Total War: Total War: World War World War

II1914-19181914-1918

Run up to WarRun up to War By 1907, most countries had their By 1907, most countries had their

alliances set.alliances set. These were These were secret alliances secret alliances – Not – Not

everyone knew who was on each side.everyone knew who was on each side. There were two major “sides”.There were two major “sides”.

The The Triple EntenteTriple Entente Britain, France, Russia (and their allies)Britain, France, Russia (and their allies) The “haves”The “haves”

The The Central PowersCentral Powers Germany, Austria, Italy (and their allies)Germany, Austria, Italy (and their allies) The “have nots”The “have nots”

The “haves” had a chance to expand, The “haves” had a chance to expand, had a chance to spread their empires had a chance to spread their empires throughout Europe, and share their throughout Europe, and share their influence.influence.

The “have nots” are more recently The “have nots” are more recently unified, and have not yet had a chance unified, and have not yet had a chance to share their power, or to expand.to share their power, or to expand.

There were internal issues in all of these European countries.

-Fear of foreign invasion

- Problems with social classes

- Women wanting the vote

- Control of colonies

One spark would set it all off.

The Have Nots: Run up The Have Nots: Run up to Warto War Germany (have not) believed that Russia had Germany (have not) believed that Russia had

taken land that rightfully belonged to taken land that rightfully belonged to Germany. Germany.

Germany allied with Italy (also recently unified, Germany allied with Italy (also recently unified, and with similar goals), and with Austria and with similar goals), and with Austria (similar cultural background).(similar cultural background).

Germany is waiting for a reason to attack Germany is waiting for a reason to attack Russia, and to get that land.Russia, and to get that land.

HOWEVERHOWEVER- If Germany invades Russia, - If Germany invades Russia, Britain will move in to stop Britain will move in to stop

Germany.Germany.- Britain doesn’t like any - Britain doesn’t like any

European powers getting too European powers getting too big.big.

- This leads to an arms race. - This leads to an arms race. No one wants to attack No one wants to attack

anyone just yet, but they all anyone just yet, but they all want the biggest and best want the biggest and best

technology.technology.

The SparkThe Spark Throughout the 1900s, the Ottoman Empire Throughout the 1900s, the Ottoman Empire

had been collapsing. had been collapsing. It was retreating out of Europe and back It was retreating out of Europe and back

towards towards the Middle East.the Middle East.

This leaves a This leaves a power vacuum power vacuum in the in the Balkans.Balkans.

Austria Austria sees its sees its opportunity. The opportunity. The newly formed newly formed countries in the countries in the Balkans are not Balkans are not strong yet. strong yet.

1908: Austria 1908: Austria annexes annexes Bosnia.Bosnia.

The SparkThe Spark Serbia saw Austria take over Serbia saw Austria take over

Bosnia.Bosnia. Serbia becomes worried that Serbia becomes worried that

Austria is going to sweep Austria is going to sweep through the Balkans and take through the Balkans and take over everything.over everything.

In response to this fear, a In response to this fear, a terrorist organization begins terrorist organization begins gaining support.gaining support.

The Black Hand The Black Hand emerges. Their goal: to emerges. Their goal: to maintain Serbian independence at all costs.maintain Serbian independence at all costs.

Austria realizes that not everyone is happy Austria realizes that not everyone is happy about their control of land in the Balkans. about their control of land in the Balkans.

June 28, 1914: Austria sends the heir to the June 28, 1914: Austria sends the heir to the Austrian throne on a goodwill mission to Austrian throne on a goodwill mission to BosniaBosnia. .

The SparkThe Spark The Black Hand The Black Hand recruits recruits 6 assassins6 assassins. . None of these assassins know about any of the others. None of these assassins know about any of the others.

The Black Hand doesn’t want a risk of one of them The Black Hand doesn’t want a risk of one of them being captured and turning in the others.being captured and turning in the others.

All assassins were given the job: Kill Archduke Franz All assassins were given the job: Kill Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand

Franz Ferdinand is the heir to the Austrian throne – on Franz Ferdinand is the heir to the Austrian throne – on a goodwill mission to Bosnia.a goodwill mission to Bosnia.

The hope is that, by killing Franz Ferdinand, Austria The hope is that, by killing Franz Ferdinand, Austria will will realize that they should not be realize that they should not be in the Balkans, and should in the Balkans, and should leave Bosnia and Serbia alone. leave Bosnia and Serbia alone.

All six assassins planned to kill All six assassins planned to kill Franz Ferdinand while he was Franz Ferdinand while he was on a motorcade – driving a set on a motorcade – driving a set route through Sarajevo, the route through Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. Bosnian capital.

6 Assassins6 Assassins-#1-4 lost their nerve, and #1-4 lost their nerve, and

did not try to kill Franz did not try to kill Franz Ferdinand.Ferdinand.

- #5 threw a small bomb. It #5 threw a small bomb. It missed Franz Ferdinand, missed Franz Ferdinand,

but injured one of his but injured one of his bodyguards.bodyguards.

- #6 decided to get a #6 decided to get a sandwich.sandwich.

The SparkThe Spark The 6The 6thth Assassin was a young college student: Assassin was a young college student:

Gavrilo Princip. He got nervous, and decided to Gavrilo Princip. He got nervous, and decided to get a sandwich.get a sandwich.

Meanwhile, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, Meanwhile, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, stopped and had lunch at town hall.stopped and had lunch at town hall.

After lunch, they After lunch, they were supposed to were supposed to continue on their continue on their route, but Franz route, but Franz Ferdinand wanted Ferdinand wanted to go to the to go to the hospital first.hospital first.

He wanted to stop He wanted to stop and visit the and visit the bodyguard that bodyguard that had been injured had been injured by the bomb.by the bomb.

The SparkThe Spark No one informed the No one informed the

driver, so when they driver, so when they continued on the route, continued on the route, Franz asked him to turn Franz asked him to turn around. around.

-> They ended up stopping -> They ended up stopping in traffic, reversing, going in traffic, reversing, going down an alternate route down an alternate route and stopping in front of a and stopping in front of a cafe…cafe…

-> …where Princip was -> …where Princip was eating his sandwich. eating his sandwich.

-> Princip stood up, grabbed -> Princip stood up, grabbed his gun, and shot Franz his gun, and shot Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. Ferdinand and Sophie. They both died. They both died.

This was the spark that This was the spark that started WWIstarted WWI. .

The SparkThe Spark Gavrilo Princip had assassinated Franz Ferdinand. Gavrilo Princip had assassinated Franz Ferdinand.

He was immediately arrested.He was immediately arrested. But the damage hadBut the damage had

been done. been done. Austria quickly foundAustria quickly found

that the assassinationthat the assassinationwas the work of the was the work of the Black Hand. Black Hand.

They looked to Serbia.They looked to Serbia. However, they knewHowever, they knew

not all Serbians werenot all Serbians wereterrorists.terrorists.

-> Serbia apologized, and-> Serbia apologized, andsaid that they would try to compensate Austria for said that they would try to compensate Austria for their loss. Serbia asked Austria what they could do their loss. Serbia asked Austria what they could do to make it up to them. to make it up to them.

The Balkans Blank The Balkans Blank CheckCheck Germany saw all of this happening, and when Austria Germany saw all of this happening, and when Austria

wasn’t sure what to ask for from Serbia, Germany had wasn’t sure what to ask for from Serbia, Germany had a suggestion: demand a suggestion: demand Serbia itselfSerbia itself. .

Germany saidGermany said that Austria should tell Serbia that, that Austria should tell Serbia that, unless they gave all of their land to Austria, and unless they gave all of their land to Austria, and unless they gave up their independence, Austria unless they gave up their independence, Austria would declare war.would declare war.

Austria thought this was crazy. Austria thought this was crazy. They did not want to declare war. They did not want to declare war. They wanted peaceful relations.They wanted peaceful relations.

-> However, Germany said that, -> However, Germany said that, it came down to war, Germany it came down to war, Germany would ally with Austria, and back would ally with Austria, and back it up to defeat Serbia. it up to defeat Serbia.-> This is called the -> This is called the Balkans Balkans Blank Check.Blank Check.

Serbia was small, with a small Serbia was small, with a small army, not really a threat. army, not really a threat.

Germany’s PlanGermany’s Plan Germany was banking on a few things:Germany was banking on a few things:

Austria will demand Serbia’s land and independence.Austria will demand Serbia’s land and independence. Serbia will say no way.Serbia will say no way. Austria will declare war, knowing that Germany will back Austria will declare war, knowing that Germany will back

it up.it up. Serbia will ask Serbia will ask Russia Russia for help. for help. Russia and Serbia have similar ethnic groups, and Russia Russia and Serbia have similar ethnic groups, and Russia

is likely to defend someone in its area asking for help. is likely to defend someone in its area asking for help. Russia is also still embarrassed from its loss to Japan, and Russia is also still embarrassed from its loss to Japan, and wanted to prove that it could protect its European allies. wanted to prove that it could protect its European allies.

Russia will declare war on Austria.Russia will declare war on Austria. Germany (Austria’s ally) will declare war on Russia.Germany (Austria’s ally) will declare war on Russia.

-> This is all an elaborate plan to get -> This is all an elaborate plan to get Russian land. Russian land. Germany wants an excuse to declare war on Russia so Germany wants an excuse to declare war on Russia so

that it can invade, and take over Russian territory.that it can invade, and take over Russian territory. Everything went according to Germany’s plan.Everything went according to Germany’s plan.

Germany’s PlanGermany’s Plan-> Germany was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm-> Germany was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II. II. -> Wilhelm II fired Otto von Bismarck –-> Wilhelm II fired Otto von Bismarck – leading to significant instability in leading to significant instability in Germany. Germany.Bismarck had finally gained a fragile Bismarck had finally gained a fragile balance between Germany (unified) and balance between Germany (unified) and the other European powers.the other European powers.-> Wilhelm II was not ready to stop-> Wilhelm II was not ready to stop expanding. He fired Bismarck and expanding. He fired Bismarck and decided that Germany deserved decided that Germany deserved RussianRussian land, and deserved to expand larger land, and deserved to expand larger andand larger. larger.By working with Austria, Wilhelm had By working with Austria, Wilhelm had his chance to declare war on Russia. his chance to declare war on Russia.

Start of WarStart of War Everything happened according to Everything happened according to

Germany’s plan at first. Germany’s plan at first. Serbia did not give up its independence.Serbia did not give up its independence. Austria declared war on Serbia.Austria declared war on Serbia. Serbia asked Russia for help.Serbia asked Russia for help. Russia saw a chance to redeem itself for its Russia saw a chance to redeem itself for its

loss to Japan (Russo-Japanese War).loss to Japan (Russo-Japanese War). Austria declares war on Russia.Austria declares war on Russia. Germany (Austria’s ally) declares war on Germany (Austria’s ally) declares war on

Russia. The Balkans Blank Check meant Russia. The Balkans Blank Check meant that Germany would back Austria up no that Germany would back Austria up no matter what.matter what.

Start of WarStart of War

Start of WarStart of War-> August 2, 1914: Germany-> August 2, 1914: Germany decides to expand westward decides to expand westward asas well. well.-> Germany declares war on -> Germany declares war on neutral Belgium. neutral Belgium.Belgium had not been Belgium had not been interested in war, and had been interested in war, and had been neutral (not choosing a side) for neutral (not choosing a side) for a very long time. a very long time. -> Belgium neutrality had been-> Belgium neutrality had been guaranteed guaranteed by Britain andby Britain and France, during a secret France, during a secret alliance. alliance. When Germany declares war on When Germany declares war on Belgium, France and Britain have Belgium, France and Britain have to intervene.to intervene.August 4, 1914: Britain and August 4, 1914: Britain and France declare war on Germany. France declare war on Germany. World War 1 has officially begun. World War 1 has officially begun.

Why War?Why War?-> Most people in Europe, and in European colonies, -> Most people in Europe, and in European colonies, werewere excited excited about the war.about the war.There had been so many internal issues, that the There had been so many internal issues, that the pressure was unbearable.pressure was unbearable.War gave people something to do, gave them a team to War gave people something to do, gave them a team to cheer for. cheer for. -> However, no one realized:-> However, no one realized:

-> How long the war was -> How long the war was going to be. It lasted going to be. It lasted 5 years.5 years.-> How many countries -> How many countries would get involved.would get involved.-> How many people -> How many people would die.would die.

-> People thought the war-> People thought the war would be over by would be over by Christmas – that it Christmas – that it would be an easy would be an easy victory for their side. victory for their side.

Why War?Why War? However – the sides were very evenly However – the sides were very evenly

matched when it came to technology, matched when it came to technology, and the war lasted much longer than and the war lasted much longer than anyone thought.anyone thought.

Still, people were excited about the war Still, people were excited about the war – they wanted to support their country. – they wanted to support their country.

This is This is Nationalism Nationalism on the rise. on the rise. Everyone believed that their country was Everyone believed that their country was right, and that they had a good reason right, and that they had a good reason to be fighting.to be fighting.

->Parents would bring their teenaged sons ->Parents would bring their teenaged sons down to the recruiting offices. They down to the recruiting offices. They would lie about their kids’ ages, and would lie about their kids’ ages, and send 15 and 16 year olds to the front. send 15 and 16 year olds to the front.

-> These kids were excited – everyone-> These kids were excited – everyone who was anyone was joining in to defend their country who was anyone was joining in to defend their country andand protect what they believed was right. protect what they believed was right.

Again, everyone thought it would be a quick war – over in Again, everyone thought it would be a quick war – over in months, with few casualties. No one knew it would last for months, with few casualties. No one knew it would last for years. years.

Germany’s PlanGermany’s Plan-> Von Schlieffen Plan-> Von Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s plan to win.: Germany’s plan to win.-> Germany realized that, because it had declared war -> Germany realized that, because it had declared war on Russia, it was going to have to fight a war on two on Russia, it was going to have to fight a war on two fronts.fronts.-> Front 1: Eastern Front-> Front 1: Eastern Front

Germany vs. RussiaGermany vs. Russia Germany wants a chance for Russian land, and has used the Germany wants a chance for Russian land, and has used the

Balkans Blank Check as a chance to declare war. Balkans Blank Check as a chance to declare war.

-> Front 2: Western Front-> Front 2: Western Front Because of all of the secret alliances, Germany realized that Because of all of the secret alliances, Germany realized that

declaring war on Russia would mean declaring war on its declaring war on Russia would mean declaring war on its allies – France and Britain. allies – France and Britain.

Germany wanted to attack France before it had a chance to Germany wanted to attack France before it had a chance to attack Germany. attack Germany.

So Germany invaded Belgium (neutral) on the way to France. So Germany invaded Belgium (neutral) on the way to France. The goal was to invade France, take it over, and make sure The goal was to invade France, take it over, and make sure

that Britain had no safe place to land in Europe. that Britain had no safe place to land in Europe. After taking care of the Western front, Germany After taking care of the Western front, Germany planned to finish taking land from Russia. planned to finish taking land from Russia.

Von Schlieffen PlanVon Schlieffen Plan-> The -> The Von Schlieffen Plan: Von Schlieffen Plan: Germany wouldGermany would march through Belgium, and take France. march through Belgium, and take France. ThisThis would remove France from the war, and would remove France from the war, and wouldwould leave Britain with nowhere to land their leave Britain with nowhere to land their troops. troops. The Kaiser thought it would take about 6 The Kaiser thought it would take about 6 weeks for Russia to mobilize its troops. If weeks for Russia to mobilize its troops. If Germany could take Paris before those 6 Germany could take Paris before those 6 weeks were up, Germany could avoid fighting weeks were up, Germany could avoid fighting on two fronts, and just focus on Russia. on two fronts, and just focus on Russia. ->They were close – it did take Russia 6 weeks ->They were close – it did take Russia 6 weeks to get its army organized, however, Germany to get its army organized, however, Germany was not able to conquer Paris. was not able to conquer Paris. This left a war on two fronts – exactly what This left a war on two fronts – exactly what Germany wanted to avoid. Germany wanted to avoid.

Von Schlieffen PlanVon Schlieffen Plan-> Germany attacked France on two fronts – North and -> Germany attacked France on two fronts – North and South.South.-> The Northern Army would come around Paris and -> The Northern Army would come around Paris and surroundsurround it, attacking from the West (where they would not be it, attacking from the West (where they would not be expecting to be attacked). expecting to be attacked).-> The Southern Army would take the rest of France.-> The Southern Army would take the rest of France.The Northern Army got within 12 miles of Paris, but could The Northern Army got within 12 miles of Paris, but could move no further. move no further. -> The German army was-> The German army was out of supplies - they out of supplies - they couldn’t afford to push couldn’t afford to push forward. forward.-> Instead, they dug in:-> Instead, they dug in: digging trenches to digging trenches to protect themselves protect themselves from the other army. from the other army.-> The French army did-> The French army did the same, about 30 the same, about 30 yards away. yards away. -> This became the -> This became the Western Front. Western Front.

Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne When Germany moved through France, at first it looked like When Germany moved through France, at first it looked like

they were going to win, and take Paris.they were going to win, and take Paris. However, they suffered one major defeat, which stopped However, they suffered one major defeat, which stopped

the advance. the advance. -> This is the -> This is the Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne. (Also known as the . (Also known as the

MiracleMiracle of the Marne). of the Marne).

-> Date: September 5-12 1914-> Date: September 5-12 1914 Germany advanced on France, and went to take Paris, Germany advanced on France, and went to take Paris,

planning to attack from the opposite side. planning to attack from the opposite side. French troops advanced, but the German armies enveloped French troops advanced, but the German armies enveloped

the troops and continued towards Paris.the troops and continued towards Paris.-> However, there was one minor flaw. One German regiment-> However, there was one minor flaw. One German regiment

(the First Army) turned quickly to move on Paris. This left (the First Army) turned quickly to move on Paris. This left aa significant gap (30 miles wide) between the armies. significant gap (30 miles wide) between the armies.

-> Allied scouts, in fighter planes, noticed the gap.-> Allied scouts, in fighter planes, noticed the gap.-> French and British troops were able to rush in and break -> French and British troops were able to rush in and break

thethe Germany army apart. Germany army apart.

Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne-> The Allies saw their chance to break up the German -> The Allies saw their chance to break up the German armies.armies. French troops mobilized instantly. French troops mobilized instantly.-> The French army mobilized so quickly that there were -> The French army mobilized so quickly that there were notnot enough trucks to transport them all to the front. Instead, enough trucks to transport them all to the front. Instead, 6,000 troops hopped into 600 taxis and the taxis drove 6,000 troops hopped into 600 taxis and the taxis drove themthem to the Marne. to the Marne. These taxis, and theirThese taxis, and theirdrivers became a drivers became a symbol for Frenchsymbol for Frenchnationalism and Frenchnationalism and Frenchpatriotism. patriotism. -> By September 9, it-> By September 9, it looked like Germany looked like Germany was going to lose. French was going to lose. French troops had surrounded troops had surrounded the German army, and the German army, and they could not go any they could not go any further. further.

Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne-> This retreat was the end of the Von Schlieffen plan – it -> This retreat was the end of the Von Schlieffen plan – it hadhad failed. The German armies had not taken Paris. failed. The German armies had not taken Paris.They ended up retreating almost 40 miles. The German They ended up retreating almost 40 miles. The German army outpaced the Allies, and dug in: forming trenches that army outpaced the Allies, and dug in: forming trenches that they would hold for the next four years. they would hold for the next four years. -> One of the German Generals wrote a letter to Kaiser -> One of the German Generals wrote a letter to Kaiser WilhelmWilhelm II, saying: “Your Majesty, we have lost the war.” II, saying: “Your Majesty, we have lost the war.”The Allied troops (French The Allied troops (French and British) dug in about and British) dug in about 30 yards30 yardsaway. away. -> These trenches moved no-> These trenches moved no more than 30 yards over more than 30 yards over the course of the next four the course of the next four years. years.-> This led to a stalemate – -> This led to a stalemate – there was fighting, but there was fighting, but virtually no more major virtually no more major battles for years. battles for years.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare-> The Western Front ended up being two long trenches -> The Western Front ended up being two long trenches – one– one filled with Germans and their allies (Central Powers) filled with Germans and their allies (Central Powers) one filledone filled with French and their allies (Allies). with French and their allies (Allies).Trench Warfare was slightly different down the line. Trench Warfare was slightly different down the line. Some trenches were very narrow, some wider, and Some trenches were very narrow, some wider, and “nicer”. “nicer”. Daily life was dirty and boring. Most soldiers didn’t dare Daily life was dirty and boring. Most soldiers didn’t dare attack the enemy until nightfall.attack the enemy until nightfall.Rise in technology madeRise in technology madethe trenches deadly.the trenches deadly.Snipers picked off peopleSnipers picked off peoplewho looked over the edgewho looked over the edgeof the trench.of the trench.Explosive shells could Explosive shells could collapse whole trenches –collapse whole trenches –leaving the enemy leaving the enemy exposed or buried alive.exposed or buried alive.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Other daily problems included rats – which could grow to Other daily problems included rats – which could grow to

the size of a cat – flooding, lice, disease, and poor hygiene.the size of a cat – flooding, lice, disease, and poor hygiene.-> While in the trenches, you did not spend the whole time -> While in the trenches, you did not spend the whole time

onon the ‘front line’. People were rotated to different parts of the ‘front line’. People were rotated to different parts of thethe trenches. trenches.

This rotation helped with some This rotation helped with some of the boredom, and also of the boredom, and also meant that those on the meant that those on the front line got some rest.front line got some rest.

An example: You might spend An example: You might spend 70 days in the front line, 30 70 days in the front line, 30 days in nearby support days in nearby support trenches, 120 in reserve trenches, 120 in reserve (further away, but still (further away, but still entrenched). entrenched).

If you got any leave at all, it If you got any leave at all, it was maximum, 2 weeks.was maximum, 2 weeks.

->Most got no leave. Many stayed ->Most got no leave. Many stayed on the front for 4 years. on the front for 4 years.

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace-> At the beginning of the war, everyone had said “it will -> At the beginning of the war, everyone had said “it will

bebe over by Christmas”. over by Christmas”. However, on December 25However, on December 25thth, 1914, people were still in , 1914, people were still in the trenches. the trenches. They were depressed, and homesick. They were depressed, and homesick. On the German side, someoneOn the German side, someonestarted singing. started singing. On the other side, the Allies joinedOn the other side, the Allies joinedin. The sides took turns sharing in. The sides took turns sharing carols with each other. carols with each other. Both sides were lacking in supplies, Both sides were lacking in supplies, and so both helped each other.and so both helped each other.The British gave sandbags to the The British gave sandbags to the Germans, so that they couldGermans, so that they couldreinforce their trenches. Thereinforce their trenches. TheGermans shared barbed wire Germans shared barbed wire with the British/French. with the British/French.

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace ““[The Germans] finished their carol and we [The Germans] finished their carol and we

thought that we ought to retaliate in some way, thought that we ought to retaliate in some way, so we sang ‘The first Noël’, and when we finished so we sang ‘The first Noël’, and when we finished that they all began clapping; and then they struck that they all began clapping; and then they struck up another favourite of theirs, ‘O Tannenbaum’. up another favourite of theirs, ‘O Tannenbaum’. And so it went on. First the Germans would sing And so it went on. First the Germans would sing one of their carols and then we would sing one of one of their carols and then we would sing one of ours, until when we started up ‘O Come All Ye ours, until when we started up ‘O Come All Ye Faithful’ the Germans immediately joined in Faithful’ the Germans immediately joined in singing the same hymn to the Latin words ‘Adeste singing the same hymn to the Latin words ‘Adeste Fidéles’. And I thought, well, this was really a Fidéles’. And I thought, well, this was really a most extraordinary thing – two nations both most extraordinary thing – two nations both singing the same carol in the middle of a war” singing the same carol in the middle of a war”

A British Soldier’s account of the Christmas A British Soldier’s account of the Christmas Peace, from: The Great War: And the Shaping of Peace, from: The Great War: And the Shaping of the 20th Century (New York: Penguin Books, the 20th Century (New York: Penguin Books, 1996)1996)

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace Both sides had also been given “bonuses” by their Both sides had also been given “bonuses” by their

respective government. The British had been given respective government. The British had been given “Princess Mary Boxes”, which included“Princess Mary Boxes”, which includedcookies and other cookies and other sweets. The Germans sweets. The Germans received tobacco and received tobacco and cigars from the Kaiser. cigars from the Kaiser.

Both sides shared the Both sides shared the wealth, bringing gifts wealth, bringing gifts one another to show one another to show that, just for the that, just for the holiday season, they holiday season, they were not going to be were not going to be aggressive.aggressive.

At one place in the At one place in the front, a British soldier front, a British soldier had a soccer ball. He had a soccer ball. He broke it out, and the broke it out, and the two sides formed twotwo sides formed twosoccer teams. soccer teams.

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace During the Christmas Peace (aka Christmas Truce), During the Christmas Peace (aka Christmas Truce),

both sides agreed on rules to follow for the rest of the both sides agreed on rules to follow for the rest of the war.war.

1. No shooting anyone using the latrines.1. No shooting anyone using the latrines.2. Cease fires after skirmishes, so that the dead can be 2. Cease fires after skirmishes, so that the dead can be

buried.buried.3. Aiming high. 3. Aiming high. The third point isThe third point is

especially import-especially import-ant. It was hardant. It was hardto aim to kill to aim to kill someone that yousomeone that youknew.knew.

Both sides still hadBoth sides still hadto fire on the to fire on the other, but they other, but they agreed to aim agreed to aim high, to avoidhigh, to avoidfatalities. fatalities.

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace

The Christmas The Christmas PeacePeace In some areas, the Christmas Peace only lasted until the In some areas, the Christmas Peace only lasted until the

day after Christmas (Boxing Day). In other areas day after Christmas (Boxing Day). In other areas (reserve trenches), the peace lasted through March.(reserve trenches), the peace lasted through March.

The Generals didn’t like this – there needed to be some The Generals didn’t like this – there needed to be some sort of progress, even if it was gaining 30 yards. sort of progress, even if it was gaining 30 yards.

Some threatened to shoot their own troops if they didn’t Some threatened to shoot their own troops if they didn’t go up and over the trench wall and try to take the go up and over the trench wall and try to take the enemy trench.enemy trench.

However, what was ultimately done was to rotate the However, what was ultimately done was to rotate the troops.troops.

Now, with the troops rotated, both sides now see the Now, with the troops rotated, both sides now see the other side as “the enemy”, instead of “that guy I played other side as “the enemy”, instead of “that guy I played soccer with”. soccer with”.

In all areas, the war started to resume – artillery barges In all areas, the war started to resume – artillery barges were fired, shells were dropped, people were sniped.were fired, shells were dropped, people were sniped.

However, almost everywhere along the Front, people However, almost everywhere along the Front, people followed the Christmas Peace rules. followed the Christmas Peace rules.

TechnologyTechnology Technology was advancing as the war progressed. Technology was advancing as the war progressed.

Each side though that their new weapons would make Each side though that their new weapons would make a difference and win the war.a difference and win the war.

Germans began using zeppelins to bomb major allied Germans began using zeppelins to bomb major allied cities.cities.

This represents the first time that civilian cities had This represents the first time that civilian cities had been attacked during war. been attacked during war.

-> Both sides began using airplanes for warfare as well.-> Both sides began using airplanes for warfare as well. This was new technology, and very dangerous. This was new technology, and very dangerous. At first, pilots would fire pistols at one another, or try to At first, pilots would fire pistols at one another, or try to

throw grenades.throw grenades. However, soon, pilots mounted machine guns on their However, soon, pilots mounted machine guns on their

planes.planes. The first machine guns on airplanes didn’t quite work, The first machine guns on airplanes didn’t quite work,

and the British pilot crashed behind enemy lines.and the British pilot crashed behind enemy lines. When German and Austrian engineers found the plane, When German and Austrian engineers found the plane,

they perfected the technology – timing the machine gun they perfected the technology – timing the machine gun to fire to fire through through the moving propeller. the moving propeller.

TechnologyTechnology Also invented by theAlso invented by the

Germans was theGermans was theflamethrower.flamethrower.

British invented theBritish invented thearmored tank.armored tank.

-> It was Germans, -> It was Germans, however, who firsthowever, who firststarted using poisonstarted using poisongas.gas.

Prior to WWI, there had been a meeting called the Prior to WWI, there had been a meeting called the Hague Convention Hague Convention – which stated what types of – which stated what types of warfare were considered inhumane.warfare were considered inhumane.

Poison gas was in direct violation of the Hague Poison gas was in direct violation of the Hague Convention, but the Germans were desperate.Convention, but the Germans were desperate.

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres-> The German army first used chlorine gas during the -> The German army first used chlorine gas during the

Second battle of Ypres.Second battle of Ypres.The The FirstFirst Battle of Ypres was when Germany took over Battle of Ypres was when Germany took over Belgium. Ypres is a major town in Belgium, and having Belgium. Ypres is a major town in Belgium, and having control of it was a huge advantage. control of it was a huge advantage. In Spring of 1915, the Second In Spring of 1915, the Second Battle of Ypres began.Battle of Ypres began.

Central Powers:Central Powers: GermanyGermany

Allies/Triple Entente:Allies/Triple Entente: BritainBritain CanadaCanada British IndiaBritish India France/French AfricaFrance/French Africa

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres In September 1914, Canada had joined the war – In September 1914, Canada had joined the war –

joining the Allied powers, and providing joining the Allied powers, and providing needed reinforcements.needed reinforcements.

The Second Battle of Ypres The Second Battle of Ypres (April, 1915) was the first (April, 1915) was the first time Canadian troops time Canadian troops had fought in Europe. had fought in Europe.

The battlefield was quiet whenThe battlefield was quiet whenthe Canadians arrived. They the Canadians arrived. They were immediately moved towere immediately moved tothe very front lines. the very front lines.

To the left of the CanadiansTo the left of the Canadianswere Moroccan and Algerian were Moroccan and Algerian troops, from French colonies troops, from French colonies in Africa.in Africa.

To the right of the CanadiansTo the right of the Canadianswere British troops. were British troops.

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres One morning, the Germans set canisters of chlorine One morning, the Germans set canisters of chlorine

gas in front of their own trenches, allowing the wind to gas in front of their own trenches, allowing the wind to blow the gas toward the enemy troops. blow the gas toward the enemy troops.

“…From the German trenches in front of the French line rose that strange green cloud of death. The light north-

easterly breeze wafted it toward them, and in a moment death had them by the throat. One cannot blame them that they broke and fled. In the gathering dark of that

awful night they fought with the terror, running blindly in the gas-cloud, and dropping … and the slow poison of

suffocation mantling their dark faces. Hundreds of them fell and died; others lay helpless, froth upon their agonized

lips and their racked bodies powerfully sick, with tearing nausea at short intervals. They too would die later – a slow and lingering death of agony unspeakable. The whole air was tainted with the acrid smell of chlorine that caught at the back of men's throats and filled their mouths with its

metallic taste…”

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres The gas rolled right toward the Moroccan and Algerian The gas rolled right toward the Moroccan and Algerian

troops. They fell back, receiving the full brunt of the gas troops. They fell back, receiving the full brunt of the gas attack.attack.

-> Chlorine gas was extremely effective when it came to -> Chlorine gas was extremely effective when it came to these kind of attacks. these kind of attacks.

-> It is heavier than air, but will be pushed by wind, so it -> It is heavier than air, but will be pushed by wind, so it tends to sink, especially into trenches, and into other tends to sink, especially into trenches, and into other divots where the enemy troops might be taking cover. divots where the enemy troops might be taking cover.

The Moroccan and Algerian troops were forced to The Moroccan and Algerian troops were forced to abandon their trench, and retreat, or else be poisoned abandon their trench, and retreat, or else be poisoned by the gas.by the gas.

Poison Gas During WWIChlorine Gas - Greenish yellow gas, that has a chemical reaction

with water. Causes vomiting, burning in eyes, nose, mouth, lungs, watering of the eyes. In severe cases, causes loss of consciousness,

suffocation, and death. Phosgene - Colorless, odorless, gas. Highly poisonous. Replaces oxygen in the cells, which causes unconsciousness and death. Mustard Gas – A yellow gas with a mustard smell. Causes blistering and sores on any exposed tissue. The most used gas during the war.

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres With the French African (Moroccan, Algerian) troops With the French African (Moroccan, Algerian) troops

incapacitated, the Canadians had to fill in the gap.incapacitated, the Canadians had to fill in the gap. The Canadian soldiers manages to move in, and The Canadian soldiers manages to move in, and

prevent the Germans from advancing.prevent the Germans from advancing. Canadians also were ordered to take Kitchener’s Canadians also were ordered to take Kitchener’s

Wood (a tactical vantage point that had been taken Wood (a tactical vantage point that had been taken over by the Germans). over by the Germans).

By April 23By April 23rdrd, the Canadians had taken the Wood, held , the Canadians had taken the Wood, held the line, and prevented the Germans from advancing. the line, and prevented the Germans from advancing.

This was hugely successful for the Allies. This was hugely successful for the Allies. Though they gained very little ground, it was a moral Though they gained very little ground, it was a moral

victory.victory. This was also the first time that a “colonial” power This was also the first time that a “colonial” power

(the Canadians) proved that they could hold their own (the Canadians) proved that they could hold their own in a European battle. in a European battle.

Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres With the French African (Moroccan, Algerian) troops With the French African (Moroccan, Algerian) troops

incapacitated, the Canadians had to fill in the gap.incapacitated, the Canadians had to fill in the gap. The Canadian soldiers manages to move in, and The Canadian soldiers manages to move in, and

prevent the Germans from advancing.prevent the Germans from advancing. Canadians also were ordered to take Kitchener’s Wood Canadians also were ordered to take Kitchener’s Wood

(a tactical vantage point that had been taken over by (a tactical vantage point that had been taken over by the Germans). the Germans).

By April 23By April 23rdrd, the Canadians had taken the Wood, held , the Canadians had taken the Wood, held the line, and prevented the Germans from advancing. the line, and prevented the Germans from advancing.

This was hugely successful for the Allies. This was hugely successful for the Allies. Though they gained very little ground, it was a moral Though they gained very little ground, it was a moral

victory.victory. This was also the first time that a “colonial” power (the This was also the first time that a “colonial” power (the

Canadians) proved that they could hold their own in a Canadians) proved that they could hold their own in a European battle. European battle.

From this point on, the other Allied troops were thrilled From this point on, the other Allied troops were thrilled when they heard they were getting Canadian support. when they heard they were getting Canadian support.

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme-> The -> The Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme was the bloodiest battle in was the bloodiest battle in WWI…WWI…

It is also one of the bloodiest battles in It is also one of the bloodiest battles in history.history.

-> It began on July 1, 1916, and lasted for -> It began on July 1, 1916, and lasted for five months. five months.

-> It was an Allied offensive – the goal was to really push -> It was an Allied offensive – the goal was to really push forward, and force German troops out of France, once and for forward, and force German troops out of France, once and for all.all.By the end of the five By the end of the five month battle, the month battle, the British and their allies British and their allies gained six miles of gained six miles of land.land. They took no They took no strategic positions. strategic positions. They won no towns. They won no towns. They failed in every They failed in every objective.objective.

-> They also lost half a -> They also lost half a million people. million people.

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme The sides:The sides:

Central PowersCentral Powers GermanyGermany

AlliesAllies BritainBritain FranceFrance AustraliaAustralia New ZealandNew Zealand CanadaCanada South AfricaSouth Africa

By this point in the war, By this point in the war, it is really becoming a it is really becoming a global conflict.global conflict.

This is caused by This is caused by alliances, andalliances, andwanting to supportwanting to supportformer colonizers.former colonizers.

-For a week before the battle began, the Allied forces bombed the German trench, hoping to cause enough damage that they

could move across the no mans land. - British soldiers also tunneled under the

German trench, and planted bombs.- When they set off the bombs, however,

the Germans were not hurt, and just occupied the new crater.

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme-> The Allied troops advanced across No Man’s Land, -> The Allied troops advanced across No Man’s Land, and were decimated. and were decimated. -> Their initial artillery barge had done nothing. The -> Their initial artillery barge had done nothing. The German troops were fully functional, and used machine German troops were fully functional, and used machine guns and shells to mow down any person in No Man’s guns and shells to mow down any person in No Man’s Land.Land.This made it impossible to gain any ground, to send This made it impossible to gain any ground, to send reinforcements into the reinforcements into the field, or to send field, or to send reconnaissance – reconnaissance – everyone who set foot everyone who set foot in the field was in the field was attacked. attacked. -> In the first day alone, -> In the first day alone, the Allies lost 60,000 the Allies lost 60,000 men.men.

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme-> There was virtually no gain during the 5 month -> There was virtually no gain during the 5 month battle.battle.The British/French and Allied troops continued to The British/French and Allied troops continued to advance, and were shot down again and again.advance, and were shot down again and again.-> The British side also had a strange mix of technology. -> The British side also had a strange mix of technology. The Battle of the Somme was the debut of the tank, but The Battle of the Somme was the debut of the tank, but the British also had cavalry ready to go. the British also had cavalry ready to go. At the end of the battle,At the end of the battle,the British gained the British gained virtually nothing. virtually nothing. -> It turned out that the-> It turned out that theCentral Powers sideCentral Powers sidehad an advantage allhad an advantage allalong – they could seealong – they could seethe whole battlefield, the whole battlefield, the whole no mansthe whole no mansland. land.

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme Gains: The Allies gained 6 miles of land.Gains: The Allies gained 6 miles of land. Losses:Losses:

British: 420,000 dead (60,000 on the first day)British: 420,000 dead (60,000 on the first day) French: 200,000 deadFrench: 200,000 dead German: 500,000 deadGerman: 500,000 dead

[On the barbed wire], hundreds of dead were strung out like wreckage washed up to a high water-mark. Quite as many died on the enemy wire as on the ground, like fish caught in the net. They

hung there in grotesque postures. Some looked as if they were praying; they had died on their knees and the

wire had prevented their fall. Machine gun fire had done its

terrible work.

The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front While the Western Front was in stalemate – with While the Western Front was in stalemate – with

hundreds of thousands of troops entrenched along the hundreds of thousands of troops entrenched along the line, the war raged on the Eastern Front.line, the war raged on the Eastern Front.

-> The Eastern Front was where Germany was -> The Eastern Front was where Germany was attempting to push into Russia. attempting to push into Russia.

-> Unlike the Western Front, at first there seemed to be -> Unlike the Western Front, at first there seemed to be progress on the Eastern Front.progress on the Eastern Front.

In 1914, Germany In 1914, Germany planned to push into planned to push into Russian territory andRussian territory andto claim land. to claim land.

This was Germany’s This was Germany’s original goal - the original goal - the Eastern Front was Eastern Front was the one that they the one that they actually wanted to actually wanted to fight.fight.

The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front While Germany was occupied at the Battle of the Marne (in While Germany was occupied at the Battle of the Marne (in

France), Russian troops were mobilizing.France), Russian troops were mobilizing.

-> The Russian army began an offensive – pushing into -> The Russian army began an offensive – pushing into Austria and German territory, to keep them from attacking.Austria and German territory, to keep them from attacking.

-> This (in tandem with the French/British troops’ success at -> This (in tandem with the French/British troops’ success at the Marne) forced Germany to fight a war on two fronts. the Marne) forced Germany to fight a war on two fronts.

Russian forces invaded German controlled Poland.Russian forces invaded German controlled Poland.

-> However, at the -> However, at the Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Tannenberg (August 1914), (August 1914), the Russian troops were stopped short. the Russian troops were stopped short.

-> Over the next few years, Russia tried to push into German -> Over the next few years, Russia tried to push into German territory, and to mount an offensive.territory, and to mount an offensive.

However, Russia was unable to move the German line. However, Russia was unable to move the German line.

-> By mid 1915, Russian troops had been pushed back into -> By mid 1915, Russian troops had been pushed back into their own territory, and Germany was starting to take their own territory, and Germany was starting to take Russian land.Russian land.

Problems in RussiaProblems in Russia Russia was under a huge amount of internal stress. Russia was under a huge amount of internal stress. Russia was divided into a very large lower class, and a Russia was divided into a very large lower class, and a

small elite upper class.small elite upper class. It was the upper class (Tzar Nicholas II and the It was the upper class (Tzar Nicholas II and the

Commander-in-Chief of the army – the Tzar’s cousin, Commander-in-Chief of the army – the Tzar’s cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas) who controlled the country’s Grand Duke Nicholas) who controlled the country’s government. government.

Though people like Tzar Nicholas and Grand Duke Though people like Tzar Nicholas and Grand Duke Nicholas ran the army, it was the large lower class Nicholas ran the army, it was the large lower class that made up the bulk of the troops. that made up the bulk of the troops.

These peasants were poor and ill-equipped. There was These peasants were poor and ill-equipped. There was a huge gap in the population – economically and a huge gap in the population – economically and socially. socially.

Do these conditions remind you of anything we have learned about already?

What events had similar triggers?What do you think will happen in Russia?

The The Russian Russian RevolutiRevoluti

onon

February RevolutionFebruary Revolution Russia underwent two revolutions – one in February Russia underwent two revolutions – one in February

and one in October. and one in October. February, 1917: Tzar Nicholas II leaves Petrograd February, 1917: Tzar Nicholas II leaves Petrograd

(now St. Petersburg) to visit troops on the front line.(now St. Petersburg) to visit troops on the front line. People in Russia were unhappy. People in Russia were unhappy.

They were poor, and hungryThey were poor, and hungry Russia seemed to be losing the war against Germany – Russia Russia seemed to be losing the war against Germany – Russia

was losing land. was losing land. People begin protesting and going on strike, trying to start People begin protesting and going on strike, trying to start

social change, and get the Tzar to realize that something was social change, and get the Tzar to realize that something was wrong with the country. wrong with the country.

February 26: Palace guards fire on unarmed people February 26: Palace guards fire on unarmed people protesting around the palace. protesting around the palace.

February 27: 80,000 troops mutiny and go on strike. February 27: 80,000 troops mutiny and go on strike. They feel that they are fighting a pointless war. They feel that they are fighting a pointless war.

February RevolutionFebruary Revolution Tzar Nicholas II returns to find the country in rebellion.Tzar Nicholas II returns to find the country in rebellion. Workers, peasants, even soldiers are rebelling against Workers, peasants, even soldiers are rebelling against

what they believe is an unfair government and a what they believe is an unfair government and a pointless war. pointless war.

A temporary government is set up. A temporary government is set up.

Tzar Nicholas IIMost people did not hate

the Tzar. They thought that he was receiving bad information from his

advisers. Their protest at the palace was to try to tell

the Tzar that they supported him, but not his

government.

The RomanovsThe Romanovs Nicholas II was the last Tzar of Russia. Nicholas II was the last Tzar of Russia.

Tzar can also be spelled “Tsar”, “Czar”, and “Csar”, as well as Tzar can also be spelled “Tsar”, “Czar”, and “Csar”, as well as many others. It is translated from the Cyrillic alphabet.many others. It is translated from the Cyrillic alphabet.

Nicholas and his wife, Alexandra, were facing stresses Nicholas and his wife, Alexandra, were facing stresses at home. Specifically the health of their only son.at home. Specifically the health of their only son.

Alexy, the Tzarvitch (heir to the Alexy, the Tzarvitch (heir to the throne) had hemophilia.throne) had hemophilia.

This mean that Alexy was This mean that Alexy was constantly sick, and was in danger constantly sick, and was in danger of serious illness from even the of serious illness from even the smallest injury.smallest injury.

Alexandra hired someone who sheAlexandra hired someone who shethought was a holy man, who she thought was a holy man, who she thought could heal Alexy. thought could heal Alexy.

This “holy man” was Rasputin. This “holy man” was Rasputin.

The RomanovsThe Romanovs Nicholas was an Absolute Monarch – he was very Nicholas was an Absolute Monarch – he was very

distant from the average citizen of Russia. distant from the average citizen of Russia. Most people loved Nicholas, but hated Rasputin (along Most people loved Nicholas, but hated Rasputin (along

with Nicholas’ other advisers), and thought that they with Nicholas’ other advisers), and thought that they were bad influences. were bad influences.

By March 2, By March 2, 1917, 1917, Nicholas Nicholas abdicates abdicates the throne.the throne.

February Revolution February Revolution Cont.Cont. Though communism seemed like a good idea to many Though communism seemed like a good idea to many

Bolsheviks (including later political leader, Joseph Bolsheviks (including later political leader, Joseph Stalin), people were worried.Stalin), people were worried.

The Bolsheviks feared that the Russian people would The Bolsheviks feared that the Russian people would not accept a pure communism.not accept a pure communism.

Instead, they set up a provisional – or temporary - Instead, they set up a provisional – or temporary - government, under government, under a President.a President.

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Kerensky became Presidentbecame Presidentof Russia. of Russia.

Kerensky said that he Kerensky said that he would get Russia outwould get Russia outof the war. of the war.

America Joins the America Joins the WarWar In May, 1915, a ship was sunk off the coast of Great Britain. In May, 1915, a ship was sunk off the coast of Great Britain.

The The RMS Lusitania RMS Lusitania was a British ship, but was a passenger was a British ship, but was a passenger liner – it carried 128 American passengers too.liner – it carried 128 American passengers too.

When the ship was sunk, many people wanted America to When the ship was sunk, many people wanted America to join the war, however, Woodrow Wilson wanted to avoid join the war, however, Woodrow Wilson wanted to avoid war at all costs. war at all costs.

Wilson did persuade the Germans to stop unrestricted Wilson did persuade the Germans to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, at least for a while. submarine warfare, at least for a while.

This lasted until Wilson’s This lasted until Wilson’s re-election in 1917. At this re-election in 1917. At this point, the Germans said point, the Germans said that they could not afford that they could not afford not not to attack any ships in to attack any ships in British waters. British waters.

Unrestricted submarine Unrestricted submarine warfare continued. warfare continued.

America Joins the America Joins the WarWar January 1917: An American cruise ship company runs January 1917: An American cruise ship company runs

an ad for cross-Atlantic travel. The German embassy an ad for cross-Atlantic travel. The German embassy runs an ad on the opposite page, which said, “If you runs an ad on the opposite page, which said, “If you take this ship, you might be sunk!”take this ship, you might be sunk!”

Wilson though that Germany, Wilson though that Germany, by using their submarines, was by using their submarines, was restricting American trade, and restricting American trade, and interfering with their ability to interfering with their ability to trade with Europe. trade with Europe.

Wilson is starting to thinkWilson is starting to thinkthat war might be a betterthat war might be a betteridea. idea.

America Joins the America Joins the WarWar The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram

The second reason why America joined the war had to The second reason why America joined the war had to do with the Zimmerman Telegram.do with the Zimmerman Telegram.

This was (suposadly) a telegram from Robert This was (suposadly) a telegram from Robert Zimmerman – the German Foreign Minister – to Zimmerman – the German Foreign Minister – to Mexico.Mexico.

The telegram said that, if Mexico The telegram said that, if Mexico declared war on America, thendeclared war on America, thenGermany would support it.Germany would support it.

It also promised a return ofIt also promised a return offormer Mexican land – such asformer Mexican land – such asCalifornia, Arizona, and NewCalifornia, Arizona, and NewMexico.Mexico.

Most modern historians now Most modern historians now think that the Zimmerman think that the Zimmerman telegram might be a hoax. telegram might be a hoax.

America Joins the America Joins the WarWar At this point, enough was At this point, enough was

enough.enough. April 6, 1917: America officially April 6, 1917: America officially

joins WWI – siding with the joins WWI – siding with the allies. allies.

Russia – October Russia – October RevolutionRevolution Though Alexander Kerensky (now President of Though Alexander Kerensky (now President of

Russia) had promised an end to the war, instead Russia) had promised an end to the war, instead he launched a new offensive against Germany.he launched a new offensive against Germany.

This made the Russian people angry – they had This made the Russian people angry – they had decided he could lead the country on the promise decided he could lead the country on the promise that the fighting would stop. that the fighting would stop.

In April, 1917, Lenin returned from his exile, In April, 1917, Lenin returned from his exile, finding a country in turmoil. He immediately finding a country in turmoil. He immediately received support from the Bolsheviks, former received support from the Bolsheviks, former soldiers, and the average person. Even political soldiers, and the average person. Even political leader Joseph Stalin supported Lenin. leader Joseph Stalin supported Lenin.

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Vladimir Lenin was a RussianVladimir Lenin was a Russian

political leader. political leader. He was the head of a group He was the head of a group

called the called the Bolsheviks. Bolsheviks. TheTheBolsheviks supported Bolsheviks supported communism.communism.

Lenin was forced into exile, Lenin was forced into exile, and had to leave the country.and had to leave the country.

However, Lenin saw that peopleHowever, Lenin saw that peoplewere unhappy with the war.were unhappy with the war.

Throughout the war, he hadThroughout the war, he hadbeen publishing communistbeen publishing communistpropaganda – pamphlets andpropaganda – pamphlets andarticles that were smuggledarticles that were smuggledinto Russia. into Russia.

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Lenin returned to Russia – smuggled in on a German train. Lenin returned to Russia – smuggled in on a German train. The train was sealed: Germans didn’t want Lenin getting The train was sealed: Germans didn’t want Lenin getting

outouthalfway through the trip and spreading communism to halfway through the trip and spreading communism to Germany, instead of Russia.Germany, instead of Russia.

The German army loved the idea of sending Lenin to The German army loved the idea of sending Lenin to Russia.Russia.

They figured that if Russia underwentThey figured that if Russia underwenta revolution, then it would no longera revolution, then it would no longerbe strong enough to fight in thebe strong enough to fight in theEastern Front. Eastern Front.

Lenin successfully landed in Russia, Lenin successfully landed in Russia, and with the help of his Bolshevikand with the help of his Bolsheviksupporters, overthrew thesupporters, overthrew thegovernment.government.

Nicholas II and his family were putNicholas II and his family were putunder house arrest. under house arrest.

End of RomanovsEnd of Romanovs For the past few months, Nicholas II and his family (wife, four For the past few months, Nicholas II and his family (wife, four

daughters, and one son), were placed under house arrest.daughters, and one son), were placed under house arrest. The house they stayed in was called, “The House of Special The house they stayed in was called, “The House of Special

Purpose.”Purpose.” After staying there for several months, one day, Bolshevik After staying there for several months, one day, Bolshevik

soldiers told the Romanovs to go to the house’s basement.soldiers told the Romanovs to go to the house’s basement. The Romanovs went to the basement, The Romanovs went to the basement,

where they were gunned down. where they were gunned down. Lenin and the Bolsheviks did not wantLenin and the Bolsheviks did not want

any competition in the government.any competition in the government. Though popular culture says that Though popular culture says that

one Romanov daughter (Anastasia) one Romanov daughter (Anastasia) may have survived, this is not true.may have survived, this is not true.

Imposters made money pretending Imposters made money pretending to be Anastasia, though, using to be Anastasia, though, using knowledge of the Romanov family knowledge of the Romanov family to con remaining family members.to con remaining family members.

Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-LitovskLitovsk Lenin immediately wanted to end the war. Lenin immediately wanted to end the war.

He contacted the German leaders, and said that Russia no He contacted the German leaders, and said that Russia no longer wanted to fight in the war. longer wanted to fight in the war.

They signed the They signed the Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk. . This said that Russia would give a large parcel of land to This said that Russia would give a large parcel of land to

the Germans, and in return, they would have peace. the Germans, and in return, they would have peace. This was the end of the Eastern Front.This was the end of the Eastern Front.

Now, Germany had what it wanted in the first place – a large

piece of Russian land. Germany now wanted to end the war in the

Western front as well.

Meanwhile, Lenin was searching through the Winter Palace – he

found several secret treaties that Nicholas II had made with other

countries, all talking about secret alliances, and who would join what

side. Lenin immediately published the treaties. Now everyone knew the

real reasons why they went to war: land disputes.

America’s ReactionAmerica’s Reaction Wilson saw the published treaties – including Wilson saw the published treaties – including

decisions as to what country would get what land decisions as to what country would get what land when the war was over.when the war was over.

One treaty especially bothered him – it said that if One treaty especially bothered him – it said that if Italy switched sides, it would get a chunk of Austrian Italy switched sides, it would get a chunk of Austrian territory. territory.

Wilson Wilson did notdid not appreciateappreciate the fact that he had not the fact that he had not been told about these treaties.been told about these treaties.

America had just joined the war. Now, though, they America had just joined the war. Now, though, they saw that the war had no good reason to be fought – it saw that the war had no good reason to be fought – it was about small bits of territory, and secret alliances. was about small bits of territory, and secret alliances.

Wilson though that America had been lied to by Wilson though that America had been lied to by France and Britain.France and Britain.

In response, Wilson wrote his 14 Points.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points Wilson came up with 14 Points.Wilson came up with 14 Points. These points outlined what Wilson though would be These points outlined what Wilson though would be

key to keeping a democratic peace.key to keeping a democratic peace. When Lenin published the secret treaties that When Lenin published the secret treaties that

Nicholas II had made, Wilson was shocked.Nicholas II had made, Wilson was shocked. He was bothered by all of the secret alliances. He was bothered by all of the secret alliances. Wilson thought that these alliances led to the war Wilson thought that these alliances led to the war

escalating so quickly. escalating so quickly. In his 14 Points, Wilson In his 14 Points, Wilson

wanted to ensure that, wanted to ensure that, from this point on,from this point on, everyone would be everyone would be aware of alliances and aware of alliances and treaties signed between treaties signed between countries.countries.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points Wilson first presented his 14 Points during a speech to Wilson first presented his 14 Points during a speech to

Congress. In plain English, they are…Congress. In plain English, they are…

1. No more secret agreements or alliances.2. Free navigation of all seas.

3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.4. All countries shall reduce the amount of weapons they

own.5. All decisions regarding colonies should be impartial.

6. The German army is to be removed from Russia. Russia is to be left alone to develop its own government.

7. Belgium is independent again.8. France is fully liberated – no German troops.

9. All Italians are allowed to live in Italy. Italy is recognized as a country.

10. Self-determination shall be allowed for people living in Austria-Hungary.

11. Self-determination is guaranteed for people of the Balkans.12. Turkey should be governed by Turks.

13. An independent Poland shall be created, with access to the sea.

14. A League of Nations shall be set up to guaranteed the political and territorial independence of all states.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points Perhaps the most important of Wilson’s Points are the Perhaps the most important of Wilson’s Points are the

ones that suggest fixing the problems that caused the ones that suggest fixing the problems that caused the war in the first place. war in the first place.

Wilson wanted an end to secret alliances – he figured Wilson wanted an end to secret alliances – he figured that if everyone knew what was on the table, then that if everyone knew what was on the table, then people would be less likely to go to war.people would be less likely to go to war.

Wilson also wanted Wilson also wanted self-determination self-determination – groups to be – groups to be able to form independent countries based on their able to form independent countries based on their ethnic group, language etc. It protects smaller countries ethnic group, language etc. It protects smaller countries from being invaded by larger, more powerful ones. from being invaded by larger, more powerful ones.

Poland is created as an independent country for the first Poland is created as an independent country for the first time. time. This This eliminates eliminates the whole reason why Germany went the whole reason why Germany went

to war in the first place. Neither Russia nor Germany to war in the first place. Neither Russia nor Germany gets the debated land – it is made into its own gets the debated land – it is made into its own country. country.

A A League of Nations League of Nations is established – this is the first is established – this is the first time that there has been any international group to time that there has been any international group to discuss international problems. It is the pre-cursor to the discuss international problems. It is the pre-cursor to the modern United Nations.modern United Nations.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points There were 4 main issues in Wilson’s 14 Points:There were 4 main issues in Wilson’s 14 Points:1.1. Arms Control:Arms Control: After the war, there will be no more After the war, there will be no more

arms races, and countries will reduce the amount of arms races, and countries will reduce the amount of weapons they have.weapons they have.

2.2. Open Diplomacy:Open Diplomacy: After the war, every country will After the war, every country will know what the others are doing. No more secret know what the others are doing. No more secret treaties.treaties.

3.3. End of Empires/Self-Determination:End of Empires/Self-Determination: No more No more empires or empire-building. Everyone who wants their empires or empire-building. Everyone who wants their independence should be given it.independence should be given it.

4.4. League of Nations:League of Nations: A League of Nations will be A League of Nations will be created to deal with international problems before a war created to deal with international problems before a war happens. happens.

The other leaders in Europe – France, Britain, etc. all The other leaders in Europe – France, Britain, etc. all liked Wilson’s points. liked Wilson’s points.

Ultimately, the points formed the basis of the eventual Ultimately, the points formed the basis of the eventual peace treaty between the Central Powers and the Allies. peace treaty between the Central Powers and the Allies.

End of the Western End of the Western FrontFront Once Germany realized that America was joining the war, Once Germany realized that America was joining the war,

things changed.things changed. The Germans were exhausted, and they were sick of The Germans were exhausted, and they were sick of

fighting.fighting. Thanks to Lenin, they had gotten land from Russia, which Thanks to Lenin, they had gotten land from Russia, which

was the original goal of going to war. was the original goal of going to war. They wanted to end the war on the Western Front before They wanted to end the war on the Western Front before

the American reinforcements the American reinforcements had time to make a had time to make a difference.difference.

By the Fall of 1918, By the Fall of 1918, Germany asked for an Germany asked for an armistice (a pause on the armistice (a pause on the war).war).

Fighting officially stopped at Fighting officially stopped at 11:00 AM,11:00 AM, November 11, November 11, 1918. 1918.

Paris Peace Paris Peace ConferenceConference There were four main players at the Paris Peace There were four main players at the Paris Peace

Conference:Conference: USA: Woodrow WilsonUSA: Woodrow Wilson Britain: David Lloyd GeorgeBritain: David Lloyd George France: George ClemenceauFrance: George Clemenceau Italy: Vittorio Orlando (dropped out halfway through the Italy: Vittorio Orlando (dropped out halfway through the

conference, not a part of final proceedings). conference, not a part of final proceedings). There were different points of view as to how peace There were different points of view as to how peace

should be reached.should be reached. Wilson wanted the countriesWilson wanted the countries

to use his 14 Points – to focusto use his 14 Points – to focuson open diplomacy, self-on open diplomacy, self-determination, and the determination, and the creation of a League ofcreation of a League ofNations.Nations.

Not everyone agreed withNot everyone agreed withWilson. Many wanted revenge. Wilson. Many wanted revenge.

Paris Peace Paris Peace ConferenceConference Clemenceau (France) said that they would not use the 14 Clemenceau (France) said that they would not use the 14

Points. Instead, they thought that Germany should be Points. Instead, they thought that Germany should be punished punished for “starting the war”. for “starting the war”.

The resulting peace treaty was very biased – in favor of The resulting peace treaty was very biased – in favor of the Allies and not fair toward the Central Powers. the Allies and not fair toward the Central Powers.

This lead to the This lead to the Treaty of Versailles. Treaty of Versailles.

The Treaty of Versailles: Major Points- Set up a few new countries, but did not embrace self-

determination. The Allies wanted to make sure that any countries created would be big enough to stand up to Germany.- Poland is created. Germany no longer even gets the land it

wanted in the first place.- The Rhineland is demilitarized (former Western Front). France

wanted a buffer between French territory and Germany.- France takes back land from Germany.

- Austria is made much smaller, and turned into many separate countries. It is extremely weakened.

- The War Guilt Clause

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause In order for peace to be official, Britain and France In order for peace to be official, Britain and France

insisted that Germany sign the insisted that Germany sign the War Guilt Clause War Guilt Clause of the of the Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles.

The War Guilt Clause essentially says this:The War Guilt Clause essentially says this: Germany, and Germany alone, is responsible for WWI. Germany, and Germany alone, is responsible for WWI.

The German representative was reluctant to sign it – The German representative was reluctant to sign it – many countries had been involved in the war, and many countries had been involved in the war, and escalated it. escalated it.

However, Britain and France threatened to invade However, Britain and France threatened to invade Germany, and eventually the clause was signed. Germany, and eventually the clause was signed.

The The War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause also said that Germany had to also said that Germany had to pay pay for the war, literally. France and Britain said that, to for the war, literally. France and Britain said that, to pay for loss of lives, land, and material, Germany had to pay for loss of lives, land, and material, Germany had to pay pay $33 billion dollars$33 billion dollars. .

It also said Germany couldn’t have a large army, or an It also said Germany couldn’t have a large army, or an air force, and had to destroy most of its weapons.air force, and had to destroy most of its weapons.

War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause Wilson though the War Guilt Clause was too much – Wilson though the War Guilt Clause was too much –

he said that, if Germany was forced to sign it, it he said that, if Germany was forced to sign it, it would cause so much bitterness that there would be would cause so much bitterness that there would be another World War within 20 years.another World War within 20 years.

Britain and France responded by saying that, after Britain and France responded by saying that, after owing so much money, and after losing their military owing so much money, and after losing their military (much smaller army, no air force, fewer weapons), (much smaller army, no air force, fewer weapons), Germany wouldn’t be a threat.Germany wouldn’t be a threat.

Money Issues: Not only was Germany expected to pay $33 billion to France and

Britain, France and Britain owed $32 billion to the United States.The US had supplied France and Britain with supplies, and with cash,

to help the war effort.Britain and France were relying on the war reparations from

Germany to pay back America.

PeacePeace An agreement of peace was reached in June of 1919.An agreement of peace was reached in June of 1919. The results:The results:

Britain and France agree to found a League of Nations.Britain and France agree to found a League of Nations. Even though it was Wilson’s idea, congress doesn’t agree, Even though it was Wilson’s idea, congress doesn’t agree,

and America does not join the League.and America does not join the League. America moves into a period of Isolationism – focusing on America moves into a period of Isolationism – focusing on

re-building the American economy, and leaving Europe to re-building the American economy, and leaving Europe to Europe.Europe.

The German economy is devastated – they did not win the The German economy is devastated – they did not win the land they wanted, and now owe $33 billion in war debt. land they wanted, and now owe $33 billion in war debt.

Troops are removed from France. The former Western Front Troops are removed from France. The former Western Front (Rhineland) is left as a buffer zone.(Rhineland) is left as a buffer zone.

Russia is led by Vladimir Lenin, and has become a Russia is led by Vladimir Lenin, and has become a Communist state. Communist state.

Communism beings to become popular in other countries – Communism beings to become popular in other countries – specifically in former British and French colonies in Asia. specifically in former British and French colonies in Asia.

Assignment: Do NowHow do you think these results may have led to later world

conflicts? Is there anything here that could be the seeds for another world

war?

Use the rest of the period to your Use the rest of the period to your advantage. advantage. 1. Work on completing 1. Work on completing make up work. make up work. Miss Begin has a list Miss Begin has a list

of missing assignments. of missing assignments. 2. Use the Review Packet, your notes, or the course textbook 2. Use the Review Packet, your notes, or the course textbook

to study for the midterm.to study for the midterm. Remember: the midterm is from the WHOLE COURSE so Remember: the midterm is from the WHOLE COURSE so

far. far. You need to know: Age of Enlightenment, Absolutism, You need to know: Age of Enlightenment, Absolutism,

French Revolution, The Terror, Napoleon/Napoleonic French Revolution, The Terror, Napoleon/Napoleonic Wars, Industrial Revolution, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Wars, Industrial Revolution, Nationalism, Imperialism, and WWI. WWI.

The Midterm will be 100 multiple choice questions (50 The Midterm will be 100 multiple choice questions (50 points total), 5 short answer questions (5 points each), points total), 5 short answer questions (5 points each), and 1 essay – 3-5 paragraphs, your choice of 3 topics (25 and 1 essay – 3-5 paragraphs, your choice of 3 topics (25 points total). points total).

3. Come up with any questions, areas of confusion, or issues 3. Come up with any questions, areas of confusion, or issues that you have with the material. Next class is a review that you have with the material. Next class is a review period – it will be your chance to ask these questions! period – it will be your chance to ask these questions!