Lab 6: Respiratory System. Announcements Extra Credit Assignment Extra Credit Quiz.
Tuesday Return Work Quiz Homework Extra Credit.
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TuesdayReturn WorkQuizHomeworkExtra Credit
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Napoleon's Napoleon's Conquest of Conquest of
EuropeEurope
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NapoleonBorn in Corsica 1769Mastered military tactics at
military schoolsJoined army of new govt. during
revolution– Oct. 1795- helped protect National
Convention (became hero)
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Military Successes1796-1797 Directory appoints him
to command army – Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia– Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances– Becomes most popular general in
Europe
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November 1799 Directory overthrown by ConsulateCoup d etat Directory initially holds on
– 500 troops in legislature– Vote to end Directory
Napoleon head of Consulate (3)– Dictatorial power seized
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Support for ConsulateKeep previous reformSolve current problemsPeasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution
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Support for Consulate
Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled
Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade
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Second Coalition 1797 1st Coalition ends after
campaign in Italy1799 2nd Coalition formed
– GB, Austria, Russia
Napoleon successful in N. Italy– Austria & Russia make peace– 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB)– 1st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe
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Napoleon becomes Emperor
At 1st act like an elected leader
1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1st consul
1802- 2nd Plebiscite made him consul for life
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1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor
Title symbolizes control over France– Crowned himself (not Pope)
Social reforms of Revolution remain
Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored
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Napoleon Restores Order Kept many changes from
RevolutionSecret police maintain power
– Opposition crushed
Jacobins crushed after loyalists target him– German Bourbon (next in line)
killed
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Napoleon Restores OrderEconomic order
–Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank
Social order- had much support
Religious order- religion is political
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Concordat of 1801Agreement made with Pope
Pius VIIBalanced rights of Church and
StateState bishops, Church confirm
– Bishops appoint priests
Religious freedom– Catholics had favored postition
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Napoleonic Code 1801All men treated as equals
– 3 Estates abolished– Women lost any rights gained
NO feudalism and class privilegeFreedom of religion and propertyWorkers inferior to employer
– No unions
Govt. support of education
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Napoleonic Code Limited liberty
– Newspapers censored– Slavery restored in colonies
Easy for men to divorceNo primogeniture
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Napoleonic Code Napoleon announced he was
above the law“Things don’t work unless you
break the law everyday”– Tie to Machiavelli
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Napoleonic WarsNapoleon wants to modernize &
become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.)
Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England
1803 War breaks out with England– France threatens her trade and sea
power1805-1807 France defeats Austria,
Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)
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1805-1807 VictoriesOct. 1805 Battle of Ulm
– Vienna, Austria taken
Dec. 1805 Battle of Austerlitz– Austrian emperor makes peace
Oct. 1806 Battle of Jena– Berlin taken from Prussia
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1805-1807 VictoriesJune 1806- Battle of Friedland
– Prussia’s Poland– Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and
Napoleon agree to divide Europe
Oct. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar– Only loss to 3rd Coalition– Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet– France decides not to invade GB
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Napoleon dominates Europe
France greatest empire since RomeConquered land:
– Annexed by France– Remained independent in name only– Attached by alliance (Prussia,
Russia, Austria)
Large but unstable empire
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Results of Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe
Taxes conquered landsSoldiers taken from
conquered lands
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Napoleon’s DownfallLove of power = downfall3 misjudgments
– Cut off trade to England– Make brother king of Spain– Invasion of Russia
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Continental System1806 No French controlled land
could trade w/ EnglandAimed at England who was
keeping ships from FrancePlan= defeat England by striking
at trade (industry)– France and lands under her would
stop importing British goods
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Continental SystemProblem= England just traded
with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies
Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon– French economy weakened
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Spain1808 King of Spain forced to
abdicate– Napoleon makes brother Joseph
king
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Peninsular WarPortugal defeatedResponse- Spain and Portugal
get help of British (guerilla)England invades FranceSpain regains her land after 5
years of war (1808-1813)Significance- French troops held
up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired
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Invasion of Russia Russian was once allied with FranceWhy?
– France afraid Russia would make alliance with England
– Russia selling grain to England
June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY– Many not French (no loyalty)
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Invasion of RussiaRussians retreat burning land and
farms, France follows–Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned
when French arrive –100,000 French alive (NO FOOD)–Stay 5 weeks waiting for
surrender (leave in Dec.)Worst military in history (40,000
return)
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Battle of the Nation Oct. 1813- Leipzig, GermanyBritain, Prussia, Austria,
Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon– Grand Alliance
Paris captured in March 1814– Army cut to pieces– Generals do not want to fight,
Napoleon does
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The End (#1)…April 1814- Napoleon abdicates
– exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)
Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France
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The 100 DaysMarch 1, 1815 Napoleon
returns from exile –support from King Louis
XVIII’s soldiers –Becomes Emperor again
Grand Alliance gathers
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The 100 DaysJune 18, 1815 Napoleon
defeated at Waterloo (Belguim)–European alliance led by Duke
of Wellington–End of 100 Days–Napoleon’s last bid for power
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The End (Again)…Napoleon sent to St. Helena
– Remote island in South Atlantic
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Significance of Napoleon
French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread
Nationalism grew–Led to development of
independent nations