TRINA C. TAN, RN,MAN

Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.

The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge.

Nursing Research is systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of important to nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics.

Clinical Nursing Research is a research designed to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients.

Evidence-based practice is a conscientious, problem-solving approach to clinical practice that incorporates the best evidence from well-designed studies, patient values and preferences, and a clinician's expertise in making decisions about a patient's care.

1. Tradition 2. Authority3. Clinical Experience4. Trial and Error5. Intuition

1. Pure or Basic Search for new knowledge includes

establishing fundamental theories or relationships among facts

Not intended for immediate use in real life situations

Useful in advancing scientific knowledge or in furthering research

2. Applied Research Involves seeking new applications of scientific

knowledge in solving a problem, making a decision, developing or evaluating a program, procedure or product

3. Action Research Involves the study of a certain problem and,

from that experience, decisions, actions and conclusions are drawn.

Findings are limited to setting actually studied

Order and System Process wherein the researcher moves in a

systematic fashion, from identification of the problem to the conclusions and recommendations

Control Imposition of conditions in the research

situation, to minimize bias and maximize the precision and validity of data gathered

Empiricism Gathering of evidence and relying on one’s

own senses

Generalization Research findings may be applied to a

situation or population larger than the one studied

1. Involves the gathering of new and existing data from new source or first-hand information

2. It is directed toward the solution of a problem

3. It is analytical. It is characterized by carefully designed procedures in collecting data and rigorous analysis in interpreting them

4. It emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles and theories that may be helpful in predicting future occurrences

5. It requires expertise. The researcher must be adequately prepared to undertake such endeavor

6. It is empirical. It is based on direct experience and demands accurate observation and description of what is being studied

7. It strives to be logical, applying every possible text to validate the procedures being employed so that the researcher has confidence in the results

8. It is honest and characterized by patient and unhurried activities

9. It can be replicated to enable the researcher to achieve valid and comprehensive results. Similarities and differences of replicated researches can be confirmed

10. It requires innovative approaches

11. It is carefully recorded and reported

Chapter I - The Problem Introduction Statement of the Problem Research Question / Objectives Hypotheses Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation of the Study Operational Definition of Terms

Chapter II - Review of Related Literature and StudiesForeign LiteratureForeign StudiesLocal LiteratureLocal StudiesConceptual FrameworkTheoretical FrameworkParadigm of the Study

Chapter III - Methodology and Research Design

Research Methods and Techniques Research Locale Respondents of the Study Research Instruments Validation of the Questionnaire Data Collection Statistical Treatment of Data

Chapter IV - Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Chapter V - Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary of Findings Conclusions Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICE CURRICULUM VITAE

According to level of investigation 1. Exploratory 2. Descriptive 3. Experimental According to approach 1. Experimental 2. Non-experimental

According to measurement & data analysis 1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative According to time frame 1. Longitudinal 2. Cross sectional

According to motive or objective 1. Basic research 2. Applied research According to time line 1. Retrospective 2. Prospective According to research environment 1. Field 2. Laboratory

Meta-Analysis  A systematic review that uses quantitative methods to summarize the results.

Systematic Review    An article in which the authors have systematically searched for, appraised, and summarized all of the medical literature for a specific topic.

Critically Appraised Topic     Authors of critically-appraised topics evaluate and synthesize multiple research studies.

Critically Appraised Articles  Authors of critically-appraised individual articles evaluate and synopsize individual research studies.

Randomized Controlled Trials  RCT's include a randomized group of patients in an experimental group and a control group. These groups are followed up for the variables/outcomes of interest.

Cohort Study  Identifies two groups (cohorts) of patients, one which did receive the exposure of interest, and one which did not, and following these cohorts forward for the outcome of interest.

Case-Control Study  Involves identifying patients who have the outcome of interest (cases) and control patients without the same outcome, and looking to see if they had the exposure of interest.

Background Information / Expert Opinion   Handbooks, encyclopedias, and textbooks often provide a good foundation or introduction and often include generalized information about a condition.  While background information presents a convenient summary, often it takes about three years for this type of literature to be published.

Animal Research / Lab Studies  Information begins at the bottom of the pyramid: this is where ideas and laboratory research takes place. Ideas turn into therapies and diagnostic tools, which then are tested with lab models andanimals.

Systematic research reviewWhere are they found? Cochrane Library, PubMed, Joanna Briggs InstituteClinical practice guidelinesWhere are they found? Many places! Don't get resources like MDConsult.

National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) http://www.guideline.gov or choose "guideline" or "Practice Guidelines" within the Publication Type limit in PubMed or CINAHL.

Current Practice Guidelines in Primary Care (AccessMedicine)      This handy guide draws information from many sources of the latest guidelines for preventive services, screening methods, and treatment approaches commonly encountered in the outpatient setting.

ClinicalKey also has a number of Guidelines: https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/#!/browse/guidelinesOriginal research articlesWhere are they found? CINAHL, MEDLINE, Proquest Nursing & Allied Health, PsycINFO, PubMed

Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase1. Formulating and delimiting the problem2. Reviewing the related literature3. Undertaking the clinical fieldwork4. Defining the framework / developing

conceptual definitions5. Formulating hypotheses

Phase 2: The design and the planning phase

6. Selecting a research design7. Developing intervention protocols8. Identifying the population9. Designing the sampling plan10. Specifying methods to measure research

variable11. Developing methods to safeguard subjects12. Finalizing the research plan

Phase 3: The Empirical Phase13. Collecting the data14. Preparing the data for analysis

Phase 4: The Analytic Phase15. Analyzing the data16. Interpreting the results

Phase 5: The dissemination Phase

17. Communicating the findings18. Utilizing the findings in practice

INTRODUCTIONü Nature and scope of the problemü Provides readers with information ü Starts from general idea then moves to specific

areas of the topicü Includes the background of the study

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMüMajor problems and sub-problems are presentedüIf presented in a question or objective - must be

based on the theoretical or conceptual framework of the studyüUsually found at the beginning of the research

report, in the introduction or in the ROL

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMElements of a good quantitative research

questionP - opulation (In radical prostatectomy patients staying in the

hospital one day after surgery...)I - ntervention (Does customized preoperative teaching...)C - omparison (Compared to standard preoperative

teaching…)O - utcomes (Lead to better pain control as measured by a

visual analog scale?)

* Measurement, interventions, and comparison groups are irrelevant in a qualitative research

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMHow to evaluate a good question

F -easible (adequate subjects, technical expertise, time and money)

I -nteresting (the question is interesting to the investigator)

N -ovel (study confirms or refutes previous findings or provides new findings)

E -thical (cannot cause risk to participants)R -elevant (question is relevant to scientific

knowledge, clinical and health policy)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM“what” questions require a descriptive answer:What is the productivity of the farmers? “Why” questions build on descriptive information and are directed toward understanding and explaining: Why is farmers productivity so low?“how” questions are concerned with bringing about change:

How can the productivity of farmers be increased?

OBJECTIVES Study objective is an active statement about

how the study is going to answer the specific research question.

Objectives can (and often do) state exactly which outcome measures are going to be used within their statements.

Important because they not only help guide the development of the protocol and design of study but also play a role in sample size calculations and determining the power of the study

Study goals and objectives

Goals are broad statements of what the proposal hopes to accomplish. They create a setting for the proposal. Specific objectives are statements of the research question(s). Objectives should be simple (not complex), specific (not vague), and stated in advance (not after the research is done). After statement of the primary objective, secondary objectives may be mentioned.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

General review of why a study is necessary

Stated as a question

PURPOSE STATEMENT

Gives an overview of the intent of the study

Given as a statement

COMPARISON

RESERCH QUESTION1. What has been the unemployment rate in European

Union over the last decade? 2. Why have northern European countries registered a

lower unemployment rate than southern countries? The Objectives could be as follow:1. To compare the unemployment rate among all European

countries.2. To analyze the unemployment rate evolution from 2002 to 2012.3. To identify the factors associated with high unemployment rates.4. To develop an explanatory theory that associates unemployment

rate with other indicators such as GrowthDomestic Product (GDP).

HYPOTHESISüPredicts the relationship between independent

and dependent variableüCan be stated in null or research hypothesis

NULL“There is no relationship between incidence of errors in

nursing procedure among nurses and their demographic profile”

RESEARCH“The incidence of errors in nursing procedures among

nurses is related to their demographic profile”

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYü Express the importance of the research study to:1. Policy implications2. Practical application3. Educational uses to the different stakeholders

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONSüNarrowing of study focus by identifying its coverage

and boundaries