TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT1.pptx
Transcript of TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT1.pptx
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TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
SUBMITTED BY:
HANZ MATSUO
ARCHANGEL LOPEZ
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CHAPTER 1 – TOURISMPLANNING
MEANING OF PLANNING
PLANNING IS THE PROCESS OF SETTING GOALS,SELECTING ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION TOACHIEVE THOSE GOALS, IMPLEMENTING THECHOSEN ALTERNATIVE AND EVALUATING THE
CHOICES TO FIND OUT IF IT IS SUCCESSFUL.PLANNING IS THE KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF ANYACTIVITY.
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THE NEED FOR TOURISM
PLANNING
IN TOURISM, SUCCESS IS NEITHER GUARANTEED NOR PERMANENT. MANY AREAS HAVE
EXPERIENCED TOURISM CYCLES WHICH START WITH FEW RICH VISITORS, PROCEED THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPANSION PROGRAMS, ATTAIN SATURATION, THEN GO INTO
DECLINE. IF AN EVENTUAL DECLINE IS TO BE AVOIDED, RESPONSIBLE PLANNING ANDMANAGEMENT ARE ESSENTIAL.
A TOURISM PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM CAN PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR AREAS INWHICH THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTORS HAVE LITTLE OR NO EXPERIENCE ON
HOW TO DEVELOP THESE AREAS. THROUGH AN INTEGRATED TOURISM PLAN, THE VARIOUS DIRECT AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC
BENEFITS OF TOURISM CAN BE ACHIEVED.
A RESPONSIBLE TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ATTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONOBJECTIVES THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS, FACILITIES, ANDINFRASTRUCTURES.
A CAREFUL TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS TO ACHIEVE CULTURA CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES ANDPRODUCE SOCIOCULTURAL BENEFITS.
A GOOD TOURISM PLAN IS A MEANS IN WHICH THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES FOR
TOURISM ARE MAINTANED, NOT DESTROYED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.
THE RIGHT TYPE OF TOURISM PLAN CAN BE USED TO INVIGORATE POORLY DEVELOPED TOURISM DESTINATIONS.
CAREFUL PLANNING IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP SPECIALIZED TRAINING FACILITIES FOR THEEDUCATION AND TRAINING FOR PARTICULAR MANPOWER SKILLS AND ABILITIES.
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TOURISM PLANNING APPROACHESAND TECHNIQUES
• SYSTEMS APPROACH – REQUIRES THAT ADEQUATE INFORATION ABOUT THE SYSTEM IS
AVAILABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND ANALYZE IT. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED TO
COLLECT AND ANALYZE THIS DATA.
• COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH – ALL ASPECTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ARE
ANALYZED AND PLANNED ON A BROAD SCOPE.
• INTEGRATED APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED AND DEVELOPED AS AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM WITHIN ITSELF AND INTEGRATED INTO THE OVERALL PLAN AND DEVELOPMENT
PATTERN OF THE AREA.• ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH – TOURISM IS PLANNED, DEVELOPED
AND MANAGED IN SUCH A WAYTHAT THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ARE NOT
USED UP SO THAT THEY ARE AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUOUS AND PERMANENT USE IN THE
FUTURE. CARRYING CAPATICY ANALYSIS IS AN IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE USED IN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH.
• COMMUNITY APPROACH – PLANNING IS FOR THE RESIDENTS OF THE AREA. THE LOCAL
RESIDENTS SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PLANNING OF
THE COMMUNITYS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ON THE TYPE OF
COMMUNITY THEY WANT TO LIVE IN.
• IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH – TOURISM PLAN, POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE
EXPRESSED IN A PRACTICAL AND ACHIEVABLE MANNER.
• SYSTEMATIC APPROACH – TOURISM PLANNING IS BASED ON AN ORDERLY
ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES.
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LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING
INTERNATIONAL PLANNING THIS LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING INVOLVES INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORATION
SERVICES, THE MOVEMENT AND SCHEDULING OF THE TOURS OF TOURIST AMONGDIFFERENT COUNTRIES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTIONS ANDFACILITIES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES AS WELL AS THE WORKING STRATEGIES
AND PROMOTIONAL PROGRAMS OF MANY COUNTRIES. PLANNING AT THEINTERNATIONAL LEVEL USUALLY TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE WORLD TOURISMORGANIZATION !WTO" AND ITS REGIONAL COMMISIONS, THE INTERNATIONAL CIVILAVIATION ORGANIZATION !ICAO", THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTASSOCIATION !IATA", THE PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL COUNCIL OF THE SOUTH PACIFC!TCSP", THE SUB#COMMITTEE ON TOURISM !SCOT" OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS !ASEAN", THE TOURISM COORDINATION UNIT !TCU" OF THESOUTHEAST AFRICA DECELOPMENT COORDINATION CONFERENCE !SADCC" AND
THE TOURISM COMMITTEE OF THE ORGANIZATION FOR THE ECONOMICCOOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT !OEDC". THE MAIN INTERNATIONALORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION !WTO" WHICH HAS BEENAPPOINTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS AS THE AGENCY WHICH ENFORCES TOURISMRELATED PROJECTS SPONSORED BY THE UNITED NATIONS.
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NATIONAL PLANNING
THE NATIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS CONCERNED WITH THE FOLLOWINGCOMPONENTS:
• TOURISM POLICY
• INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
• A PHYSICAL STRUCTURE PLAN WHICH INCLUDES IMPORNTANT TOURISTATTRACTIONS, SELECTED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT REGIONS, INTERNATIONAL
ENTRY POINTS, FACILITIES, AND SERVICES.• THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND QUALITY OF ACCOMMODATIO AND OTHER REQUIRED
TOURIST FACILITIES AND SERVICES.
• THE IMPORTANT TOUR ROUTES IN THE COUNTRY AND THEIR REGIONALCONNECTIONS.
• TOURISM ORGANIZATIONAL ENTITIES, LAWS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES.
• TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGIES AND PROMOTION.
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS.
• DESIGN STANDARDS AND FACILITY DEVELOPMENT.
• ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIO#CULTURAL ANALYSES.
• NATIONAL LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION METHODS INCLUDING THE SHORT#TERMDEVELOPMENT PLAN AND PROJECT SCHEDULING.
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REGIONAL PLANNING
THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS FOR ONE REGION OF A COUNTRY, USUALLYA STATE OR PROVINCE OR AN ISLAND. IT IS OFTEN DEVISED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK
OF AN EXISTING NATIONAL POLICY. REGIONAL PLANNING EMPHASIZES THE FOLLOWINGELEMENTS.
• REGIONAL POLICY
• REGIONAL ENTRY POINTS AND TRANSPORATION FACILITIES AND SERVICES
• KINDS OF TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND THEIR LOCATIONS
• THE AMOUNT, KINDS, AND LOCATION OF TOURIST ACCOMMODATION AND OTHER TOURIST FACILITIES, AND SERVICES
• LOCATION OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS INCLUDING RESORT AREAS
• SOCIO#CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND IMPACT ANALYSES
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE REGIONAL LEVEL
• MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND PROMOTION
•
ORGANIZATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND INVESTMENT POLICIES• IMPLEMENTATION METHODS WHICH INCLUDE PROJECT PLANS AND REGIONAL ZONING
REGULATIONS
THE REGIONAL LEVEL OF TOURISM PLANNING IS MORE SPECIFIC THAN THE NATIONAL
PLANNING LEVEL
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TYPES OF TOURISM
PLANNINGLAND USE PLANNING
• TOURIST DEVELOPMENT AREAS SELECTED AS TOURIST RESORTS, RESORT TOWNS, TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND URBAN TOURISM IMPOSE LAND USE PLANS.
FACILITY SITE PLANNING
• SITE PLANNING IS PLANNING FOR INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS HOTELS,COMMERCIAL CENTERS, AND VISITOR FACILITIES. THE ACTUAL LOCATION OF
BUILDINGS, RECREATION AREAS, STREETS, WALKWAYS, PARKING, LANDSCAPINGAREAS, AND OTHER LAND USES ARE SHOWN IN MAPS.
FACILITY DESIGN
• DESIGNS FOR LANDSCAPING, ARCHITECTURE, INFRASTRUCTURE, ANDENGINEERING MUST BE PREPARED FOR RESORTS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS,ATTRACTIONS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES, INFORMATION ANDCULTURAL CENTERS, VISITOR FACILITIES AT NATIONAL PARKS AND OTHER TOURIST
FACILITIES.SPECIAL STUDIES
• SPECIAL STUDIES ON TOURISM ARE OFTEN UNDERTAKEN BASED ON THE NEEDS OF THE AREA. THESE STUDIES PERTAIN TO ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO#CULTURAL,ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSES, MARKETING ANALYSIS AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS.
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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
IF A TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IS TOSUCCEED, A STRUCTURAL PROCESS SHOULD BEESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE FOR CONTROLS OVEREXPENSES AND PROTECTION FOR THE PEOPLE,
CUSTOME, FUNDS, LAND AND OTHER RESOURCESINVOLVED.
A $% STEP PROJECT STRUCTURE FOR TOURISM
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IS SUGGESTED.
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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
• ACQUIRE UNDERSTANDING – THE FIRST STEP IN TOURISM PLANNING IS EDUCATION. PERSONS WHO WILL
MAKE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DECISION MUST ACQUIRE THE UNDERSTANDINGNECESSARY TO PORTRAY A FRAMEWORK FOR THEIR DECISIONS.
• PRELIMINARY POSITION STATEMENT – THE RESPONSIBLE GROUP SHOULD DEVELOP A FORMAL STATEMENT OF
INTEREST. THIS WOULD SHOW THE OBJECTIVES THEY WOULD LIKE TO OBTAINAND THE RESULT THEY WISH TO ACHIEVE. ALSO IMPORTANT ARE FORMAL
STATEMENTS REGARDING RESTRICTIONS ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.
• COMMITMENT FOR TOURISM STUDY – THERE SHOULD BE AN INTENSIVE STUDY WHICH ESTABLISHES FEASIBILITY AND
SERVES AS A BASIS FOR ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF THISCOMMITMENT IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE IS A TENDENCY TO SHORTEN
AND MINIMIZE THIS ACTIVITI AND ITS IMPORTANCE. SUCH TENDENCY SHOULD BECONTROLLED AND SUPPRESSED.
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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
• MARKET AND RESOURCES ANALYSIS – THIS ACTIVITY GATHERS AND CORRALATES DATA ON THE OVERALL SIZE OF THE
DESTINATION OR PROSPECTIVE MARKET AND THE SHARE THAT MARKET ISEXPECTED TO GAIN. THIS ACTIVITY ALS ODETERMINES WHAT PERCENTAGE OF
THE TOTAL MARKET ANY DESTINATION WILL ATTRACT SUCH AS:• CULTURAL
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• RECREATIONAL
• GUEST FACILITIES
• TRANSPORTATION
• SUPPORT INDUSTRIES
• LAND AVAILABILITY
• AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE LABOR
• CAPITAL
• GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES
•
CONCEPTUAL PLANNING – THIS ACTIVITY USES THE RESULTS OF THE MARKET FORECAST TO ESTABLISH THE
IMAGE AND IDENTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT AREA. THIS IS DONE AT ANOVERALL, COMPREHENSIVE BUT NON#TECHNICAL LEVEL. THIS INVOLES AGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE AREA SHOULD LOOK LIKE AND HOW ITWILL FUNCTION AFTER DEVELOPMENT HAS TAKEN PLACE.
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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
• PLAN APPROVAL – THIS IS A RECOGNITION OF THE NECESSITY OF THE PLAN. AFTER A THOROUGH REVIEW OF
THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN, THE RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKERS SHOULD MAKE A DECISION
ON WHETHER THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS SHOULD PROCEED TO THE MASTER PLAN.
• MASTER PLANNING – MASTER PLANNING INVOLVES EXPENSES OF TIME AND MONEY WHICH ARE $% TIMES
MORE EXPENSIVE THAN PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES. THE REASON FOR THIS IS BECAUSE A
MASTER PLAN IS MORE DETAILED AND FREQUENT CHANGES TAKE PLACE BECAUSE OF THE
NATURE OF COOPERATION REQUIRED BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.
• FINAL COMMITMENT – AFTER THE COMPLETION OF A MASTER PLAN, MANY COMMITMENTS ARE NEEDE. THE
GOVERNMENT MUST PLEDGE LEGISLATION POLICIES, FUNDS, AND PROGRAMS TO
ENCOURAGE TOURISM. BANKERS AND OTHER INVESTORS MUST PLEDGE MONEY. PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC SECTOR AGENCIES MUST PLEDGE THE BUILDING OF HOTELS AND OTHER
FACILITIES.• STAGED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
– IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES FILL THE GAP BETWEEN ACCEPTED DEVELOPMENT PLANS
AND THE CREATION OF AN OPERATIONAL, INTEGRATED TOURISM INDUSTRY. THE DIFFERENTELEMENTS MUST BE COORDINATED. CONTINUOUS PLANNING IS NEEDED BECAUSE
TOURISM ITS ELEMENTS TEND TO BE DYNAMIC.
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PROCESS FOR TOURISM PLANNING
• EVALUATION AND DIRECTION – ESTABLISHED OPERATIONS MUST BE MONITORED TO ASSURE CONTINUING
QUALITY OF SERVICES AND OPERATION SUCCESS. MECHANISMS MUST BE
ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS FEEDBACK ON TOURISM VOLUMES ANDLEVELS OF SATISFACTION PROVIDED. SUCH PROGRAMS WILL PREVENT THE
DECLINE OF RESORTS, ATTRACTIONS, OR DESTINATIONS.
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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING A
TOURISM DESTINATIONS
• THE MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS ARE:$. MARKET ANALYSIS
'. ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES
A. VISITOR ATTRACTIONSB. CULTURE
C. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE
D. TRANSPORTATION
E. SUPPORT SERVICES
F. VISITOR ACCOMMODATIONS
(. MARKETING
). ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS&. ENVIRONMENT
*. SOCIAL IMPACTS
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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING ATOURISM DESTINATIONS
• MARKETING ANALYSIS – MARKET ANALYSIS REQUIRESA THOROUGH STUDY OF PAST AND PRESENT TRENDS, TRAVELER
PROFILES, TRAVELER PERFORMANCES AND HABITS, MARKET POSITION, AND DESTINATION
IMAGES.
• ASSESMENT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES
– VISITOR ATTRACTIONS – THE SUCCESS OF A DESTINATION DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON ITS POWER
TO ATTRACT VISITORS BUT ALSO ON ITS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN THEM.
–CULTURE – DESTINATION PLANNING ENCOURAGES THE INCLUSION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN
TOURISM.
– MANPOWER – IN DESTINATION PLANNING, AN ADEQUATELY TRAINED LABOR FORCE ISREQUIRED.
– INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE – THE TERM INFRASTRUCTURE REFERS TO ALL
UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE CONSTRUCTION OF A REGION. SUPER STRUCTURE ARE THE
CAILITIES AND SERVICES THAT ARE ABOVE THE GROUND SUCH AS HOTELS, RESORTS,RESTAURANTS, SHOPPING CENTERS, AIRORT BUILDINGS, MUSEUMS, STORES AND SIMILAR
STRUCTURES. – TRANSPORTATION – A STUDY OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE TRANSPORTATION NEEDS SUCH
AIR, HIGHWAYS, RAIL AND WATER IS NECESSARY IN THE MOVEMENT.
– SUPPORT SERVICES – THEY INCLUDE SERVICES SUCH AS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
FACILITIES, POLICE STATION, FIRE PROTECTION, RETAIL SHOPS, SPORTS FACILITIES, GAMING,FESTIVALS , PHARMACIES, HANDICRAFT FACILITIES, BOOKSTORES, DEPARTMENT STORES ANDOTHERS.
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MAJOR ELEMENTS IN PLANNING ATOURISM DESTINATIONS
• MARKETING – MARKETING IS THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A TARGER, CHOOSING STRATEGIES TO REACH THE
MARET, ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES, COORDINATING THE EFFORTS OF THOSE INVOLVED INPROMOTING THE DESTINATION AND EVALUATING SUCCESS AND FAILURES.
• ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – IT INVOLVES A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS
SUCH AS FEASIBILITY STUDIES, CASH FLOW, AVAILABLE CAPITAL AND INTEREST RATES.
• ENVIRONMENT – THE AIM OF TOURISM PLANNING IS TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE AREA
WITHOUT DESTROYING THEM AND TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE AREA.
• SOCIAL IMPACT – DEVELOPERS OF A TOURIST DESTINATION SHOULD CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF TOURISM
GROWTH ON THE LOCAL POPULATION. TOO MUCH CONTACT BETWEEN THE RESIDENT
POPULATION AND VISITORS CAN LEAD TO INTERNAL TROUBLE.
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STAGES OF DESTINATION
DEVELOPMENT
• STAGE $ – INCEPTION – DISCOVERY – DURING THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, A FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST VISIT THE AREA. THESE
ARE ALL THE ALLOCENTRIC TYPES OF TOURIST. SOME OF THEM DECIDE TO STAY IN THE AREA
AND BECOME EXPATRIATES. DURING STAGE, TOURISTS ARE GENERALLY WELCOMED BY THERESIDENTS.
• STAGE ' – GROWTH – LOCAL RESPONSE AND INTIATIVE – FOR STAGE ', THE NUMBER OF TOURIST INCREASES. THE AREA HAS DEVELOPED A GOOD
REPUTATION BY THE WORD OF MOUTH. ALTHOUGH TOURISM IS GROWING, THE FACILITIES ANDSERVICES ARE OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY THE RESIDENTS. THE INCREASED INTERACTIONBETWEEN TOURIST AND RESIDENTS RESULT IN A DESIRE OF RESIDENTS FOR BETTER
EDUCATION, INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD, TREND EQUALITY, AND A
CHANGE OF TRADITIONAL LIFESTYLES.
• STAGE ( – MATURITY – INSTITUTIONALIZATION – MATURITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS AND THE
FORMALIZATION OF SERVICES, ITINERARIES, AND ROLES. THERE IS A LOSS OF LOCAL DECISION#
MAKING AND CONTROL IN THE TOURIST INDUSTRY. DURING THE MATURITY –INSTITUTIONALIZATION STAGE FACILITIES AND PROCEDURES ARE STANDARDIZED WHICH RESULTIN GREATER EFFICIENCY.
• STAGE ) – DECLINE – SATURATION AND ALIENATION – IN THE FINAL STAGE, THE DESTINATION HAS BECOME SATURATED. THE RESIDENTS HAVE
BECOME DISILLUSIONED BECAUSE TOURISM HAS NOT PRODUCED ALL THE BENEFITS THEYEXPECTED.
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CHAPTER 2 – TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – THE FOLLOWING ARE THE AIMS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR RAISING THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE PEOPLE THROUGH THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF TOURISM
• DEVELOP THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDE RECREATION FACILITIES FOR TOURISTSAND LOCAL RESIDENTS.
•
ESTABLISH TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE TOURIST CENTERS AND RESORTS THATARE SUITABLE TO THE PURPOSES OF THESE AREAS.
• PROVIDE A DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM THAT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CULTURAL,SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE OF THE
HOST COUNTRY OR DESTINATION.
• HINDRANCES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLY – TO CHANGE POTENTIAL SUPPLY TO ACTUAL SUPPLY, THE FIRST
OBSTACLE IS THE LACK OF TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS ROUTES TO THE TOURIST CENTER. SECOND IS THE LACK OF ACCOMMODATION. THE THIRS IS INADEQUATE FINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH ASWATER SUPPLE, SANITATION, POWER SUPPLY. THE LAST IS THE LACK OFSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONNEL.
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THE MANAGEMENT OF TOURISM
ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROMOTION OF TOURISM IN THE COUNTRY AND FOR THE FORMULATION OF A TOURISTPROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT, IT HAS ALSO RESPONSIBILITIES WITHREGARD TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION. A BASIC ISSUE WHICH THEGOVERNMENT WILL HAVE TO DETERMINE IS THE DIVISION OFRESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.
THERE ARE FIVE FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THEGOVERNMENT IN ASSISTING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESE ARE:
– BASIC MAREKET RESEARCH INTO FUTURE TOURISM DEMAND
– THE PUBLICITY PROMOTING THE COUNTRY AND ITS TOURIST ASSESTS AND CREATING THECONDITIONS OF GOODWILL, INTEREST, EASE OF ENTRY ET. WHICH WILL NOT ONLU ATTRACT
TOURIST BUT MAKE SURE THAT THEY WILL GO AWAY WITH A GOOD IMPRESSION AND WISH TORETURN
– THE REGULATION AND CONTROL OF THE VARIOUS SERVICES WHICH CONSTITUTE THEINDUSTRY THE SUCCESS OF WHICH WILL DEPENDE ON THE MUTUAL COOPERATION ANDCONFIDENCE BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS.
– THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
– MAKING ARRANGEMENTS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR TOURISM PROMOTION WITH OTHERGOVERNMENTS
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GOVERNMENT REGUALTION ANDASSISTANCE
THE GOVERNMENT CAN DO MUCH TO CREATE A FAVORABLE CLIMATE FOR INVESTMENTBY A PRUDENT SYSTEM OF REGULATION. THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD FIRST CONSULT
THE INDUSTRY BEFORE MAKING THE REGULATIONS SINCE THE REGULATORY SYSTEMCAN ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT ONLY IF IT HAS THE CONFIDENCE OF THE INDUSTRY.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INCENTIVES: – SUBSIDIES – IT IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVE FROM THE INVESTORS POINT OF VIEW. IT IS A MEANS OF
INITIATING INVESTMENT IN A NEW DEVELOPMENT AREA.
–
CREDITS – THE GOVERNMENT ECOURAGES TOURISM INVESTMENT BY PROVIDING SPECIAL CREDITS FORINVESTMENT IN AREAS DECLARED TO BE OF NATIONAL TOURIST INTEREST.• GUARANTEED CREDITS: INTEREST REBATES – THE GOVERNMENT MAY GUARANTEE CREDITS OBTAINED THROUGH NORMAL BANKING
ARRANGEMENTS
• TECHINICAL ADVICE – THE STAFF OF THE CREDIT INSTITUTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO GUIDE THE INVESTOR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT.
– PREFERENTIAL RATES OF INTEREST – THE GOVERNMENT MAY OFFER CAPITAL FOR INVESTMENT AT LOWER THAN MARKET RATES OF INTEREST.
– SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR LAND PURCHASE – THIS IS A STRONG INCENTIVE TO TOURIST DEVELOPMENTESPECIALLY IN NEW TOURIST AREAS.
– FISCAL AIDS – MOST GOVERNMENTS RECOGNIZE TOURISM AS AN EXPORT INDUSTRY AND GIVE IT THE SAME
CONCESSIONARY ARRANGEMENT AS OTHER EXPORT INDUSTRIES.
– RELIEFS ON OPERATING COSTS - THE GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE TOURISM INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVE BYOFFERING SPECIAL CONCESSIONS AT THE OPERATING STAGE IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE PROFITABILITY OF THE
PROJECT.
– RECRUITING AND TRAINING EMPLOYEES – A VERY IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT IS TO HELP INRECRUITING EMPLOYEES. THIS IS OFTEN ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH AN EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.
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CHAPTER 3 – THEORIES INTOURISM DEVELOPMENT
THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISTDESTINATIONS, HOW THEY HAVE EMERGED, GROWN, AND INSOME CASES DECLINED. CHRISTALLER, A GERMANGEOGRAPHER AND PLANNER, PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE IN $+*(, INWHICH HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WAS A PROCESS OF
CONTINUOS DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST AREAS.CHRISTALLERS IDEAS ON HOW TOURIST AREAS DEVELOP CAN BE
SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS – DESTINATIONS DEVELOP AND CHANGE OVER TIME.
– THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISITORS AT DIFFERENT TIMES.
– THE TOURIST EXPERIENCE CHANGES OVER TIME.
–
THE IMPACTS ON THE DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME. – THE INVOLVEMENT OF LOCALS IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS CHANGE OVERTIME.
– NEW CYCLES INVOLVING NEW TOURIST DESTINATIONS WILL OCCUR.
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THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
IN $+(, STANLEY PLOG, AN AMERICAN RESEARCHER, DEVELOPED A THEORY THAT THE POPULARITY OF A DESTINATION IS RELATED TO THE INHERENTPERSONALITIES OF TRAVELERS. HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT TRAVELERS CANBE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES, ASPSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. PSYCHOCENTRICS LIKE TO VISIT
FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENTS OR CULTURE. ALLOCENTRICS, ON THE OTHEREXTREME, HAVE AS TRONG NEED FOR NEW AND VARIED EXPERIENCES.
MAJORITY OF TOURIST ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO A MIDPOINT BETWEEN THEPSYCHOCENTRICS AND ALLOCENTRICS. THESE ARE THE MIDCENTRICS. THEMIDCENTRIC PERSONALITY COMPRISES THE MASS MARKET FOR TRAVEL.MIDCENTRICS ARE NOT ADVENTUROUS BUT THEY ARE NOT AFRAID TO TRY
NEW EXPERIENCES SO LONG THAT THESE ARE NOT TOO CHALLENGING.
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THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
COHEN IN $+', DEVELOPED A THEORY WHICH IS RELATED TO THE BEHAVIOROF TOURISTS. HE CLASSIFIED THE TYPOLOGY INTO FOUR NAMELY-
– ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST – THESE TOURIST TRAVEL IN GROUPS.
– INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST – EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OFCONTROL OVER HIS TIME AND ITINERARY AND IS NOT BOUND TO A GROUP.
– EXPLORERS – SUCH TOURIST ARRANGE THEIR OWN TRIP.
– DRIFTERS – THESE TOURIST AVOID CONTACT WITH OTHER TOURISTS.
DOXEY IN $+&, PROPOSED A THEORY CALLED IRRITATION INDEX OR INSHORT IRRIDEX. THE THEORY SUGGEST THAT OVER TIME, AS THE LOCALSBECOME MORE HOSTILE TO VISITORS, THE NUMBER OF VISITORS WILL NOTCONTINUE TO GROW AT THE SAME PREVIOUS RATE AND MAY ACTUALLYDECLINE.
–
EUPHORIA – VISITORS ARE WELCOME AND THERE IS LITTLE PLANNING – APATHY – VISITORS ARE TAKEN FOR GRANTED AND CONTACT BECOMES FORMAL
– ANNOYANCE – SATURATION IS APPROACHED AND THE LOCAL PEOPLE HAVE MISGIVINGS.
– ANTAGONISM – OPEN EXPRESSION OF IRRITATION AND PLANNING IS REMEDIAL, YETPROMOTION IS INCREASED TO OFFSET THE DETERIORATING REPUTATION OF THE RESORT.
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THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
BUTLER, A GEOGRAPHER, DEVELOPED HIS THEORY OR MODEL WHICH WAS BUILTON THE IDEAS OF CHRISTALLER, PLOG, COHEN AND DOXCY. BUTLERS THEORYAPPEARED IN $+% IN WHICH HE, NOT ONLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT HIS THEORYWAS BASED ON EARLIER THEORIES BUT HE ALSO INDICATED THAT IT WASBASED ON THE BUSINESS CONCEPT OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE.
IN $+, BUTLER RECONSIDERED HIS MODEL. HE SHOWED THAT DESPITE SOMECRITICISMS, AFTER ALMOST '% YEARS, THERE WAS MUCH SUPPORT FOR HISORIGINAL MODEL. HE SUGGESTED THAT THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTSCONFIRMED THA VALIDITY OF HIS ORIGINAL THEORY:
– THE KEY CONCEPT IS DYNAMISM
– THERE IS A COMMON PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
– THERE ARE LIMITS TO GROWTH
– THERE ARE TRIGGERS OR FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT CHANGE IN A DESTINATION
– MANAGEMENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR
– LONG#TERM VIEW. THERE IS A NEED TO LOOK AHEAD FOR &% YEARS, NOT & YEARS, TO AVOID THE FAILURESSUGGESTED BY THE MODEL
– SPATIAK COMPONENT. THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT TOURIST WILL GO ELSEWHERE AS THE DESTINATIONDECLINES
– UNIVERSAL APPLICABILITY. THE MODEL APPLIES TO ALL DESTINATIONS
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THEORIES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
EXPLORATION – FEW ADVENTUROUS TOURIST, VISITING SITES WITH NO PUBLIC FACILITIES
– VISITORS ATTRACTED TO THE RESORT BY A NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURE
– SPECFIC VISITOR TYPE OF A SELECT NATURE
INVOLVEMENT – LIMITED INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL RESIDENTS AND THE DEVELOPING TOURISM INDUSTRY LEADS TO THE PROVISION OF
BASIC SERVICES
– INCREASED ADVERTISING INDUCES A DEFINABLE PATTERN OF SEASONAL VARIATION
– DEFINITE MARKET AREA BEGINS TO EMERGE
DEVELOPMENT – DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL TOURIST FACILITIES AND INCREASED PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS
– GREATER CONTROL OF THE TOURIST TRADE BY OUTSIDERS
– NUMBER OF TOURIST AT PEAK PERIODS FAR OUTWEIGHS THE SIZE OF THE RESIDENT POPULAION
CONSOLIDATION – TOURISM HAS BECOME A MAJOR PART OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY
– A WELL#DELINIATED BUSINESS DISTRICT HAS TAKEN SHAPE
– SOME OF THE OLDER DETERIORATING FACILITIES ARE PERCIEVED AS SECOND RATE
– LOCAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO EXTEND THE TOURIST SEASON
STAGNATION – PEAK NUMBERS OF TOURIST AND CAPACITY LEVELS ARE REACHED
– THE RESORT HAS A WELL ESTABLISHED IMAGE, BUT IS NO LONGER IN FASHION
– THE ACCOMODATION STOCK IS GRADUALLY ERODED AND PROPERTY TUROVER RATES ARE HIGH
POST#STAGNATION – FIVE POSSIBILITIES, REFLECTING A RANGE OF OPTIONS THAT MAY BE FOLLOWED, DEPENDING PARTLY ON THE SUCCESS OF
LOCAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS.
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CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – ONE OF THE STRONGEST MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL AT THE PRESENT TIME
IS INTEREST IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS THE HERITAGE,ARTS, HISTORY, LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS AND CULTURE OF PEOPLE IN OTHERCOUNTRIES. AN IMPORTANT ATTRACTION IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENTMAY BE A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE, AN IMPRESSIVE MOUNTAIN, AND THE
LOVELY FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE AREA AND AN ATTRACTIVE FOREST.
MEANING OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM – SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MEANS ACHIEVING QUALITY GROWTH IN A MANNER
THAT DOES NOT DEPLETE THE NATURAL AND BUILT EVIRONMENTS ANDPRESERVES THE CULTURE, HISTORY, AND HERITAGE OF THE LOCALCOMMUNITY. THE WORD ENVIRONTMENT INCLUDES THE NATURAL
HABITATS, BUILT SCTRUCTURES, CULTURE, HERITAGE, HISTORY, ANDSOCIAL INTERACTIONS.
– THE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IS TO BALANCE THE NUMBER OFVISITORS WITH THE CAPACITY OF THE GIVEN ENVIRONMENT IN A MANNER THAT ALLOWS THE GREATEST INTERACTION AND ENJOYMENT WITH THELEAST DESTRUCTION.
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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
FRAMEOR!
IN THE BEGINNING OF LIFE AND IT WILL BE UNTIL THE END, PEOPLE ARE UNITEDWITH NATURE. THIS IS THE BEGINNING TRIAD OF TIME, PEOPLE, AND NATURE,
THE INTERGRITY OF CREATION. DRAWING FROM THE FILIPINOS MYTHICALPAST OF MALAKAS AND MAGANDA OR THE BIBLICAL STORY OF ADAM ANDEVE, IT IS SECOND NATURE TO THE FILIPINO TO SEE THE OTHER PERSON AS A/FELLOW HUMAN BEING0 !KAPWA TAO". HENCE THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY
AND PARTNERSHIP IS NOTHING NEW TO THE FILIPINO. THIS IS THE CONCEPT THAT IS AT THE HEART OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE P1232442567.
BECAUSE OF THIS UNITY WITH NATURE AND THIS CONCEPT OF EQUALITY ANDPARTNERSHIP, EVEN FAMILY AND COMMUNITY CAN BE ONE IN OWNING UP THEACCOUNTABILITY TO BE STEWARDS OF THE FUTURE: – AS A WAY OF GIVING GLORY TO THE CREATOR
– AS A WAY OF VALUING HUMAN LIFE AND THE LEGACY OF OUR FOREFATHERS, AND
–
OUT OF RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON• WHAT EVERY TOURISM MASTER PLANNER OR PRACTICIONER SHOULD KEEP
TOPMOST IN THEIR MIND WHEN THINKING CUSTOMER FOCUS IS: – /IF YOU WANT TOURIST TO FIND YOUR CITY8PROVINCE8MUNICIPALITY8BARANGAY ATTRACTIVE,
THE RESIDENTS MUST FIRST FIND IT ATTRACTIVE0
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CURRENT TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLETOURISM
CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER MAGAZINE CREATED IN '%%' THE WORLD LEGACYAWARDS TO RECOGNIZE OUTSTANDING BUSINESSES,ORGANIZATIONS AND PLACES THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED VERYMUCH IN PROMOTING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM.
THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TRAVELER IN ITS MARCH ISSUE '%%).PUBLISHED CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICHWORLDWIDE TOURISM DESTINATIONS FOLLOW THE BESTPRACTICES IN A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. THESECRITERIA ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• ENVIRONTMENT AND ECOLOGICAL QUALITY
• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRITY
• CONDITION OF ANY HISTORIC BUILDING AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE• AESTHETIC APPEAL
• QUALITY OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT
• OVERALL OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE
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GLOBAL IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLETOURISM
GLOBALLY, THE INTEREST OF TOURIST IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM HAS
GROWN TREMENDOUSLY SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE '$ST CENTURY.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM POLICY IN THE WORLD TODAY IS A POSITIVEAPPROACH WHICH AIMS TO MAINTAIN QUALITY TOURISM PRODUCTS
IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE GROWING DOMESTIC ANDINTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TOURISMEXPERIENCE. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISTS PUBLISHED IN THE PARKSCANADA VACATION PLANNER:
• ENJOY OUR DIVERSE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND HELP US TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE IT.
• ASSIST IN OUR CONSERVATION EFFORTS THROUGH THE EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES INCLUDING
ENERGY AND WATER.• EXPERIENCE THE FRIENDLINESS OF OUR PEOPLE AND THE WELCOMING SPIRIT OF OUR COMMUNITIES.
• AVOID ACTIVITIES WHICH MAY THREATEN WILDLIFE OR PLANT POPULATION OR WHICH MAYPOTENTIALLY DAMAGING TO OUR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
• SELECT TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES WHICH DEMONSTRATE SOCIAL, CULTURAL ANDENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY.
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THE BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN BOTH THE NATURAL AND BUILTENVIRONMENTS ARE IMPORTANTE FACTORS FOR ECONOMICGROWTH, UNSPOILED NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS, WELL#MAINTAINEDHISTORIC SITES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE EVENTS CAN PRODUCEECONOMIC AND QUALITY OF LIFE BENEFITS. SATISFIED VISITORS
ARE LIKELY AND CAN SURELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMICGROWTH OF TOURISM TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY.
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SUCCESSFUL SUSTAINABLE TOURISMMANAGEMENT INCLUDE DEVELOPING NEW BUSINESSES,EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES, INCREASING INCOME,MARKETING NEW PRODUCTS, IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE,
ENCOURAGING DIVERSIFICATION, INTEGRATING THE LOCALECONOMY AND SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES WITH OTHER SERVICESAND PRODUCTS, PROMOTING COMMUNITY PRIDE AND HIGHERQUALITY OF LIFE TO THE LOCAL POPULATION.
CHAPTER " THE !EY PLAYERS IN
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CHAPTER " – THE !EY PLAYERS INTOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENTTOURISTS
– TOURIST ARE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN THE PLANNING ANG MANAGEMENT OF
TOURISM. UNFORTUNATELY, TOURIST ARE OFTEN REGARDED AS THE MAJORCAUSE OF THE PROBLEMS OF TOURISM. SINCE THEY ARE /OUTSIDERS,0 THEY
ARE USUALLY BLAMED BY THE /INSIDERS0 OR THE LOCAL RESIDENTS FOR THENEGATIVE CONCESQUENCES OF TOURISM
THE HOST COMMUNITY – APPROPRIATE TERMS GIVEN TO THE HOST COMMUNITY ARE LOCAL COMMUNITY,
RESIDENT COMMUNITY, OR DESTINATION COMMUNITY. THE HOST COMMUNITY ISHETEROGENOUS BECAUSE IT IS MADE UP OF LONG#TERM INDIGENOUS
RESIDENTS AS WELL AS DOMESTICE AND INTERNATIONAL IMMIGRANTS.SWASBROOKE SUGGESTED THAT A HOST COMMUNITY IS DIVIDED INTO:
• ELITES AND THE REST OF THE POPULATION
• INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS AND IMMIGRANTS
• THOSE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN TOURISM AND THOSE NOT INVOLVED• PROPERTY OWNERS AND PROPERTY RENTERS
• YOUNGER PEOPLE AND OLDER PEOPLE
• EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES, SELF#EMPLOYED
• THOSE WITH PRIVATE CARS, THOSE RELYING ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT
• AFFLUENT AND LESS WELL#OFF RESIDENTS
• MAJORITY COMMUNITYES8MINORITY COMMUNITIES
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THE !EY PLAYERS IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE USUALLY THE PUBLIC SECTOR OF TOURISM. THEY ARE
NON#PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE FUNDED FROM THE TAXES PAID BY THECITIZENS. THE PRINCIPLAL REASONS FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PUBLIC SECTORIN TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS MANDATED TO REPRESENT THE WHOLE POPULATION AND NOT ONLY ONE SET OF
STAKEHOLDERS OR INTEREST GROUP.
• THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS INTENDED TO BE IMPARTIAL, WITHOUT PARTICULAR VESTED OR COMMERCIAL INTEREST.
• THE PUBLIC SECTOR CAN TAKE A LONGER#TERM VIEW OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY – THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE BECAUSE IT IS COMPLEX AND HAS
MANY DIMENSIONS. THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IS OFTEN BLAMED FOR CAUSINGDAMAGES TO DESTINATIONS AND SHOWING UNWILLINGNESS TO BE INVOLVED INPLANNING FOR LONG#TERM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITYOF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY, IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF THE
PROBLEMS.• THE TOURISM INDUSTRY HAS BEEN BLAMED FOR:
– BEING MAINLY CONCERNED WITH SHORT#TERM PROFIT, RATHER THAN LONG#TERM SUSTAINABILITY
– EXPLOITING THE ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL POPULATION RATHER THAN CONSERVING THEM
– BEING RELATIVELY FICKLE AND SHOWING LITTLE COMMITMENT TO PARTICULAR DESTINATIONS
– NOT DOING ENOUGH TO RAISE TOURIST AWARENESS OF ISSUES SUCH AS SUSTAINABILITY
– GETTING ON THE SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE WHEN IT WILL PRODUCE GOOD PUBLICITY
– BEING INCREASINGLY OWNED AND CONTROLLED BY LARGE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS WHO HAVE LITTLE REGARD FORINDIVIDUAL DESTINATIONS
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CHAPTER # – TOURISM IMPACTS
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OR TOURISM – THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM CANNOT BE ONLY POSITIVE OR BENEFICIAL
BUT ALSO NEGATIVE OR DETRIMENTAL. THE FOLLOWING ARE USUALLYREGARDED AS POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM.
•
CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS• CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT REVENUES
• GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT
• CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF TOURISM ARE THE
FOLLOWING:•
INFLATION• OPPORTUNITY COSTS
• OVER#DEPENDENCE ON TOURISM
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TOURISM IMPACTS
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – A DISCUSSION OF THE SOCIO#CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM WIL
LREQUIRE A DISCUSSION OF THE MEANING OF TERMS SOCIETY ANDCULTURE. SOCIETY IS CONCERNED WITH THE PEOPLE IN GOUROS,
THEIR INTERACTION, THEIR ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR. CULTURE ISABOUT THE SOCIAL INTERACTION OF PEOPL, THEIR SOCIAL RELATIONS
AND MATERIAL ARTIFACTS
– CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:• HANDICRAFTS
• LANGUAGE
• TRADITIONS
• GASTRONOMY
• ART AND MUSIC
• HISTORY OF THE TOURIST AREA
• TYPES OF WORK ENGAGED IN BY THE LOCAL RESIDENTS
• ARCHITECTURE
• RELIGION
• EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
• DRESS
• LEISURE ACTIVITIES
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TOURISM IMPACTS
POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE BENEFICIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT
• CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
• RENEWAL OF CULTURAL PRIDE
• CROSS#CULTURAL EXCHANGE
NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM – THE NEGATIVE SOCIO#CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ARE:
• OVERCROWDING AND LOSS OF AMENITIES FOR RESIDENTS
• OVER COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS
• DEMONSTRATION EFFECT
• ACCULTURATION
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TOURISM IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – THE ENVIRONMENT IS RECOGNIZED AS THE MAJOR RESOURCE FOR TOURISM.
TOURISM DEPENDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT IS AMAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION. THERE IS MUTUAL DEPENDENCE BETWEENT TOURISMAND ENVIRONMENT WHICH HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS SYMBIOTIC.
– THE TERM ENVIRONMENT REFERS TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT. THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IS WHAT EXIST IN NATURE SUCH AS
CLIMATE AND WEATHER, THE LAND AND ITS SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY,WATER FEATURES, FLORA, FAUNA AND ECOLOGY SYSTEMS. THE BUILTENVIRONMENT CONSISTSOF MAN#MADE PHYSICAL FEATURES SUCH AS BUILDINGS,
INFRASTRUCTURE, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTOTORIC SITES.
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POSITIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:
• CONSERVATION OF IMPORTANT NATURAL AREAS
• CONSERVATION OF ARCHAELOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES
• IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
• ENHANCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
• IMPROVEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
• INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
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TOURISM IMPACTS
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – THE FOLLOWING ARE THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS:• WATER POLLUTION
• AIR POLLUTION
• NOISE POLLUTION
• VISUAL POLLUTION
• WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
• ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION
• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
• DAMAGE TO ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITES
• LAND USE PROBLEMS
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CHAPTER $ – COLLABORATION AND
PARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM
MEANING OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP – DIFFERENT TERMS ARE USED TO DESCRIBE COLLABORATION. THESE INCLUDE COALITION,
FORUMS, ALLIANCES, TASK FORCES. COLLABORATION OCCURS WHEN A GROUP OF INDEPENDENTSTAKEHOLDERS OF A PROBLEM DOMAIN ENGAGE IN A INTERACTIVE PROCESS, USING SHAREDRULES, NORMS AND STRUCTURES TO ACT OR DECIDE ON ISSUES RELATED TO THAT DOMAIN.
– A PARTNERSHIP IS AN ON#GOING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN TWO OR MORE PARTIES
CHARACTERIZED BY DURABILITY OVER TIME, INCLUSIVENESS, COOPERATION AND FLEXIBILITY.
– COLLABORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS CAN HAVE MANY FORMS. THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN
PARTNERSHIP MAY VARY FROM VERY FORMAL TO VERY INFORMAL.
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIP
– THE INVOLVEMENT OF A WIDE RANGE STAKEHOLDER WHO ARE IN THE BESTPOSITION TO INTRODUCE CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT.
– THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF TORISM DECISION MAKING MAY BE REALIZED WITH THE
INVOLVEMENT OF MANY STAKEHOLDERS.
– INVOLVEMENT OF SEVERAL STAKEHOLDERS MAY INCREASE THE SOCIAL
ACCEPTANCE OF POLICIES. – THE PARTIES WHO ARE DIRECTYLE AFFECTED BY THE ISSUES MAY BRING THEIR
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND OTHER CAPACITIES TO THE POLICY#MAKING PROCESS.
– A CREATIVE SYNERGY MAY RESULT FROM WORKING TOGETHER, LEADING TOGREATER INNOVATION AND EFFECTIVENESS.
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COLLABORATION ANDPARTNERSHIPS IN TOURISM
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION ANDPARTNERSHIPS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF COLLABORATION AND
PARTNERSHIPS:• COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS MAY BE UNDER#RESOURCED IN RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL
STAFF TIME, LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES.• INVOLVING A RANGE OF STOCKHOLDERS IN POLICY#MAKING MAY BE COSTLY AND TIME#CONSUMING.
• THE COMPLEXITY OF ENGAGING DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS IN POLICY#MAKING MAKES IT DIFFICULT TOINVOLVE THEM EQUALLY.
• THE VESTED INTERESTS AND ESTABLISHED PRACTICES OF THE VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED INCOLLABORATIVE WORKING MAY BLOCK INNOVATION.
• THE NEED TO DEVELOP CONSENSUS AND THE NEED TO DISCLOSE NEW IDEAS IN ADVANCE OF THEIRINTRODUCTION MIGHT DISCOURAGE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT.
• THERE MAY BE FRAGMENTATION IN DECISION MAKING AND REDUCED CONTROL OVER IMPLEMENTATION
• THE POWER OF SOME PARTNERSHIPS MAY BE TOO GREAT, LEADING TO THE CREATION OF CARTELS.
• SOME COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS MAY OUTLIVE THEIR USEFULLNESS, WITH THEIR BUREUCRACIESSEEKING TO EXTEND THEIR LIVES UNRESONABLY.
CHAPTER % THE FUTURE OF
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CHAPTER % – THE FUTURE OFTOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENTTHE IMPACT OF GLOBAL ARMING ON TOURISM
– THE MAJOR CHALLENGE TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF TOURISM IN THE NEXT FIFTY
YEARS IS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING. IN '%%, IT WAS ACCEPTED BYSEVERAL SCIENTIST THAT GLOBAL WARMING IS OCCURRING. THE INCREASE IN
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER THE PAST TEN YEARS HAVE BEENATTRIBUTED TO GLOBAL WARMING. A MAJOR GLOBAL CONSEQUENCE OF GLOBAL
WARMING IS THE MELTING OF BOTH POLAR ICE CAPS. THE GLOBAL EFFECT WILLBE A RISE IN SEA LEVEL. IF THIS OCCURS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT LOW#LYINGCOUNTRIES AND SMALL ISLAND NATIONS WILL BE FLOODED. THIS MAY RESULT IN
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF COASTAL TOURISM IN THESE PARTS OF THE WORLD.
THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON TOURISM – IN THE EARLY PART OF THE '$ST CENTURY, OTHER TOURISM DESTINATIONS
SUFFERED FROM LOCAL PROBLEMS WHICH AFFECT TOURIST ARRIVALS. THESE
INCLUDE THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS SUCH AS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,STORMS AND FLOODING. AIRLINE DISRUPTIONS CAUSED BY STORMS RESULT INDELAYS AND CANCELLATIONS IN WEATHER AFFECTED LOCATIONS. IN ADDITION,
AFFECTED AIRLINES SUFFER NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT BECAUSE DELAYSAND GROUNDINGS CAUSE AIRPLANES TO BE MISALLOCATED FOR THE START OF
THE NEXT ROUND OF FLIGHTS.
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THE FUTURE OF TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH ISSUES ON TOURISM – FEAR OF DISEASE REDUCES TRAVEL DEMAND. MOST TRAVELERS AVOID AREAS
THAT HAVE HIGH HEALTH RISKS. DISEASES SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO TRAVEL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH AVIATION. REPORTS RELEASED BY HARVARD
RESEARCHERS SHOW THAT THE BIRD FLU VIRUS SPREAD MORE RAPIDLY DUE TOINTERNATIONAL TOURISM, ESPECIALLY AIR TRAVEL.
IMPACT OF TERRORIST ATTAC!S ON TOURISM – THE BOMBING OF WORLD TRADE CENTER IN NEW YORK ON SEPTEMBER $$, '%%$
HAD A LONG#TERM EFFECT ON THE GLOBAL TOURISM INDUSTRY. TERRORISTATTACKS ARE BEING VIEWED AS PART OF GLOBAL, NOT A LOCAL THREAT. IN
UNITED STATES, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ONPOTENTIAL AND REAL TRAVELERS. THE IMPACTS OF SEPTEMBER $$, '%%$ HAVE
CONTINUED EVEN AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF THE EVENT. THE BANKCRUPTCY
OF AMERICAN AIRLINES IN '%%' HAS BEEN LINKED CLOSELY TO THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS SINCE THE TERRORIST ATTACKS. THE DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE AUTUMN
OF '%%$ WAS ATTRIBUTED PARTLY TO THE RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER OF USVISITORS WHO VISITED BRITAIN IN THE AUTUMN OF '%%$ COMPARED TO
PREVIOUS YEARS.
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THE FUTURE OF TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
THE BALI TERRORIST ATTACK ON TOURIST CALLS INTO QUESTION WHETHER TOURISM WILL CONTINUE TO EXPAND IN TERMS OF VISITOR ARRIVALSAND AT THE SAME TIME SPREAD TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT ISAPPROPRIATE TO ASSUME THAT THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS WILLCONTINUE TO INCREASE ON A GLOBAL SCALE IN THE FUTURE IN SPITEOF SIGNIFICANT HINDRANCES AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. IF TOURISM
REACHES ALMOST ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT CAREFUL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ARE ADOPTEDAND APPLIED. IN THE PAST, RECENT PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT HASBEEN REGARDED AS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THEFUTURE, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR WILL BE MOREACTIVELY INVOLVED IN PLANNING AND MANAGING TOURISM.
THE SUCCESS OF TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE '$ST
CENTURY IN PROMOTING THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM WILLDEPEND NOT ONLY ON STRUCTURES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALSBUT IN THE POLITICAL WILL THAT IT IS POSSIBLE AND DESIRABLE TOPLAN AND DEVELOP TOURISM.
CHAPTER & INFORMATION
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CHAPTER & – INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY AND TOURISM
PLANNING DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM IS A COMPLICATED WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY ANDINFORMATION IS ITS ANIMATING FORCE. INFORMATION ABOUT THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS IMPORTANT TO HELP THE CUSTOMER IN
MAKING CHOICES. SINCE THE TOURISM PRODUCT IS INTANGIBLE,SELLING THE PRODUCT REQUIRES DESCRIPTION BY THE TRAVEL TRADE. ELECTRONIC FORMS OF MESSAGES ABOUT TOURISMPRODUCTS HAVE MORE ADVANTAGES THAN PRINTED SOURCES.ELECTRONIC FORMS ARE MORE UP#TO#DATE, MORE VISUAL ANDMORE COLORFUL. COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS SUCH AS THE
INTERNET, CAN PROVIDE TOUR OPERATORS AND TOURISMPROVIDERS ACCESS TO LARGE NUMBERS OF POTENTIALCUSTOMERS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ANDTOURISM PLANNING
DEVELOPMENTGEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 'GIS(
– IN THE PAST, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OR IT WAS NOT USED EXTENSIVELY IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. IN THE EARLY $++%S, DESTINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM!DMS" WAS APPLIED TO TOURISM DESTINATIONS. THIS INVOLVED THE COORDINATION ANDDELIVERY OF THE DESTINATION TOURISM PRODUCT.
– IN NEW ZEALAND, GIS WERE USED IN CONNECTION WITH THE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACT!RDA" WHICH WAS INTRODUCED IN $++$. GIS HAVE BEEN USEFUL IN NEW ZEALAND IN THEFOLLOWING AREAS:
• CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.• HELPING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS.
• ASSISTING WITH DECISIONS ON PLANNING PERMISSION.
MACADAMS CONDUCTED A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF GIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
HIS INVESTIGATION SHOWED THAT GIS HAD AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN TOURISMPLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF:
• THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTS
• QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
• THE USE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
• INTERVIEWING LOCAL REPRESENTATIVES AND LOCAL PEOPLE• INTERPRETING SITES USING THE RESULT OF VISITOR SUREVEYS
• FEASBILITY STUDIES FOR A TOURIST FACILITY
• STRATEGY PROGRAMSN INCLUDING AN ACTION PLAN
• TRAFFIC MODELLING FROM HIGHWAY ENGINEERS DATA
• WILDLIFE DATA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN LOCAL AREAS
• INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT IN HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS
• POLICY STUDIES
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THAT)S ALL THAN! YOU*
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