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Voiceof the

Industry

Global Outlook Edition

In This Issue:• GlobalOutlook• RecentTrendsin• SubmarineCableSystemUpgrades• SubmarineCablesAddResilienceButPathsStillMatter

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ISSNNo.1948-3031

PUBLISHER:WayneNielsenMANAGINGEDITOR:KevinG.Summers

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Stewart Ash, Dr.Steve Grubb, Doug Madory, Stephen Nielsen,WayneNielsen,KevinG.Summers

Submarine Telecoms Forum magazine ispublished bimonthly by Submarine TelecomsForum,Inc.,andisanindependentcommercialpublication, serving as a freely accessibleforumforprofessionalsinindustriesconnectedwith submarine optical fiber technologies andtechniques. Submarine Telecoms Forum maynotbe reproducedor transmitted inany form,inwholeor inpart,without thepermissionofthepublishers.

Liability: while every care is taken inpreparation of this publication, the publisherscannot be held responsible for the accuracy ofthe information herein, or any errors whichmay occur in advertising or editorial content,or any consequence arising from any errorsor omissions, and the editor reserves the rightto edit any advertising or editorial materialsubmittedforpublication.

Contributions arewelcomed. Please forward totheManagingEditorateditor@subtelforum.com.

Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc.21495RidgetopCircle,Suite201Sterling,Virginia20166,USAsubtelforum.comCopyright © 2014 Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc.

Welcome to Issue 74, our GlobalOutlookedition.

Does light freeze when it gets too cold?

AfrigidPolarVortexheldtheUSeastcoastinastrangleholdforafewdaysthismonth.Single Fahrenheit digitswere seen as farsouth as the Carolinas, and wind chillestimatesdroppedto-20oinmanylocales.ItwascolderinVirginiathanAnchorage,Alaska.Itwassocold,youcouldtossahotcupofcoffeeintheairanditwouldfreezebefore it hit the ground; at least that’swhatthelocalweathermanvideoed.Thefederal government and local businesseskepttheiremployeeshome;weweretoldtostayindoors.

Being originally from the Midwest, wefacedthesekindsofextremesonayearlybasis.Iremember70belowzeroonecoldMichiganweekduringcollege.Itwassocoldwedidn’tevencrosscountryski,notevenwithschnapps!

It remindsmeof that scene from the80smovie, Crocodile Dundee: “That’s not aknife.THAT’saknife.”

Inotherwords,it’sallrelative.

Heading toHonolulu this year is a little

more exciting given the weather so farthiswinterseason.ImustadmitthatIamlooking forward to some warming sunandgreeninsteadofthedrabbrownsandgreys. Iguess I’meven looking forwardtoseeingafewoldfacesortwo.IsuspectmyAussiefriendsarelookingforwardtoabreakinthecooler,milderclimate.

It’sallrelative.

So as always, should you be attendingPTC2014,pleasecomebyourboothtosayhello;andofcourse,savemeaseatattheMaiTaiBar.

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3 ExordiumWayne Nielsen

6 NewsNow

9 GlobalOutlookStephen Nielsen

13 RecentTrendsinSubmarineCableSystemUpgradesDr. Steve Grubb

19 SubmarineCablesAddResilienceButPathsStillMatterDoug Madory

25 ReliabilityIsKing:Celebrating10YearsofApolloStewart Ash

In This Issue...38 SubmarineCableProtectionZones

ACMA

44 BackReflectionStewart Ash

48 Conferences

50 AdvertiserIndex

51 CodaKevin G. Summers

[clickapagenumbertovisitthatarticle]

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JUN

JUL

OCT DECNOV

APR

STF Today@PTC

Finance& Legal Subsea

Capacity

Regional Systems

Offshore Energy System

Upgrades

Submarine TelecomsIndustry Calendar

Submarine Cable Map

STF Today@State ofSubsea

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Issue 9 Issue 10

Issue 12Issue 11

Issue 3

JAN

2015

13th Edition

2014 release Timeline

Alcatel-LucentAndNextgenGroupCompleteFirstAustralianFieldTrialOf400GDataTransmissionOverLiveNetwork

Alcatel-LucenttosellLGSInnovationsLLCtoMadisonDearbornPartnersandCoVant

ASEANToFocusOn700MhzHarmonization,UnderseaCableResilience

AustraliaJapanCableDeploysInfineraIntelligentTransportNetworkChinaUnicomExpandsNorthAmericanFootprintwithNewPointofPresenceinSeattle

ContractAwardedForMinchBroadbandCable

ConvergenceTargetsWestAfricaFibreDeals

DigicelAcquiresPan-CaribbeanFiberAssets

EmeraldNetworksAnnouncesFibreInfrastructureAgreementwithGeoNetworks

EvenOddsForNewInternet-Cable

GlobenetCompletesConstructionOfNewSubseaNetworkExtensionToColombia

HawaikiSecuresUSLandingSite;SignsCoastcomAndTillamookLightwaveForInfrastructureAndBackhaul

ICPC:CallforPapers

ICPCRecommendationOnTheProximityOfWindEnergyInstallationsAndSubmarineCables

IFCInvestsInSeabornNetworks

India’sRelianceIndustries,BhartiSignTelecomInfrastructureDeal

MainOnePlans$25MDataCenter

NorthernSubmarineCablesRouteComesOnline

NSACollectsDataFromUnderseaCables

OceanNetworksSelectsXteraForTheTurnkeySupplyOfTheSouthAmericaPacificLinkSubmarineCableSystem

OceanNetworks,Inc.SecuresMezzanineFundingForThePurposeOfDevelopingTheSouthAmericaPacificLink(SAPL)SubmarineCableSystem

newsnow

[click a title to read the full article]

OrangeToSueNSAOverUnderwaterCableHacking

PacnetUpgradesTrans-PacificSubmarineCablewithCiena

RelianceGlobalcomUpgradesTrans-AtlanticSubmarineNetworkwithCienaRotterdamSubseaCableCentreSetUpbyNKT

SeacomHuntsInAfrica

SenateToExploreSubmarineCableSecurity

SouthernCrossToAddAnotherTerabitUsingCiena100G

SubmarineCableRepairWillTakeAWeek

SubTelForumPodcast-Episode8:PTC’14

TEConnectivitySubComBeginsSurveyWorkOnUSAEastCoastAndIreland’sWestCoastForEmeraldNetworks’SubmarineCableSystem“EmeraldExpress”

TEConnectivitySubcomDemonstratesRecord13Tb/SCapacityOver6,500KmOnSecondInstallationOfNextGenerationUnderseaSystems

TechFirmsPushtoControlWeb’sPipes

Telmex,AmericaMovilLaunchAMX1SubmarineCableSystem

TelstraGlobalAdds100GToAsiaPacUnitySubmarineCable

TIMBrasilandXteraDeploy100GOpticalNetworkOverChallengingG.653DispersionShiftedFiberinNorthEastBrazil

TunnelingaCabletoMartha’sVineyard,30FeetataTime

TurnbullMovesToSimplifySubmarineCableApprovalProcess

WFNStrategiestoExhibitatPTC2014

Xtera'sXWDMPavestheWayto64TerabitOpticalNetworking

newsnow

[click a title to read the full article]

The Undersea Cable Report 2013From Terabit Consulting

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Global Outlook

Stephen nielsen

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With the new year, we takeanother look at the globalclimate of the submarine

telecoms industry. It’s been roughsailingthelastfewyears,butopinionsfromtheindustryareleaningtowardsoptimistic.

“Ifyoulookat2011,2012,2013,itwasverydifficultbecauseofcreditmarketsand the global recession,” said EricHanda, co-founder of AP Telecom.“Butwebelievethat2014ispoisedtobeamuchbetteryearbythemerefactthatthereisCAPEX(CapitalExpenditure).”

For thefirst time in years, companiesare putting real money into futureassets,whichmeansnewsystem.Lastyearthereweresevennewsystems.Inthenextyear,thereare15newsystemsplanned and more than 20 in thefollowingyear.

According toHanda, this is a naturalconclusiontoover-taxingsystems.

“There is a budgeted trend for morespendingonnetwork,becausealotofthe networks that have been runningfor the last two-and-a-half/threeyears have been running very hot,”Handasaid.“They’vebeenrunningatanywherefrom85,90percentcapacity.That’sobviouslynotsustainable.”

Newsystemsmeansnewbusinessformost of the industry, but it may alsomean the upgradesmarketmay lose-out. According to Handa, the timemayhavearrivedwheresystemshavereached the “diminishing margin ofreturns” scenario. If many systemshavereachedthelimitofwhatupgradescan do for them, but not the limit ofincreasingdemandforbandwidth,theonly option left to system owners isadditionstothesystem.Aneventualitythat is much needed, according theHanda.

“You can upgrade your network asmuch as you want, but it doesn’tcreate a newdiverse path. It doesn’t

solve your problem of putting toomuch trafficononenetwork,”Handasaid.“They(newcables)arediversity.They’re providing diverse paths.They’reproviding anewbackbone inmeshnetworks.They’renottraversingacross the seabed floor. And they’realso offeringdiversity froma landingpointperspective.”

With increasing global demand,there are also areas that are creatingwhole new systems. Many of thoseburgeoning markets are in areas likeAfrica.AnothersuchareaisCambodia.Therehavebeenconsistentincreasesindemandanditisn’tslowing.

3%

23%

58%

5% 4%

2%

5%

Systems Announced RFS 2014-­2016 By Region

Medi

Atlan1c

Pacific

Indian Ocean

Carribean

Mid East

Polar

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“The growth potential is enormous,”said Paul Blanche-Horgan, CEO ofEZECOM, a leading provider to theCambodianmarket.“Yearonyearwe

areseeinginternetpenetrationgrowingby200%andthatlookssettocontinueandevenaccelerate.”

“ItisanexcitingtimetobeintheICTsectorinanemergingmarketeconomylikeCambodia,”Blanche-Horgansaid.

New markets are rapidly increasingwith the popularity of technologylike smart phones that make internetcommon even in areaswithout homecomputers. This raises the questionof where the money will be in thesubmarine telecoms industry in thenextfewyears.

Until that time, happyNewYear andbestofluckinhavingafruitful2014.

Stephen Nielsen is a freelance writer in the Washington D.C. area. He has published articles and done editorial work with

several publications including Submarine Telecoms Forum. Also, he has been a speaker for the Popular Culture Association / American Culture Association National Conference.

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ANNOUNCED KMS ADDED BY YEAR

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@ CheckoutournewuStreamchannelat:http://www.ustream.tv/channel/subtel-forumOronoursiteat:http://www.subtelforum.com/articles/streaming-coverage/STf Today Streaming @ pTc'14

SubTel Forum will be live streaming

the SubOptic Submarine Cable Workshop

“For Real? Buying and Building New Undersea Systems Naked!”

in Honolulu on Sunday, 19 January

at 11:00 AM HAST / 21:00 GMT

SubTel Forum will be live streaming the

Arctic FibreData Gathering Meeting

in Honolulu on Tuesday, 21 January

at 7:30 AM HAST / 17:30 GMT

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recent Trends inSubmarine cable System upgrades

Dr. Steve Grubb

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Highcapacityandcosteffectiveupgradesofexistingsubmarinefiber cables have always

been of paramount importance to thesubmarine fiber carriers. The carriershaveallmadesubstantialinvestmentsin these cable systems, in some casesin excess of $1BUS, and these cablessupport a service lifetimeof 25years.The effectiveness of submarineupgrades has taken on even moreimportance over the past few years,due to rapidly declining bandwidthpricingonallmajorsubmarineroutes,increasing concerns regarding serviceavailability and the requirement tooffer new services rapidly in thishighly competitive market. Thesubmarinecarriersarebeingforcedtoadoptnewparadigmsinthischangingenvironment.Submarineupgradesnowhave to be done at higher capacities,lower cost per bit, more rapidly andatmorefrequentintervals.Thiscanbeachievedusingnextgenerationopticaltechnologythatperformsathigherbitrites, and in architectures that allowfasterrestorationandprovisioning.

Scaling Capacity

The fundamental optical technologybehind submarine upgrades hasexperienced radical changes overthe past several years. Most of the

submarine cable systems presentlybeingupgradedweredesigned for 10Gb/s wavelengths, typically runningOOKorphaseshiftkeyingmodulationformats. The fiber plant was alsodesigned for these transmissionformats. The submarine upgrademarkethasmovedrapidlyawayfrom10 Gb/s line side upgrades; first to40Gb/sandnowto100Gb/s,whichdominatesthelargemajorityoftoday’ssubmarine system upgrades. Thetechnology currently being adoptedforsubmarineupgradesisalsoalmostuniversally coherent transmissiontechnology. Coherent technology at100Gb/sprovidesthebestanswersfor

allofthecriticalmetricsforsubmarineupgrades including: higher systemcapacity, lower cost per bit of systemtransport, increased system density,lowerpowerconsumptionperbit,andthescalabilitytomeetfuturedemands.

Coherent technology readily allowstheuseofmixedmodulation formats,sothattheoptimalmodulationformat(QPSK, BPSK, etc.) can be chosen toprovide the most efficient solutionforeachspecific route ina submarinenetwork. Coherent technology alsofacilitatestheuseofflexiblegridspacing(NyquistWDM),whichleadstohighersystem capacities and more flexiblesystem architectures. Additionally,

Figure 1: Shared Mesh Protection (SMP) example

for a hypothetical submarine cable

network.

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coherentallowsforincreasedtoleranceto system impairments includingchromatic dispersion (CD) which inturnallowsgreatlyrelaxedfiberrepairrulesandfastersystemrestorationintheeventofaCDchangeinthesubmarinecable. The elimination of fiber basedbanded dispersion compensation inmanylegacysystems,whenupgradedwithcoherenttransmissiontechnology,has also resulted in a noticeablereduction in system latency.Coherenttechnologyhasgreatlydiminishedtheimpact of transmission impairments,CDandPolarizationModeDispersion,and the next generation of coherentprocessing offers reduction ofnonlinear transmission penalties. Inone field demonstration, a terrestriallink with extremely high DifferentialGroup Delay of 250 picoseconds (ps)wasshowntonolongerbesuitablefor2.5Gb/sOOKtransmission.However,it was able to be closed with 100Gcoherent technology due to its abilityto electronicallymitigate this extremetransmissionimpairment!

Coherent technology has alsodemonstrated the ability to upgradelegacy submarine fiber cable systemsto many times their original designcapacity. In one extreme example, asystem that was originally designedfor20Gb/stotalcapacity(8x2.5Gb/s)

wasdemonstratedviaafieldtrialtobeupgradable to a total system capacityof 1 Tb/swith 100Gb/swaves. Thislarge multiple is made possible bycoherenttechnologytranspondersthatare configurable between multiplemodulation formats, together withadvances in forward error correction(FEC). Today’s 100 Gb/s coherenttranspondersareshippingwithsecondgenerationFEC,soft-decisionFEC(SD-FEC),whichprovidesanapproximate2.5dBperformancegainoverthefirstgenerationcoherent transpondersthatusedhard-decisionFEC(HD-FEC).

Coherent technology also allowsfor increased system capacity in thefuturethroughtheuseofhigherordermodulation formats, more effectivecoherent algorithms that reducetransmission penalties, further gainsinSD-FEC,andtheuseofflexiblegridsuper-channels to increase thebit rateand capacity in the future. In fact,500 Gb/s super-channels are beingdeployedtodaytoupgradenumeroussubmarine systems. Currently,coherent technology appears to beso widely accepted and favored thatalmost all new submarine fiber wetplant builds being proposed nowemploy next generation large area,positivedispersionfiberplants.Theseproposed builds will deploy the

new fiber without in-line dispersioncompensation, and the chromaticdispersion that accumulates canbe inexcessof 200,000ps/nm, avalue thatcanonlybeelectronicallycompensatedbycoherenttechnologytransponders.

Enhanced Protection

Submarine carriers have also becomemoreawareoftheneedtodevelopmoreresilient submarine networks in lightof numerous disruptive events thathaveseverelyaffectedsubmarinecablesystems over the past several years.The Tohoku earthquake and TsunamiwhichdevastatedJapaninMarch2011damagedabouthalfof the submarinecablesconnectingJapantotherestoftheworld.Similarly,theearthquakeintheTaiwanStraitin2006causeddamagetoatleast8majorsubmarinecables.Thesubmarine cables around Egypt havealsobeenthesubjectofgreatconcern,wherearogueshipsanchorcutamajorsubmarinecablein2008,disruptingupto 70% of the internet traffic betweenEurope and Africa. An incident ofsabotage also took place off the coastofEgypt in2013where3diverswereapprehended while in the process ofcuttingSe-ME-WE-4,amajorsubmarinecableintheregion.Alloftheseeventshave highlighted the vulnerabilityof submarine cable to natural and

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manmade catastrophic events. Manycarriershavemadesubmarinenetworkresiliencyakeyrequirement,andtheyare planning network architecturesand employing upgrade transmissiongear that provides rapid protectionand/orrestorationintheeventofcabledisruption.

Thetraditionalapproachtoprotectionin submarine networks, for thosethat offer protection, has been 1:1protection. However, this approachis expensive as it is necessary toreserve 100% of the pre-configuredprotection capacity, and its capacityis limited to single failure scenarios.The ideal technology for submarine

network protection would offer threefundamental capabilities. First, itwouldoffermulti-failure recovery forbetter survivability. Secondary andeven tertiary protection scenarios canalsobepre-planned,dependingonthedegreeofavailabilitydesired.Second,the recovery would ideally be fast –withthe50msgoldstandardtoallowfor deterministic performance. Lastly,thenetworkwouldallowanintelligentsharingofbackupresourcesforbetternetwork-wideeconomics.Theseidealprotectionrequirementsareachievablein Shared Mesh Protection (SMP),which has been gaining significanttractionbothinstandardsbasedbodies

(G.SMP/G.803.3 and G.ODUSMP)and in the marketplace. Submarinecarriers, by deploying appropriateHWacceleratedbasedSMPbasedlinecards,wouldbeabletoofferprotectedsubmarine services thatwill have thepotential to switchwithin 50ms andcan cover multiple failure scenarios.Possibilities for multiple protectionscenariosusingsharedmeshprotection(SMP)are illustrated inFigure1 forahypotheticalsubmarinenetwork.

Faster Service Delivery

Submarine carriers have also beenchallenged with offering fasterprovisioning times in keeping withexpectations of the increasinglycompetitiveglobalbandwidthmarket.Carrierswho can provision newhighspeed services on submarine cablesmorerapidlyandflexiblytendtowinmore business than their slower, lessflexiblecompetitors.Itisnowpossibleto add new services without sendingfield personnel to the submarinelanding sites to install new line cardsand/or change fiber connections,leading to increased service velocityaswellaslowerOpExcosts.Byproperbandwidth planning, it is possibleto have latent, pre-tested bandwidthavailable on a submarine systemthat can be activated purely through

Figure 2: Integration

of Terrestrial and Submarine

networks into a unified global

mesh network with common network

management

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network management software. Theintegrationofsubmarineandterrestrialtransport equipment has facilitatedthis trend.Eliminationofunnecessaryback to back transponders, or evenregenerationatsubmarinelandingsitesleadstonotonlylowerCapExcostsofthe total system, but also operationalsimplicityaswellas increasedservicevelocity by being able to add theclient service optics directly at theend customer site.Direct optical POPto POP connectivity is also becominga factor in submarine upgrades. Thisintegrated, global network approachallowsacommonnetworkmanagementsoftware interface to control theentire global network, and facilitatesrapid provisioning and protection/restoration,asillustratedinFigure2.

There has also been increasingdiscussionamongstsubmarineserviceproviders to decouple the submarinewet plant suppliers from the SLTEdryplantproviderswhenconsideringa new submarine cable build. Thisenablestheserviceproviderstoadopta“bestofbreed”supplierstrategywherethe provider is able to offer capacityupgrades faster, at more frequentintervals,andatthelowestcostperbitoftransport.Theyarealsoableinsurethat they have access to the latestgenerationoftransportgear(e.g.100G

andbeyondcoherentlinecards)thatarestate of the art. The service providerscanalsochooseupgradetransportgearthatbestintegrateswiththeirterrestrialnetworksandprovidestheoptimized,lowest cost, andmost scalableoverallglobalnetworksolution.

Summary

We have all witnessed a majorparadigm shift in submarine cableupgradesoverthepastfewyears.Thisshift has been driven by decreasingsubmarinebandwidthpricing,theneedforfasterprotection/restorationtimesfor disaster recovery, and the need tomore rapidly deliver new services tocustomers. Submarine cable carriershave begun towiden their choices ofsuppliers for capacity upgrades, andhavebegun theprocessof integratingtheirseparatesubmarineandterrestrialnetworks into global networks inorder to more effectively compete intoday’s marketplace. Technology hasalso assisted in this paradigm shift,with the development of coherent100G transponders increasing the bitrate of upgrade transponders by afactor of 10 in just a few years. Thistechnologyismorescalable,flexible,isabletooperateinmultiplemodulationformats, and is able to compensatefor a dramatically wider range of

transmission impairments. Indeed,coherent technology at 100 Gb/s andbeyond seems well poised to drivethe next generations of submarinecableupgradesaswellasinfluencethedesignanddirectionofnewsubmarinecablebuildsforsometimetocome.

Dr. Grubb is currently a Fellow at Infinera, responsible for next generation technologies and product directions in

submarine networks. He has previously held positions at Corvis, SDL, and AT&T/Lucent Bell Laboratories. He led R&D that was responsible for the first commercial deployment of Raman amplification in a network, and developed several novel high power fiber lasers and amplifiers. He received his Ph.D. in Chemical Physics from Cornell University. He has held the position of IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. Dr. Grubb is an author on over 90 publications and conference presentations and is an inventor on over 70 issued U.S. patents.

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State of SubseaPresented by

The industry is at a transformational time in the submarine cable space, and there is a need to come together and exchange ideas and insights and work together toward cultivating a culture of innovation and collaboration across the entire sector. The goal of APTelecom’s ‘State of Subsea’ DGM event series is to establish a forum for all industry players, and to improve the communication within the submarine cable industry for new models and ideas as a younger generation moves into the space.

31 MARCHWASHINGTON, D.C.

FALL 2014SAN FRANCISCO stateofsubsea.com

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Submarine cables add resilience but paths Still matter

Doug madory

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Last month, I had the honor ofopening the second day of theSubmarine Networks World

2013 conference at the Marina BaySandsinSingapore.Usingahandfulofrecent examples, I demonstrated that,while new submarine cables certainlycontribute to physical diversity andhence increased Internet resiliency,cablesalonedonotnecessarily reducetraffic latency.Asweexplained inourrecentblog,whentryingtounderstandperformanceacrosstheglobalInternet,paths matter.

Wesaythatpaths matterbecausewhiletherearemanytoolsformonitoringend-to-endlatenciesofInternetconnections,understanding the path that traffictakes through the global Internet isvital to understanding the root causeofperformanceissuesandindesigningan effective Internet strategy for yourtargetmarkets.

As I told the audience in Singapore,Renesys is not in the submarinecable industry. We are an Internetmeasurement company. Our uniqueabilitytodetailsubmarinecableevents(failures and activations) comes as afortunate side-effect of our extensivedata sets and the capabilitieswehavebuilt on top of them for observing

structuralchangesintheglobalInternet.Thesechangescandramaticallyimpactperformance,sometimesforthebetter,sometimes for the worse. The mostsignificant events are often thoseinvolvingsubmarinecables.

Submarine cables are carefullyengineered to minimize cost and

latency. However, Internet routing–which determines the actual pathstakenbytraffic–playsbyadifferentsetof rules. Though the shortest physicalpathmaybeacrossasubmarinecable,routing policy may steer the traffic adifferent way. When routing policydoesalignwithphysicalinfrastructure,latencies can drop dramatically, as in

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thefollowingtwoexamples.

Tonga

InAugust, Tonga, an island nation of100,000people, got its first submarinecable, allowing it to forgo expensiveandslowInternetsatelliteservice.Howexpensive? In the telecom business,pricesare typicallyquoted in termsof

MbpsperMonth(megabitspersecondpermonthorMM).InthecompetitiveUSmarket, thiscostcanbebelow$3/MM.ForsatelliteserviceinthePacific,thecostisaround$3,000/MM—1,000timesmoreexpensive.Howslow?Takealookatthefollowinggraphicthatusesour latencymeasurements to illustrateTonga’sInternetconnectivitytransitionfrom satellite (600ms minimum) to

submarine cable (40ms minimum),capturing the cable activation thatoccurred at 05:56 UTC on 5 August2013.

I can only imagine that August 6thmusthavebeenanewdayforInternetusers in Tonga. While the businesscase of future cable projects facesdistinct challenges (discussed later),Pacific islands are in the category thesubmarine cable industry calls “thinroutes”—submarinecableconnectionsthatprovidevitalconnectivitytopeopleonremoteislandsbutcanonlydelivera“thin”amountofdemand,andhence,are unlikely to make much (if any)money. TheWorld Bank and theAsiaDevelopment Bank funded the Tongacableandothersimilarsubmarinecableconstructiononhumanitariangrounds.

ACE cable activation in Sierra Leone

Funded in part by the World Bank,another recent cable activation wasFrance Telecom’s ACE (“Africa CoasttoEurope”)cableservingWestAfrica.With an additional US$15 millioncontributed by the government ofChina, the ACE cable came ashorein Sierra Leone and was activated inFebruary in a ceremony attended bythe country’s president. His Minister

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of Information and Communicationscalled it a “landmark day in SierraLeone.”

This summer, anonlinepublication inSierra Leone questionedwhy Internetservice from SierraTel, the country’sincumbent, to various governmentoffices, including the Ministry ofInformation and Communications,wasstillslow.WhiletherecanbemanyreasonsforslowInternetaccess,wecansee that SierraTel may not be gettingthemaximumbenefitofthenewcable.Inthediagrambelow,wecomparethe

activations of SierraTel and Afcom,the “largest Internet and IP serviceproviderinSierraLeone”accordingtotheirwebsite.

The downward shifts in both latencydistributions mark the momentsSierraTel(13:00UTC,21February2013)and Afcom (19:06 UTC, 20 February2013) began routing traffic over theACE cable. However, while parts ofWestern Europe can reach Afcomin less than 100ms, it can take overthree times longer to reach SierraTel.Unfortunately, the in-bound path to

SierraTel is still via the same satelliteservices inuseprior to theACE cableactiviation.

This scenario suggests SierraTelis potentially misconfigured;asymmetrically using satellite forinbound traffic and submarine cablefor outbound traffic.This is similar tothemisconfigurationwe saw in Cubawhen ETECSA activated the ALBA-1 submarine cable in January, but thiserror was corrected a couple dayslater. We suspect a similar situationwith SierraTel, which would explain

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the reportsof continued slow Internetaccess.

Submarine Cable Industry Feeling the Pinch

Advances in the state of the art ofsubmarine cable technologies, suchas Coherent technology, are enablingupgrades to existing cables thatcan increase capacity by orders ofmagnitude, such as the upgrade ofNTT’s Pacific Crossing-1 to 100G thissummer.

Atthesametimethatsubmarinecablesareincreasingincapacity,thegrowthofinternational bandwidth demand hasbeen slowingdue to advancements indistributedcontentdeliverynetworks.Thesenetworkspositioncontentcloser

tousersforfasterdelivery,reducingtheneedtoreachoverseashostingcentersviasubmarinecables.

An increase in supply combinedwitha decrease in demandmakes it muchmoredifficult tobuildabusiness casefor a new submarine cable project.However, with this year’s revelationsconcerning National Security Agency(NSA) interception, a newmotivatingfactorforfuturecablesmaybeemerging:national sovereignty.

Following the news that her emailcorrespondence had been interceptedbytheNSA,BrazilianPresidentDilmaRousseff has announced plans tobypassUnitedStatesforBraziliantrafficdestined for other countries (Brazil,like most Latin American countries,

connectstotheglobalInternetthroughsubmarine cables that land inMiami,Florida).

This crisis couldn’t have come at abettertimeforAngolaCables,whichisone of four effortsworking to build acable(picturedabove)acrossthesouthAtlantic Ocean between Brazil andAfrica.Whencomplete,AngolaCables’SouthAtlanticCableSystem(SACS)willconnect the two Portuguese speakingcountries, offeringBrazil anotherpathto reach theglobal InternetbywayofAfrica,side-steppingtheUnitedStates.

Nationalsovereigntymaybethetrumpcardthatovercomestheone-twopunchof increasing capacity and decreasingdemand, and justify the installationof submarine cables to serve politicalinterests.BrazilhascometorealizethatInternetpathsmatter,albeitforsecurityasopposedtoperformanceissues.

Hair-pinning

IconcludedmytalkinSingaporewithafewexamplesofInternethair-pinningin the Far East. Hair-pinning is thephenomenon in which Internet trafficgets unnecessarily routed through afarawaycity,acommonoccurrencethatclearlyillustratesthattheInternetisnot

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designedforefficiencyorperformance.Inotherwords,youcannotsimplyuseTelegeography’s excellent SubmarineCableMapinthesamewayyoumightuseastreetmapfordetermininglikelyInternet traffic paths. The followingexample traceroute illustrates anextreme case of hair-pinning, wheretraffic from Singapore to another partof Singapore first traveled throughLos Angeles, California, over 13,000kilometersaway!

This seemingly strange behavior doesnot reflect just routing inefficienciesormisconfigurations ofminor playersof the Internet. Rather, it is the directresultofthefactthatTataandNTT,twoof the largest global networks in the

world,donotinterconnectinSingapore(presumablyforbusinessreasons)andinsteadelecttoexchangetrafficforthatpart of the world in California. Thisarrangement impacts thecustomersofbothproviders,dramaticallyincreasinglatenciesfortrafficbetweenlocationsintheFarEast.

Nearly every provider in the worldhas idiosyncrasies like these. Theycanmakeglobal Internetperformancevery difficult to understand, let alonemonitor. It’s Renesys’ business tohelp our customers understand theseissues so they can effectively plantheirInternetstrategyandmonitorthedeliveryoftheirservices,anditiswhywesaypaths matter.

Doug Madory is a Senior Analyst at Renesys where he works on global Internet infrastructure analysis projects. He has a special interest in mapping the logical Internet to

the physical (submarine and terrestrial cables) and in 2013 identified the activation of several significant cables: the ALBA-1 submarine cable serving Cuba, the Europe-Persia Express Gateway (EPEG) terrestrial cable connecting Europe to the Middle East, and the International Terrestrial Cable (ITC) connecting India and Bangladesh. Doug holds computer engineering degrees from the University of Virginia and Dartmouth College.

Article courtesy of

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reliability Is Kingcelebrating 10 years of apollo

Stewart ash

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When considering high reliabilityand low fault rates for systemsacross the Atlantic, there is no

better example than Apollo. Originallyconceived as part of Cable & Wireless(C&W) global network, it is now ownedbyApolloSubmarineCableSystemLtd1 (aJoint venture between Vodafone UK andAlcatel-Lucent). This company operatestwo independent trans-Atlantic submarinecable systems, both supplied by Alcatel-Lucent SubmarineNetworks (ASN)2. LastyearApollocelebrateditstenthanniversary,in that period, the systems have onlyexperiencedtwosubmarinecablefaults,onewas due toman-made external aggressionand the other was due to natural seabedactivity;arecordthatit’sManagingDirector,RichardElliott,isrightlyproudof.

Afaulthistory foreachcableofonerepaireverytenyearsisnotjusttheenvyofallthecompetingtrans-Atlanticcablesbutvirtuallyevery submarine cable owner, around theworld, as the global industry average isontheorderofonefaultevery2-2½years.Of course, such a low fault rate is not theproduct of serendipity; it is the outcomeof key business and engineering decisionsmade during the course of the designdevelopment, installation andoperation ofthesystem. IrecentlyhadtheopportunitytositdownwithRichardandsomemembersoftheteamresponsibleforbuildingApollototryanddeterminewhytheyhadbeensosuccessful in avoiding system faults andothers had been less so. This article is asummaryofthosediscussions.1.http://www.apollo-scs.com/2.http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/solutions/submarine-networks

Apollo Submarine Cable Systems

Apollo is a Super Wholesale supplier ofcapacity, selling completewavelengths (λ)toleadingtelecommunicationsandinternetcompanies between London, New York,ParisandWashingtonD.C.Thiscapacityisprovidedovertwoindependentsubmarinesystems; Apollo North, 6,200km betweenBude, UK and Brookhaven, USA; andApollo South 6,500km between Lannion,FranceandManasquan,USA.BothofthesesystemswentintoserviceinFebruary2003.

Eachsystemcontainsfourfibrepairsandhadaninitialdesigncapacityforeachfibrepairof80λx10Gbit/s.In2012,Apollointroduced40Gbit/s technology to the systems and iscurrently rolling out 100Gbit/s technologywhichwillbeavailableinQ12014.

Business Decisions

TheplanningforApollocoincidedwiththeendoftheindustryboomandbythetimethemarine survey was underway the ownerswereawarethatsixnewcompetingsystems

Apollo North & South (Source:

Apollo)

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hadalreadybeenorwerebeingbuiltacrosstheAtlantic.ThesewereAC-1(1999),AC-2[formerlyYellow](2000),FA-1North/South[formerly Flag Atlantic] (2001), HiberniaAtlantic[formerly360Atlantic](2001),TAT-14(2001)andTGN(2001).Itwasalsoclear,atthattimethatthegrowthindemandforcapacityacrosstheAtlantichadbeengreatlyover estimated3. This meant that onceApollowentintoservicetherewouldbestiffcompetitionforcustomers;thatwoulddrivedownunitprices,andfill rateswere likelytobemuchslowerthanhadbeenpreviouslyhoped. These significant factors informedthe business model and in consequencesome key business assumptions weremade. Firstly, thatApollo would have todifferentiate itself from the competition.Secondly, as positive cash flowwas likelyto take a long time tomaterialise, lifetimecosting was far more important thanlowestcapitalcostandorspeedtomarket.Basedontheseassumptions,Apollosetthestrategic objectives of designing for high

3.DBurrnetet al SubmarineCablesThe Handbook of Law & Policy (2013)Chapter1FromBoomtoBustPage37

reliability and minimising lifetime cost.This meant identifying andmitigating therisk of external aggression,while ensuringthatthelocationofafault,ifandwhenonedid occur, could be identified accuratelyand repaired quickly. This approach tothe project, when compared to less robustsolutions, meant that they were unlikelyto obtainminimummarket pricing for thesystemsupplyandsotookacleardecisiontomakeadditionalcapitalinvestmentifandwhen such investments could be shownto be justified in order tomeet the projectobjectives.

Akeyelementinimplementingthisstrategywas to carefully consider the contractingmodeltobeadoptedforthesupplycontract.Theychosetopursueanegotiatedcontractratherthanthemoretraditionalcompetitivetenderapproach.Insodoingitwasjudgedthat the ensuing collaborative relationshipwould be more conducive to meeting theprojectobjectivesthanthemoreadversarialrelationship that often emerges from acompetitivetender.Inacompetitivetender,the successful supplier tends to be morefocusedonretrievalofmargingivenawaytowintheworkthandeliveringthebestsolutionpossible. It was felt that a collaborativeapproachwouldallowforimprovementstobemadeinthedesignofthesystemduringthetermofthesupplycontractratherthanthe supplier sticking rigidly to and onlydelivering the contract Scope of Work. Itappearsthatthiscollaborativeapproachwastopaysignificantdividends,particularlyinthePermittingandCableRouteEngineering(CRE)processes.

Permitting

Underthesupplycontract,Apolloadoptedan approach of placing the responsibilityforobtainingallpermitswithASN;notjustthe normal operational permits formarineworks, but also the Permits-in-Principle(PiPs) for the cable systems themselves.ThesePiPshadtobeobtainedinthenameofApollo’slocalentitiesinFrance,theUK,andthe USA, and included all environmentalpermits, concessions, public and privaterightsofwayacrosstheseabedandonland;aswellastheconstructionpermitsforthreenewcablelandingstations.

As is the casewithvirtually all submarinecable projects, the permitting process wason the critical path for Apollo, and thusfundamental to its timely implementation.ThecomplexityofUSpermittingproceduresand the relative slowness of the Frenchpermitting processes had to be taken intoaccount.Tocompletethisworkeffectively,Apollo and ASN developed a highlycollaborative approach to themultitude ofpermitting tasks, focusing their energiesonthesharedobjectives.AccordingtoRoyCarryer,ASN’sPermittingandEnvironmentDirector:

“This team-based approach was key to the success of the permitting work. The setting up of a Permits Working Group as part of the project management structure, and participation by both ASN and Apollo in the many meetings with public authorities, especially in the USA, were major contributory factors in meeting the deadlines.”

Colin Richards with a section of SPDA

cable (Source Apollo)

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ThecentralpermittingteamwasreinforcedbythelocalexpertiseofseveralsubcontractorsinFrancetheUKandtheUSA.Thecomplexityof theworkon therightsofway in theUSalsorequiredseparatelawfirmstobehiredinNewYorkandNewJersey.

It appears that theApollo project can be heldup as a good example of how tomanage thecomplexity of US permitting for submarinecables.TheworkdonebythePermitsWorkingGroup illustrates the difficulties that arisewhen obtaining, multiple authorisations, “no-objections”andclearancesfromarangeofpublicauthoritiesatfourdifferentlevelsofgovernment:federal, state, county andmunicipal and howtheycanbeovercomeeffectively.

At Manasquan NJ, the permitting processwas the primary factor in the selection ofthelandingpointforApolloSouth.Almostall public land, and much private land,nominally suitable for a landing point inManasquan and adjoining boroughs was,and still is, enrolled in the State’s GreenAcresProgram. Under thisprogram thereis a presumption against most forms ofdevelopment. Permits to land submarinecablesinsuchareas,iftheycanbeobtainedatall,havetopassthroughahighlyonerouspermitting process which could haveseriously affected the project schedule.Given this difficulty, the permitting andmarineteamscollaboratedtofindasuitablearea of coastal land excluded from theGreen Acres Program, finally identifyinga privately owned plot and successfullyconcludinganAgreementforitsuse.

The Manasquan landing for Apollo was

reviewedandpermittedbytheNewJerseyDepartment of Environmental Protection(DEP)atthetimewhenDEPwasoverseeingthedraftingandadoptionofitsCoastalZoneManagement (CZM)Ruleswhich, perhapsuniquelyamongUSstates,includestandardrequirements for submarine cable projects.These cover such matters as stakeholderconsultations, routeing, burial depth, cablecrossings, and future monitoring. Earliersystems landing in New Jersey had beensubjecttosignificantconflictsbetweencableprojectdevelopersandapro-activefishingcommunityworried about areas of seabedbecoming effectively “out of bounds” totrawling and clam dredging. The DEPbrought togetherApollo /ASN and othercable developers with representatives ofthefishingindustry,andpublicofficials, tonegotiate the standard requirements in theCZMRulesthatarestillinplacetoday.RoyCarryerbelievesthat;

“Codifying the installation requirements in this way has allowed Apollo and the New Jersey fishing industry to co-exist with no incidents over the 10 years since Apollo was installed, and will also benefit the landing of future systems in the State”

InFrance,theprojectrequiredConcessionsto occupy public land from twoneighbouringdépartementswhichhadtobenegotiatedseparately,andforwhichformalenvironmental impact studies had to beprepared. ObtainingtheseConcessionswassubject tothenormal lengthyandcomplexconsultation, stakeholder engagement andpublic inquiry processes. It was furthercomplicatednotonlybytheinterventionof

the politically influential fishing industry,but also by the fact that the land routecrossedanareaownedandprotectedbytheConservatoire du Littoral, abodydevoted toconservationofthecoastline,withwhomaformalagreementhadtobenegotiated.

Cable Route Engineering

Apollo was able to call on the vastexperience of the C&W Network Services(NS) engineering group4 to assist them inmeeting theproject objectives. One of themainrolesofC&WNSwastomanageandcontribute its experience and expertise tothe CRE process, whilst working in closecooperationwiththeASNteam.

CRE is generally defined as the processof ensuring the physical security of thesubmarine system from natural and man-madehazardsthroughrouteselection,slackallocation, cable type (including armour)choice, and the use of industry-standardcable burial and protection practices.Furthermore, it includes the use of trawl-resistant designs for all seafloor housings(repeaters,equalisersandjoints)installedinwatersthatmayreasonablybeexpectedtobefishedoverthedesignlifeofthesystem.Inaddition,CREconsiderstheviabilityofareasidentified for the placement of repeatersandequalisers,relativetothirdpartyassetssuchaspipelines andother cables. It alsoaddresses the engineering necessary forcrossingsofsuchthirdpartyassetsandthetechnicalelementsoftheassociatedcrossingagreementsthatneedtobenegotiated.The

4.http://enterprise.vodafone.co.uk/u/submarine-systems-engineering/

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usualstartingpoint forCRE isaDeskTopStudy(DTS).

ThecontentsofaDTScanvarysignificantly,depending on the level of investmentthat theproject isprepared tomake. Asaminimum,aDTScanbesomelinesonachartandaquickinternetsearch;attheotherendof the scale it will include detailed threatidentificationandanalysisthroughpubliclyavailabledata. Thiswill includesitevisitstopotentiallandingsites,andmeetingswithlocalauthoritiesandotherinterestedparties.In addition, a full Environmental ImpactAssessment(EIA)couldalsobeconducted.TheDTSforApollowasacollaborativeeffortbetween ASN and C&W NS and, in linewith Apollo’s established project strategy,thelevelofinvestmentwasatthehigherendofthisscale.

The potential threats to submarine cablescanbedividedintonaturalphenomenaandman-madeinterventions.Thevastmajorityof faults occur on the continental shelves,inwaterdepths of<200m; in thesedepthsthedominantcausesoffaultsareman-madeexternal aggression (fishing gear, anchors,dredging and other sea bed activities).Although natural hazards (earthquakes,seismic activity, tsunamis, slumping,turbidity currents storm surges and icedamage) do occur in shallow water theyare in theminority. Natural hazard faultstend to bemost significant inwater depth>1000m.Accordingtoa2007study5,around80%ofallcablefaultsworldwidearecausedbyman-madeexternalaggressionandover60%ofthesefaultsareduetofishinggear.5.M.E.Kordahiet alTrendsinSubmarineCableSystemFaults(2007)

Trans-Atlantic routes are relatively benignwhen considering natural hazards. Thegreater risks are man-made, on the wideEuropeanandAmericancontinentalshelves,whereintensefishingofvariouskindsposessignificantthreatstoacable.

The main outcomes of the DTS were;identification of possible landing sites,selection of routes to be surveyed, acomprehensive Marine Survey / BurialAssessment Survey (BAS) specification,permitting requirements and a detailedriskanalysisofexternalaggressionthreats.In particular, a detailed study of fishingactivitiesalongthepreliminarycablerouteswasundertaken.

For the Apollo North route, on the UKcontinental shelf, Apollo engaged theservices of NetWork Services (FishingLiaison and Marine Consultancy); itsrepresentative, Colin Richards was giventhe freedom to consult with the fishingindustry in order to provide a fishingactivity/risk assessment report. Colin hasover 30 years’ experience as a fishermanandfishinggeartechnologist,hehasanin-depth understanding of fishing practices,trawlgeartechnologyandmanufacture,thefishinggrounds,thepeopleandthepolitics.To supplement his experience, the fishingindustrywasconsultedabouttheproposedroute.Consultationtookplacedirectlywiththefishingvesselskippers,inordertoobtaintheirfirst-hand,unbiased,“straighttalking”viewsontheproposedroute.ThisfeedbackwasamalgamatedwithColin’sownviewstoarriveatthereport’sconclusionsandproviderecommendationsforthewayforward.The

report detailed the type of fishing activityandbollardpullof the typeofvessels thatfishedinthevicinityoftheproposedroute.Oneofthereport’srecommendationswasanalterationtotheproposedrouteintheBristolChannel/eastern Celtic Sea. This was toavoidhardgroundwherecableburialmayhave been difficult to achieve and wherefishing activity by vessels operating withheavydemersaltrawlgearwastakingplace.Thisrecommendationwasadoptedandtheroutewasalteredaccordingly.

Similar risk assessments were carried outthrough extensive liaison with the fishingcommunities that worked on the FrenchandUSAcontinentalshelves.OntheFrenchcontinental shelf, heavy demersal trawlingandscallopfishingwerethemajorconcerns,whileontheUSshelfclamdredgingisthemajorrisk. Thefishing technique forclamdredgingentailsscrapingoffa layerof thesea bed, andfishermen return to the samelocation time and time again. In order toobtain the necessary permit, in this area,theStateofNewJerseynowrequires,underitsCZMRules,aminimumburialdepthof1.2mforallcables.ThisrequirementisdueinlargeparttothestandardssetbyApollo.

The preliminary CRE process, within theDTS,addressedthethreatsoffishingactivitythough the route selected to surveyed,preliminary choice of cable design (typeandquantities),andidentifyingtheareaofseabedrequiringBAS.Finally,itidentifiedthe thirdpartycables thatwouldcross thechosen routes. For both routes, includingOut Of Service (OOS) and “unchartedcables”,therewereatotalof121individual

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coming To a wall near you

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crossings. For each of these crossings theownershadtobeidentifiedandnegotiationsinitiatedforeitherclearinganOOScableorputtinginplaceacrossingagreement.Thiswasnosmalltask!

Marine Survey

The marine survey and BAS took placeduring 2001, at this timeASNwas able totake of advantage of the relatively newMakai PLAN™ software package to assistwiththeCRE6. ThissoftwareworksintheGeomedia GIS (Geographical InformationSystem)environment,allowingmostformsofelectronicanddigitiseddatatobepulledintoacomputerworkspaceasgeo-referencedobjects. This allows the route planner tovisualise these data sets on the computerscreen and then simply “pick and click”tocreateanddesignasuitablecableroute.Theroutepositionpointsareautomaticallysaved, easily exported as a Route PositionList(RPL)andconvertedintoaStraightLineDiagram(SLD)forcablemanufacture.ThisspeedsuptheCREprocessandreducestheriskofhumanerrorsthataremoreprevalentwithmanualdata input techniques. Asaresult,importantCREdecisionsweremadequicker, and with greater accuracy. Onemajor benefit of the electronic planningprocess is that it allowedmanypreviouslyunusable attributes within traditionalsurveydatasetstobeusedforthefirsttime.Themostsignificantofthese,wastheuseofmulti-beam surveying data obtained fromtheshallowanddeepwatersurveys. Themulti-beam data contained large amounts

6. MLawrence, SO’Bow-Hove&M JonkergouwAdvanceTerrainMapping andHighPerformancePloughing(2004)

of seabed soundings; these were griddedandconvertedintoaDigitalTerrainModel(DTM),anenhanced3Dvisualisationimageof the sea bed, showing gradients andseabedcomposition(roughness)inthepartsoftheroutesthathadaparticularlycomplextopography.These3Dimagescanbeturned,skewed, zoomed into andout of; they canalso be illuminated from different angles.ThisDTMgavetherouteplannersthetoolsto assess, with far greater confidence, riskareasalongthepotentialcableroute.

The results of marine survey and BASwere assessed jointly by the Apollo’s andASN’s engineering teams,working closelyto bring to bear their enormous collectiveexperience. Thanks to Makai PLAN™significantroutedevelopmentwaspossibleto avoid previously unidentified sea bedfeatures, one of which was the extent ofa nuclear waste dumping ground off theUSA continental shelf. Also, considerabletimeandeffortwas takenoverdeepwaterrouting,toavoidseabedcurrentsthatcouldabradeLightweight(LW)cables.

TheBASestablishedthattheseabedontherouteofApolloSouthoffLannionwasveryhard and cable burial would be virtuallyimpossible. Therefore, negotiations beganwith the French authorities to try andestablisha‘NoFishing’corridorforthecablewithin territorial waters. To achieve this,theauthorities requireda further survey tobecarriedouttodemonstratethatnobetterprotectionofthecablecouldbeachievedbymovingtheroutetoadifferentlocation.Inaddition,theyrequiredthatapostinstallationsurvey be carried to confirm that the cable

hadnotmovedandtheburialdepthhadbeenmaintained. This survey was successfullycompletedinAugust2006,sothankstothisadditional investment, agreement for the‘NoFishing’zonewasobtained.

The survey and BAS data were comparedwith the fishing risk reports, from thisanalysis itwasdeterminedthat thesystemwould be armoured down to the 2000mcontour and buried down to the 1,500mcontouroneachshelfedge.Inareaswhereburialwasplanned,aconservativeapproachwas taken to cable selection, taking intoaccount water depth, the burial depthexpectedandtheidentifiedrisksofcurrentand future external aggression. The finalCRE specified cable types and quantities,slack allowances, burial requirements,crossing engineering and the detailedinstallation methodology. This includedplanning the locationofall interlaysplicesanddeepwater(>4000m)FinalSplices(F/S)for each system. For a F/S, an additionaltwice depth of water cable length has tobe added to the system. Becauseof this adeepwaterF/Saddssignificantadditionalcost but is far less vulnerable to externalaggressionthanashallowwaterF/S.

Submerged plant

The cable design chosen for Apollo wasASN’sOALC-4; on the continental shelvesfivedifferent armour typeswere specified,thesewereDoubleArmourHeavy (DAH),Double Armour Medium (DAM), SingleArmour Heavy (SAH), Single ArmourLight (SAL)and for that sectionof theUKcontinentalshelfwhere theriskofexternal

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aggression was considered at its highest,a special cable, Special Purpose DoubleArmour,(SPDA)withenhancedimpactandcrush resistancewas specified. The SPDAcablewasdesignedbyASNspecificallyforespecially harsh environments and is thestrongestcabledesignofitstypeinexistence.TodateApollo remains theonly system tohaveincorporatedSPDA.Indeepwateri.e.beyond the 2,000m contour, LightweightProtected(LWP)andLWwerespecified.

The ASN repeaters were built using32nm wideband optical amplifiers andthe repeater spacing was chosen to givea design capability of 80λ x 10Gbits/sper fibre pair. This design capacity wassignificantlygreaterthananyofthesystemsApollowouldcompetewith.Also,meetingthe objective of minimum lifetime costs,the design of the ASN repeater offeredsome other unique benefits. Firstly, it hasaglandedbulkhead;thismeansitpreventswater ingress to the repeater housing, ifthere is a cablebreak close to the repeater.Without this design feature, expensiverepeaters would be written-off, if such afaultweretooccur.Thisfeatureallowedthequantityofsparerepeaterstobeoptimised.Secondly, the ASN repeater design hasthe most comprehensive supervisory andmonitoring system in the market. Thisenablesmonitoringof therepeaters’healthfrom the Cable Landing Stations, whilein service, so that any problems can beidentifiedearlyand,ifnecessary,aplannedreplacementcanbearranged,withcapacitycustomers being warned well in advance.Also,thesupervisorysystemisabletoadd

to the accuracy of system fault locationtechniques, thus reducing down time andthecostofanyrepairs.Fortunately,duetothe reliability of the product and the lowfaultrate,Apollohasnothadtocallontheseparticulartechnicalbenefits.

Marine Installation

Themajorityoftheinstallationofthesystemstookplace in2002,although the shoreendlanding at Bude took place in November2001 in order to avoid any disruption tothe tourist season. Due to New Jerseypermitting requirements, both US shoreends where installed through HorizontalDirectionalDrillconduits.ThevastmajorityofthesystemwasinstalledbyASN’sIledeClasscableships.

Thevesselsselectedfortheinstallationwere,at the time, virtually new purpose builtcable ships. They are large, dynamicallypositioned, stern working vessels withhigh bollard pull capability. Their designwas a significant step forward from theprevious generation of installation vessels.

These vessels all operated using the fullyintegrated software package, Makai Lay™whichlinkedallinstallationoperations.Thislayingsoftwareco-ordinatestheinstructionsbetween the ship’s navigation, dynamicpositioningandcablemachinery,aswellascarryingoutdataloggingforallcablelaying,ploughing and ROV operations. Perhapsmostsignificantly,italsoprovidedthecriticallinkbetweentheinstallationoperationsandtheCRE,as it imported, ina seamlessandthereforeerror-freemanner, thedata fromMakaiPLAN™.Thisensuredthatdatafilesthatcontainedthedetailsofthefinal,agreedrouteswereusedduringtheinstallation.

Oneachship, theGPScontrolledDynamicPositioning system drives two mainpropellers, four tunnel thrusters and oneazimuth thruster giving them sub-metervesselstationkeepingability.Thestablehulldesignandhugepoweravailabilitygivesthevessels the ability to continue cable layingoperationsthroughworseweatherandsea-state conditions than had been previouslypossible. These attributes allowed criticalploughlaunchandrecoveryoperationstobeperformedinconditionsuptoandincludingsea-state 7, without incurring any risk ofdamage to the cable andorplough. Dueto their stern working only configuration,with sheltered back decks, surface layingoperations were able to continue throughmarginal weather conditions up to andincluding force 9. With the use of MakaiLay™,thelayingaccuracyandslackcontrolfordeepwatersurfacelayingwasoptimisedtoavoidsuspensionandorloops.

Forploughburialonthecontinentalshelves

Cable Ship Ile de Batz (Source: Alcatel-Lucent)

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theshipswereequippedwiththethennewgenerationSMDHD3plough. Thevesselshighbollardpull(upto150tonnes),meantthattheycouldeasilydeliverthemaximumtow tensions of 130 tonnes, that could betoleratedbyHD3plough.

TheseHD3ploughs,weighbetween26–33tonnesandtheircapabilityisfarbeyondtheprevious generation of the then standard,12tonneploughs. Thesewere limitedtoatowtensionof50tonnesandcouldachieveamaximumburialdepthof1.1m.TheHD3ploughshavea“standard”burialdepthof2.4m,withanability to increasethis to3minverysoftsoils.Itisalsopossibletoburydown to 3m in stiffer/harder seabed, byadding an extension “boot” to the bottomof the plough share. The incorporationof a “rock tooth” allowed some ploughpenetration in areaswhere a rocky seabedpredominated and no suitable sedimentcoverwasavailable.Byscratchingtherocktoothintothesurfaceofsuchaseabed,thecableisplacedunderneathatypeof“berm”thatisformedalongthescratchlinebythe

fractured rocks and debris. This providesanincreasedlevelofprotectionforthecablethanifsurfacelaid.Italsohasanadditionalbenefit, in that the berm provides a bettersonar target for fishermenworking in thatarea,toidentifyandavoid.

Armedwith these toolsASNwere able tooptimisethetargetburialdepth,inlinewiththe Burial Protection Index philosophy7.The approach adopted for ploughing wasto achieve the maximum possible burialdepths within the safe working limits ofthe plough and vessel. Burial rates werescheduled at 15km/day although on anumber of occasions, in order to achievebest burial, progress rates were reducedto as little as 3km/day. Despite this, nosignificantprojectdown-timewas incurredduetoploughdamageormaintenanceandthe 1.2m burial requirement was achievedover the entire US shelf for both routes.Achieved burial depths on the Europeanshelves ranged from1.7m in soft sedimentto0.1minsoftrock.Ploughburialdowntothe1,500mcontourwasachievedonallfourshelfbreaks,asplanned.

The plough burial program wassupplementedbyacomprehensivePostLayInspectionandBurial(PLIB)programonallroutes.ThePLIBconfirmedachievedburialdepths, and conducted post lay burial atplanned locations such as cable crossings.It also included remedial burialwhere theplanneddepthofploughburialhadnotbeenachieved.Forbothsystems,atotallengthof1,316kmwasplanned to beploughburied

7. M Jonkergouw IndustryDevelopments in BurialAssessment Surveying (BAS)(2001)

andonly1.3%ofthisrequiredanyremedialburialwork8.

Awareness and Notifications

Having invested significant capital inreducing, wherever possible, the potentialforcabledamage,fromexternalaggression,through a comprehensive CRE programand professionally executed installationoperations,Apolloalsotookstepstoensurethat the presence of the cablewas known,tocompetingseabedusers. This includedensuringthatthecablerouteswerepublishedonofficialchartsassoonaswaspracticableand that Notices to Mariners (NM) werepublishedinatimelymanner.ForApollothisrequired liaisonwith theUnitedKingdomHydrographic Office (UKHO); ServiceHydrographiqueetOcéanographiquedelaMarine(SHOM)inFrance;NationalOceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)andDataManagementArchitecture(DMA)intheUSAandtheCanadianHydrographicService (CHS). TheUKHOwasfirstmadeawareoftheplannedApolloroutesin2000,once the DTS routing had been finalised.ThefirstNMswerepublishedinMay2002to coincide with survey operations andthefinal ‘as laid’routeswerepublishedonrelevant charts on 17thMarch 2003. Whenapproached about information for thisarticle, UKHO’s Geographic Manager fortheAmericasresponded:

“I whole heartedly concur with the theme of your article to highlight early and regular liaison with charting authorities as it is very important in many aspects…”

8.ibid

SMD HD3 Cable Plough (Source: Alcatel-Lucent)

Submarine CablesThe Handbook of Law and Policy

Edited by Douglas R. Burnett, Robert C. Beckman, and Tara M. Davenport

Submarine f iber optic cables are critical communications infrastructure for States around the world. They are laid on the seabed, are often no bigger than a garden hose, and transmit immense amounts of data across oceans. These cables are the backbone of the internet and phone services and underpin core State interests, such as the f inance sector, shipping, commerce and banking industries. Without the capacity to transmit and receive data via submarine cables, the economic security of States would be severely compromised. Despite the fact that 95 per cent of all data and telecommunications between States are transmitted via submarine cables, there is little understanding of how these cables operate. As a result some States have developed policies and laws that undermine the integrity of international

telecommunications systems. Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy provides a one-stop-shop of essential information relating to the international governance of submarine cables. The Handbook is a unique collaboration between international lawyers and experts from the submarine cable industry. It provides a practical insight into the law and policy issues that affect the protection of submarine cables, as well as the laying, maintenance and operation of such cables. In addition, the law and policy issues in relation to other special purpose cables, such as power cables, marine scientif ic research cables, military cables, and offshore energy cables, are also addressed.

More information and details at www.brill.com/submarine-cables

TaBle of ConTenTs

Introduction - Why Submarine Cables? Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman

PART I: BACKGROUNDChapter 1 - The Development of Submarine Cables. Stewart AshChapter 2 - The Submarine Cable Industry: How Does it Work? Mick Green

PART II: INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 3 – Overview of the International Legal Regime Governing Submarine Cables. Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman

PART III: CABLE OPERATIONS - LAW AND PRACTICE Chapter 4 – The Planning and Surveying of Submarine Cable Routes. Graham Evans, Monique PageChapter 5 – The Manufacture and Laying of Submarine Cables. Keith Ford-Ramsden, Tara DavenportChapter 6 – Submarine Cable Repair and Maintenance. Keith Ford-Ramsden, Douglas BurnettChapter 7 – The Relationship between Submarine Cables and the Marine Environment. Lionel CarterChapter 8 – Out-of-Service Submarine Cables. Douglas Burnett

PART IV: PROTECTING CABLESHIPS AND SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 9 – Protecting Cableships Engaged in Cable Operations. Mick Green, Douglas Burnett Chapter 10 – Submarine Cables and Natural Hazards.Lionel CarterChapter 11 – Protecting Submarine Cables from Competing Uses. Bob Wargo, Tara DavenportChapter 12 – Protecting Submarine Cables from Intentional Damage: The Security Gap. Robert Beckman

PART V: SPECIAL PURPOSE SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 13 – Power Cables. Malcolm Eccles, Joska Ferencz, Douglas Burnett Chapter 14 – Marine Scientific Research Cables. Lionel Carter, Alfred H.A. Soons Chapter 15 – Military Cables. J. Ashley RoachChapter 16 - Submarine Cables and Offshore Energy. Wayne Nielsen, Tara Davenport

PART VI: APPENDICES AND KEYWORD INDEXAppendix 1 - Timeline of the Submarine Cable Industry Appendix 2 - Overview of the Major Submarine System Suppliers (1850 –2012)Appendix 3 - Excerpts of Most Relevant Treaty ProvisionsKeyword Index

• November 2013• ISBN 978 90 04 26032 0 / e-ISBN 978 90 04 26033 7• Hardback / Electronic• List price EUR 143.- / US$ 185.-• Imprint: Martinus Nijhoff

action Code: 50601

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flyer_Burnett_v2b.indd 1 23-08-13 15:48

Submarine CablesThe Handbook of Law and Policy

Edited by Douglas R. Burnett, Robert C. Beckman, and Tara M. Davenport

Submarine f iber optic cables are critical communications infrastructure for States around the world. They are laid on the seabed, are often no bigger than a garden hose, and transmit immense amounts of data across oceans. These cables are the backbone of the internet and phone services and underpin core State interests, such as the f inance sector, shipping, commerce and banking industries. Without the capacity to transmit and receive data via submarine cables, the economic security of States would be severely compromised. Despite the fact that 95 per cent of all data and telecommunications between States are transmitted via submarine cables, there is little understanding of how these cables operate. As a result some States have developed policies and laws that undermine the integrity of international

telecommunications systems. Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy provides a one-stop-shop of essential information relating to the international governance of submarine cables. The Handbook is a unique collaboration between international lawyers and experts from the submarine cable industry. It provides a practical insight into the law and policy issues that affect the protection of submarine cables, as well as the laying, maintenance and operation of such cables. In addition, the law and policy issues in relation to other special purpose cables, such as power cables, marine scientif ic research cables, military cables, and offshore energy cables, are also addressed.

More information and details at www.brill.com/submarine-cables

TaBle of ConTenTs

Introduction - Why Submarine Cables? Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman

PART I: BACKGROUNDChapter 1 - The Development of Submarine Cables. Stewart AshChapter 2 - The Submarine Cable Industry: How Does it Work? Mick Green

PART II: INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 3 – Overview of the International Legal Regime Governing Submarine Cables. Douglas Burnett, Tara Davenport, Robert Beckman

PART III: CABLE OPERATIONS - LAW AND PRACTICE Chapter 4 – The Planning and Surveying of Submarine Cable Routes. Graham Evans, Monique PageChapter 5 – The Manufacture and Laying of Submarine Cables. Keith Ford-Ramsden, Tara DavenportChapter 6 – Submarine Cable Repair and Maintenance. Keith Ford-Ramsden, Douglas BurnettChapter 7 – The Relationship between Submarine Cables and the Marine Environment. Lionel CarterChapter 8 – Out-of-Service Submarine Cables. Douglas Burnett

PART IV: PROTECTING CABLESHIPS AND SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 9 – Protecting Cableships Engaged in Cable Operations. Mick Green, Douglas Burnett Chapter 10 – Submarine Cables and Natural Hazards.Lionel CarterChapter 11 – Protecting Submarine Cables from Competing Uses. Bob Wargo, Tara DavenportChapter 12 – Protecting Submarine Cables from Intentional Damage: The Security Gap. Robert Beckman

PART V: SPECIAL PURPOSE SUBMARINE CABLESChapter 13 – Power Cables. Malcolm Eccles, Joska Ferencz, Douglas Burnett Chapter 14 – Marine Scientific Research Cables. Lionel Carter, Alfred H.A. Soons Chapter 15 – Military Cables. J. Ashley RoachChapter 16 - Submarine Cables and Offshore Energy. Wayne Nielsen, Tara Davenport

PART VI: APPENDICES AND KEYWORD INDEXAppendix 1 - Timeline of the Submarine Cable Industry Appendix 2 - Overview of the Major Submarine System Suppliers (1850 –2012)Appendix 3 - Excerpts of Most Relevant Treaty ProvisionsKeyword Index

• November 2013• ISBN 978 90 04 26032 0 / e-ISBN 978 90 04 26033 7• Hardback / Electronic• List price EUR 143.- / US$ 185.-• Imprint: Martinus Nijhoff

action Code: 50601

35% Discount

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In addition to the charting authorities,ongoing liaison with organisations, thatwere identified during the project to havecontinuedinterestintheApollocableroutes,were built into the company’s operatingprocedures.

For example, NetWork Services continuesto maintain an up to date and thoroughunderstanding of vessel movements andfishing trends relevant to theApollo cablesystem. This understanding allows themtobe employed inon-goingfishing liaisonand cable awareness activities directed atthe skippers that operate in the vicinity oftheApollo cable system. On-going liaisonconsists of monitoring of fishing activityin the vicinity of theApollo cable system,regular Apollo Cable Awareness Chartdistribution, in addition to the KingfisherInformation Service9, and port visits tomeetdirectlywithrelevantfishingindustryrepresentativesandvesselskippers,bothintheUKandabroad.

AccordingtoColinRichards,Apolloisseenasasuccessstorybythefishermen,astheyappreciate the consideration and effortsmade toavoid theirfishinggrounds in theplanningstages.Staticgearfishermenalsoappreciated the efforts made to minimisedisruption to their fishing activities andlivelihoods during the installation process.Consulting with static gear fishermenfrom the outset of the project was a keyfactor in securing good relations withthem. Fishermen appreciate the regularpersonal contact and the up to dateCableAwareness Chart information that Apollo9.http://www.seafish.org/industry-support/fishing/kingfisher-information-services

provides, which ensures that fishermenarekeptawareof thepositionof thecable,encouraging themtoavoidfishingdirectlyoverit,wherepossible,andhighlightingthesafetyriskandthepotentialconsequencesofanyinteraction.

Tracking Potential Aggressors

OnceApollowentintoservice,airsurveillancewas carried out to monitor fishing activityin the vicinity of the cable with ColinRichards flying as “observer” during theseflights. Theseoperationshelped to identifyindividual foreign vessels fishing in thevicinityofthecable,particularlyinthedeepwaterwest ofLongitude8 00Wandon theedgeofthecontinentalshelf.Inrecentyearsthese flights have be replaced by AIS andVMSsurveillancemethods.Themandatoryintroduction of ECDIS to vessels over500tons,inthenextfewyears,isexpectedtobeoffurtherassistanceinthisarea.

Operations & Maintenance (O & M)

AlthoughtheApollofaulthistoryisexcellent,Richard and his team remain vigilant inprotecting their systems and being readytorespondtocablefaults, ifrequired. ThesystemsarecoveredbytheAtlanticPrivateMaintenance Agreement and submergedplant spares are distributed in strategiclocations, in order to be able to respondquicklyandeffectivelytoanyfuturesystemfault.Thisrepresentsasignificantcostinthecompany’sannualO&Mbudgetandyoumaybeforgivenforthinkingthateconomiescould be made. However, Richard Elliottexplains:

“Although Apollo has an enviable reliability record we are not complacent. We can’t afford to be. All this company does is provide north Atlantic capacity. If a cable is down our business is temporarily out of action. This is unique on the route, all our competitors have other revenue sources, only Apollo is 100% dependent on trans-Atlantic capacity. We have to really care about it.”

Conclusions

Apollohasbeenrewardedfortheworkdoneand the investmentmade, by two systemsthat have only suffered one fault each in10 years. In 2004, Apollo North sufferedanseabed inducedcable fault in5,000mofwater and in 2005; theApollo South cablesuffereddamagebyfishinggear,in300mofwater, off Lannion, well outside territorialwaters. With marine repairs costing onthe order of US$0.5–1.0M a time, a faulthistorylikeApollo’scanmakeasignificantdifference to the company’s O &M costs.However, perhaps more significant, is thefact that the incidence of cable faults isinversely proportional to customer loyaltyand, for a company likeApollo, customerloyaltyisessential.

InmanycasestheworkdonebyApolloandASNwas,atthetime,leadingedge.TodaytheCREandinstallationtechniquesusedaremore readilyavailable. However, inordertobeassuccessfulasApollo,aprojectneedsa purchaser that is prepared to make thenecessaryup-frontfinancialinvestmentandto give the supplier the time necessary todesignandimplementthesystemproperly.

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Italsoneedsasupplierwiththeexperienceand capability to deliver the necessaryservicesand technology,butperhapsmoreimportantly a supplier that is prepared todeliver the best available solution to itscustomer, without being bound rigidly tothecontractscopeofwork.

The benefits of early and ongoingconsultation with third parties and inparticular the fishing industry cannot beoverstated.ToquoteColinRichards:

“In my opinion Apollo, was a well-planned and well installed subsea cable system and it has been well managed from the beginning. Potential fishing risks were always a high priority during the planning stage and fishing liaison has been an integral and valued element from initial marine works through to the present day”.

As a consultant I regularly stress to myclients,whentheyareplanningasubmarinecableproject,thatitisalongterminvestmentand that they should be looking at lifetimecosts as opposed to focusing on the shorttermcapitalcostofprocurement. Also, thatspeed to market is not necessarily a goodthing,especiallyifitmeanscompromisingoncriticalengineeringdecisions.Timeshouldbetakentofullyevaluatetherisksandtocarryout detailed cost benefit analysis on majordesignissues.Therearefewexampleswhereit canbeseen thatgreater investmentat thefrontendhassavedmoneyoverthelifetimeof the project. Unfortunately, there are toomanyexamplesofwhentheconverseistrue.

Whenitcomestoplanningandimplementinga submarine cable system the old adage,

“You can have it Right or you can have itNowbutyou can’t have itRightNow” is,I believe, a goodone. Todate, theApollosystemsappear tobeashiningexampleofthisphilosophy.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank, RichardElliott, Maja Summers, Nick Smith, SashaO’Bow-Hove, Roy Carryer, Julian Clark,Colin Richards, John Kincey and NigelFisherfortheirinsightsandviewsthatwereinvaluableinpreparingthisarticle.

Stewart Ash’s career in the Submarine Cables industry spans more than 40 years, he has held senior management positions with STC Submarine Cables (now Alcatel-Lucent

Submarine Networks), Cable & Wireless Marine and Global Marine Systems Limited. While with GMSL he was, for 5 years, Chairman of the UJ Consortium. Since 2005 he has been a consultant, working independently and an in association with leading industry consultants Pioneer Consulting, Red Penguin Associates, Walker Newman and WFN Strategies, providing commercial and technical support to clients in the Telecoms and Oil & Gas sectors.

Apart from his regular Back Reflection articles, he has authored a number of articles and conference papers on a wide range of industry issues. In 2000, he edited and co-wrote “Elektron to ‘e’ Commerce, a brief history of the first 150 years of the submarine cable industry. He also wrote Chapter 1 “The Development of Submarine Cables” for the recently published “SubmarineCables The Handbook of Law and Policy” sponsored by ICPC.

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There’s a new power under ocean uniting the world in a whole new way. With unparalleled development expertise and outstanding technology, Huawei Marine is revolutionizing trans-ocean communications with a new generation of repeaters and highly reliable submarine cable systems that offer greater transmission capacity, longer transmission distances and faster response to customer needs. Huawei Marine: connecting the world one ocean at a time.

The Power of Submarine Information Transmission

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Submarine cable protection Zones

acma

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Australia’s submarinecommunicationscablescarrythebulk of our international voice

anddatatrafficandareavitalcomponentof our national infrastructure, linkingAustraliawithothercountries.

Submarine cables are vulnerable todamageandbreakage,which can causeserious consequences for the flow ofinformationtoandfromAustralia.Cabledamage can cause data loss, significantdelays, and severe financial loss tobusinesses,cableownersandindividualswho rely on communication links withothercountries.

Submarine Cable Legislation

Because of the increasing importanceof submarine cables, the AustralianGovernment introduced legislationdesigned to protect our mostcritical submarine cables—theTelecommunications and Other Legislation Amendment (Protection of Submarine Cables and Other Measures) Act 2005. Whenreading the legislation, it is advisableto consult the associated ExplanatoryMemorandum.

The legislation allows the AustralianCommunications and Media Authority(theACMA) todeclaresubmarinecableprotection zones in Australian waters

over submarine cables of nationalsignificance. Within these protectionzones, activities that could damagesubmarine cables will be prohibited orrestricted. Within protection zones, itis an offence to damage a submarinecable, toengage inprohibitedactivities,or to contravene a restriction. Penaltiesincludefinesofupto$66,000and/ortenyearsimprisonmentforanindividual,orupto$330,000foracorporation.

If theACMAdeclares a protection zone,thelocationofthatzonewillbenotedonrelevanthydrographicchartsanddetailsoftheprohibitedor restrictedactivitieswillbecirculatedwidelytoaffectedparties.

The legislation also provides for theACMAtoissuepermitsfortheinstallationofsubmarinecableseither:

a. withinsubmarinecableprotectionzones,or

b. outside of submarine cableprotection zones (other than incoastalwaters)

Application Charges For Installation Permits

Application For A Protection Zone Permit

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The application fee for a PZ permit is$2,215 (GST exempt). The fee is basedon cost recovery for the ACMA’sadministrationoftheapplication.

Application For A Non-Protection Zone Permit And Expert Consultancy Charge

The application charge for a non-PZpermitis$8,176(GSTexempt),or$7,388(GST exempt) where the applicationis linked to a protection zone permit.Applications for a non-PZ permitmustalsoincludeanexpertconsultancychargeof$25,000(GSTexempt).

The application fees are based on costrecoveryfortheACMA’sadministrationoftheapplication.Whereanon-PZpermitis linked to a PZ permit application, areducedapplicationfeeappliesreflectingthe slightly lower administrativeexpenses involved when processinglinkedapplications.

Theexpertconsultancychargeistocoverthecostofanyrequiredexpertconsultantassessment.Anyunspentportionof thechargemayberefundable,andthechargewill only be used if a situation ariseswheretheACMAconsidersindependentexpertadviceisneeded.Afurtherchargemay be levied if the costs of an expertconsultantexceedtheexpertconsultancycharge.

Payment Options

The application fees and expertconsultancychargearepayablebyeitherby a cheque to the Collector of PublicMoneys, Australian CommunicationsandMediaAuthorityordirectdeposittotheACMA.

For direct deposit, prior to lodging anapplicationcontacttheACMA’sFinanceSection via email at remittances@acma.gov.au or telephone 02 6219 5521 toarrangeforaTaxInvoicetobesenttoyou.

PaymentscanthenbemadebyEFT,BPayorCreditCard (depending onpaymentamount)byfollowingtheinstructionsontheTaxInvoice.

Declaring, Varying Or Revoking A Protection Zone

TheACMAhasdevelopedaninformationguide Requesting a protection zone bedeclared, varied or revoked (PDF 440kborWord459kb).Thisguideprovidesan overview of the ACMA’s approachto declaring, varying or revoking a

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protection zone under Schedule 3A oftheAct. It should assist in preparing asubmission requesting the ACMA todeclare,varyorrevokeaprotectionzone.TheACMAmaybecontactedforfurtherinformationabouttheprocess.

Costs Of Declaring, Varying Or Revoking A Protection Zone

Anapplicant for anewprotectionzonemust pay a $195,000 deposit to theACMAfortheexpensestobeincurredbytheACMA in relation to an application

to declare a protection zone. Likewise,a person who makes an application tovary or revoke an existing protectionzonemustpaya$143,000deposittotheACMAfortheexpensestobeincurredbytheACMA.

TheACMAcharges$197perhourfortheactivitiesofACMAstaffinrelationtoanapplication.TheACMAdirectlyrecoversexternalcosts, includingbutnot limitedto,advertising,venuehire,catering,travelexpenses and consultation costs. Thesecostsaretakenfromapaiddeposit,with

any remainder refundedoroutstandingchargebilledtoanapplicant.

Payment Options

Paymentcanbemadeeitherbyachequepayable to the Collector of PublicMoneys, Australian CommunicationsandMediaAuthorityoradirectdeposittotheACMA.Fordirectdeposit,contacttheACMA’sFinanceSectionviaemailatremittances@acma.gov.auortelephone0262195521priortolodgingtheapplicationsubmission toarrange foraTax Invoicetobesenttoyou.Paymentscanthenbemade by Electronic Funds Transfer orBPaybyfollowingtheinstructionsontheTaxInvoice.

Protection Zones Around Submarine Cables Of National Significance

Perth Protection Zone

In September 2007, the ACMA madea declaration for a submarine cableprotection zone off the coast of Perth,whichhasbeenineffectsince1February2008. This protection zone is arounda cable that is regarded as nationallysignificant—the SEA-ME-WE3 cable,whichlinksAustraliatoSouthEastAsia,theMiddleEastandWesternEurope.ThePerthProtectionZoneextendsfromCityBeach to 51 nauticalmiles offshore and

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covers the area up to one nauticalmileeithersideoftheSEA-ME-WE3cable.

For further details about the PerthProtection Zone, including informationabout activities that are prohibited orrestricted in the zone, go to the WAprotectionzonepage.

Sydney Protection Zones

In July 2007, the ACMA declared twosubmarinecableprotectionzonesofftheSydney coastwhichhavebeen in effectsince 1 October 2007. The protectionzones set out in the declarations havebeendeveloped around two cables thatareregardedasnationallysignificant:

• theSouthernCrossCable—whichlinksAustralia’s communicationsnetwork with New Zealand, FijiandtheUnitedStates,and

• theAustraliaJapanCable—whichlinksAustraliawithGuam,JapanandAsia

ThetwoSydneyprotectionzonesareasfollows:

• the Northern Sydney ProtectionZone extending from Narrabeenbeach to 40 nautical miles offshore covering northern branches

of the Australia Japan Cable andSouthernCrosscable,includingtheareabetweenthesetwocables;and

• the Southern Sydney ProtectionZone extending from Tamaramaand Clovelly beaches andextending 30 nautical miles offshore covering the southernbranches of the Australia JapanCableandSouthernCross cables,including the area between thesetwocables.

For further details about the NSWprotection zone, including informationabout activities that are prohibited orrestricted in the zones, go to the NSWprotectionzonepage.

Memorandum Of Understanding

The ACMA and the Department ofDefence signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding [MoU] (PDF, 196kb) on22 December 2008, to address concernsabout possible damage to submarinecables in areas where submarine cableprotection zones overlap with Defencepractice areas. The MoU outlinesacceptable parameters for Defence toconduct operations using explosivesand confirms the obligation on cableoperators to consultwithDefencepriortoaccessingthepracticeareas.

TheMoUincludesthedirectionforfiringammunition, the use of inert practiceroundsandtheuseoftargetsbyDefence.TheMoUalsoprecludesthebottomingofsubmarineswithinprotectionzonesandprovides formal recognitionbyDefenceof cable owners and operators rightto access defence practice areas whichare within, or overlap with, protectionzones to undertake cable installation ormaintenance.

TheMoUconfirmstheACMA’sobligationtoconsultwithDefenceregardingcablepermit applications, before making orvaryinganyprotectionzonedeclarationsand changing prohibited conduct orrestricted activity in protection zonesoverlappingwithdefencepracticeareas.

Any submarine cable owner or operatorwishing to enter a Defence practice areashould contact Ms Melissa Felton atDefenceontelephone+61(0)262668640orbyemailmelissa.felton@defence.gov.au.

Article courtesy of

ICPC Plenary Meeting:18-20 March 2014 inclusiveThe next Plenary of the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) will be held in Dubai and its theme will be:

Managing Critical Infrastructure in a Changing Natural and Socio-Economic Environment

The ICPC therefore seeks presentations from interested parties that help address the commercial, legal, technical and operational challenges of protecting submarine cables.

Topics could include, but are not limited to:

• Government & Industry working together

• Power cables: overcoming the challenges of depth and distance

• Science and Submarine Cables

• Choke points, route diversity and network resilience

• Legal & regulatory challenges & solutions

• Social, strategic and economic reliance on submarine cables

• New technologies and best practices for cable protection and maintenance

• Helping new players to understand the basics of cable protection

• Cables in new and extreme environments, e.g. Arctic, Rivers

• Avoiding intentional damage, e.g. Terrorism, Vandalism, Theft, Piracy

Presentations should be 25 minutes long including time for questions and, to ensure clarity when presented, should be formatted in accordance with the guidance that will be provided.

Prospective presenters are respectfully advised that papers that are overtly marketing a product or service will not be accepted, however two marketing slides can be included at the beginning or end of the presentation.

NB: Commercial exhibits may be displayed adjacent to the ICPC meeting room by special arrangement. Please contact the Secretary for further details.

Abstracts must be submitted via email to plenary@iscpc.org no later than 31 January 2014.

The ICPC will evaluate all submissions based on content and quality.

Call for Papers

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back reflection by Stewart ash

TheHistoryoftheOhm

In 2011 (Issue 59), Back Reflectionrecognised the immortalisation ofMichael Faraday and Joseph Henryin the SI units for capacitance andinductance.However,2014marksthe160th anniversary of the death of thefirstandarguablythemostwellknowscientisttohavehisnamelinkedwithan electrical standard, Georg SimonOhm (1787 – 1854). This associationbeganwhenSirCharlesTilstonBright(1832–1888)andJosiahLatimerClark(1822–1898)proposedthename“ohma”tobeaunitofelectromotiveforceinapapertotheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancement of Science committee.This committeewas setup in 1861 toestablish standard electrical units,and was established in line with arecommendationinthereportfromthejointBritishGovernmentandAtlanticTelegraph Company committee of

enquiry,setuptolookintothefailuresoftheAtlanticandRedSeacables.

Resistanceasaunithadbeenexpressedasavelocity,basedonthe tenmillionmetres of the earth quadrant (fromwhich we get the original definitionof themetre). Thiswas explainedbyJamesClarkMaxwell (1831–1897)as“thevelocity of a bodywhich, in onesecond, travels the distance from thepoletotheequatormeasuredalongthemeridianofParis”.

Charles Wheatstone (1802 – 1875)had proposed an arbitrary resistancestandard in 1843 based on a foot ofcopperweighing100grains. Anotherarbitrary standard was based ononemile of copperwire 1/16 inch indiameter. In Europe, the arbitrarystandardunitwasbasedonDrWernervon Siemens (1816 – 1892) mercuryfilled glass tube. A number of other

arbitrary standards also co-existed,with little or no correlation betweenanyofthem.

Clark and Bright’s paper entitled“Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance” was presented to theBritish Association committee led byProfessorWilliamThomson[LaterLordKelvin] (1824 – 1907) and Maxwell,in Manchester in September 1861. Itbegan:

“The Science of Electricity and the art of Telegraphy have both now arrived at a stage of progress at which it is necessary that universally received standards of electrical quantities and resistance should be adopted, in order that precise language and measurement may take the place of the empirical rules and general ideas now prevalent.”

By 1864, the British Association (BA)hadcreatedthe“BAunit”ofresistance,

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an absolute unit based on themetre-gram-seconds(mgs)system.However,themgsunitofresistancewas far toosmalltobeofpracticalusetotelegraphengineers, so they recommend apractical unit of resistance that was107biggerthanthemgsunit.Whilethis may appear an arbitrarymultiplier it meant that, ifadopted,onemileofstandardtelegraph copper wirewouldhavea resistanceof10BA units. The BritishAssociation produced astandardresistor,madeofwire, to realise this unit.Anumberofcopiesweremadeforsaleandoneofthe first purchasers wasMichaelFaraday.

In 1868, the BritishAssociation for theAdvancement of Science setupanothercommittee for,“theselection and nomenclature ofdynamical andelectricalunits”. In1872, this committee recommendeda change from themgs system to thecentimetre-gram-second (cgs) systemandchangedthenameof theBAunittothe“Ohm”,alsointroducingOmega(Ω)asitssymbol.

was agreed that the theoretical Ohmshouldberepresentedbytheresistanceoffered to an unvarying current by aone cm2 column of mercury, 106cmhigh.However,evenatthetimeitwasknownthatthisdefinitionwasinerrorwith regard to the column heightby some 3mm. In consequence,duetothisinaccuracy,itdidnotfind favour with the puristsbutwasquicklytakenupbyengineers as an excellentapproximation andaccurate for all practicalpurposes.

The InternationalElectrical Congress inChicago,in1893,correctedthis error and redefinedtheOhmas the resistanceat0°centigradeofacolumnofmercury106.3cminlength,

havingauniformcrosssectionandamassof14.4521gms.The

massequatestoacrosssectionof1mm2.Thisdefinitionwasdubbed

the“InternationalOhm”.Atthesameconferencethe“InternationalAmpere”and “International Volt” were alsodefined.Onthe12July1894,PublicBill105waspassedbyCongressmakingtheInternationalOhmthelegaldefinitionoftheOhmintheUSA.

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The first International Conference ofElectriciansinParis, in1881,acceptedthe British Associations definition

of the Ohm but sought reproduciblestandards. Such units were called“practicalunits”becausetheycouldbereadilyrealized in laboratories,whichtheabsolutedefinitioncouldnotbe.It

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As measuring accuracy increasedit became apparent that the 1893conferencehadoverspecifiedtheunitsandthattheformula,Vint=AintxΩintdidnotwork.Thiswasresolvedatthe1908International conference in London.ThiswasachievedbyreducingthebaseunitsfromthreetotwoandredefiningtheInternationalVoltasaderivedunit.

With advances in electromagnetismand calculus it became apparent thata coherent absolute system of unitscouldonlyincludeoneelectromagneticbase unit. The first such systemwasproposed by Giovanni Giorgi (1871–1950) in1901; thisused theOhmastheadditionalbaseunitintheMetres-Kilograms-Seconds (MKS) system,and is referred to as the MKSΩ orGiorgi system. However, there wasgreater international support for useof theAmpere as the electromagneticbase unit. In 1935, the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC)

adopted the Giorgi system with theAmpere replacing the Ohm, this isknownastheMKSAsystem.

The International Committee forWeights and Measures (CIPM)approved a new set of definitions forelectricalunits,basedontherationalizedMKSAsystem, in 1946 (Resolution2),andthesewereinternationallyadoptedundertheMetreConventionbythe9thGeneral Conference of Weights andMeasuresin1948.

Improvements in technology hasopenedupentirelynewwaysofmakinga resistance standard,and in1988 theCIPMadoptedasaconventionalvalue“25,812.807 Ω for the von Klitzingconstant, R

K, that is to say, for the

quotientoftheHallpotentialdifferencedivided by current corresponding totheplateau i=1 in thequantumHalleffect” (CIPM Recommendation 2,CI-1988). This value has been usedby all standards laboratories since 1st

January1990.WhilenotaredefinitionoftheOhm,thenewstandardpermitsenhancedprecision inmeasuring it. Ihopethatclarifiesthesituation?

George Ohm died some years beforehisnamewasimmortalizedintheunitof electrical resistance and such greatefforts were made to measure andstandardize its value. However, hisfamouslaw;V=IxRremains,today;the best know formula that is taughtin school science classes all over theworld.

While modern fibre systems relyheavily on optical testing to locatesubmarinecablefaults, thefact isthatlowcurrentDCtestingandtheuseofOhmslawisstillagoodandaccuratemethod of locating a cable break andtheonlywayoffindingthepositionofashuntfaultwithanyaccuracy, if thefibresarenotbroken.

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by Kevin G. Summers

Today I'm going to write aboutsomethingalittleofftopic,somethingthat is near and dear to my heart,

but that isonlyperipherallyrelated to thesubmarinecableindustry.I'mwritingaboutthe massive changes in the publishingindustry that have occured over the pastfewyears.

Stillwithme?

Firstoff,IwantyoutoknowthatI'vebeenteachingacreativewritingclassatlibrariesandthelocalcommunitycollegesince2007.Backthen,just6yearsago,thelong-standingtradition in thepublishingworldwas thatonly hacks and nobodies self-publishedtheirwork. Itwasalsocustomary,even inthe21stcentury, thatallmanuscriptsweretypedin12-ptCourierfontandsnail-mailedtothepublisher.Onlyonceyourworkwasacceptedwasitappropriatetosendadigitalfile.

Fast forwardto thepresent,andtheworldofpublishingisundergoingamassiveseachange.Authors likeHughHowey, JasonGurleyand

MichaelBunkerareprovingthatyoudon'tneedathirdpartypublishertobesuccessful.ThanksinlargeparttodevicesliketheAmazonKindleand Apple's iPhone, readers can purchasebooksforvirtuallynothing,affordingthemtheopportunitytotrynewauthors.

Now, the teacher in me and the part of methatwasfirstpublishedthroughPocketBooksis somewhat skeptical. I have to say that theauthorsmentionedaboveallputalotoftimeinto their craft. Their manuscripts were notonlywell-written, theywerewell-edited. Thestories they have to tell are compelling–withahook,memorable characters, abeginning, amiddle and an end. In otherwords, they areprofessionallycraftedandnotamateurdrivel.Andafterthewritingisdone,theyputinthehours required topublicize theirwork.Thesearesomehard-workingfolks–writersthatmighthave easilygoneunnoticedby the traditionalpublishingindustry.

Now,thisisn'ttosaythattraditionalpublishingis bad. Theydo a good job atwhat theydo,which is identifying books and authors withthe potential to sell a lot of copies. But some

stories take time to build and audience, andonlythroughself-publishingcansomeoftheseauthorsslowlyfindthataudience.I'veobservedthis effect with some of my own writing.Storiesthatarelongoutofprintarestillsellingas e-books, and I've been quite pleasedwiththesalesnumbersformynewerwork.It'snotquit-your-day-jobmoney, butmy audience isgrowing.

None of this would be possible, of course,withouttheinternetanditsreliablebackboneofsubmarinecables.Justthinkofthatasyouareoutthereinstallingcableorsellingbandwidthordevelopingupgrade technology.Theworkyoudoismakingitpossibleforartiststo livetheirdreamsandchangetheworld.We'reallinthistogetherafterall.