOI Maps are available in different Scales and Contour Intervals

• 1:50000 Scale Maps with 20 M Contour Interval are normally used for Map Study

• Sites are Plotted on Map

• Contour values are noted at intersections

• Intersection with Water Bodies is also noted

• AMSL of Sight is determined by Interpolation


Map Study

• Vegetation height (15-20m) is added to Map Data

• Path Profile is drawn on Graph for Earth Bulge Factor (K) =4/3 and 2/3

• Fresnel Zone Depths are Calculated & Plotted for Design Frequency Band

• Antennae Heights are Estimated for Design Clearance Criteria


Field Survey

• Equipment Required Data Required• GPS Receiver - Map Study Data • Camera• Magnetic Compass • Altimeter• Binocular / Telescope• Flashing Mirror• Flags• Inclinometer• Balloon Set • Measuring Tapes


Field Survey

• Field Survey• Map Data Validation• Gathering Field inputs (Terrain Type, Average

Tree/Obstacle Height, Critical Obstruction etc.) • Line of Sight Check, if feasible ,using flags, mirror • Data related to other stations in the vicinity , their

coordinates, frequency of operation, antenna size, heights, power etc.

• Proximity to Airport / Airstrip with their co-ordinates

• Field inputs are used to refine existing path profile data , reflection point determination, reflection analysis


RF propagationEnvironmental conditions

• Line of Sight•No objects in path between antenna•a. Neighboring Buildings•b. Trees or other obstructions

• Interference•c. Power lines


Basis of Design Criterion

Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of calculations.

1. Working out antenna heights for the link.• K-factor is major dominant variable.• Earth bulge.• Fresnel zone radius.• Actual obstructions on the route• Path Loss• Operating frequency.• Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter site where

obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur.

The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified K-factor used.


Basis of Design Criterion

2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop.• Transmit power.• Antenna type and gain.• Transmission type.• Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.)• Maximum received power.• Receiver threshold.

This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each hop.

3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the link.• Climatic factor.• Terrain roughness.• Average annual temperature• Annual rain.

This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as well as for the entire link.


Basis of Design Criterion (SUMMARY)

• Choice of Radio Equipment

• Fresnel Zone Clearance Objectives

• Availability / Reliability Objectives

• Interference Degradation Objectives

• Tower Height & Loading Restrictions


Impact due to Design CriterionSome typical mw radio matrices

Maximum Hop Distance (Km) Matrix For NOKIA Flexihopper

For 99.995% For 99.999%

For 15GHz (1+0)0.6m Antenna 8.3 41.2m Antenna 10.5 5.51.8m Antenna 11 6.5

For 15GHz (1+1)0.6m Antenna 7 3.51.2m Antenna 10 4.51.8m Antenna 11 5.5

For 7GHz(1+0)0.6m Antenna 19.5 141.2m Antenna 30 21.51.8m Antenna 34.5 25

For 7GHz(1+1)0.6m Antenna 17 121.2m Antenna 27 191.8m Antenna 33 23

For 7GHz 1+1,SD0.6m/0.6m Antenna 39.5 30.51.2m/1.2m Antenna 48 43.51.8m/1.8m Antenna 52 48.5

Design Consideration :

Polarisation - VerticleTx Power -

For 7 GHz Total Annual Reliability ( Considering multipath) is refer as Reliabilty CriterionFor 15 GHz Total Annual Availibility ( Considering Rain Attenuation) is refer as Reliabilty Criterion

Max. Hop Distance In Km

For FH7, 16x2 guaranteed Radios -81.00dB @ BER 10 -̂6

FL

EX

IHO

PP

ER

Link Budget Calculation Method used - ITU-R P.530-10

Radio Type used -

Rain rate considered for calculations - 120 mm/hr

For FH15, 16x2 guaranteed Radios - 20.00 dBm (Max.) For FH7, 16x2 guaranteed Radios - 23.00 dBm (Max.)

FH15, 16x2 guaranteed

FH7, 16x2 guaranteed

Channel Bandwidth (MHz) - 28MHz

Radio Receiver Threshold - For FH15, 16x2 guaranteed Radios -81.00 dB @ BER 10 -̂6

Radio Config Ant size Hop length Availability15G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 2 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 2.6 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 3 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 3.5 >99.99915G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 4.2 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 1.6 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 2.2 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 2.6 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 2.8 >99.99918G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 3.5 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.3/0.3 1.2 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.6/0.6 1.5 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 0.8/0.8 1.8 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 1.2/1.2 2 >99.99923G SDH 1+0 1.8/1.8 2.3 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 1.2/1.2 6 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 1.8/1.8 15 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 2.4/2.4 18 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 3.0/3.0 21 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.2/1.2 9 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.2/1.8 19 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 1.8/1.8 22 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 2.4/1.8 30 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 2.4/2.4 35 >99.9997G SDH 1+1 SD 3.0/3.0 45 >99.999

* Note: SD indicates Space Diversity option


Actual TRS Network Planning

• Map Study for feasibility of Line of Sight and Estimating Tower Heights

• Actual Field Survey for refining map data and finalizing Antenna Heights

• Link Power Budgeting & Engineering

• Frequency and Polarization Assignments

• Interference Analysis (Network Level)

• Final Link Engineering (Network Level)


Microsoft Excel Worksheet

PCM Planning• Indicates a pictorial view of E1 allocation to different BTS sites• Indicates E1 routing or flow in the network

Typical Example Microsoft Excel

Worksheet

Timeslot Planning

• indicates High band/low band assignment, freq spot allocation, TX power, Rx level, threshold degradation, availability etc.

Typical Example

Link Budgeting & Frequency Planning

• Indicates TRX signaling, BCF signaling, TCH allocation, Q1 allocation, EDAP allocation, Loop protection bits etc.

Typical Example



EDAP Planning ( for edge application)• Timeslots are reserved for a common EDAP Pool depending on the agreed throughput rate, no. of dedicated and defaults channels as agreed with customer

Typical Example

Gb Planning ( for edge & GPRS application)•PCUs and E1 dimensioning is done based on this

Typical Example Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Components in TRS Network Planning

Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation


Microwave Propagation


Free Space Propagation

• Microwave Propagation in Free Space is Governed by Laws of Optics

• Like any Optical Wave , Microwave also undergoes

- Refraction- Reflection


Free Space Propagation - Refraction

• Ray bending due to layers of different densities

Bent Rays In Atmosphere



• In effect the Earth appears elevated • Earth elevation is denoted by K Factor• K Factor depends on Rate of Change of

Refractivity with height• K= 2/3 Earth appears more elevated • K= 4/3 Earth appears flatter w.r.t K=2/3• K= Ray Follows Earth Curvature



Effect of Refractivity Change

K = 2/3

Actual Ground

K = 4/3

Solution: While MW link designing following conditions are applied:1) For all access links, 100% F1 clearance at K=4/3 2) For all backbone links, 100% F1 clearance at K=4/3 and 60% F2 clearance at K=2/3


• Microwaves are reflected over• Smooth Surfaces• Water Bodies

• Reflected Signals are 180 out of phase

• Reflection can be a major cause of outages

• Link needs to be planned carefully to avoid reflections

Free Space Propagation – Reflections

Solution: First the reflection points at the remote end are obtained and then the antenna height is accordingly adjusted to avoid the reflected beam


RF Propagation Reflections

• Reflections can come from ANYWHERE - behind, under, in-front

• 6 cm difference can change Path geometry


Fresnel Zone

• The Fresnel zone is the area of space between the two antennas in which the radio signal travels.

• It is actually ellipsoid in shape and is formed as signal doesn’t travel along a straight line but get dispersed in different directions

• For Clear Line of Sight Fresnel Zone Should be clear of obstacles

• It is depands on Distance and Frequency


FRESNEL ZONES

1st Fresnel Zone

Mid Path


FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCES

1ST Fresnal Zone = 17.3 (d1*d2)/f(d1+d2)

d1 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘A’ to mid pointd2 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘B’ to mid pointf = Frequency in GHz

Ad1 d2

B


RF propagationFirst Fresnel Zone

Food M art

Direct Path = L

First Fresnel Zone

Reflected path = L + l/2


RF propagationFree space versus non free space

Non-free space• Line of sight required• Objects protrude in the fresnel zone, but do not

block the path

Free Space

• Line of sight

• No objects in the fresnel zone

• Antenna height is significant

• Distance relative short (due to effects of curvature of the earth)


FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH BULGE

D2/8

Earth Bulge

Height = D2/8 + 43.3D/4F

43.3D/4F 60% first Fresnel Zone

D = Distance Between Antennas

H


Earth Curvature

Obstacle Clearance

Fresnel Zone Clearance Antenna

HeightAntenna Height

Midpoint clearance = 0.6F + Earth curvature + 10' when K=1

First Fresnel Distance (meters) F1= 17.3 [(d1*d2)/(f*D)]1/2 where D=path length Km, f=frequency (GHz) , d1= distance from Antenna1(Km) , d2 = distance from Antenna 2 (Km)

Earth Curvature h = (d1*d2) /2 where h = change in vertical distance from Horizontal line (meters), d1&d2 distance from antennas 1&2 respectively

Clearance for Earth’s Curvature

•13 feet for 10 Km path


Fresnel Zone Clearance = 0.6 first Fresnel distance (Clear Path for Signal at mid point)• 30 feet for 10 Km path


RF PropagationAntenna Height requirements


Fading

• Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to Atmospheric and Propagation Conditions is called Fading

• Fading can occur due to • Refractions• Reflections• Atmospheric Anomalies


Fading

• Types of Fading• Multipath Fading• Frequency Selective Fading• Rain Fading


Multipath Fading

• Multipath fading is caused due to reflected / refracted signals arriving at receiver• Reflected Signals arrive with

• Delay• Phase Shift

• Result in degradation of intended Signal

• Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter Multipath Fading


Frequency Selective Fading

• Frequency Selective Fading • Due to Atmospheric anomalies different

frequencies undergo different attenuation levels• Frequency Diversity Radio Configuration is

used to Counter Frequency Selective Fading


Rain Fading

• Frequency Band > 10 GHz are affected due to Rain as Droplet size is comparable to Wavelengths

• Rain Fading Occur over and above Multipath and Frequency Selective Fading

• Horizontal Polarization is more prone to Rain Fades

• Path Diversity / Route Diversity is the only counter measure for Rain Fade


Drop Shape and Polarization

2.0mm

1mm 1.5mm

2.5mm

As raindrops increasein size, they get moreextended in the Horizontaldirection, and thereforewill attenuate horizontalpolarization more thanvertical polarization


Fade Margin

• Margin required to account for Fading – Fade Margin

• Higher Fade Margin provide better Link Reliability

• Fade Margin of 35 – 40 dB is normally provided


Link Engineering & Reliability

1. Link Budgeting

2. Reliability Predictions

3. Interference Analysis


Hop Model

Outdoor Unit

Station B

Indoor Unit

Traffic

Outdoor Unit

Station A

Indoor Unit

Traffic


Link Power Budget

Received Signal Level = Rxl

RxlB = TxA – LA + GA – Fl + GB – LB Where

TXA = Trans Power Station A

LA = Losses at Station A (Misc.)

GA = Antenna Gain at Station A

Fl = Free Space Losses

GB = Antenna Gain at Station B

LB = Losses at Station B

RxlB = Rx. Level at Station B

RXL must be > Receiver Sensitivity always


Link Power Budget – Receiver Sensitivity

Lowest Possible Signal which can be detected by Receiver is called Receiver Sensitivity or Threshold

•Threshold Value is Manufacturer Specific•Depends on Radio Design

•Higher (-ve) Value Indicates better Radio Design


Link Engineering

• Software Tools are used• Inputs to the tool

• Sight Co-ordinates• Path Profile Data• Terrain Data & Rain Data• Equipment Data• Antenna Data• Frequency and Polarization Data

• Tool Output• Availability Prediction


RF propagation Simple Path Analysis Concept (alternative)

WP II

PC Card

pigtail cable

Lightning Protector

RF Cable Antenna

WP II

PC Card

pigtail cable

Lightning Protector

RF CableAntenna

+ Transmit Power

- LOSS Cable/connectors

+ Antenna Gain + Antenna Gain

- LOSS Cable/connectors

RSL (receive signal level) + Fade Margin = sensitivity

- Path Loss over link distance

Calculate signal in one direction if Antennas and active components are equal


Link Engineering – Interference

• Interference is caused due to undesirable RF Signal Coupling

• Threshold is degraded due to interference

• Degraded Threshold results in reduced reliability



• Examples of Undesirable RF Couplings

• Finite Value of XPD in Antenna is the Prime Cause

• Solution : Use of High Performance Antenna

F1H

V

Cross Poler Coupling



• Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling

• Receiver Filter Cut-off is tappered

• Solution : Use Radio with better Specifications

F2

Adjacent Channel

F1




• Finite value of FTB Ratio of Antenna is Prime Cause

• Solution : Antenna with High FTB Ratio Front to Back

T : HiR : Low

T : HiR : Low

T : LowR : Hi

T : LowR : Hi




• Solution : Choose Antenna Heights such a way there is no LOS for over reach

Over Reach

T : LowR : Hi

T : HiR : Low

T : HiR : Low

T : LowR : Hi

T : LowR : Hi

T : HiR : Low



• Interference is calculated at Network Level• Interference due to links

• Within Network• Outside Network (Links of other Operators)

• Interfering Signal degrades Fade Margin• Engineering Calculation re-done with degraded Fade

Margin



• Counter Measures • Avoid Hi-Lo violation in loop (total MW hops in a loop

should be always maintained as an even number)• Frequency Discrimination• Polarization Discrimination• Angular Discrimination• High Performance Antennae• Lower Transmit Power , if possible


Loop Protection Techniques


FXC-RRI CARD in Ultrasite BTS as LOOP MASTER:

RRI

E1/T1

* Note: There are 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS and each can be equipped with either a RRI card or a E1/T1 card

FB1

FB2

Highlights:

• A protected remote loop can be formed from any two independent RRI cards in slots 1…4 for providing hardware redundancy also (Max. 16E1 capacity)• A remote loop can also be formed for a single RRI card in any of the slots 1…4 but this will not ensure hardware redundancy (Max. 8E1 capacity)• In the 1st TRS slot available capapcity is only 13 E1s and not 16 E1s as BTS reserves 3 E1s towards D-Bus for EDGE purpose• 1+1 config can only be realized from the same RRI card (Hardware Limitation). Hence by using RRI card only ODU 1+1 config is available with no IDU protection• A cost effective solution for making small remote loops by minimizing frequency interference


DN2 as LOOP MASTER:

20 Port DN2

P1

P3

P5

P7

P9

P11

P13

P15

P17

P19

P2

P4

P6

P8

P10

P12

P14

P16

P18

P20

DN2 to BSC Connection

DN2 to Network connection

ET (Exchange Terminal) Port

DN2 Port

Highlights:

• Contains E1 interface with maximum integration of only 6 sites in a typical 20 port DN2. This can be further increased to 26 ports by fully equipping DN2 and thereby ensuring max loop protection to 8 sites• Prone to frequent problems relating to cable patching resulting into degradation in network performance• Not very flexible as changes have to be carried out at the site manually


METROHUB as LOOP MASTER

RRI

E1/T1

* Note: There are 5 TRS slots in a Metro hub and each can be equipped with either a RRI card or a E1/T1 card

Standard Metro hub Configuration

RRI RRI RRI Towards NW

FB1

FB2

FB1

FB2

FB1

FB2

FB1

FB2

FB1 FB2

E1 Add/Drop

Highlights:

• Contains E1 & RRI interface• Guarantees a very stable network as does away with the DDF and PCM cabling• Very flexible as changes can be carried out remotely from NetAct• Typically 2 rings each of 16 e1(max) and 8 E1 (max) can be formed with hardware redundancy on a single metro hub or else 3 rings each of 8 E1 (max) can be formed with hardware redundancy on a single metro hub


FIU 1

FIU2

FB1 FB2

FB1 FB2

LOOP 1

LOOP2

• Loop Protection with Hardware Protection


• Link availability formulae for a typical loop Unavailability in a loop can be approximated by formula: PM = pi

I=1

M

I=M+1

N

pi

Approximation is valid when Pi<<1, which is normally true forLink unavailability wherePm = Unavailability of a stationN= amount of hops in a loopM=consecutive number of hops from hubP=outage or unavailability probability

0.1%

0.2%

0.3%

0.1%0.2%

0.1%

Pm = (0.1%+0.2%)*(0.1%+0.2%+0.1%+0.3%) = 0.3% * 0.7% = 0.0021%


Q1(NMS) Planning for Flexi hopperQ1 Planning is of two types• BTS Polling – Q1 bits are embedded into BCFSIG and no extra timeslot allocation is required (most preferred)• BSC Polling – Additional timeslot allocation is required in 2MB with the creation of Service Channels (less preferred)

Q1 Planning depends on• type of installed transmission module (i.e whether the module is FXC-RRI or FXC-E1/T1 ) • on type of site (i.e whether a PDH or an SDH repeater site)

List of different scenarios1) If the BTS site has an installed FXC-RRI or FXC-E1/T1 card then nothing needs to be done. BTS gives these plug in transmission modules a default address of 4080.2) If the BTS site has 1 no. of FIU19 + FXC modules then for FIU19 Q1 cables (DB9M to TQ type between BTS & FIU19) is required and define 100 as the standard address for FIU19 units while for FXC type of modules nothing needs to be done as BTS already gives it a default address of 4080.3) If the BTS site has more than 1 no. of FIU19 + FXC modules then for FIU19 Q1 cables (4) TQ to TQ type is required between each FIU19 to FIU19 units) are required and define 100 as the standard address for 1st FIU19 unit, 101 as the standard addres for 2nd FIU19 unit and so on and so forth while for FXC type of modules nothing needs to be done as BTS already gives it a default address of 4080. 4) If the site happens to be just a PDH repeater site containing no BTS but just two FIU19 units then 1 no. of Q1 cable (TQ to TQ type ) is required and the addresses need to be defined as 100 for 1st FIU19 and 101 for 2nd FIU19 unit.5) If the site happens to be just a SDH repeater site then Ceragon needs to do DCN planning for SDH radios & ECI 6) If the site happens to be just a standalone site incase of a railtel or POI etc with no BTS installation wherein we have installed one number of FIU19 unit then only a standard address 100 needs to be defined in this FIU19 unit.7) If the site happens to be a co-located Metrohub site with independent FIU19 units and a BTS then we require Q1 cable of type (TQ to TQ type ) to interconnect FIU19 unit with Metrohub and another Q1 cable of type ( DB9M to TQ ) to finally interconnect Metrohub with the co-located BTS site.8) If the site happens to be a MSC/BSC site with independent FIU19 units and a co-located BTS then we require Q1 cable of type ( DB9M to TQ ) to interconnect several FIU19 units with the co-located BTS site. Please note that we still use BTS polling as Metrohubs so far have been always co-located with a BTS and hence no need of allocating a separate timeslot in an E1 which exactly happens in BSC polling. Define address as usual addeses from 100 onwards for each and every successive FIU19 unit.


DCN(NMS) Planning for SDHDCN Planning involves using of• FCD-IPD Routers – for forming DCN protected rings• RIC E1 to ethernet modems for defining sub networks from NMS efficiency point of view• Server and ethernet hub• Client• IP addressing


Ambuar

Jujumura

Asika 02

Bhrampur04

RPT

ORBRI 03ORBET 01

Baisinga

ORBLS01

Khantapada

Bamur

Dimirikura

Kemrai

Bhadrak 2Uttrabandh

SMB05

Bhramanpalli

BhursaniKulyana

Birchandrapur

Boinda(Searching)

Jarpara

ChandikoliChattia

ChowdwarCuttack13 _MSC

CHULLARGARH HILL

Pahal

DKNLBB

Gadsil(HGWY-13)

purshotampur

Gudiakanal

Jaimanglpur

Berhakera

ORBHU25

JatniRameshwar I

Jharka

Soro

Kurla( Relocated)

Vadagaon( Relocated)

Rajgangpur-2

Nalco

ORJHU_02

RPT-22A(Kundakila)

Panikohili

Rourkela-6

Ringali (Relocated)

Vill Paruliya

BagodarParasnathBanwan Antkadih

Barhi

Ichak more

Nagarbasti

CheriKuju

Dhanbad 04

Mahuda

GomoRajabettaHazaribagh_3

Jeena MoreChasSonpura

Rajrappa

BarbaChirkunda

Asansol MSC

Govindpur

Bundu

Jojodih

Chaibasa CityJhinkpani

Jamchua

Jamshedpur_22Saraikela City

Chandil

Umral Toli

Pundag

Ranchi 25_MSC

GhatshilaVillage Patajura

Jamshedpur City Site Village Viradhi

BaganbighaChorsua

Bakthiyarpur T Pt.

Barauni Zeromile

MokamaRPT-Inyar

Bettiah-2 Sagouli

Village Paharpur

Bihpurm

RPT1 (Bengra Chowk)Biranchi

Jahanabad

Shekpura

Chandchodih

Naripur

Chapra_2

Arrah_1

Pathra Inglis

Dalkola

RPT-ONGC BELAGACHHI

Garaul

Telia Sarai

GAYA3RPT Wasirganj

GopalganjMeerganj

Gujrahandi

Nergaon

KATIHAR 1

RPT-Berari

Khagaria

Pasraha

Koilwar

Maner

Patna MSC

Siwan City 2

Mehsi

Kanti

Motihari City 2

Village Damodarpur

Mushariram1

Tajpur

Muzaffarpur_T_Point

Narayan Bigha

RPT HISUA

Phatua Purnia3ROHTARA

Ramnagar

Rasulpur

Village Daudpur

Village Dhurandha

KOLKATA Centralize Network Operation Center

NMS Serverfor Ceragon

NMS Server For ECI

HUB

FCD-IPD

FCD-IPD

FCD-IPDHUB

FCD-IPD

HUB

FCD-IPD

FCD-IPD

FCD-IPD

FCD-IPD

CUTTACKMSC

RANCHI MSC

HUB

FCD-IPD

PATNAMSC

Client Machines for Corazon NMS

Client Machines for ECI NMS

FCD-IPD

Ethernet ConnectionRJ45

E1 (2 Mbps) Connectivity Between two FCD – IPDConverters

SDH NMS CONNECTIVITY PLAN – Typical PLAN


18° 40'

20'

20° 0'

40'

20'

22° 0'

40'

20'

24° 0'

40'

20'

26° 0'

40'

27° 20'

83° 20' 10' 85° 50' 40' 30' 88° 20'

Ambuar

Jujumura

Asika 02

Bhrampur04

RPT

ORBRI 03ORBET 01

Baisinga

ORBLS01

Khantapada

Bamur

Dimirikura

Kemrai

Bhadrak 2Uttrabandh

SMB05

Bhramanpalli

BhursaniKulyana

Birchandrapur

Boinda(Searching)

Jarpara

ChandikoliChattia

Chowdwar

Cuttack13 _MSC

CHULLARGARH HILL

Pahal

DKNLBB

Gadsil(HGWY-13)

purshotampur

Gudiakanal

Jaimanglpur

Berhakera

ORBHU25

JatniRameshwar I

Jharka

Soro

Kurla( Relocated)

Vadagaon( Relocated)

Rajgangpur-2

Nalco

ORJHU_02

RPT-22A(Kundakila)

Panikohili

Rourkela-6

Ringali (Relocated)

Vill Paruliya

BagodarParasnathBanwan Antkadih

Barhi

Ichak more

Nagarbasti

CheriKuju

Dhanbad 04

Mahuda

GomoRajabettaHazaribagh_3

Jeena MoreChasSonpura

Rajrappa

BarbaChirkunda

Asansol MSC

Govindpur

Bundu

Jojodih

Chaibasa CityJhinkpani

Jamchua

Jamshedpur_22Saraikela City

Chandil

Umral Toli

Pundag

Ranchi 25_MSC

Ghatshila

Village Patajura

Jamshedpur City Site Village Viradhi

BaganbighaChorsua

Bakthiyarpur T Pt.

Barauni Zeromile

MokamaRPT-Inyar

Bettiah-2 Sagouli

Village Paharpur

Bihpurm

RPT1 (Bengra Chowk)Biranchi

Jahanabad

Shekpura

Chandchodih

Naripur

Chapra_2

Arrah_1

Pathra Inglis

Dalkola

RPT-ONGC BELAGACHHI

Garaul

Telia Sarai

GAYA3RPT Wasirganj

GopalganjMeerganj

Gujrahandi

Nergaon

KATIHAR 1

RPT-Berari

Khagaria

Pasraha

Koilwar

Maner

Patna MSC

Siwan City 2

Mehsi

Kanti

Motihari City 2

Village Damodarpur

Mushariram1

Tajpur

Muzaffarpur_T_Point

Narayan Bigha

RPT HISUA

Phatua Purnia3ROHTARA

Ramnagar

Rasulpur

Village Daudpur

Village Dhurandha

SDH RING SUBNETSMARKED WITH DEFERENT COLOUR

PDH LINKS

RIC Ethernet to E1 converter


Common Applications for E1/T1, FXC-RRI, FIU19

E1/T1 plug in Modules• Can be used in any one of the 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS cabinet as well as in any of the 5 slots in Metrohub• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from Nokia and MW is from some other vendor e.g. Ericsson, Siemens, NEC etc. which extend only physical E1 interface at the site• Is very economical if used for backhauling less than 4 E1 traffic on either leased circuits or fiber as compared to using a standalone FIU19 unit

E1/T1

RRI

ULTRASITE BTS1

ULTRASITE BTS2 ULTRASITE BTS3

ULTRASITE BTS4

From NW

TowardsBSC viaSDH BB,Leased circuits


FXC-RRI plug in Modules• Can be used in any one of the 4 TRS slots in Ultrasite BTS cabinet as well as in any of the 5 slots in Metrohub• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from Nokia and MW is also from Nokia as then the signal is transmitted directly through flexbus• Is very economical as 1 RRI card can carry max 16 E1 without any requirement of DDF and as a result nw availability and maintainability also improves• 1+1 protection not available

E1/T1

RRI

ULTRASITE BTS1

ULTRASITE BTS2 ULTRASITE BTS3

ULTRASITE BTS16

From NWTowardsBSC

ULTRASITE BTS4….15

BSC Location

E1 Add/Drop in a FIU 19 unit


FIU 19 unit• It is a standalone unit available with 4E1, 8E1, 12 E1 or 16 E1 capacities and requires a standard 19 inch rack• 4E1 FIU 19 can be expanded to max 12 E1 with plug-in modules while 16E1 is an integrated FIU 19 unit• Typically used to provide E1 connectivity to the BTS if BTS is from some other vendor and MW is from Nokia• Is very economical as 1 RRI card can carry max 16 E1 without any requirement of DDF and as a result nw availability and maintainability also improves• Typically deployed at all standalone sites like POIs, Fiber HUB locations, Leased line locations where BTSs are not deployed • 1+1 protection is available


The use of Integrated Transmission Node

in UltraSite EDGE BTS


Integrated transmission node

Interface typesfor media change / 19" RadioIndoor Unit

Cross Connecte.g. DN2 +

ITN insideUltraSiteMetroSiteMetroHub

Outdoors cabinet withrectifiers and battery back-up

=+

From complexity To expansion freedom and cost efficiency


ITN Main Benefits• Single transmission unit set for three equipment environments and

GSM/EDGE usage - maintenance cost savings

• Space and site savings through integrated transmission

• Allows media change, grooming and cross connections in the same node

• Allows various topologies and topology changes - freedom for the operator

• Enables smooth and demand based capacity expansions

• Provides powerfull traffic collection capability also for W CDMA co-sites


UltraSite Transmission Interface Units

Wire line transmission

• FXC E1 4 x 2 Mbit/s 75 interfaces• FXC E1/T1 4 x 2 Mbit/s 120

OR 4 x 1.5 Mbit/s 100 interfaces• FC E1/T1 1 x 2 Mbit/s 75 /120

OR 1 x 1.5 Mbit/s 100 interfaces

Radio transmission

• FXC RRI 2 x 2…16x2 Mbit/s Flexbus interface


FXC RRI Transmission Unit

General:• Interfacing with Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radios or to

another indoor unit• Two unique Flexbus interfaces per card• Data & power feed via single Flexbus cable• Operating modes: 1+0 and loop

Interface:• Software-selectable capacities: 2 x 2, 4 x 2, 8 x 2 and 16 x 2 Mbit/s• With Nokia MetroHopper (fixed) capacity: 4 x 2 Mbit/s • Distance to radio outdoor unit up to 300m• Connector type TNC, impedance 50


FXC RRI

Traffic By-Pass with FXC RRI

2M XC8k XC

XC Bus

8 x 2

16 x 2

8 x 2

8 x 2

16 x 2

Capacity which is not dropped to the cross-connectionbus can be by passed at 2Mbit/s level


FXC E1/T1 & FXC E1 Transmission Units

General:• 4 interfaces per unit• Each interface configurable as E1 or T1• Interface nr 4 provides external synchronization input

E1- interface:• G.703, G.704 (20dB)• FXC E1 with 75 interface (BT43 connector, asymmetric) • FXC E1/T1 with 120 interface (TQ connector, symmetric)

T1- interface:• Short/long haul• Integrated CSU/DSU

• ANSI T1.403 NI• ANSI T1.102 DSX

• 100 interface (TQ connector, symmetric)


ITN unit configurations

UltraSite EDGE BTS:

• Four freely selected ITN C2.0 units or one FC E1/T1• Max. 16*E1 or 16*T1 or 8 Flexbus interfaces• (Master unit in leftmost position in the chassis)

MetroHub C2.0:

• Five freely selected ITN C2.0 units• Max. 20 E1 or 20 T1 or 10 Flexbus interfaces• (Master unit as leftmost transmission unit)

MetroSite BTS:• Single transmission unit: ITN C2.0 unit or FC E1/T1• Two Flexbus interfaces FCX RRI • Four E1/T1 interfaces with FXC unit, single E1/T1 with FC E1/T1


ITN cross connections & interfacing

Cross connection & interfacing capability:

• Cross-connection bus capacity 56 x 2 Mbit/s non-blocking• Max. interface capacity: MetroHub 160 x 2 Mbit/s, UltraSite 128 x 2Mbit/s, MetroSite 32 x 2Mbit/s

Basic cross-connection types & granularities:

• B2 Bi-directional 2M / nx64k / 64k / 32k /16k / 8k• M2 Bi-directional masked 64k• D Uni-directional fixed 64k / 32k / 16k / 8k

Protected cross-connection type(s) & granularity:

• P2 Protected bi-directional nx64k / 64k / 32k/16k


HSB Traffic protection with FXC RRIwith ITN 2.1

RRIE1/T1

E1/T1

E1/T1E1/T1

• 1IU + 2OU basic HSB traffic protection

• One active transmitter• Transmitter switching time typically < 500ms • "Dual Receiver" principle• Both receivers are active• One frame (of both of the 2M signals) is buffered• The better of the two frames is selected• Typically enhances BER with 1-2 decades


ITN Node Management

• One manager for cross-connections, interface control and radios

• PC-based or used via terminal server in NMS 2000

• User-friendly cross-connection view

• Local management access possible without disturbing the NMS

• Node configurations and cross connections off-line

• Fast local (lower-speed-remote) software download without traffic interruption


NetAct for BSS Transmission

NetActNetAct

Node Manager Server PCNode Manager Server PC

BSC

UltraSite- FXC RRI

IntraTalk- TRUA- RRIC

Q3

Q1 over IP

Node Manager Server PC• TruMan Manager• UltraSite BTS Hub Manager• E1T1 Manager• MetroHub Manager• Hopper Manager• RRI Manager

NetAct features• TRS Network Monitoring (FM)• TRS Node Management (NM

launch)• TRS Statistics and measurements

(PM)

E1

MetroSite- FXC RRI

MetroHopper

FlexiHopper

MetroHub


NetActNetAct

Node Manager Server PCNode Manager Server PC

BSC

UltraSite- FXC RRI

IntraTalk- TRUA- RRIC

Q3

Q1 over IP

E1

MetroSite- FXC RRI

MetroHopperFlexiHopper

MetroHub

BSC polls MetroHub and Nokia other transmission equipment located at BSC site ex. FIU19, DN2 or DynaHopper

BTS polling for Nokia transmission equipment at Talk-family BTS

BTS polling for Nokia transmissionequipment at UltraSite BTS

BTS polling for Nokia transmissionequipment at MetroSite BTS

Recommended polling in Nokia BSS


BTS integrated TRS units

MetroSite BTS

UltraSite BTS

Talk BTS

Talk BTS

Equipment

UltraSite BTS Hub ManagerE1T1 ManagerRRI Manager(SiteWizard package)

Nokia Q1UltraSite BTS HubFXC E1, E1/T1, FXC RRI,FC E1/T1

E1T1 ManagerRRI Manager(SiteWizard package)

Nokia Q1FXC E1, FXC E1/T1FC E1/T1FXC RRI

TruMan Manager,Hopper Manager

TMS Q1

Nokia Q1

TRUARRIC

TruMan Manager,

Macro Service Terminal Emulator (MSTE)

TMS Q1TRUA

Supported ManagersQ1 version

TRS unit

MetroHub MetroHub ManagerE1T1 & RRI Managers(SiteWizard package)

Nokia Q1FXC E1, E1/T1, FXC RRI


MetroHub as a master for UltraSite loop

MetroHopperTM Radio

FlexiHopperTM Microwave Radio

Protected loop with FlexiHoppers

UltraSiteTM EDGE BTSUltraSiteTM EDGE BTS

BSC

MetroHubTM

(recommended as loop master) MetroHubTM

(recommended as loop master)

Traffic collection Master hub

MetroSiteTM EDGE BTSMetroSiteTM EDGE BTS


Superior collection/connection capability at every UltraSite Integrated media change capability (from radio to leased line) Cross-connection and grooming capability

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

Traffic collection with UltraSite EDGE BTS Hub

BTS

5*2M

2*2M


2G/3G co-site

Superior collection/connection capability at every UltraSite E.g. using PDH transmission for 3G Single media for different traffic types

3G

PDH transmission for 2G/3G co-sites using UltraSite EDGE BTS Hub

2G E.g 4*2M Flexihopper radio link


Benefit and limitations of using FC E1/T1 instead of ITN in UltraSite

• Benefit• Minimum cost

• Limitations• Single E1 (2Mbit/s) or T1(1.5Mbit/s) interface• T1 interface does not meet FCC part 68.306 nor NEBS over voltage

requirements• Applicaple as terminal site only; chain or loop not supported• Only one FC E1/T1 unit per UltraSite BTS; the remaining three

transmission unit slots can not be used• FC E1/T1 does not support GSM/EDGE evolution due to small Abis

interface capacity, and thus EDGE requires ITN C2.0/C2.1Due to the limitations above, FXC E1/T1 unit is recommended

in the UltraSite GSM/EDGE BTS instead of FC E1/T1


ITN summary - configuration freedom and cost savings

Planning • Site space savings and installation freedom• One set of FXC units - one set of design rules • Virtually unlimited configurations with distributed functionality • Carries GSM, EDGE and W CDMA traffic via single media• Allows configuration changes with minimum effort

Implementation• FXC units are easy and fast to install (plug-in)• FXC units are light weight, rugged and easy to handle• Flexbus interface minimizes cabling effort

Operations and maintenance• Minimized element number - maintenance cost savings• Compact design - less space and maintenance effort required• Less cabling - less failures


Other Transmission Products

• ADPCM – Used for POI E1 compression. Available in 4:1 & 8:1 configurations (Can’t be used for GSM traffic compression)• RIC E1 to Ethernet modems – Used for mapping ethernet information into Unprotected E1• FCD-IPD Routers - Used for mapping ethernet information into Protected E1


DSL Type

DescriptionData RateDownstream;Upstream

Distance Limit Application

IDSLISDN Digital Subscriber Line

128 Kbps18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire

Similar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line)

CDSLConsumer DSLfrom Rockwell

1 Mbps downstream; less upstream18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire

Splitterless home and small business service; similar to DSL Lite

DSL Lite (same as G.Lite)

"Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll"

From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream, depending on the subscribed service

18,000 feet on 24 gauge wire

The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business

G.Lite (same as DSL Lite)

"Splitterless" DSL without the "truck roll"

From 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps , depending on the subscribed service


The standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business

HDSLHigh bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line

1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines;2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines


T1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company;WAN, LAN, server access

SDSL Symmetric DSL1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps (Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and upstream


Same as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair

ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream;16 to 640 Kbps upstream

1.544 Mbps at 18,000 feet;2.048 Mbps at 16,000 feet;6.312 Mpbs at 12,000 feet;8.448 Mbps at 9,000 feet

Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access

RADSLRate-Adaptive DSL from Westell

Adapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream

Not provided Similar to ADSL

UDSLUnidirectional DSL proposed by a company in Europe

Not known Not known Similar to HDSL

VDSLVery high Digital Subscriber Line

12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream;1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream;1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream

4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps;3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps

ATM networks;Fiber to the Neighborhood

X-DSL variants


Exploring other available media for protection

• 1st Priority should be always to try obtaining updated fiber planning data from BTSOL (Bharti) and in using existing OFC from BTSOL ( Bharti) rather than planning new MW hops• For loop protection it is advisable to split traffic or else provide 100% traffic protection on two different media for instance main on Nokia MW BB and protection on Railtel or some other operator’s OFC/MW NW for ensuring path diversity


PtP Microwave Transmission - Issues• Link Performance is Seriously Affected due to

• Atmospheric Anomalies like Ducting • Ground Reflections• Selective Fading• Excessive Rains • Interferences• Thunderstorms / High Winds causing Antenna Misalignment• Earthing• Equipment Failure• RRI Card Specifc Issue: No traffic cross – connection between

two different RRI cards either in Ultrasite or Metrohub is required when Sync, CRC, AIS is a priority. (Metrohub or Ultrasite regenerates TSL 0)


Some Useful Formulae


Link Budget

+Tx A Rx B

A B

+GA +GB

-Lfs-Arain

BRainfsAAB GALGTxRx


)log(2045.92 fdL fs

d=1km ---> L = 124 dBmd=2km ---> L = 130 dBm

d=1km ---> L = 121 dBmd=2km ---> L = 127 dBm

39 GHz 26 GHzExamples

Free Space Loss

d = distance in kilometers f = frequency in GHz


RF PropagationBasic loss formula

Propagation Loss

d = distance between Tx and Rx antenna [meter]PT = transmit power [mW]PR = receive power [mW]G = antennae gain

R TP P Gd

( )l4

2

Pr ~ 1/f2 * D2 which means 2X Frequency = 1/4 Power

2 X Distance = 1/4 Power


Useful Formulae – Earth Bulge

Earth Bulge at a distance d1 Km

= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) Meter

Where d2 = (d – d1) Km (d Km Hop Distance)

K = K Factor


Useful Formulae – Fresnel Zone

Nth Fresnel Zone Depth at a distance d1 Km

= 17.3 * (N * (d1*d2) / (f * d) ) –1/2 Meter

Where d2 = (d – d1) Km

d = Hop Distance in Km

f = Frequency in GHz

N = No. of Fresnel zone (eg. 1st or 2nd )


Tower Height Calculation :

Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope – Ea

C = B1 + F

Slope = (( Ea – Eb) d1)/ D

F = 17.3 ((d1xd2)/f X D) -1/2

B = (d1 x d2) / (12.75 x K )

Where, Th = Tower HeightEp = Peak / Critical ObstructionC = Other lossesB1 = Earth BuldgeF = Fresnel ZoneOH = Overhead ObstructionEa= Height of Site AEb= Height of Site Bd1= Dist. From site A to Obstructiond2= Dist. From site B to ObstructionD = Path Distancef= FrequencyK= 4/3

d1 d2

Ea Ep Eb


Useful Formulae – Antenna Gain

Antenna Gain

= 17.6 + 20 * log10 (f *d) dBi See Note

Where d= Antennae Diameter in Meter

f= Frequency in GHz

Note # Assuming 60% Efficiency


Useful Formulae – Free Space Loss

Free Space Loss

Fl= 92.4 + 20 * log10 (f *d) dB

Where




Useful Formulae – Geo Climatic Factor

Geo Climatic Factor

G = 10 –T * (Pl)1.5

Where T= Terrain Factor

= 6.5 for Overland Path Not in Mountain= 7.1 for Overland Path in Mountain= 6.0 for Over Large Bodies of Water

Pl = Pl factor


Useful Formulae – System Gain

System Gain = (Transmit Power + ABS(Threshold) ) dB

Fade Margin = FM = (Nominal Received Signal – Threshold) dB

Path Inclination = ABS ((h1 + A1) – (h2 + A2) ) / d

Where h1 = Ant. Ht. At Stn A AGL Meter

h2 = Ant. Ht. At Stn B AGL Meter A1 = AMSL of Stn A Meter

A2 = AMSL of Stn B Meter

d = Hop Distance in KM


Useful Formulae – Fade Occurrence Factor

Fade Occurrence Factor =

= G * d 3.6 *f 0.89 * (1+ ) -1.4

Where G = Geo Climatic Factor



= Path Inclination in mRad


Useful Formulae –Outage Probability

Worst Month Outage Probability (One Way) % = OWM

OWM % = * 10 –(FM/10)

Annual Unavailability (One Way) % = OWM * 0.3

Assuming 4 Worst Months in a Year

Annual Availability (Two Way) % = 100-(OWM*0.3*2)


•Thank You

Mohit Saigal +91 [email protected]

TX Planning Basic

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