TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Eukaryotic.
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Transcript of TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Eukaryotic.
TWO CATAGORIES FOR DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
PROKAYOTE• Smaller and simpler• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm• No nuclei• Some DNA within
cytoplasm• All bacteria are
prokaryotes• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change• Some move
EUKARYOTE• Vary in shape, some large • Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm• Have nuclei and many
other organelles• Some single-celled beings• Many multi-celled beings• All plants, animals, fungi,
and many microorganisms are eukaryotes
Cell MembraneLocation•Outer boundary of animal and protist cells. Outer edge of cytoplasm.Function•Regulates what enters and exits the cell•Supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings.Construction•Lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates
Cell WallLocationOuter most boundary in plant, bacteria and fungi cells
Function• Provides support and protection for the cell•Helps maintain cell shape
NucleusLocation•In all cells but bacteria cells•Often most prominent structure in center of cell
Function•Controls cell processes•Stores hereditary information of DNA•Codes for protein synthesis (making of proteins most important role of cell)
Nuclear EnvelopeLocation•Surrounds nucleusFunction•Double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus•Steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell
Nucleolus
Location•Dark spherical mass inside the nucleus
Function•Assembly of ribosomes begin here
CytoplasmLocation•Material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus•Contains many structures called organelles•Some cells may contain cytoskeleton
FunctionEstablishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities
CytoskeletonLocation•Extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells
Description•Made up of protein filaments called microtubules and microfilaments
Function•Helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)Location•Extend from nuclear envelope to cell membraneDescriptionRough E.R. – contain ribosomesSmooth E.R. – do not contain ribosomesFunction•Transport materials•Rough E.R. modify proteins for secretion•Smooth E.R. contains enzymes that make lipids
RibosomeLocation•In nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough E.R.
Function•Produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus
Golgi ApparatusLocation•Near E.R. and nucleus
Function•Stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by the rough E.R.•Contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins (“package proteins”)•Proteins then sent to final destinations
Plant VacuoleLocation•Saclike structure in the cytoplasmDescriptionPlant cells – Single, large central vacuoleFunction •Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates•Pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell (lack of water – wilting)
VacuolesLocation•Saclike structures in the cytoplasmDescriptionAnimal & Protists – Small, multiple vacuolesFunction •Store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates•Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)
LysosomeLocation•Throughout the cytoplasm of the cell•Rare in plant cells
Function•Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.•Also a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles and dead pathogens.
© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
MitochondriaLocation•Throughout the cytoplasm•More numerous in cells that have high energy requirements.Function•Organelles that release energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose)
Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationNote: Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the mitochondrion.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ChloroplastsLocation•Found in cytoplasm of plants, some protists and bacteria
Function•Use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose).
PhotosynthesisNote: Chloroplasts contain some of their own genetic info or DNA that is essential to the function of the chloroplast.
CentriolesLocation•Paired structures just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm•Only in animal cellsFunction•During cell division, centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus •Help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes
Cilia & FlagellaLocation•Both extend from the surface of the cell
DescriptionCilia – numerous, short, hair-like projectionsFlagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures
FunctionBoth used to propel individual cells through environment
Cilia
Flagella
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneRibosomesCell wall
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
LysosomesCentriolesSmall vacuole
Cell membraneRibosomesNucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
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Venn Diagrams
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large vacuoles