Touch TOUCH Position, Movement, and the Skin Senses.
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Transcript of Touch TOUCH Position, Movement, and the Skin Senses.
Touch
TOUCHPosition, Movement, and the Skin
Senses
Essential Questions
• How does the brain translate touch? • What are the differences in the
vestibular, kinesthetic and cutaneous sense?
• What are some common sensory
disorders related to touch and skin senses?
Cutaneous Sense (Skin Senses)What is it?• receptors that lie just below the surface of the skin
o respond to touch, pressure, and temperature to varying degrees based on part of body affected
How does it work?• connected to somato sensory cortex in the brain's parietal
lobe• information transmitted from receptors to nerve fibers
routed through spinal cord to brainstem o adaptations can then be made or conditions are
toleratedEx: person's ability to feel pain
How does it work?• substance P used as a neurtransmitter• endorphins increase in concentration when body responds• 2 types of pathways information is sent to the brain by the
thalamus1.Fast parthway (myelinated): detects localized pain and
sends info rapidly to cortex2.Slow pathway (unmyelinated): carries less- localized,
longer- acting pain info• not merely the result of stimulation (ex: phantom limb)• yet to develop a theory that explains everything about pain
What is Pain?
Defined:• part of body's adaptive mechanism
o in response to conditions that threaten damage to the body
o alert that something is wrong• level of pain varies depending on a person's tolerance/
thresholdo perception of brain
Sensory Receptors
• 100 touch receptors in each fingertip• Cutaneous Receptors: Located in dermis or epidermis
o Cutaneous Receporso Thermoreceptors (temperature)o Nocioreceptors (pain)
Sensory Receptors Continued
Mechanoreceptorso Receptors of mechanical stimulio Initiates nerve impulses in sensory
neurons when it is physically deformed by an outside force like: Touch, pressure, stretching,
sound waves, motion
o Enable us to: Detect touch, changes in
pressure, position, acceleration Detect sounds and the motion of
the body Monitor the position of our
muscles, bones, and joints- sense of proprioception
• Specialized neurons which are sensitive and detect hot or cold temperatures
• Useful in alerting organisms od possible danger and changes in environmental conditions so they can react
• Provide brain with information about environmental temperatureo Alerts brain to cool or heat
body accordingly
Thermoreceptors
• Free nerve endings that exist
in all body tissues• Responsible for sending
messages of paino caused by unpleasant
response by a combination of tissues damage and emotional reaction
o Sensations are warning messages
• Messages travel through afferent nerve tracts to the spinal cord
Nocioreceptors
Practical UsesLamaze method
o developed by French obstetrician Fernand Lamaze
o by work of psychologist Ivan Pavlov practical use of "conditioning"
o uses breathing and concentration techniques to help women during birth
Acupuncture• procedure developed by the
Chinese for controlling pain• method done by insertion of long
needles in various parts of the body
• One theory suggests that needles activate large nerve fibers and close the pain gate, other believe it releases endorphins
Theories relating to Touch
Control Theory: (1965)o Melzack and Wallo Represents balance in neural activity of cello Receives information from body and sends to braino Pain signals pass through "gate" in spinal cordo Can be closed by nonpain signals coming into the spinal cord
& by signals coming from brain
Control Theory: (1965)o William Glassero Also known as Choice Theoryo implies active role, or responsibility towards ones behavioro all behavior is made up of three components: what we do,
what we think, and what we feelo all behavior is an attempt to satisfy powerful forces within
ourselveso regardless of our circumstances, all we do, think, and feel, is
always or best attempted at the time to satisfy the forces within us
Vestibular SenseWhat is it?• sense of body orientation with respect to gravity
o person's fit in the environmento oriented in space and time
• shows us how we are moving and how our motion is changing o awareness of body balance and movement
How does it work?• closely associated with the inner ear • information is carried to the brain on a branch of the
auditory nerveEx: body posture- straight, leaning, reclining, upside down..
ContinuedInner ear• portion of ear located within temporal bone that is
involved in hearing and balanceo includes the semicircular canals, vestibule, and
cochleao sound vibrations transmitted from cochlea to
the brain by the auditory nerves
Semicircular canals• Located in inner ear
o Movement of fluid in canals stimulates hair cells, located on the basilar membrane, which sends messages to the brain about speed and direction of body rotation
• Important for balance
Utricle• Membranous sac contained within the labyrinth of the inner ear• Connected with the semicircular canals
Kinesthetic SenseWhat is it?• movement of the body's muscles, tendons, and joints• helps us move with greater precision, avoid injuries, and
be fully present in the moment• ability to sense body position
How does it work?• proprioceptors send messages to the brain and works
with sensory input to formulate feelingsEx: person playing soccer
Tober
DisordersPhantom limb sensation
o Occur to people that were born without a limb or have had a limb amputated
o pain that comes from missing part
o arise in the braino http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlQZ
mNlPdHQ
Tactile Sensory Dysfunctiono often found in children who are
bothered or fearful to touch things.
o examples: certain clothing textures,
seams and/or materials A hug Bare feet touching grass or
sand
Works Cited
Boeree, George C. "The Senses: A Whirlwind Tour." General Psychology. webspace.ship.edu, 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/senses.html. Brown, . Mistaken for ADHD blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. http://mistakenforadhd.com/tag/disorders-of-touch/. Brown, David. "The Vestibular Sense." N.p., June 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <files.cadbs.org/200000353-9f7fca079e/2_vestibular_dbrown.pdf >. Ciccarelli, Saundra K., and Glenn E. Meyer. Psychology: mypsychlab edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. "Touch the skin receptors." Think Quest. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00386/touch/sensoryreceptors.htm>.