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Transcript of TURN RIGHT at MACHU PICCHU - Verbundzentrale … · TURN RIGHT at MACHU PICCHU REDISCOVERING THE...
Linga-Bibliothek
Linga A/907331
TURN RIGHTat
MACHU PICCHU
REDISCOVERING THE LOST CITY
ONE STEP AT A TIME
MARK ADAMS
DUTTON
It - •
Index
Abancay, Peru, 37, 39Abril, Emilio, 262Abril, Roxana, 262-63, 290Across South America (Bingham),
33-34, 49Adams, Alex, 9, 24, 36Adams, Aurita, 19, 20, 24, 47Adams, Lucas, 24Adams, Magnus, 24, 289Adventure, 25, 54Age of Discovery, 67agriculture*
Bingham on, 132and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
221-22and climate theories, 186nand the hacienda system, 113-14and land reforms, 114and Machu Picchu, 187and terrace structures, 58, 61,
177-78, 192Aguas Calientes, 7, 169, 172, 174-75,
182, 192, 197, 240Ales Hrdlicka, 205Almaro, Diego de, 130alpacas, 61altitude sickness, 46, 82, 90, 92, 153Alvistur, Tomas, 206, 236
Amazonas Explorer, 42, 43, 232American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions, 15The American Mercury, 249American Museum of Natural
History, 204Amundsen, Roald, 78-79, 80,113, 215Andean spectacled bears, 171-72Andenes (terraces), 120Angkor Wat, 188Angrand, Leonce, 57animal sacrifice, 61,121anthropology, 205, 219Antis, 116, 126Antisuyo, 61, 116, 117Antisuyo (Savoy), 157Aobama River, 171, 220Aobama Valley, 277apachetas, 92, 93Apurimac River, 37, 38, 52, 93, 128apus
at Choquequirao, 58-59at Choquetacarpo Pass, 92-93and the Ice Maiden, 219and the Inca Trail, 272-73, 274and location of Inca sites, 62at Machu Picchu, 193and Machu Picchu theories, 279
320 Index
opus (cont.)most revered peaks, 220at Phuyupatamarca, 282and religious syncretism, 275-76at Vitcos, 117
archaeoastronomy, 219-22, 258, 279archaeology, 57, 201, 203-8Arequipa, 41, 152Arteaga, Melchior
and Bingham, 100-101, 113,172and Giesecke, 97, 198, 253guiding to Machu Picchu, 176-77,178and Lost City of the Incas, 240
Atahualpa, 68-70, 158, 204, 243Ausangate, 220Ayacucho, 36Aymaras, 34Aztec Empire, 67
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, 67Bandelier, Adolph, 80Bell, Alexander Graham, 201Berns, Augusto, 240-41, 244, 246Besley, J. Campbell, 224, 246Betanzos, Juan de, 242Billinghurst, Guillermo, 208, 224Bingham, Alfred, 152-53, 248Bingham, Ajfreda
childbirth, 29correspondence to, 30, 98, 151-52,
208, 234family fortune, 32, 78, 81father's death, 95marriage, 22
Bingham, Clara, 15Bingham, Hiram, 14-15, 15n, 16, 29, 29nBingham, Hiram, II, 15-16, 29nBingham, Hiram, III
and academic life, 23, 28-29, 32at Aguas Caliente, 172ambition of, 14, 16and Andean culture, 107-9,110on animal sacrifices, 121
and antiquities dealing, 245and artifacts controversy, 3—4birth of, 15and book revisions, 250-51childhood, 16-17and Choquequirao, 52, 55-56,
57-58, 62and climate of Peru, 41, 124and coca, 83and Concevidayoc, 146Connecticut home, 78discoveries in Peru, 3, 5dissertation topic, 22-23education, 16-17, 22-23and Espiritu Pampa, 149-51,154-55expedition notes, 291family life of, 28first expedition in Peru, 33-38first trips to Machu Picchu, 279-80and food in Peru, 76health problems, 248and the Inca Trail, 272, 274, 277journey to Espiritu Pampa, 142Leivers on, 4-5and Machu Picchu, 25-26, 171,
176-81, 183-90, 243, 253, 278,285-86
and Markham, 79marriage, 22and media coverage, 199-200and Mount Coropuna climb, 151-53and Mount Machu Picchu, 194-95and music of Peru, 161organizational skills, 13-14, 95-96and the Pan-American Scientific
Congress, 33, 34and "Peruvian Time," 42and Phuyupatamarca, 278and politics, 247-50and Puquiura, 126-27religious beliefs, 21-22research on Inca sites, 66, 95-97,
98-99, 226, 235
Index 321
returns from expeditions, 199-200,214-16
at Rosaspata, 117and Savoy, 157second expedition in Peru, 223-28,
233-37, 236ttand self-promotion, 17, 58and Tincochaca, 112Venezuela Colombia expedition, 30-32and Vilcabamba, 127, 140and Vitos, 108, 115, 116-22
Bingham, Woodbridge, 29nBoehm, Sydney, 257Bolivar, Simon, 27, 29, 30, 33, 36bones. See huaqueros (grave robbers);
skeletal remainsBoorstein, Daniel, 203Boston Globe, 17
Boston Post, 151
Bothrops pit viper, 169Bowman, Isaiah, 98Buenos Aires, 33, 34Burger, Richard, 210, 213, 255Burton, Richard, 29
Cachora, 47Cajamarca, 68-69, 130, 243Calancha, Antonio de la
and Bingham's research, 96, 98-99,131,226,235
and Machu Picchu, 188and mummies of Inca rulers, 244and Vilcabamba, 126andVitcos, 119-20
Campa Indians, 149, 150-51, 157-58, 160Canari Indians, 125Capac Nan, 46-47, 186, 289Capra, Frank, 251Carrasco (sergeant), 100, 101, 176, 181Catholicism, 20, 35, 275-76cejadeselva, 176-77celestial orientation of Inca sites. See also
solstice lines
astronomical observations, 194and Bingham's theories, 26and Choquequirao, 59-60and the Inca Trail, 222, 277and Intihuatana shrines, 189and Llactapata, 7, 170and Machu Picchu, 185-86, 218, 260,
285-88and Patallacta, 269-71and Sacred Center theory, 119, 279and sundials, 174, 181, 193andVitcos, 119
Central African Republic, 144Cerro San Gabriel, 286-87chasquis, 47, 68
Chepstow-Lusty, Alex, 186nchicha, 56, 70, 184, 268Chichen Itza, 57Choquequirao
and Bingham's expeditions, 37-38, 66camp at, 63-65compared to Llactapata, 170hike to, 51-56and Inca roads, 90and Leivers's preservation ethic, 145Machu Picchu compared to, 184and orientation of Inca sites, 119and proximity to rivers, 117-18and route planning, 5, 6site described, 57-62and treasure hunting, 57viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282
Choquetacarpo Pass, 90-94, 142, 282Christian missionaries, 14-15, 120.
See also CatholicismCieza de Le6n, Pedro de, 123-24City of Z, 32, 34nclimate of Peru
Bingham on, 41, 124and cloud forest, 128, 137, 176-77garua (cloud cover), 238and mountain passes, 91, 93and rain forests, 124, 140-42
322 Index
climate of Peru (cont.)variety of zones, 41, 124and Vilcabamba site, 124andVitcos, 120
Cobos, Benjamin, 254Cobos, Flavio, 254Cobos, Florencia, 107, 110Cobos, Juvenal
and altitude fitness, 91and anniversary of Bingham's trip, 290and coca, 82-83at Concevidayoc, 141, 142daily hiking routine, 53at Espiritu Pampa, 148, 161first visit to Machu Picchu, 111-12and hike to Choquequirao, 53home of, 83, 102-6, 110-11and Inca Trail trip, 271and insect attack, 86at Kolpacasa Pass, 128and Leivers's injury, 136, 138and muleteer injury, 63-64and muleteer work, 53, 73and "Peruvian time," 42popularity of, 129preparations for trip, 42-44, 46at Quillabamba, 162on Savoy expedition, 254at the Sixpac Manco, 123and start of trip, 48at Valentin farm, 72-73and water supplies, 51at Yanama camp, 86, 88
Cobos, Rosa, 103-4, 105, 107, 110, 112coca
and altitude endurance, 90-92and Andean diet, 105Bingham on, 34, 83cookies, 217expedition's use of, 46, 82-83, 90-92,
129, 143, 266, 274and folk medicine, 65and Inca royalty, 82
Cock of the Rock (tunfet bird), 140-41Colombia, 29-31, 33Columbus, Christopher, 66-67Concevidayoc, 126, 127, 141-42, 145Condore, Samuel, 132-34condors, 272conquistadors. See also specific
individualsand Bingham's expedition route, 30brutality of, 70conquest of Inca empire, 67-71and Cusco, 35and guerilla warfare, 123-24and the khipu, 226nand Lost City legends, 3, 26-27and mit'a system, 111and siege of Cusco, 71, 99-100and treasure hunting, 57and Vilcabamba, 237andVitcos, 117
Conway, Hugh, 251Cook, Frederick, 79, 80Cook, James, 14Coolidge, Calvin, 248Cordillera Vilcabamba, 105Corona Borealis, 270Coronica Moralizada (Calancha), 96, 98,
99, 119,226Coropuna, 199Cortes, Hernan, 67Cousteau, Jacques, 37n"Cradle of Gold," 37, 39, 58creation myths, 200. See also Tampu
ToccoCrowley, Aleister, 79Cura Ocllo, 116, 117, 124, 125Cusco
and artifacts controversy, 4and Bingham's expeditions, 35-37,
97-98and civil war, 130and earthquakes, 41and the Inca empire, 9
Index 323
and Inca roads, 47and Inca stonework, 36, 59and Koricancha temple, 242and New Age spiritualism, 7preparations for trip, 46and Quechua language, 64and routes to Machu Picchu, 163and Spanish conquest, 69, 70-71topography of, 37and tourism, 2-3and water quality, 76-77
Dana, Richard Henry, 201Darien Colony, 23Darwin, Charles, 30Davis, Richard Harding, 30, 31Dead Woman's Pass, 274Death in the Andes (Vargas Llosa), 40The Discoverers (Boorstein), 203Doyle, Arthur Conan, 80
Earhart, Amelia, 249earthquakes, 36, 41, 102, 187Eastman, George, 81Eaton, George, 205, 206ecology of Peru. See plants of Peru;
wildlife of PeruThe Economist, 48
Ecuador, 29, 68Edgar (Gudiel)
drive to Santa Teresa, 162-63at Espiritu Pampa, 160-61at Inca Trail trip, 264at Llactapata, 172-73preparations for trip, 46, 48at Santa Teresa, 164, 165, 167
Efrain (Valles)background, 232, 261-68on condors, 272guiding style, 268-69and Machu Picchu, 274-78, 285and Patallacta, 269-70and Phuyupatamarca, 282-84
and porters, 266preparations for trip, 264-67
El Dorado legend, 57El Sol, 235
Encounter Overland, 143—45, 164Enigmatic Window, 185, 243Eromboni Pampa, 150Espiritu Pampa
and Bingham's expeditions, 127,142,150-51
and celestial orientation of Inca sites,171
and Leivers' preservation ethic, 145and Machu Picchu theories, 253and orientation of Inca sites, 118and proximity to rivers, 117and route planning, 5, 6and Savoy's theories, 254site described, 146-50, 154-61andusnus, 127-28viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282and Vilcabamba name, 105-6
"The Explorer" (Kipling), 62, 253Exploring Cusco (Frost), 267
Farabee, William, 97, 118, 223Fawcett, Percy, 31-32, 35nFejos, Paul, 278Fisk, Carlton, 82Fitch, Ezra, 81Foote, Harry, 96, 126-27Forgotten Vilcabamba (Lee), 121-22Frost, Peter, 267Fructoso, 164, 167-68Fujimori, Alberto, 40Funerary Rock, 188
Garcia, Alan, 40, 41Geographic Journal, 199
giardia, 76-77Giesecke, Albert, 97-98, 100-101,
198, 253Gilbert Islands, 15
324 Index
gnomons, 174, 181Greer, Paolo
author's dinner with, 238—46background, 3, 231-32on Bingham's popularization of
Machu Picchu, 283on celestial orientation of Inca sites,
185-86and preservation efforts, 290
Grosvenor, Gilbertand artifacts controversy, 204,
212, 284and Bingham's trip reports, 200-201and lost city tales, 224and Machu Picchu articles, 214-16,
228, 247on scope of Bingham's work, 228
Guevara, Ernesto "Che," 187
hacienda system, 113-14Hadley, Arthur Twining, 23, 32Harper's, 81,200, 205harquebuses, 68Hartford Courant, 225
Harvard University, 17, 22-23Hay, Clarence, 34, 38Heaney, Christopher, 96, 236Hemming, John, 36, 254Heroic Age of Exploration, 78-79Hilton, James, 251Hints to Travelers (Royal Geographical
Society), 58, 180Hippie Trail, 143Hiram Bingham Highway, 183-84,
197, 263History of the Conquest of Peru
(Prescott), 69House of the Sun, 99Huadquifia hacienda, 113-15, 167, 173,
206-7, 235-36, 245Huaina-Picchu, 98-99Huamani, Nati, 20, 48, 92, 109, 193Huancacalle, 63, 94, 102-6, 115, 117
huaqueros (grave robbers), 116-22,211-13,246,262
Huascar, 68, 69Huatanay River, 35Huayna Capac, 66, 68Huayna Picchu
and Bingham's expeditions, 98, 101,177-78, 206
hike on, 191-98and Machu Picchu theories, 279view from, 196viewed from Sun Gate, 284
Huayna Pucara, 131-33human remains. See huaqueros (grave
robbers; skeletal remains)hydroelectric plant at Machu Picchu,
163, 172
Ice Maiden, 219"In the Wonderland of Peru" (National
Geographic), 215
Inca Land (Bingham), 16, 95-96,142,248, 251, 252
IncaTambo, 119Inca Trail
and Andes weather, 38author's hike on, 264-71, 272-80and barefoot hiking, 259-60and Bingham's expeditions, 232and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
222, 277and Choquetacarpo Pass, 92and Concevidayoc, 126and Huayna Picchu, 192Justo on, 65and Machu Picchu, 188-89and Machu Picchu theories, 244marathon on, 267and modern development, 46-47and Mount Machu Picchu, 196and Ollantaytambo, 100regulations, 232and road to Vilcabamba, 123
Index 325
and routes to Machu Picchu, 163and the Sun Gate, 282and trip planning, 5, 8, 260-63andVitcos, 118
The Jnc&so/Peru (Markham), 79,173,180,200
Inkarri myth, 158Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC)
and access to rare sites, 291and the Capac Nan, 46-47and Choquequirao, 60and Espiritu Pampa, 148-49and grave robbing, 246and Huayna Picchu, 191and Machu Picchu, 242and Peabody collection, 212andVitcos, 118
Inti, 10, 59Inti Pata, 282-83Inti Raymi festivities, 260, 287Intihuatana ranch, 173, 252, 261Intihuatana shrines
and celestial orientation of Inca sites,221
damaged by film crew, 189nand Llactapata, 173-74and Machu Picchu, 181, 189, 193, 196,
260, 279Island of the Sun, 279The Islands of Titicaca and Kosti
(Bandelier), 80
Javier (INC worker), 148-49, 154-57Jones, Indiana (character), 4, 255-58The Journal of an Expedition Across
Venezuela and Colombia (Bingham),27,30
Julian (Bolanos)at Concevidayoc, 142daily hiking routine, 53described, 48at Espiritu Pampa, 147, 160-61at Huancacalle, 102-3
injury, 63-65, 73and muleteer work, 51, 53
Kant, Immanuel, 184Karp-Toledo, Eliane, 40-41, 60, 283, 290Kasdan, Lawrence, 256khipu, 226nKipling, Rudyard, 62, 253Kolpacasa Pass, 124, 126-29Koricancha
and adventure films, 257and Atahualpa's ransom, 69and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
221and Cusco, 35and Machu Picchu, 186, 242, 280Prescott on, 9-10and treasure hunting, 37n
la hora peruana (Peruvian Time), 42—45,262, 264
Lake Parinacochas, 81Lake Titicaca, 19, 25, 37n, 279Landis, Deborah Nadoolman, 256The Languages of the Andes (Adelaar and
Muysken), 73Lee, Vincent, 102, 121-22, 254Leguia, Augusto, 38, 81, 100, 204,
207-8, 214Leivers.John
on Bingham, 4—5childhood, 87-88and Choquequirao, 52-54, 59-62,
63-64and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90-94at the Cobos home, 110-11and coca, 82and Cusco, 69and ecology of Peru, 140-41and Espiritu Pampa, 148-53, 154-61eye injury, 135-39fitness, 49, 56on folk remedies, 73
326 Index
Leivers, John (cont.)and food, 264-65on hacienda system, 114heart surgery, 229-30, 238, 259hike to Yanama, 82-84and Huancacalle, 105and Huayna Picchu, 191-97and the INC, 60on Inca engineering, 119on Inca roads, 90and Inca Trail trip, 264-65, 268-69,
273-78on Inca trails, 47and Kolpacasa Pass, 128-29and Machu Picchu, 182-85, 187-90,
285,287-88and Mandor Pampa, 176and New York City, 289-92and Phuyupatamarca, 281-84preparations for trip, 1-8, 10-12,
42-45, 46-50, 51-52, 233on proximity of rivers to Inca sites,
117-18and Santa Teresa, 163-64and Sixpac Manco hostel, 102-5and survivalism, 74-75on usnu platforms, 127-28and Valentin farm, 72-77andVitcos, 105, 117-22, 123work background, 88-89
Library of Congress, 231, 240Lima Geographical Society, 96Livingstone, David, 29-30Lizarraga, Agustin, 252, 253Llactapata
and Andean place names, 233nand Bingham's expeditions, 169, 170,
206-7and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
170-71,260from Huayna Picchu, 193and routes to Machu Picchu, 6-7,163site described, 169-75
viewed from Mount Machu Picchu,196
viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282llamas, 61,121looting, 206, 241. See also huaqueros
(grave robbers); treasure huntingLost City of the Incas
and archaeology, 57and Bingham's career, 3-5and Bingham's research, 96Bingham's theory on, 227-28Machu Picchu as, 26and Spanish texts, 79-80Vilcabamba, 235
Lost City of the Incas (Bingham)on Choquequirao, 62and Peruvian tourism, 3,12revised version of, 250-53on Spanish conquest, 71on Tampu Tocco theory, 280on Urubamba Valley expedition, 97
Lost Horizon (Hilton), 251The Lost World (Doyle), 80Lucas, George, 256Lumbreras, Luis, 243-44
maca, 266Machiguenga Indians, 157-58Machu Picchu
and Andes weather, 38and archaeological artifacts, 203-8,
209-13author's dreams of, 25-26and Bingham's expeditions, 3,16, 97,
101Bingham's theories on, 26, 171, 243,
253, 278and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
170-71, 173, 219-22, 285-88and Choquequirao, 57-58, 62Cusco as staging point for, 10Eastern Urban Section, 178-79and Hauyna Picchu, 191-98
Index 327
and Inca roads, 6, 235and Inca stonework, 59and Leivers's preservation ethic, 145Main Gate, 184and orientation of Inca sites, 118, 119ownership disputes, 259-63proximity to river, 117-18routes to, 163and Sacred Center theory, 119, 219,
222, 279site described, 182-90stonework of, 35-36and Tampu Tocco theories, 255,
279-80Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas
(Bingham), 251Machu Picchu: Exploring an Ancient Sacred
Center (Reinhard), 119, 219"Machu Picchu Before Bingham"
(Greer), 231Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary, 284Machu Picchu Pueblo, 182Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge, 182Maclaine, Shirley, 218Magli, Giulio, 279Manco Inca Yupanqui
and adventure films, 257-58and Calancha's writings, 96and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90and civil war in Cusco, 130and Concevidayoc, 146—47and Espiritu Pampa, 154-56, 254and the Inca Trail, 234-35and Inti Raymi festivities, 287Markham on, 79and Ollantaytambo, 178, 265and rebel army, 123-25and siege of Cusco, 71, 99and Spanish asylum seekers, 131and Spanish conquest, 69-71and usnu platforms, 127-28and Vilcabamba, 106, 226-27andVitcos, 116-17, 117-18
Mandor Pampa, 97-100, 172, 175,176-81,240
Markham, Clements, 79, 81, 173,180-81, 199,200, 215n
Marsh, Othniel Charles, 98,202, 203
Matapalos trees (strangler figs), 141,149-50
mate, 192Mateo (Gallegos)
at the Cobos home, 110at Concevidayoc, 142-43daily hiking routine, 53described, 48at Espiritu Pampa, 147-48,160-61at Huancacalle, 103and Inca Trail trip, 271and insect attack, 85Leivers on, 75and muleteer work, 51, 73snoring, 64
Mayas, 219Melville, Herman, 238Mexico, 67, 68missionary work, 14-15, 22mit'a, 111Mitchell, Alfred, 21-22, 78, 95Mitchell, Alfreda, 21-22. See also
Bingham, AlfredaMitchell, Annie Tiffany, 21, 22, 28,
78, 248Mogrovejo, Evaristo, 115, 117Montesinos, Fernando de, 225n,
225-26Montezuma, 67, 68Mother Earth. See PachamamaMount Aconcagua, 152Mount Coropuna, 5, 80, 81, 151-53Mount Everest, 79Mount Huascaran, 81,151Mount Machu Picchu, 194-95Mount McKinley, 79, 80Mount Padreyoc, 48
328 Index
Mount Veronica, 282mountain worship, 220mountaineering, 79, 80-81,151-53muleteers, 44, 47-48, 51-52, 102-3mummies, 244-45Murua, Martin de, 158Museo Inka, 212, 262Museum of Natural History, 289music of Peru, 161, 275mysticism and spirituality
and apus, 92and author's family, 20and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
189-90, 285and the Inca Trail, 278-79and location of Inca sites, 58-59and mountain worship, 220offerings to Pachamama, 56and orientation of Inca sites, 119pantheism of Incas, 59, 275-76and pilgrimage sites, 7, 222, 244,
278-79, 287and religious syncretism, 175-76and sun worship, 221, 255and tourism, 43, 69
Narrative of the Incas (Betanzos), 242National^Aeronautics
Administration, 249National Geographic
Bingham's articles for, 214-16, 227,247, 252, 272
and Bingham's expeditions,214-16, 225
and Cole Porter song, 250photos of skeletal remains, 233
National Geographic Society, 200-202,210, 225
National Museum (Peru), 212New Age spiritualism, 7, 218. See also
mysticism and spiritualityNew York City, 18, 289-92The New York Herald, 31
The New York Sun, 97, 199The New York Times, 29, 31, 57, 211The New York Times Magazine, 216The New York Tribune, 58North Pole, 79, 80, 201, 215Northwest Passage, 79Nunez, J. J., 37-38, 57-58, 204Nusta Ispanan, 12 In
obligatorio, 111, 127Observer, 200"Official Circular of the Second Yale
Peruvian Expedition" (Bingham),13-14
Ollantaytamboarchitecture of, 178, 183and Bingham's expeditions, 99,
224-25, 237and the Inca Trail, 264-65Manco Inca's departure from, 116-17and Pachacutec, 186and search for Machu Picchu, 252
Orellana, Francisco de, 29Orgonez, Rodrigo, 117Outside, 18
Pacaritambo, 225, 235, 255Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui
and the Ann's, 116and Choquetacarpo Pass, 90and excavation sites, 290grandson of, 66, 68and Inca road system, 47, 222and Machu Picchu, 194, 195, 242, 255,
278, 287and Peruvian climate, 186nand tomb sites, 186, 243, 244
Pachamamaand barefoot hiking, 260day of observance for, 275and Inca pantheism, 59offerings to, 56, 270and Peruvian spirituality, 20
Index 329
and the Royal Tomb, 286and snake symbolism, 155
paganism, 275Palcay, 207paleontology, 98, 202Pampaconas River, 126Pan-American Scientific Congress,
33,36Panama, 23, 28, 67Pancorbo, Jose, 98, 126-27pantheism of Incas, 59, 275-76Parinacochas, 151Patallacta, 233, 268-71Paul (INC worker), 149,154-55, 156Peabody Museum, 156, 203-4, 208,
236n, 283-84Peary, Robert, 78, 80, 201, 215peccaries, 141Peck, Annie S., 81, 151-52Perou et Bolivie (Wiener), 98Peruvian Time (la horaperuana), 42—45,
262, 264Peshawar, Pakistan, 144Phillips Academy, 16Phuyupatamarca, 196, 278, 281-84pictographs, 154pishtacos, 40, 41
Pizarro, Franciscobackground of, 67and Bingham's expedition route,
36-37and civil war in Cusco, 130conquest of the Inca empire, 67-71death, 130-31and Dona Angelina Yupanqui, 242and Huadquifia, 113and Manco Inca's rebellion, 124-25and museum artifacts, 204and treasure hunting, 227and Vilcabamba, 26
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 70, 124-25, 126, 130plants of Peru. See also agriculture;
and altitude changes, 53Bingham's description of, 37and cloud forests, 59, 135, 176-77, 276and cutting trails, 134-36, 234, 254elephant ears, 140and high rain forest, 146and Inca ruins, 122liana vine, 154and the Machu Picchu Historical
Sanctuary, 171-72poisonous plants, 74-75, 276strangler figs, 141, 149-50and theories on Inca stonework, 35nvariety of rain forest plants, 141
Plateriayoc, 246Plaza de Armas, 9, 130, 158, 159n,
260, 262polar explorers, 78-79, 113, 201, 215Polo, Marco, 13Potosi, 33Prescott, William, 10, 69, 99-100,
130-31Princeton University, 23Principal Temple, 187, 189, 206Progressive Era, 13Pumasillo Range, 127, 282Punahou School, 14Puquiura, 98-99, 102, 107-12, 115, 120,
227, 235
Quechua culture, 34, 44-45, 86-87,90, 103
Quechua language, 20, 37, 64, 73, 76,100, 242
Quillabamba, 162Quito, 47
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), 256
Raimondi, Antonio, 96Reinhard.Johan, 119, 193, 219-22, 279religions of Peru, 20, 58-59, 275-76.
See also Catholicism; mysticism andspirituality
330 Index
Republican Party, 248A Residence of Twenty-one Years
in the Sandwich Islands
(Bingham); 29Rice, Hamilton, 29-32, 223Richarte family, 177-81, 206Romero, Carlos, 96Roosevelt, Theodore, 28, 33, 224, 247Root, Elihu, 33Rosaspata, 115Royal Geographical Society, 29-30, 33,
58, 79, 96, 180, 199Royal Mausoleum, 179, 185, 226, 277,
285-86Royal Tomb, 286
Saavedra, 126, 141^2, 146, 150, 151Sacred Center theory, 119, 217-22, 279Sacred Plaza, 187, 189, 234, 279Sacred Valley, 100,220Sacred Virgins of the Sun, 227, 237, 255Sacsahuaman, 36, 46, 71, 180, 183, 186Sailing Alone Around the World (Slocum),
78Salazar, Lucy, 210, 213, 255Salcantay, 193, 220-21, 234, 272, 278,
281-82San ^ndres Hospital, 244San Francisco Chronicle, 22, 257
Santa Ana hacienda, 114-15Santa Maria, 163nSanta Teresa, 162-63, 163n, 166Santo Domingo monastery, 10, 35Sapa Inca. See also specific rulers
and celestial orientation of Inca sites,171
and Cusco, 35and the Inca empire, 10and Inca pantheism, 59rights as ruler, 69and sun worship, 221andVitcos, 118
Savoy, Gene, 157, 159, 253-54
Saw Mill, 240Sayacmarca, 276-77Sayri Tupac, 131Scott, Robert Falcon, 79-80, 113,
215, 215nScribner's Magazine, 30
Secret of the Incas (1954), 256-57
Semicircular Temple, 179Shakur, Afeni, 159nShakur, Tupac, 159nShining Path, 40, 147, 267Sixpac Manco hostel, 102-6, 107, 123,
254skeletal remains
and Eaton, 205-6at Machu Picchu, 44, 235at Patallacta, 268and trepanation, 233and Virgins of the Sun theory, 227,
254-55Slocum, Joshua, 78smallpox, 68Smith, Hugh M., 215Smith, Huntington "Coot," Jr., 34Smithsonian Institution, 203, 205smuggling, 4, 31, 235-36snakes, 132, 155, 169solstice lines
and connection between Inca sites,170-71, 194
and constellations, 221and the Enigmatic Window, 243and the Inca Trail trip, 232, 260, 282and Llactapata, 170-71and Machu Picchu, 185, 194, 221-22,
242^»3, 286-87and Patallacta, 270and Sayacmarca, 277and spiritual tourism, 218and usnus, 59-60, 128
soroche (altitude sickness), 46, 82, 90, 92,153
South American Explorer club, 239, 241
Index 331
South American Explorer Magazine, 231
South Pole expeditions, 79, 80, 113, 215Southern Cross, 221Spanish-American War, 28Spanish conquest of Peru, 26, 37, 67-71,
79, 275. See also conquistadoresSpielberg, Steven, 256spiritual significance of Inca sites. See
mysticism and spiritualityStanley, Henry, 30Sterling Memorial Library, 258nstonework of Inca sites
Choquequirao, 59Cusco, 35-36and INC reconstruction work, 60Intihuatana shrines, 174Llactapata, 170Machu Picchu, 180, 186-87
strangler figs, 141, 149-50strikes, 260-61, 265-71Suchli, Justo
and anniversary of Bingham's trip,290
on opus, 117and Choquequirao, 63daily hiking routine, 52-53and Espiritu Pampa, 148, 156-57,
(160-61and Huancacalle, 103, 105and Inca Trail trip, 271and Kolpacasa Pass, 128and Llactapata, 169, 173and muleteer injury, 64-65and offerings to Pachamama, 56preparations for trip, 44-45and Puquiura, 108and Santa Teresa, 164, 165, 167and Sixpac Manco hostel, 107and start of trip, 48, 51and superstition, 138and Valentin farm, 72and Yanama camp, 88-89
Sumac, Yma, 257
Sun Gate, 188-89, 192, 196, 282Sun Temple, 185, 269sun worship, 221, 255sundials, 174, 181, 193
Taft, William Howard, 204Tampu Tocco
and Bingham's expeditions, 225-26,227-28
and creation myth, 200and the Inca Trail, 235and Machu Picchu theories, 255,
279-80Tawantinsuyu, 47, 116, 159, 186Taylor, Frederick, 13Temple of the Condor, 188-89Temple of the Sun, 35, 117, 179Temple of the Three Windows, 188,
221,226,251,279,285terraces
and agriculture, 58, 61, 177-78, 192and Espiritu Pampa, 150and Llactapata, 174and Machu Picchu, 177-79, 184,
187-88, 244, 284and Ollantaytambo, 99and Patallacta, 233andVitcos, 120
Thompson, Hugh, 163, 251Tiffany, Charles, 22Time, 253, 255Tincochaca, 112, 115TituCusi, 131,227Toledo, Alejandro, 40-41, 209, 212, 213Torreon, 269
and Bingham's expeditions, 226, 227and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
221, 260, 282,285-88and Machu Picchu, 179, 185, 186,
242-43, 280and Patallacta, 270
trains to Machu Picchu, 162-63, 171,182, 194, 261
332 Index
treasure hunting. See also huaqueros(grave robbers); looting
and Berns, 240-41and Bingham's second expedition, 207and Choquequirao, 37and Columbus, 67and the conquistadores, 57Efrain on, 276and Espiritu Pampa, 159and Indiana Jones character, 256-58and Lake Titicaca, 37nand museum collections, 203-4andVitcos, 117, 118, 120
trepanation, 233tunfet (bird), 140-41Tupac Amaru, 131-32, 158Tupac Amaru II, 159nTwo Years Before the Mast (Dana), 201
ukuku masks, 260United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), 261
Urton, Gary, 226nUrubamba River
and the Berns land claim, 240and celestial orientation of Inca sites,
220-21and the Inca Trail, 234, 267and Lost City theories, 97proximity to Machu Picchu, 196, 220and routes to Machu Picchu, 163,
174, 272Urubamba Valley, 71, 97-99, 113, 198,
233-37usnu platforms, 59-60, 62, 127-28, 146,
157, 193
Valcarcel, Luis, 235-36, 236nValley of the Kings, 57Vargas Llosa, Mario, 39-40Vega, Garcilaso, 43Venezuela, 29, 30-31,35
Verano, John, 254-55Vilcabamba River, 105, 127Vilcabamba the New (town), 105, 127Vilcabamba the Old (archaeological site)
and Andean place names, 233nand Bingham's expeditions, 26, 97, 99,
142, 155-57, 226-28, 237and Calancha's writings, 226and the Inca Trail, 231, 234-35and the Inkarri myth, 158-59and Lost City theories, 66, 79-81, 96and Savoy's expeditions, 254and Spanish refugees, 254ubiquity of name, 105
Village Voice, 18
Virgins of the Sun, 227, 237, 255Vista Alegre, 138Vitcos
and Bingham's expeditions, 96-99,101, 117,283-84
and Calancha's writings, 226hike to, 84, 93and Inca road system, 90, 227and the Inca Trail, 235and Leivers' preservation ethic, 145and Lost City theories, 80, 81Machu Picchu compared to, 184and Manco Inca, 116-17,131obscurity of, 105and orientation of Inca sites,
118,119and Pachacutec, 186proximity to river, 117-18religious significance of Inca sites,
117-22and route planning, 5, 6site described, 116-22viewed from Phuyupatamarca, 282
The Wall Street Journal, 202
weather of Peru, 6, 38, 220. See alsoclimate of Peru
White, E. B., 19
Index 333
White Rock(YurakRumi), 108, 112,119-22, 121n, 125, 131,254
Wiener, Charles, 98, 252, 253wildlife of Peru
alpacas, 61and the Amazon jungle, 157Andean geese, 93-94Andean spectacled bears, 171-72and animal sacrifice, 61, 121and cloud forests, 132condors, 272insects, 86llamas, 61, 121, 184peccaries, 141snakes, 132, 155, 169and tropical rainforest, 146tunki bird, 140-41
Wilson, Woodrow, 23, 247Winay, Wayna, 196, 283Wright, Kenneth, 186
Yale Corporation, 152, 202Yale Corps, 247-48Yale Political Union, 212
Yale Universityand antiquities dealing, 236n, 245and artifacts controversy, 3-4, 41, 156Bingham's hope for an appointment,
23Bingham's student career at, 17,21and expedition sponsorship, 13,
203-4and Indiana Jones franchise, 258nand Machu Picchu theories, 26positions offered to Bingham, 32, 34Rare Books and Manuscripts Room,
290-91and research on Machu Picchu, 4
Yanacocha, 235Yanama River, 61, 72Yanama (town), 83, 85, 90Yankihausi, 225, 235, 265Yaruro people, 31Yupanqui, Angelina, 242Yurak Rumi (White Rock), 108,112,
119-22, 121n, 125, 131,254
Zarate, Miguel, 219