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Trends in swine nutrition sciencefiles.clickdimensions.com/nutrecocom-a5ant/... · 10. 20. 30. 40....
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Trends in swine nutrition science
Opening Nutreco SRC, September 19, 2013
Walter Gerrits, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
Curiosity driven research
Mansilla et al., 2013
020406080100120
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control low ureaunfusion
high ureainfusion
Infused urea efficiently used when NEAA are limiting
N retained, g/d
Efficiency useurea N, %
N retained, linear, P< 0.01
Katsumata et al., 2013
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Lys control Low Lys Thr control Low Thr
Intr
amus
cula
r fat
, %
Lysine, not threonine deficiency induces intramuscular fat %
b b b
a
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
Annual % increase in pork consumption
0123456789
10
1961 -2007
1971 -2007
1981 -2007
1991 -2007
2007 -2030
2007 -2050
DevelopingcountriesWorld
FAO report, Alexandratos & Bruinsma, 2012
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
Sales antibiotics in NL
Antibiotic sales in food producing animals (incl horses) in 2010
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mg/population corrected unit
Others
Pleuromutilins
Polymyxins
Aminoglycosides
Other quinolones
Fluoroquinolones
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Trimethoprim
Sulfonamides
3/4 gen cefalosporins
1/2 gen cefalosporins
Penicillins
Amphenicols
Tetracyclines
ESVAC, 2010
What is driving pig research
Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments
● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution
-omics
Nutrition & Health
Customized nutrition
Trends in swine nutrition science
Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition
Customized nutrition
Selecting populations (on farm, between farms) that differ in nutrient requirements, based on: Breed / sex Performance (within farm) Health status (between farms)
Customized nutrition: focus on postabsorptive events
Fixing a mismatch between amino acids or protein and energy
Van Kempen en van Heugten (2000)
Customized nutrition:estimating amino acid requirement in individual pigs
Kampman – van de Hoek et al., 2013
Customized nutrition 1: breed / sex
Breed x nutrient interactions
(Campbell & Taverner, 1988)
Customized nutrition 2: low vs high performers
From Krueger et al., 2013
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BW, k
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Age, d
BW development of piglets with low or normal birth weight
low BiW
normal BiW
P < 0.05 at all times
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1000
1500
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low BiW Normal BiW
Wei
ght,
g Weights of fat and muscle at 130 d of
age
Weight fat depots, g
Weight 3 muscles, g
Fat: NS; muscle: P<0.05
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Low BiW Normal BiW
kJ/B
W0.
62.d
Fat and carbohydrate oxidation during feed restriction
Fat oxidation,kJ/BW0.62.d
CHO oxidation,kJ/BW0.62.d
P<0.05
Customized nutrition 3: health status
18%
19%
20%
21%
628-767 768-789 790-806 807-829 830-958
% o
f fa
rms
Agrovision, 2011
Average daily gain, 1109 farms
Customized nutrition 3, on-farm
Krus Farm
Hans Arts
Timmerhuis
Lommen
Farm 1 Farm 2
Farm 4 Farm 3
Trends in swine nutrition science
Customized nutrition Nutrition & health: feeding or modulating the
immune system Omics in pig nutrition
Le Floc’h et al., 2007
Feeding the immune system
Nutrition & Health
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longen (g/kgBW)
ControlInfl basalInfl Trp
P<0,01
Le Floc’h et al., 2008
or immunomodulation?
Feeding the immune system
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Size systemicimmune system at
maintenance
Increase after LPSchallenge
Liver response, 24hpost challenge
Antibody response
Direct protein requirement, % of lysine of a medium sized egg
From Klasing, 2013
... the amount of nutrients diverted to protective processes accounts for a minor portion of the depression in growth or reproduction. Clearly decreased appetite, increased metabolic rate and metabolic inefficiencies dominate the nutritional costs of the immune response ...”
Nutrition & Health: immunomodulation
Calories N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids Vitamin A, D, E Caroteinoids (eg lutein) Phytonutrients (eg CLA, curcumin, capsicum, genistein) Tryptophan, Arginine, Glutamine ......
Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA
1970: n-3 pufa suppress immune responsiveness 1980: eicanosoids from from n-6 and n-3 PUFA stimulate
and suppress inflammatory responses, respectively 1990: n-3 and cytokine responsiveness >2000: Molecular mechanisms
Fritsche, 2006; Klasing, 2013
Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA
n-3 PUFA and inflammation/immune-mediated disease in humans; meta analysis of randomized control trials Inflammatory bowl disease Rheumanoid arthritis Renal disease Asthma
Many inconsistencies between in vitro, ex vivo and in
vivo research
Fritsche, 2006
No consistent effects!
Efficacy of feed additives
Some work almost always (phytase) Most do not (see example n-3 PUFA) Research bias
● Positive outcome bias ● Citation advantage positive results
Research bias: positive outcome bias
% of papers testing a hypothesis publishing a positive result
Fanelli, 2012
Higher in plant and animal sciences; higher in applied sciences
Research bias:citation advantage
Citation advantage of positive results; PA = plant & animal sci
Fanelli, 2013
Higher in applied sciences Higher in biological
sciences
Trends in swine nutrition science
Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition
Omics in pig nutrition
Claus and Swann, 2013
physiological homeostasis
… the pig genome sequenced...
Groenen et al., Analyses of pig genome provide insight into porcine demography and evolution, Nature, 2012
established using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)6 and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequences (see Methods and Supplementary Information). The assembly (Sscrofa10.2) comprises 2.60 gigabases (Gb) assigned to chromosomes with a further 212 megabases (Mb) in unplaced scaffolds
Largely driven by open questions and available technology Systems biology tools needed for data analysis and
interpretation In humans moving towards preventive health and
personalized nutrition; in pigs towards customized nutrition? Provides a snapshot, no quantitative fluxes
Omics in pig nutrition
Fatty Acids
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA
Amino acids
urea in urine
Heat
Starch Protein faeces faeces
Fat faeces
Blood/ Lymph
Body Protein
Body Fat
Fluxes of macronutrients in growing pigs
Tissues/ Organs
Fatty acids
amino acids
Glucose
NSP faeces
Combination with true quantitative measurements needed ● Animal performance ● Nitrogen balance ● Energy balance ● Digestibility, passage rates ● (Portal) fluxes
Combining these expertises is a challenge
Omics in pig nutrition
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Thanks for listening
Increasingly limiting resources urge efficient use,
customized nutrition provides solutions
Reduction of antibiotic drives investigations into novel
feed additives for improving / stabilizing health. Watch
out for research bias
Omics approaches offer (almost) infinite toolbox for
addressing open questions, exploring mechanisms. In
pig nutrition reseach, these should be combined with
true quantitative approaches