Toxic and Radioactive Waste

8/15/2019 Toxic and Radioactive Waste

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TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE

WASTE DISPOSAL

Master Applied Geophysics

Prof.dr.eng. Cristian Marunteanu


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1. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE1. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTEAND DISPOSAL METHODSAND DISPOSAL METHODS

1.1. TYPES OF WASTE1.1. TYPES OF WASTE

> After s !r"eAfter s !r"e ??

@ +ndustrial waste 8including mining9@ +ndustrial waste 8including mining9

@ Agricultural waste@ Agricultural waste

@ :omestic 8municipal9 waste@ :omestic 8municipal9 waste

Annual rate comparing with the total uantity of waste?Annual rate comparing with the total uantity of waste? /%A? 3B industrial waste 8from which *3B from mining acti ities9-/%A? 3B industrial waste 8from which *3B from mining acti ities9-22B agricultural waste- (B domestic waste 8 2(0 mil.tonesD922B agricultural waste- (B domestic waste 8 2(0 mil.tonesD9 Erance? * B agricultural waste- 2*B industrial waste- (B domesticErance? * B agricultural waste- 2*B industrial waste- (B domesticwastewaste

@ ;adioacti e waste@ ;adioacti e waste


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1.6. METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL1.6. METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL

A. After t#e $%t!re f t#e &%steA. After t#e $%t!re f t#e &%ste 8only solid waste8only solid wasteaccording to 4G 3& 200(9?according to 4G 3& 200(9?

a9 disposal of ha'ardous wastea9 disposal of ha'ardous waste"9 disposal of non@ha'ardous waste"9 disposal of non@ha'ardous wastec9 disposal of inert wastec9 disposal of inert waste

B. After t#e ; s t $ %>% $st t#e >r !$* s!rf%"e'B. After t#e ; s t $ %>% $st t#e >r !$* s!rf%"e'

a9 surface disposala9 surface disposal"9 underground disposal"9 underground disposal


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1.6.1. S!rf%"e * s; s%,1.6.1. S!rf%"e * s; s%,

a9 pen disposal 8inert waste9"9 %anitary disposal 8non@ha'ardous waste9

c9 )cological disposal 8ha'ardous and non@ha'ardouswaste9


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"9 %anitary disposal

8"y compaction and co ering


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c9 )cological dispos

8completely sealed9


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1.6.6. U$*er>r !$* * s; s%,1.6.6. U$*er>r !$* * s; s%,

a9 :isposal in deep a uifer formation

"9 :isposal in dissolution ca erns

c9 :isposal in underground e,ca ations


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/nderground disposal


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D s; s%, $ # *r >e , > "%, " ,,e"t rs'

> Geological conditions?@ The in ection 'one must ha e porosity- hydraulic conducti ity andthic=ness suita"le for a safe in ection 8e.g. sandstones and ssuredlimestones9H@ The in ection 'one under the Iow le el of the underground water and

separated from it "y impermea"le formations 8clay- salt9

> Physical@chemical conditions?@ to pre ent the ad erse reaction with the reser oir roc=s 8e.g. thehydrocloric acid increases the hydraulic conducti ity of limestones-while the sulphonic acid decreases the porosity.

> )conomic and legal conditions 8e.g. in the Great #ritain is not allowedthis =ind of disposal9

> Monitoring 8"y deep and shallow drillings9


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1. . CLASSIFICATION AND DISPOSAL OF THE1. . CLASSIFICATION AND DISPOSAL OF THERADIOACTIVE WASTERADIOACTIVE WASTE

C,%ss ?"%t $ f t#e r%* %"t -e &%steC,%ss ?"%t $ f t#e r%* %"t -e &%ste ??

a9 After the radioacti ity le el?

@ low le el radioacti e waste@ intermediate le el radioacti e waste@ high le el radioacti e waste

"9 After the radioacti ity duration ?

@ short life waste 8half period less than 30 years9@ long life waste


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IAEA +I$ter$%t $%, At 3 " E$er> A>e$" 2 V e$$%9 C,%ss ?"%t $IAEA +I$ter$%t $%, At 3 " E$er> A>e$" 2 V e$$%9 C,%ss ?"%t $ RADWASS RADWASS +S%fet St%$*%r*s9+S%fet St%$*%r*s9

@ ),empt 5aste 8Jfoarte sla" radioacti eK9 8)59? disposal "y dilution ordispersion.


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FINAL DISPOSAL OPTIONS OF THE RADIOACTIVEFINAL DISPOSAL OPTIONS OF THE RADIOACTIVE

WASTE'WASTE'

@$+$5 @ %$ waste can "e disposed in surface repositories8some countries- e.g. Germany- allow only underground disposal9

@ $+$5 @ $$ si 4$5 waste must "e disposed in deep geologicalformations 8separately9


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F $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW(SL &%steF $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW(SL &%ste

Einal co er

Eoundation Compactedloess

Galery :isposalmodule :isposalcell

:itch

:itch +mpro ed land

Romanian concept DFDSMA -Romanian concept DFDSMA -Saligny Saligny


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Location of the DFDSMA Saligny inside the safety areaof the NPP (CNE) Cernavoda


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Aerial iew with the print of the disposal facilities :E:%MA %aligny

F $% * % f # LILW(SL &%F $% * % f t# LILW(SL &% t


20/62:E:%MA %aligny site F geotechnical and hydrogeological 'oning

F $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW(SL &%steF $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW(SL &%ste


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%ite location F actual image


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+nterim disposal of $+$5@%$ waste inside PP Cerna oda 8:+:;9


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The Centre and the disposal cells from lNAu"e F Erance 8opened in 1 &


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The surface repository from $a Manche 8Erance9

O closed from 1 & 8(00.000 c.m.9


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:;5 8: :;9 #aita #ihor 8from 1 (9 for $+$5 F %$ waste8other from Cerna oda PP waste9

Transport containers

)ntrance in the : :; #aita #ihor

:isposal gallery in the : :;

$ f $


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The principle of multiple "arriers

F $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW ( LL %$* HLW &%steF $%, * s; s%, f t#e LILW ( LL %$* HLW &%ste


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Pro ected repository in the salt dome Gorle"en 8Germany9

Underground testingUnderground testing


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),periments in theGrimsel Test %ite

8%wit'erland9

Underground testingUnderground testinglaboratories:laboratories:

#elgium F Mol 8clays9%wit'erland F Grimsel 8crystallinroc=s9

Erance F Meuse 4aute Marne 8clay9Germany F Asse 8salt9/%A F 5+PP@ ew Me,ico 8salt9 QM F e ada 8 olcanic tuL9%wedia F %tripa Ri Ssp 8crystallin

roc=s9


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U$*er>r !$* re; s t r es $ f!$"t $ +%9 r %;;r -e* +=9


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U$ er>r !$ re; s t r es $ f!$ t $ +%9 r %;;r -e +=9

WIPP Repository – New Mexico (S A) 85aste +solation Pilot Plant9? $$;58M9- T;/5- in salt

Trans ersal geological section

%urface and underground facilities

la"orator depo'it


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"9

@ ;epository pro ect n=alo @ l=iluoto +sl.8Einland9 for spent fuelin crystalline roc=s- under the #altic%ea 8apro ed 2001- started in 2010- operational from20209

@ ;epository pro ect Eorsmar=

8%weden9


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Interim storage of spent fuel

+nterim storage of spent and reprocessed fuel inside the reactors8the nuclear waste are itri ed in the facilities of %ella eld F Great #ritain9

* years disposal in pools (0 years dry disposal geological nal dispo


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Pool of spent fuel at the unit 1 PP Cerna oda

Accident? 4anford 85ashington9- in 1 3- &(0.000 l of radioacti e wastelea=ed from a disposal reser oir 2 years old


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+nterim storage of spent fuel 8:+CA9 Cerna oda

+nterim storage modules8in construction9

$oading of spent fuelin disposal modules


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%wedish concept on radioacti e waste disposal


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%pontaneous nuclear reactor in a rich uranium ore deposit in clay8 =lo F Ga"on9 "egun 2 mill. years ago.

+t suggests the safety of spent fuel disposal in clay


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6. ONING OF LAND SUITABILITY FORSURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL

2.1. #asic principles of land suita"ility assessment?2.1. #asic principles of land suita"ility assessment?@ suita"le 'ones@ suita"le 'ones@ moderately suita"le 'ones@ moderately suita"le 'ones

@ unsuita"le 'ones@ unsuita"le 'ones2.2. $and suita"ility map 8"y compiling of three parallel map2.2. $and suita"ility map 8"y compiling of three parallel map

sheets9?sheets9? @ 2 documentation maps?@ 2 documentation maps?@ map of legally protected areas@ map of legally protected areas 8degree of legal8degree of legal

protection9protection9

@ map of geo@factors@ map of geo@factors8ris= of groundwater pollution and8ris= of groundwater pollution andpresence of ha'ardous geodynamic phenomena9presence of ha'ardous geodynamic phenomena9 @ 1 proper land suita"ility map@ 1 proper land suita"ility map


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LocalitiesForests,vineyards

Rivers, la es

Roads

Ma! of legally !rotected areas


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Ma! of geofactors

"olocene# sands, gravels

Pleistocene# sands, gravels,red clay, loess

Pannonian, Pliocene# clays,$arls, sands, gravels

Drillings

%o&ns


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Land s'ita ility $a!

ns'ita le *ones

Moderately s'ita le *ones

S'ita le *ones


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. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS CRITERIAFOR WASTE DISPOSAL

3.1. Geological- pedological and hydrogeologicalcriteria?

a9 characteristics and structure of the geological strataH "9 actual land use and fertility classH economical- nancial and sociale aluation for the local populationH c9 structure 8physical@chemical and "acteriologica characteristics9- depthand Iow direction of the underground waterH d9 distance from ri ers- la=es and water supply sourcesH e9 Iooding potential of the areaH f9 slope water Iow from precipitation.


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3.2. Climatic criteria? a9 main wind direction ersus human settlementsH "9 precipitation regime

3.3. )conomical criteria? a9 capacity and duration of the waste depositH

"9 transportation distance of waste from source to disposalH c9 necessity of secondary facilities 8access roads- utilities etc.9

3.&. %upplementary criteria for the site? a9 isi"ilityH "9 accessH c9 topography


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5. SITE CHARACTERI ATION5. SITE CHARACTERI ATION

5.1. Re> $%, >e , > "%, st!* es5.1. Re> $%, >e , > "%, st!* es

5.6. H *r >e , > "%, st!* es5.6. H *r >e , > "%, st!* es

5. . Ge te"#$ "%, st!* es5. . Ge te"#$ "%, st!* es

5.5. Ge ;# s "%, $-est >%t $s5.5. Ge ;# s "%, $-est >%t $s

@ Apparent ;esisti ity Method@ )lectromagnetic +nduction Methods 8+)M9@ )lectromagnetic ;eIection Method 8);M9 8Georadar9

@ ;efraction %eismic @ #orehole geophysical logging @ thers

$ fE % !% $ f # "% ! %


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. E-%,!%t $ f t#e >e , > "%, s! t%= , t. E-%,!%t $ f t#e >e , > "%, s! t%= , tf % s!rf%"e &%ste * s; s%, s tef % s!rf%"e &%ste * s; s%, s te 8P. #ohn98P. #ohn9


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7. E$- r $3e$t%, 3;%"t e-%,!%t $ f &%ste * s7. E$- r $3e$t%, 3;%"t e-%,!%t $ f &%ste * sMain impacts of waste disposal? @ pollution with the ma ority ofpollutants @ large areas of land co ered with

land lls @ sta"ility of land lls

)n ironmental impact matri, O structure of en ironmental criteriaand impacts

+mpactCriteria

5aterpollution

Aesthetics oise andodour

;egimemodi cati

on4ydrogeologicalconditions


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Classi cation of the magnitude m ,


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+mpact inde, 8%9

∑ ×= )( x x miS

The higher is 8%9- the higher is the impact of the waste disposal and ten ironmental acceptance is lower

+ APPLICATION


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+ (Toxic and Radioactive Waste Disposal – Master Applied Geoph sics!

+ I. ZONING OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR SURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL

Short geological and geo$or!hological descri!tion of the area ($a-. / !age)

0eological $a!

%o!ogra!hic $a!

Map o" le#all protected areas (overla!!ed on to!ogra!hic $a!)

Map o" #eo$"actors (overla!!ed on geological $a!)

Land s%ita&ilit 'ap # s'ita le *ones

$oderately s'ita le *ones

'ns'ita le *ones

(overla!!ed on to!ogra!hic $a!)

(with title, scale and legend! )

Choice of three s'rface &aste dis!osal sites in different *ones of s'ita ility.

Location on the land s'ita ility $a!.


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II EVALUATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUITABILITY OF THE THREE

SURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL SITES For each site# the nine gro'!s of !heno$ena, !oints and

1'stification of the assign$ent, classification of the site as !otential site for

ha*ardo's &aste dis!osal &orthy of detailed e-!loration, co$!arison

et&een the three sites.

III )N*IRONM)NTAL IMPACT )*AL+ATION O, T-) T-R))

.+R,AC) WA.T) DI.PO.AL .IT).

For each site# environ$ental i$!act $atri-, 1'stification of theassign$ent of the significance of the i$!act (i$!ortance, i), i$!act inde- (S),

inter!retation and co$!arison et&een the three sites.

Theoretica !"e#tio$# #


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Theoretica ! e#tio$# #

+Classifications of &aste

+2aste dis!osal $ethods# s'rface and 'ndergro'nd+Radioactive &aste# classification

dis!osal o!tions for L3L2 SL

dis!osal o!tions for L3L2 LL and "L2

final dis!osal interi$ storage

s'ita le geological for$ations for s!ent f'el

dis!osal in Ro$ania

+Site selection and characteri*ation criteria for &aste dis!osal+4oning of land s'ita ility for s'rface &aste dis!osal

+Eval'ation of the geological s'ita ility of a s'rface &aste dis!osal site

+Environ$ental i$!act eval'ation of a s'rface &aste dis!osal

Toxic and Radioactive Waste

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