Brian M. SandiferBrian M. Sandifer 11

Rise & Spread of Rise & Spread of PentecostalismPentecostalism

Further Turning Points (20Further Turning Points (20thth Century)Century)

Decisive Moments in the History of ChristianityDecisive Moments in the History of Christianity

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Turning PointsTurning Pointsin Christian Historyin Christian History

1.1. Fall of Jerusalem (70)Fall of Jerusalem (70)

2.2. Council of Nicaea (325)Council of Nicaea (325)

3.3. Council of Chalcedon Council of Chalcedon (451)(451)

4.4. Benedict’s Rule (530)Benedict’s Rule (530)

5.5. Coronation of Coronation of Charlemagne (800)Charlemagne (800)

6.6. Great Schism (1054)Great Schism (1054)

7.7. Diet of Worms (1521)Diet of Worms (1521)

8.8. English Act of Supremacy English Act of Supremacy (1534)(1534)

9.9. Founding of Jesuits Founding of Jesuits (1540)(1540)

10.10. Conversion of Wesleys Conversion of Wesleys (1738)(1738)

11.11. French Revolution (1789)French Revolution (1789)

12.12. Edinburgh Missionary Edinburgh Missionary Conference (1910)Conference (1910)

13.13. Further Turning Points Further Turning Points (1900s)(1900s)

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Majority Christianity at the Majority Christianity at the Dawn of 20Dawn of 20thth Century Century**

* Joke alert

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Majority Christianity at the Majority Christianity at the Dawn of 21Dawn of 21stst Century Century**

* Joke alert

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Emergence of Emergence of Pentecostalism in Pentecostalism in the 20the 20thth Century Century

Worldwide Christianity in 1900Worldwide Christianity in 1900 (At most) a handful of Christians experiencing (At most) a handful of Christians experiencing

special gifts of the Holy Spirit alleged to be special gifts of the Holy Spirit alleged to be similar to those recorded in NT.similar to those recorded in NT.

Worldwide Christianity in 2000Worldwide Christianity in 2000 (As many as) 500 million believers who could (As many as) 500 million believers who could

be identified as pentecostal or charismatic.be identified as pentecostal or charismatic. Pentecostal/charismatic believers numbered Pentecostal/charismatic believers numbered

a fourth of all Christians worldwide!a fourth of all Christians worldwide! Pentecostal movement continues its rapid Pentecostal movement continues its rapid

worldwide growth.worldwide growth.

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The Beginning of The Beginning of PentecostalismPentecostalism

RootsRoots: longing for revival, sanctification, outpouring : longing for revival, sanctification, outpouring of spiritof spirit 1919thth century American revival movements century American revival movements American “Holiness” Movement around the turn of the 20American “Holiness” Movement around the turn of the 20thth

century; Methodism chasing Christian perfection and century; Methodism chasing Christian perfection and holinessholiness

Scottish preacher Edward Irving (1792-1834) and others Scottish preacher Edward Irving (1792-1834) and others encouraged special spiritual giftsencouraged special spiritual gifts

KindlingKindling: Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929), founder : Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929), founder of Bethel Bible College in Topeka, KS.of Bethel Bible College in Topeka, KS. Parham studied Paul’s epistles and became convinced that Parham studied Paul’s epistles and became convinced that

apostolic gifts of the Holy Spirit are available to believers apostolic gifts of the Holy Spirit are available to believers today.today.

SparkSpark: Azusa Street Revival: Azusa Street Revival

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Roots: Longing for Roots: Longing for RevivalRevival

Worldwide Revival tour of Reuben A. Worldwide Revival tour of Reuben A. Torrey (1856-1928)Torrey (1856-1928) Beginning of 20Beginning of 20thth century century Linked together many who would later Linked together many who would later

participate in the Pentecostal movementparticipate in the Pentecostal movement Torrey would not become a pentecostalTorrey would not become a pentecostal

Revival in Wales (1903-1904)Revival in Wales (1903-1904) Well-reportedWell-reported Fanned further hope for a special Fanned further hope for a special

outpouring of the Holy Spiritoutpouring of the Holy Spirit

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Kindling: Charles ParhamKindling: Charles Parham

Raised in Methodist and Holiness churchesRaised in Methodist and Holiness churches Instructed his students that a baptism of Instructed his students that a baptism of

“the Holy Ghost and fire” should be “the Holy Ghost and fire” should be expected among believers who were going expected among believers who were going onward to perfect sanctification that onward to perfect sanctification that Holiness advocates proclaimed.Holiness advocates proclaimed.

Particularly interested in “speaking in Particularly interested in “speaking in tongues”, which occurred for the first time tongues”, which occurred for the first time in 1901 at Bethel Bible College.in 1901 at Bethel Bible College.

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What is “Speaking in Tongues” What is “Speaking in Tongues” Pentecostal Style?Pentecostal Style?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omy24KC3LzU

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Spark: 1906 Azusa Spark: 1906 Azusa Street Revival,Street Revival,

Los Angeles, CALos Angeles, CA PreacherPreacher: African-American William J. Seymour (1870-: African-American William J. Seymour (1870-

1922), a student of Parham, began a lengthy series of 1922), a student of Parham, began a lengthy series of nightly “revival” meetings which lasted for months.nightly “revival” meetings which lasted for months.

MessageMessage: the living presence of the Holy Spirit could : the living presence of the Holy Spirit could be experienced as a reality in our age.be experienced as a reality in our age.

What happenedWhat happened: participants were “baptized in the : participants were “baptized in the Holy Ghost,” healed of illnesses, some spoke in Holy Ghost,” healed of illnesses, some spoke in tonguestongues Hence the name “pentecostal” referring to Pentecost and the Hence the name “pentecostal” referring to Pentecost and the

outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts.outpouring of the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts. ResultResult: thousands of believers from across the U.S. : thousands of believers from across the U.S.

traveled to Azusa Street to carry the message and traveled to Azusa Street to carry the message and the anointing back to their home churches.the anointing back to their home churches.

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Contemporary Contemporary Reports of Azusa Reports of Azusa

Street RevivalStreet Revival ““Breathing strange utterances and Breathing strange utterances and

mouthing a creed which it would seem no mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand, the newest sane mortal could understand, the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles.” religious sect has started in Los Angeles.” **

““Meetings are held in a tumble-down shack Meetings are held in a tumble-down shack on Azusa Street, and the devotees of the on Azusa Street, and the devotees of the weird doctrines practice the most fanatical weird doctrines practice the most fanatical rites, preach the wildest theories, and work rites, preach the wildest theories, and work themselves into a state of mad excitement themselves into a state of mad excitement in their particular zeal.” in their particular zeal.” **

* Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1906* Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1906

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Pentecostal vs. Pentecostal vs. CharismaticCharismatic

PentecostalPentecostal Those Christians who are organized in Those Christians who are organized in

churches/denominations with a distinct emphasis on the churches/denominations with a distinct emphasis on the “sign” gifts of the Holy Spirit.“sign” gifts of the Holy Spirit.

CharismaticCharismatic Those Christians who practice these “sign” gifts within Those Christians who practice these “sign” gifts within

churches that do not formally endorse this understanding churches that do not formally endorse this understanding of the Holy Spirit’s work.of the Holy Spirit’s work.

Agreements and DifferencesAgreements and Differences P’s & C’s generally united on their doctrine of the Holy P’s & C’s generally united on their doctrine of the Holy

Spirit and spiritual gifts.Spirit and spiritual gifts. P’s & C’s are both “evangelical” Christians (emphasize P’s & C’s are both “evangelical” Christians (emphasize

spiritual conversion, traditional orthodox beliefs).spiritual conversion, traditional orthodox beliefs). P’s are generally more united in their doctrine, whereas P’s are generally more united in their doctrine, whereas

C’s are as diverse as the rest of evangelical Christian C’s are as diverse as the rest of evangelical Christian traditions.traditions.

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Do Pentecostals Resent Do Pentecostals Resent Charismatics?Charismatics?

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Where are the Pentecostals?Where are the Pentecostals?

North American Denominations/ChurchesNorth American Denominations/Churches Assemblies of GodAssemblies of God Church of God in ChristChurch of God in Christ Church of God of ProphecyChurch of God of Prophecy Foursquare Gospel ChurchFoursquare Gospel Church Pentecostal Church of ChristPentecostal Church of Christ Pentecostal Free Will BaptistPentecostal Free Will Baptist ChurchChurch Vineyard ChurchesVineyard Churches Many, many other denominationsMany, many other denominations Independent “pentecostal” congregationsIndependent “pentecostal” congregations

Nearly every country worldwideNearly every country worldwide

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Where are the Where are the Charismatics?Charismatics?

North American “Charismatic” church movementsNorth American “Charismatic” church movements Church on the Rock InternationalChurch on the Rock International International House of PrayerInternational House of Prayer Toronto Airport Christian FellowshipToronto Airport Christian Fellowship Sovereign Grace MinistriesSovereign Grace Ministries New Life Fellowship AssociationNew Life Fellowship Association

Worldwide within traditional “non-charismatic” Worldwide within traditional “non-charismatic” churcheschurches ProtestantProtestant

Anglican Communion (including Episcopalians)Anglican Communion (including Episcopalians) LutheransLutherans ReformedReformed

Roman CatholicRoman Catholic Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox

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Pentecostal & Pentecostal & Charismatic Charismatic TheologiansTheologians

Gordon Fee (Pentecostal)Gordon Fee (Pentecostal) Stanley Horton (Pentecostal)Stanley Horton (Pentecostal) Wayne Grudem (Reformed)Wayne Grudem (Reformed) J. Rodman Williams (Presbyterian)J. Rodman Williams (Presbyterian) Paul Fiddes (Baptist) Paul Fiddes (Baptist) Kevin Ranaghan (Roman Catholic)Kevin Ranaghan (Roman Catholic)

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Worldwide Expansion of Worldwide Expansion of PentecostalismPentecostalism

Rapid spread of Christianity since 1950Rapid spread of Christianity since 1950 P’s and C’s have been central to the spread of P’s and C’s have been central to the spread of

Christianity outside the global West to the Two-Christianity outside the global West to the Two-Thirds WorldThirds World

Most rapid growth in Brazil, Nigeria, Korea, Most rapid growth in Brazil, Nigeria, Korea, Russia, ChinaRussia, China

If trends continue then global Christianity If trends continue then global Christianity will look very Pentecostal by the end of the will look very Pentecostal by the end of the 2121stst century century

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Typical Beliefs of P&C Typical Beliefs of P&C Christians Christians

Theologically and socially conservativeTheologically and socially conservative Evangelical and Arminian in tradition (some Evangelical and Arminian in tradition (some

exceptions)exceptions) Holy Spirit continues to act in accord with the Holy Spirit continues to act in accord with the

“first” Pentecost.“first” Pentecost. Christians today can receive the same spiritual Christians today can receive the same spiritual

gifts that the apostles did.gifts that the apostles did. Emphasize supernatural power of God to defeat Emphasize supernatural power of God to defeat

disease and to provide other miraculous disease and to provide other miraculous interventions in ordinary lifeinterventions in ordinary life

Seeking and receiving the gift of tongues is a sign Seeking and receiving the gift of tongues is a sign of the baptism of the Holy Spirit (sometimes this of the baptism of the Holy Spirit (sometimes this is a requirement for full Christian discipleship)is a requirement for full Christian discipleship)

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Typical Beliefs of P&C Typical Beliefs of P&C Christians (cont’d)Christians (cont’d)

Less bound to traditional forms of worship, opting for Less bound to traditional forms of worship, opting for contemporary music and seeker-friendly forms for contemporary music and seeker-friendly forms for evangelistic purposesevangelistic purposes

Simultaneously adapts to and confronts indigenous Simultaneously adapts to and confronts indigenous beliefs and practicesbeliefs and practices Americans: fundamentalism, dispensationalism, prosperity Americans: fundamentalism, dispensationalism, prosperity

gospelgospel Latin Americans: Roman Catholic syncretism, Christian Latin Americans: Roman Catholic syncretism, Christian

liberationismliberationism Africans: spiritism, paganism, patriarchalism, anti-colonialismAfricans: spiritism, paganism, patriarchalism, anti-colonialism

Neo-Pentecostals: embrace charismatic practices but Neo-Pentecostals: embrace charismatic practices but not the Holiness tradition of the older Pentecostal not the Holiness tradition of the older Pentecostal churches churches

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Questions for Questions for DiscussionDiscussion

What are some of the positive/negative What are some of the positive/negative developments that resulted from the developments that resulted from the Pentecostal movement?Pentecostal movement?

Do you have any experience with Do you have any experience with pentecostal/charismatic teaching pentecostal/charismatic teaching and/or practice? What is your and/or practice? What is your understanding of this experience? How understanding of this experience? How do you interpret it?do you interpret it?

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Modern Charismatic Modern Charismatic RenewalRenewal

Beginning in 1960: Story of Rector Dennis Beginning in 1960: Story of Rector Dennis Bennett of St. Mark’s Episcopal Church in Bennett of St. Mark’s Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, CA.Van Nuys, CA.

A couple, who were friends of Bennet, received A couple, who were friends of Bennet, received baptism of the Holy Spiritbaptism of the Holy Spirit

Bennett met with them; he experienced the sameBennett met with them; he experienced the same The baptism spread through the area and Bennett’s The baptism spread through the area and Bennett’s

churchchurch Although charismatic activity was not permitted in Although charismatic activity was not permitted in

the formal worship service, news got around and the formal worship service, news got around and people began to ask questionspeople began to ask questions

Church split but Bennett remained an Episcopal priestChurch split but Bennett remained an Episcopal priest Later moved to Seattle to pastor a struggling church, Later moved to Seattle to pastor a struggling church,

which took on new lifewhich took on new life Charismatic movement spread; Bennett became a Charismatic movement spread; Bennett became a

national figurenational figure

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Charismatic Charismatic Movement SpreadsMovement Spreads

Center of movement remained in Van Nuys, Center of movement remained in Van Nuys, CA.CA. Jean Stone, member of St. Mark’s Episcopal, Jean Stone, member of St. Mark’s Episcopal,

founded the founded the Blessed Trinity SocietyBlessed Trinity Society in 1961 to in 1961 to provide fellowship and information about the provide fellowship and information about the growing charismatic movementgrowing charismatic movement

Adherents, despite being reviled and Adherents, despite being reviled and misunderstood, found places of minority status misunderstood, found places of minority status within non-charismatic churcheswithin non-charismatic churches

Duquesne University in PittsburghDuquesne University in Pittsburgh Group of RC scholars studied the charismatic Group of RC scholars studied the charismatic

experience—and ended up experiencing it experience—and ended up experiencing it themselves!themselves!

After a weekend retreat there were 30 adherents After a weekend retreat there were 30 adherents which led to a new charismatic community.which led to a new charismatic community.

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First Charismatic First Charismatic AdherentsAdherents

Began as an upper and middle class movementBegan as an upper and middle class movement Episcopal and Presbyterian churches affected first.Episcopal and Presbyterian churches affected first. In RCC, began at the university level, not the parish.In RCC, began at the university level, not the parish.

Quickly spread to all levels of societyQuickly spread to all levels of society Movement was not formally connected to Movement was not formally connected to

Pentecostal churchesPentecostal churches But the friends of Bennett were Pentecostal.But the friends of Bennett were Pentecostal. This informal connectional pattern continued This informal connectional pattern continued

elsewhere.elsewhere.

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Why the Charismatic Why the Charismatic Movement SpreadMovement Spread

So QuicklySo Quickly Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship InternationalFull Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship International

Formed after a 1951 Oral Roberts campaignFormed after a 1951 Oral Roberts campaign Pulled together pentecostal laymen for fellowshipPulled together pentecostal laymen for fellowship Immediately gave Pentecostalism some respect in the non-Immediately gave Pentecostalism some respect in the non-

Pentecostal worldPentecostal world Decline of “healing movement” in the late 1950s Decline of “healing movement” in the late 1950s

allowed Pentecostals to return to focused allowed Pentecostals to return to focused evangelismevangelism

In 1968 popular Pentecostal preacher Oral Roberts In 1968 popular Pentecostal preacher Oral Roberts became a Methodist.became a Methodist.

Patient work and testimony of Pentecostal leader Patient work and testimony of Pentecostal leader David du PlessisDavid du Plessis Unofficial ambassador of charismatic teaching to mainline Unofficial ambassador of charismatic teaching to mainline

churches, scholars, non-Pentecostal leaders.churches, scholars, non-Pentecostal leaders. Du Plessis’s warm piety and personal dignity gained him a Du Plessis’s warm piety and personal dignity gained him a

hearing that led to a new level of understanding and trust of hearing that led to a new level of understanding and trust of charismatic Christians.charismatic Christians.

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Charismatic Charismatic PracticePractice

Enthusiastic expressions of worshipEnthusiastic expressions of worship Optimism in God’s providential Optimism in God’s providential

placement of them in their placement of them in their communities of worshipcommunities of worship

Open to new methods of evangelismOpen to new methods of evangelism Have experienced outstanding success Have experienced outstanding success

in Two-Thirds world countries.in Two-Thirds world countries.

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Questions for Questions for DiscussionDiscussion

What are some of the positive/negative What are some of the positive/negative developments that resulted from the developments that resulted from the Charismatic movement?Charismatic movement?

Are there any charismatic worship Are there any charismatic worship emphases that are valid expressions of emphases that are valid expressions of public/private devotion?public/private devotion? Dynamic expressions such as lifting hands, Dynamic expressions such as lifting hands,

bowing down, dancing, laying on hands for bowing down, dancing, laying on hands for prayer, anointing oil, “slain in the Spirit,” “drunk prayer, anointing oil, “slain in the Spirit,” “drunk in the Spirit,” etc)in the Spirit,” etc)

If so, are they necessary expressions of If so, are they necessary expressions of worship? Why or why not?worship? Why or why not?

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Application for Today’s Application for Today’s ChurchChurch

Should we prohibit speaking in tongues in Should we prohibit speaking in tongues in public worship (by worship leaders or public worship (by worship leaders or congregants)? Why or why not? What is congregants)? Why or why not? What is the appropriate response to “charismatic” the appropriate response to “charismatic” expressions of worship?expressions of worship?

What are the theological ramifications of What are the theological ramifications of classifying Christians as those who have classifying Christians as those who have received a second baptism of the Holy received a second baptism of the Holy Spirit, and those who have not? What are Spirit, and those who have not? What are the practical ramifications?the practical ramifications?

Are there any similar classifications of Are there any similar classifications of lower/higher Christians in your thinking? lower/higher Christians in your thinking? In your Christian tradition?In your Christian tradition?

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Possible or Not?Possible or Not?