Two dimensional echocardiography

Two DimensionalEchocardiography

Views and Measurements

Echocardiographic Examination

The Windows (Transducer Location)

1.Parasternal

2.Apical

3.Subcostal

4.Suprasternal


Transducer motion

1.Translation (movement)

2.Tilting or pointing

3.Angulation

4.Rotation


Views

PLAX

RVIT

Views

PSAX – Aortic Valve

PSAX – Mitral Valve

PSAX – Papillary Muscle

PSAX - Apex

Views

Apical 4-Chamber

Apical 2-Chamber

Apical 3-Chamber (Apical Long Axis)

Apical 5 Chamber

Views

Subcostal 4 Chamber

Subcostal 5 Chamber

Subcostal Short Axis

Views

Suprasternal Long Axis

Suprasternal Short Axis

Right Parasternal View

Two Dimensional Evaluation

Wall

Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion


Septum

Thickness Systolic thickening Scarring Systolic motion


Chamber size

Ventricles Atria Aorta Pulmonary artery


Valves Thickening Calcification Motion


Subvalvular apparatus

Chordae tendinaea Papillary muscle


Masses

Thrombus Tumors Vegetations


Pericardium

Thickening

Effusion Pericardial Pleural

PLAX View

• Aortic diameter

• LVOT diameter

• LA dimension

2-D Measurement

• RVWd

• RVIDd

2-D Measurement

• IVSd

• IVSs

2-D Measurement

• LVIDd

• LVIDd index

• LVIDs

• LVIDs index

M-mode Measurement

• LVPWd

• LVPWs

2-D Measurement

ESD = LVIDs

EDD = LVIDd

FS= LVIDd - LVIDs LVIDd

Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

EF = LVIDd3 – LVIDs3 LVIDd3

Evaluation of LV Systolic Function

RVIT - Diameter

PSAX – Aortic Valve

PSAX – Diameter

PSAX – Mitral Valve

PSAX – Papillary Muscle

This is done by tracing the epicardial to calculate the total ventricular volume and the endocardial border to calculate chamber volume.LV mass = 1.05 (total volume – chamber volume)

Evaluation of LV Mass

Evaluation of LV Mass

Total volume= Total area x length

Chamber volume = Chamber area x Length

Myocardial volume = Total volume – Chamber volume

LV mass = Myocardial volume x density

LV mass = Myocardial volume x 1.05

PSAX – Epicardial Border Trace

PSAX – Endocardial Border Trace

PSAX - Apex

Apical – 4 Chamber

Apical-4 ChamberLV Length

Apical – 4 ChamberRA and LA Area

For this method, endocardial borders are traced in apical four-chamber and two-chamber views and are used to define a series of orthogonal diameters (a and b) as follows:

V = (p ) S ai bi x (L) 4 20Using 20 disk for i = 1 to i = 20

This calculation is done by computer software.

Simpson’s Rule

Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Diastole

Simpson’sApical 4-Chamber Systole

Simpson’sApical 2 – Chamber Diastole

Simpson’sApical 2-Chamber Diastole

Simpson’sApical 2-Chamber Systole

Apical 5-Chamber

Apical – Two Chamber

Apical – Long Axis

In the short axis view at the base

(MV), the LV is divided into:

1. Anterior wall

2. Lateral wall

3. Posterior wall

4. Inferior wall

5. Interior septal wall

6. Anterior septal wall

Wall Segments

In the short axis view at the mid-left

ventricle (the papillary muscle level),

the LV is divided into:

1. Anterior wall

2. Lateral wall

3. Posterior wall

4. Inferior wall

5. Interior septal wall

6. Anterior septal wall

Wall Segments

In the short axis view at the apex

the LV is divided into:

1. Anterior wall

2. Postero-lateral wall

3. Inferior wall

Wall Segments

Wall Segments

Subcostal – 4 Chamber

Subcostal 5-Chamber

PSAX - Apex

Subcostal Short Axis

Subcostal – Short Axis

Suprasternal Long Axis

Suprasternal Short Axis

Two dimensional echocardiography

Documents

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