Toxic Effects of Drugs

8/9/2019 Toxic Effects of Drugs

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TOXIC EFFECTS OF

DRUGS


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ADVERSE EFFECTS

> Drug may have other efects aside rom thetherapeutic efect

• Patient is sensitive to the given drug

• Drug’s action is on the body causes otherresponses that are unpleasant orundesirable

• Patient is taking too much or too little o thedrug

• Patient is taking too much or too little o thedrug


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ADVERSE EFFECTS

A. PRIAR! A"#I$%&

-. &imple drug overdose' patient sufers rom

efects o an e(tension o the desired efect

o the drug). &*"$%DAR! A"#I$%&

+ %ot necessarily desirable but unavoidable

". -!P*R&*%&I#II#!

+ *(cessively responsive to either the primaryor secondary efects o the drug


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DRUG ALLERGY Allergy

type

Assessment Interventio

nsAnaphylactic reaction

+ Involve antibody

that reacts /ith

speci0c sites in the

body to cause the

release o chemicals1histamine2 that can

lead to respiratory

distress and even

respiratory arrest

-ives3 rash3 D$)3

increased )P3 dilated

pupils3 diaphoresis3

4panic5 eeling3

increased -R3

respiratory arrest

%otiy prescriber3

*pinephrine 16.7 ml23

assage the site+speed

up

"ytoto(ic reactions+ Involves antibodies

that circulate in the

blood and attack the

antigens 1drug2 on

cell sites

Decreased hematocrit3decreased 8)"3

decreased plt' elevated

liver and renal

unctions

%otiy prescriber3Discontinue drug3

Prevent inection3

"onserve energy


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DRUG ALLERGY Allergy type Assessment Interventions

&erum sickness

reaction

+ Involves

antibodies that

circulate in the

blood and cause

damage to varioustissues by

depositing in the

blood vessel'

Itchy rash3 ever3

s/ollen lymph nodes3

s/ollen painul 9oints3

edema on the ace

and limbs

%otiy prescriber3Discontinue drug3

Provide comortmeasure

Delayed allergic

reaction+ $ccurs several

hours ater

e(posure and

involves

antibodies that are

Rash3 hives3 s/ollen

9oints

%otiy prescriber3Discontinue drug3 &kincare


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DRUG-IDUCED TISSUE AD ORGADA!AGE

A.Dermatological reactions

• Adverse reactions involving the skin

•&imple rash to dermatitis


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DRUG-IDUCED AD TISSUE AD ORGADA!AGE

A.:. Rashes3 hives

Assessment;

#hese can be seen. &evere reactionsmay include e(oliative dermatitis3 ever3

enlarged lymph nodes3 enlarged liverand erythema

Interventions;

In mild cases3 or /hen bene0ts out/eighthe discomort o the skin lesion3 provideskin care


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A.=. &tomatitis

+ inammation o the mucous membranescan occur because o the direct to(icreaction to the drug

Assessment;&/ollen gums3 inamed gums 1gingivitis23

s/ollen and red tongue 1glositis23 di?culty

s/allo/ing3 bad breath3 painInterventions;

Provide re@uent mouth care3 small re@uentmeals3 dental consultation3 antiungal


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). &uperinections

Assessment;

ever3 diarrhea3 glossitis3 mucousmembrane lesions3 vaginal discharge

Interventions;

&upportive measures


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". )lood Dyscrasias

• )one marro/ suppression caused by drugefects

• Drugs that can cause cell death

Assessment; ever3 chills3 sore throat3 /eakness3back pain3 decreased hematocrit3 lo/ platelet3lo/ 8)"3 reduction o the elements o the ")"

Interventions; onitor blood counts. Providecomort measures. Discontinue i /ith

bleeding.


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#o(icity

D.:. Biver in9ury

Assessment; ever3 malaise3 nausea3vomiting3 9aundice3 changes in color ourineCstools3 abdominal pain elevatedliver unctions3 elevated bilirubin level

Interventions; Discontinue drug. %otiyprescriber. &upportive care.


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#o(icity

D.:. Biver in9ury

Assessment; ever3 malaise3 nausea3vomiting3 9aundice3 changes in color ourineCstools3 abdominal pain elevatedliver unctions3 elevated bilirubin level

Interventions; Discontinue drug. %otiyprescriber. &upportive care.


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D.=. Renal in9ury

Assessment;

*levated )%3 elevated creatinine3decreased hematocrit3 electrolyte

imbalances3 atigue3 malaise3 edema

Interventions;

%otiy prescriber. Discontinue drug. $fersupportive care 1dietCuid restrictions3electrolyte therapy3 rest periods2. In

severe cases+dialysis


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*. Poisoning

• $ccurs /hen an overdose o a drugdamages multiple body systemsleading to the atal reactions

ALTERATIOS I GLUCOSE


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ALTERATIOS I GLUCOSE!ETA"OLIS!

A. -ypoglycemia

Assessment;

atigue3 dro/siness3 hunger3 an(iety3headache3 cold and clammy skin3shaking and lack o coordination


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ALTERATIOS I GLUCOSE!ETA"OLIS!

). -yperglycemia

+&ome drugs stimulate the breakdo/n oglycogen or alter metabolism in such a /ayto cause high serum glucose levels

1hyperglycemia2Assessment;

atigue3 increased urination3 increased thirst3deep respirations3 restlessness3 increased

hunger3 nausea3 hot or ushed skin3 ruityodor

Interventions;

Insulin therapy


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I!"ALACES

A. -ypokalemia

Assessment;

Bo/ serum potassium levels


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I!"ALACES

). -yperkalemia

Assessment;

>F.6 m*@CB3 /eakness3 cramps3diarrhea3 numbness and tingling3 slo/-R3 lo/ )P3 lo/ $3 D$)

Interventions;

Decrease serum E. institute saetymeasures. onitor cardiac efects.


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SESORY EFFECTSA. $cular to(icity

1#he blood vessels in the retina are verytiny and are called 4end arteries52

Assessment;

)lurring o vision3 color+blindness3corneal damage3 blindness

Interventions;

onitor vision. "onsult prescriber.Discontinue drug. &upportive measures.


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SESORY EFFECTS). Auditory damage

Assessment;

DiGGiness3 ringing in the ears3 loss obalance3 loss o hearing

Interventions;

onitor perceptual loss. Provideprotective measures. "onsult /ith theprescriber. Discontinue the drug.&upportive

TERATOGEICITY


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TERATOGEICITY CATEGORIES

#regn$n%yC$tegory

A

Adequate and well-controlled human studies have failed todemonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester ofpregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in latertrimesters).

#regn$n%yC$tegory

"

Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a riskto the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlledstudies in pregnant women OR Animal studies have shownan adverse effect !ut adequate and well-controlled studies in

pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetusin any trimester.

#regn$n%y

C$tegoryC

Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect onthe fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlledstudies in humans !ut potential !enefits may warrant use of

the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Toxic Effects of Drugs

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