Total Recall GRAMMAR

8/14/2019 Total Recall GRAMMAR

1/37

TOTAL RECALL[Grammar]


2/37

NOUN

A noun may be defined as the name of a person,place or thing.

e.g. Bipashais beautiful.


3/37

PRONOUN

A pronoun may be defined as a word used insteadof a noun. It helps us to avoid the repetition of

the noun.

e.g. Shilpa is a woman. Sheis beautiful.


4/37

ADJECTIVE

An adjective can be defined as a word whichqualifies a noun or adds something to its

meaning.

e.g. Himesh is agoodsinger.


5/37

VERB

A verb is a word which describes the action orcondition of the subject. It describes what the

subject is, what it does or what happens to it.

e.g. Ravan was killedby Ram.


6/37

ADVERB

The word which modifies the verb is calledadverb. It can also add something to the

meaning of an adjective or an adverb.

e.g. The boy spoke loudly.


7/37

PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word which generally comesbefore a noun or a pronoun to show its relation

to some other word in the sentence.

e.g. My computer is onthe table.


8/37

CONJUNCTION

A conjunction is a word which joins togetherwords, phrases or sentences.

e.g. Harshal gave me tea andbiscuits.


9/37

INTERJECTION

An interjection is a word which is used to expresssudden feelings or excitement.

e.g. Oh! I have lost my girlfriend.


10/37

NUMBER: SINGULAR & PLURAL

By adding s e.g. boy-boys By adding es [nouns that end in y, sh, ch, x or z]

e.g. gases, dishes, branches, topazes

When the noun ends in y and there is a consonantbefore y add ies e.g. cities, cries

When the final y has a vowel before it, the y isnot changed and only s is added to the noun. e.g.

keys, boys When the noun ends in o and there is a consonant

before o add es e.g. radios, studios


11/37

Nouns which end in f or fe add ves e.g. wives,

thieves

Nouns ending in ff, rf, oof, eef add s e.g. roofs,

beliefs

[Exception: caf-cafes, strife-strifes, staff-staffs or

staves, wharf-wharfs or wharves]

Few nouns form their plurals by changing their

internal vowels only: Irregular Plurals e.g. man-

men, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice

Add en e.g. child-children, ox-oxen


12/37

Compound nouns use plural of main word:

Brothers-in-law

Some compound nouns take double plurals e.g.Man-servant = Men Servants

Foreign Plurals e.g. larva-larvae, Fungus-Fungi,

Criterion-Criteria

Some nouns cannot be put into plural forms e.g.

Imagery, Machinery

Some nouns are always in plural forms e.g.Trousers, News, Pants

Same for in singular & plural e.g. Deer, Fish


13/37

GENDER

Masculine: man, king, lion Feminine:woman, queen, lioness

Common: teacher, child, servant

Neuter: chair, crowd, room


14/37

PRONOUNS

PERSONALFirst Person: I, We etc.

Second Person: You, Your, Yours etc.

Third Person: He, She, It etc.

REFLEXIVE

Myself, Himself, Herself, Ourselves, Themselves etc.

RECIPROCAL

Each other [for two], one another [more than two]


15/37

DEMONSTRATIVE

This, that, these, those

INTERROGATIVE

Who [persons], what [things], which [persons &

Things]

RELATIVE

Interrogative pronouns used in statements and

pronouns like that and but used in complexsentences

e.g. He is the man who saved a girl from drowning.


16/37

UNIVERSAL

Pronouns: each, all, every

Compounds: each one, everyone

PARTITIVE

Pronouns: Some, any, no

Compounds: something, anything, nothing

POSSESSIVE

Mine, his, hers etc.INDEFINITE

Refer to persons or things in general e.g. one

should be faithful to onescountry


17/37

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES OF NUMBER: Allmen are mortal.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: These grapes are sour.

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE: Whosehouse is that?

ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY: Amitabh is agoodactor.ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY: There is littlewater in the

well.


18/37

DEGREE

POSITIVE: Sandra is a clever girl.COMPARATIVE: Sandra is cleverer than Jessica.

SUPERLATIVE: Aditi is the most beautiful girl in

my class.


19/37

VERBS

Main Verb or Lexical Verb: This is the verb which can

make a meaningful sentence on its own.

e.g. Sweety readsbooks.

Helping Verb or Auxiliary Verb: This verb cannot

form a meaningful sentence on its own. But ithelps the main verb to get more meaning.

e.g. I canspeak English.


20/37

Transitive Verb: A verb which has an object

e.g. Ram killedRavan .

Intransitive Verb: A verb that has no object

e.g. Birds flyin the sky.

Finite Verb: limited by person, number & tense

e.g. Boysgoto school.

Non-Finite Verb: not affected by tense & number

e.g.I saw an apple fallingon the ground.


21/37

REGULAR VERBS: can be turned into the past tense

by the addition of -ed.

e.g. kill killed

IRREGULAR VERBS:verbs that are turned into the

past tense by other than -ed.e.g. go went


22/37

AUXILIARIES OR HELPING VERBS

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES: can be used both as Main

Verb & the Helping Verbs. Forms: Be, Do, Have

Vividh isa lecturer. [is-Main Verb]

Vividh issinging a song. [is-Auxiliary]

Vividh hasmany books. [has-Main Verb]

Vividh haskilled a tiger. [has-Auxiliary]

They doright things. [do-Main Verb]They donot work hard. [do-Auxiliary]


23/37

MODAL AUXILIARIES

SHALLfuture action[command, promise, threat]

You shallgo at once.

You shallget a medal, if you stand first.

Shall I call the police?

WILLfuture action[promise, threat, willingness]

I willdo anything for you.I willteach you a lesson.

I willcome with you.


24/37

SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUSTshould is used as the past tense of shall

should is used for moral obligation

ought to is just like shouldmust is used for compulsion

We shouldhelp the blind.

We ought tobe faithful to our country.

We mustlearn to earn.

MODAL AUXILIARIES


25/37

WOULD: used as the past tense of will

He said that he wouldcome soon.

CAN & COULD: can expresses ability

could is the past tense of canI canspeak English.

Till last year, I couldread without glasses.

MODAL AUXILIARIES


26/37

MAY: indicates future time

Used to express permission, possibility, wish

MayI come in, sir?

Hemay

come tomorrow.Maygod bless you.

MIGHT: past tense of may

Indicates more doubtful possibility than mayI mightpass.

The boy said that he mightstand for election.

MODAL AUXILIARIES


27/37

MARGINAL MODAL AUXILIARIES

These, like Primary Auxiliaries, can function asboth Main or Principal Verbs and Auxiliaries.

NEED

You need not take the medicine now.DARE

He dare not meet his father.

USED TO

In my childhood, I used to sell pots.


28/37

VOICE: ACTIVE & PASSIVE

STATEMENTS/SIMPLE SENTENCES

Take the object first

Take the proper form of be according to the

tense form of the verb in the sentenceTake being if the verb has -ing form

Take the third form of the verb [verb-3]

Take the word byThen take the subject

Use the remaining words, if any, properly


29/37

STATEMENTS/SIMPLE SENTENCES

[Object + be + (being) + verb -3 + by + subject+ (remaining words)

Atul is writing a novel.

A novel is being written by Atul.


30/37

ORDERS OR REQUESTS

Start the answer with the word Let

Take the object

Use the word be

Take the third form of the verb

Use the remaining words, if any, properly

Let + Object + be + Verb -3 + (remaining words)

Open the door.

Let the door be opened.


31/37

QUESTIONS

A question should be turned into a passive question.

First write the answer to the given question.

Then turn the answer which is a simple sentence or

a statement into the Passive voice.

Then turn the passive statement into a question.

Does he like coffee?

Yes, he likes coffee.=Coffee is liked by him.Is coffee liked by him?


32/37

ADVERBSSIMPLE ADVERBS

Adverbs of Time: late, early, daily etc.

Adverbs of Place: here, out, in etc.

Adverbs of Number: always, seldom, secondly etc.

Adverbs of Manner: slowly, seriously, bravely etc.

Adverbs of Degree: enough, very, too etc.

Adverbs of Reason: therefore, hence etc.Adverbs of affirmation or negation: indeed, surely

not etc.


33/37

ADVERBS

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS

These are adverbs used for asking questions:

Whendid he come?

Howdid he behave?Whydid he resign?

RELATIVE ADVERBS

These are wh- words used as adverbs. They connectadjectival clause to the main clause.

That was the reason whyI called you.


34/37

ARTICLE

INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A OR AN

a or an is used for countable and singular

nouns e.g. atable, anorange etc.

The nouns which begin with any of A,E,I,O,U take

an e.g. anapple

Exception: The noun which starts with a vowel

letter but the pronunciation of its first vowel

letter is like a consonant, takes a and not an

e.g. aone-eyed boy


35/37

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

For the thing which is only one of its kind in the

world e.g. Theearth

For the superlative degree e.g. Thetallest

For the names of mountains, deserts, oceans,

rivers forests, etc. e.g. TheHimalayas

For the names of religions and holy books

e.g. TheHindus, TheBible

For the names of inhabitants of a country but not

for the languages they speake.g. TheIndians

speak Hindi


36/37

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

For the name of a country when it is in plural.

This name shows that the country is not a

federal nation but made up of several states or

parts e.g. TheU.S.A.

When a noun is repeated in a paragraph, the isnot used for the first time but consequently e.g.

A man and a dog were friends. Theman

For the singular noun which is used to representthe whole class of things to which it belongs

e.g. Thecamel is the ship of the desert.


37/37

For a proper noun when it is used as a common

noun

e.g. Kalidasa is theShakespeare of India.

For the names of inhabitants of a country but not

for the languages they speake.g. The Indians

speak Hindi

Total Recall GRAMMAR

Documents

Transcript of Total Recall GRAMMAR