TVL 12/ TVL 11 Origin of the Universe and the Solar System
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Transcript of TVL 12/ TVL 11 Origin of the Universe and the Solar System
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Ms. Ma. Irene G. Gonzales, LPT
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History of the Atoms in Your Body
▪By the time the universe was a few minutes old, the protons, neutrons, electrons in our body had come into existence. We are made of very old matter.
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History of the Atoms in Your Body
▪The matter in the early universe was about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium.
▪Although our body DOES NOT contain helium, it DOES contain many of those ANCIENT hydrogen atoms unchanged since the universe began.
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Matter began to collect to form galaxies containing billions of stars
Nuclear reactions inside stars are where low-mass atoms (hydrogen) and are combined to make heavier atoms
Stars cooked the original particles and fused them into atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
Calcium atoms in our bones are assembled inside stars
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Massive stars produce iron in their cores
Iron is destroyed when the core collapses
Star explodes as supernova
Atoms heavier than iron such as gold, silver, and iodine are created by rapid nuclear reactions that can only occur during supernova explosions
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Iodine, Silver and Gold are types of atoms which are part of our life on Earth and they were made during the violent deaths of massive stars long ago
Astronomers have a variety of evidence that the sun formed from a cloud of gas and dust 5 billion years ago
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Catastrophic hypothesis
▪Proposed that the planets formed from some improbable event such as the collision of the sun and another star
Evolutionary hypothesis
▪Proposed that the planets formed gradually and naturally as the sun
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Supposes that planets form in the rotating disks of gas and dust around young stars
When the sun became luminous enough, the remaining gas and dust were blown away into space, leaving the planets orbiting the sun
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SYSTEM
any entity that consists of interrelated parts or components
EARTH SYSTEM
relies on the interactions among a vast combination of factors that enable to support life
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SUBSYSTEMS
functioning units of a major system that demonstrate strong internal connections
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1) ATMOSPHERE
gaseous blanket of air that envelops, shields, and insulates Earth
2) HYDROSPHERE
waters of Earth – oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers
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3) LITHOSPHERE
makes up the solid Earth – landforms, rocks, soils, and minerals
4) BIOSPHERE
all living things: people, animals, and plants
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The interactions among the subsystems nurture
the conditions necessary for LIFE.
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Hydrosphere and Biosphere - water supply for life on Earth - home environment for aquatic
plants and animals
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Hydrosphere and Lithosphere - water moving in streams,
waves, and currents shapes landforms
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Hydrosphere and Atmosphere - evaporation, condensation,
and the effects of ocean temperatures on climate
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Biosphere and Hydrosphere - water stored in plants and
animals
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Atmosphere and Hydrosphere - water in clouds
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Soil - typically contains minerals
(lithosphere), organisms (biosphere), and water (hydrosphere)
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Earth system is dynamic and continually responding to changes. Changes may be naturally caused or human induced
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The study of relationships between organisms and their environment.
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A community of organisms and the relationships of those organisms to each other and to their environment.
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If a critical part of Earth is significantly changed or fails to operate properly, living organisms may no longer be able to survive.
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Earth provides all the environment constituents and conditions to support life. The only external input Earth requires is energy from the sun.
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Can be abused, wasted, or exhausted, potentially threatening Earth’s ability to support human life
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Using more resources in a year than their annual renewal, growth, or replacement
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Development that meets the need of the present WITHOUT compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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“We have the responsibility of helping to maintain our present and future habitat – the Earth System.”
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Two-way relationships Environment influences human behavior and human affects the environment
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Natural Hazards Human Impacts on the Environment
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Natural processes Unusual intensity Put environments and human life or property at risk of damage or destruction
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Earthquake in Batangas last April 8, 2017
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Tropical storm Ondoy in 2009
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Humans and their activities can constitute a serious threat to the environment
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Pollution
Unhealthy environmental contamination
Air, water, land areas which are polluted can be unusable to life forms
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Dead whale in Cavite (May 12, 2017)
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Model
Representations of the real world
Useful simplification of a more complex reality that permits prediction
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1) Pictorial/Graphic Models
Pictures, maps, graphs, drawings, and computer-generated visualizations
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2) Physical Models
Solid three-dimensional representations
World globe, replica of a mountain or stream
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3) Mathematical/Statistical models
Used to understand processes and predict possibilities such as river floods or the influence of climate change on daily weather
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4) Conceptual models
Mind imagery that we use for understanding our surroundings and experiences
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1) Clearly define the system. 2) Break the defined system down into
its component parts (variables). 3) Understand how these variables are
related to one another.
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Inputs (from environment)
• Energy
• Information
• Matter
Throughputs (rates of flow)
• Human body (inputs may be stored for different lengths of time)
Outputs (to environment)
• Heat
• Ideas and actions
• Waste and pollution
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The water cycle provides examples of interactions between energy and matter, their storage in the system, and the processes involved.
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1) Open systems Involve the inputs and outputs of both energy
and matter (e.g., Earth subsystems)
2) Closed systems No substantial amount of matter crosses its
boundaries, although energy can go in and out (e.g., Earth)
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Earth and Life Sciences Kto12 Philippine Edition
Cengage Learning Rex Book Store