EXERCISE 4 Determination of The Toxic EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE

EXERCISE 4Determination of The Toxic EFFECTS OF CAFFEINEGroup 1 pharmacy 4atoledo solaiman sison Masbate camile bahande - ambuloobjectivesExamine physically the urine of the test animals for the presence of caffeineDetermine the toxic effects of caffeine on the test animals given in large doses

Observation or resultsURINE COLORRAT 1RAT 2Without caffeine light yellowLight yellowWith caffeineYellow to dark yellowYellow to dark yellowCNS EFFECTSRAT 1RAT 2Motor Behavior(+)(+++)Respiratory Rate and DepthBEFORE:152AFTER: 180BEFORE: 148AFTER: 164QuestionsDiscuss the mechanism of action of caffeineCaffeine is a methylxanthine that produces mild stimulation by blocking adenosine receptors on neurons throughout the CNS because adenosine inhibits dopamine release, caffeine indirectly enhances dopamine neurotransmission. This action is probably responsible for the drugs stimulant effects and dependence liability. Caffeine use combats fatigue; elevates mood and increases alertness, concentration, motivation and talkativeness by arousing the sympathetic system, it causes a mild stimulation of heart rate and blood pressure. Caffeine also relaxes most smooth muscles and causes diuresis by increasing renal blood flow because caffeine increases the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, it can contribute to gastritis and peptic ulcers.Give the symptoms of caffeine intoxication in humanThe earliest symptoms of acute caffeine poisoning are usually anorexia, tremor and restlessness. These are followed by nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and confusion. With serious intoxication, delirium, seizures, supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia may occur. Hypotension is caused by excessive beta-2-mediated vasodilation and is characterized by a low diastolic pressure and a wide pulse pressure.Chronic high doses of caffeine intake can lead to caffeinism (nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching, insomnia, palpitations and hyperreflexia.What are the effects of caffeine when taken in moderation?Caffeine increases neural activity in the brain, which leads to a temporary increase in mental alertness and thought processing, while reducing drowsiness and fatigue.Other nervous system effects of caffeine include increased heart rate, increased thirst and hunger, anxiety, nervousness, dilation of air passages, anal sphincter relaxation and insomnia.Caffeine acts as a laxative and increases peristalsis (Peristalsis is muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive system) with bowel regulation.Caffeine is absorbed from your stomach. Caffeine can make your blood pressure go up for a short time. Caffeine in may interfere with absorption and metabolism of calcium. This can contribute to bone thinning (osteoporosis).Caffeine travels within the bloodstream and crosses into the placenta. Since it is a stimulant, it can cause your babys heart rate and metabolism to increase. Too much caffeine can also cause slowed fetal growth and increased risk of miscarriage.

Discuss the effects of caffeine on the followingMemory and learningCaffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on working memory, and caffeine appears to rather improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness conditions. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory. At low doses, caffeine improves hedonic tone and reduces anxiety, while at high doses, there is an increase in tense arousal, including anxiety, nervousness, jitteriness.heartMethylxanthines have positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. Ordinary consumption of caffeine usually produces slight tachycardia, an increase in cardiac output, and an increase in peripheral resistance, raising blood pressure slightly.childrenCaffeine is absorbed in every body tissue. It increases your heart rate and it increases your blood pressure. Caffeine changes your body temperature and your gastric juices. Caffeine affects the central nervous system as a stimulant. The brain of a child tends to be a little bit more sensitive to caffeine's effects than the brain of adults. Caffeine can cause them to be hyperactive. But it also can make them nervous, anxious, worsen stomach problems and create sleep problems. For kids who have some anxiety, it may even be under control in normal conditions, caffeine can really increase anxiety. Also of a child is drinking caffeinated soda, they are also taking in a lot of sugar, which has the second effect of tooth decay, and the growing issue of childhood obesity.Is there a correlation of caffeine intake during pregnancy? explainCaffeine is a stimulant and a diuretic. Because caffeine is a stimulant, it increases your blood pressure and heart rate, both of which are not recommended during pregnancy.Caffeine also increases the frequency of urination. This causes reduction in your body fluid levels and can lead to dehydration.Caffeine crosses the placenta to your baby. Although you may be able to handle the amounts of caffeine you feed your body, your baby cannot. Your babys metabolism is still maturing and cannot fully metabolize the caffeine.Any amount of caffeine can also cause changes in your babys sleep pattern or normal movement pattern in the later stages of pregnancy. Remember, caffeine is a stimulant and can keep both you and your baby awake.Caffeine is found in more than just coffee. Caffeine is not only found in coffee but also in tea, soda, chocolate, and even some over-the-counter medications that relieveheadaches. Be aware of what you consume.

What are the withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?The manifestations of caffeine withdrawal are relatively mild; they include headache, impaired concentration, irritability, depression, anxiety, flu like symptoms, and lured vision. The withdrawal symptoms can be lessened by reducing caffeine consumption gradually over a period of several weeks.ConclusionCaffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely consumed stimulant drug in the world. It is present in a variety of forms: medications, coffee, tea, soft drinks, and chocolate.Caffeine has differing CNS, cardiovascular, and metabolic effects based on the quantity ingested. Average doses of caffeine (85-250 mg, the equivalent of 1-3 cups of coffee) may result in feelings of alertness, decreased fatigue, and eased flow of thought. High doses (250-500 mg) can result in restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, and tremors. In high doses, caffeine can cause a hyperadrenergic syndrome resulting in seizures and cardiovascular instability. Because caffeine overdoses, intentional or unintentional, are relatively common, physicians and other medical personnel must be aware of caffeine toxicity to recognize and treat it appropriately.Exercise 5determination of the toxic effects of some cardiovascular drugsGroup 1 pharmacy 4atoledo solaiman sison Masbate camile bahande - ambuloobjectivesDetermine the toxic effects of some cardiovascular drugs in the test animals given in large dose.Observations or resultsTEST FOR DIURETICSDOSE ADMINISTEREDTRIALVOLUME OF URINEREMARKSNormal Dose

_ mg/mL1CNS:RR:2CNS:RR:Toxic Dose

_ mg/mL1CNS:RR:2CNS:RR:Observations or resultsTEST FOR NITRATE IONSTEST SAMPLESOBSERVATIONREMARKSBlood SamplePickled or Cured MeatTEST FOR NITRITE IONSTEST SAMPLESOBSERVATIONREMARKSBlood SamplePickled or Cured MeatquestionsWhat are the reactions involved in the treatment of methemoglobinemia with methylene blue? Explaine the reactionsMethylene blue is reduced to leukomethylene blue by erythrocytemethemoglobin reductase in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH). Leukomethylene blue then reduces methemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin. Methylene blueis indicated in patients with methemoglobin levels >20-25%, or who have lower levels but aresymptomatic.What are the clinical findings in the toxicity of furosemide and the treatment to be used?The principal signs and symptoms of overdose with Furosemide (Lasix) are dehydration, blood volume reduction, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia and hypochloremic alkalosis, and are extensions of its diuretic action. Treatments are to replace fluid loss with intravenous crystalloid solutions, and correct electrolyte abnormalities. Monitor the ECG until the potassium level is normalized.What are the clinical in the toxicity of furosemide and the treatment to be used?You are more likely to have this condition if you take digoxin, digitoxin, or other digitalis medicines along with drugs that interact with it. Some of these drugs are quinidine, flecainide, verapamil, and amiodarone.conclusionPoisoning is the harmful effect that occurs when a toxic substance is swallowed, is inhaled, or comes in contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, such as those of the mouth or nose. Poisonings with agricultural and horticultural chemicals are an important public health problem. Prevention efforts need to incorporate the fact that many serious cases, such as paraquat poisonings, are suicidal in nature.