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• act of raising in rank or position

• encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something

• forwarding: the advancement of some enterprise; "his experience in marketingresulted in the forwarding of his career"

• All forms of communication other than advertising that call attention to products

and services by adding extra values toward the purchase. Includes temporarydiscounts, allowances, premium offers, coupons, contests, sweepstakes, etc.

Age of store location: This variable is very important because of if store location

is old and of many years, sales expected to be more.

Market size: This variable is relating with unit sales because if market size is

 bigger than the targeting people are more than small market. Thus sales expected to be more.

The number of  buyers and sellers in a particular market. This is especially important for 

companies that wish to launch a new product or service, since small markets are less likely to beable to support a high volume of goods. Large markets could bring in more competition.

Source of Data:

C:\Program Files\SPSSInc\SPSS16\Samples

Quality of the Data:

Quality of the data is up to mark. No value of any variable is missing. Data source

is reliable. All of the independent variables have the theoretical explanations of the effects on the

economic growth.

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Model of relationship of dependent and independent variables:

Factors affecting the unit sales in market (TEST MARKETING)

Independent variable Dependant variable

Independent variable

Independent variable

PROMOTION

AGE OF STORE

LOCATION

MARKET SIZE

 UNIT SOLD

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Literature

Review

Literature of market size:

1. MJ Melitz, GIP Ottaviano - NBER working paper, 2005 - papers.ssrn.com

We develop a monopolistically competitive model of trade with firm heterogeneity - in

terms of productivity differences - and endogenous differences in the `toughness` of competitionacross markets - in terms of the number and average productivity of competing firms. We

analyze how these features vary across markets of different size that are not perfectly integrated

through trade. Aggregate productivity and average markups thus respond to both the size of amarket and the extent of its integration through trade (larger, more integrated markets exhibit

higher productivity and lower markups).

2. Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French

The Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), pp. 131-155

We study whether the behavior of stock prices, in relation to size and book-to-market-

equity (BE/ME), reflects the behavior of earnings. Consistent with rational pricing, high BE/ME

signals persistent poor earnings and low BE/ME signals strong earnings. Moreover, stock pricesforecast the reversion of earnings growth observed after firms are ranked on size and BE/ME.

Finally, there are market, size, and BE/ME factors in earnings like those in returns. The market

and size factors in earnings help explain those in returns, but we find no link between BE/ME

factors in earnings and returns.

3. Marketing academicians and practitioners have been observing for more than three decades

that business performance is affected by market orientation, yet to date there has been no valid

measure of a market orientation and hence no systematic analysis of its effect on a business's

 performance. The authors report the development of a valid measure of market orientation and

analyze its effect on a business's profitability. Using a sample of 140 business units consisting of commodity products businesses and non commodity businesses, they find a substantial positive

effect of a market orientation on the profitability of both types of businesses.

4. Despite the growing recognition in the corporate governance literature that the relationship

 between ownership concentration and profitability is context dependent, this issue has not yet

 been subjected to direct empirical investigation using a single...

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5. That corporate insiders earn profits from stock trading does not surprise most financial

economists, but that outsiders can earn abnormal returns by using publicly available insider 

trading data constitutes a serious exception to stock market efficiency. We show that this

anonally continues to exist despite the publication of studies attesting to its existence. We

suggest that the anomalous profits to outsiders are a manifestation of the size and earnings/price

ratio effects. Controlling for these factors reduces outsider profits by half; the additional

assumption of a 2% transactions cost makes outsider profits zero or negative. Insider profits from

trading in shares of their companies are also greatly reduced. Insider profits after an assumed 2%

transactions cost are a moderate 3% per annum for annual holding periods.

6. by Will Mitchell

1989 "Whether and when: Probability and timing of incumbents' entry into emerging industrialsubfields." Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 208-230.

1991 "Dual clocks: Entry order influences on industry incumbent and newcomer market share

and survival when specialized assets retain their value." Strategic Management Journal, 12: 85-100.

1994 "Newcomer and incumbent entry and success in new technical subfields of the medical

diagnostic imaging equipment industry, 1954-1988." In G. R. Carroll and M. T. Hannan (eds.),

Organizations in Industry: Strategy, Structure, and Selection. New York: Oxford UniversityPress (forthcoming). The exit of a business from a product market, whether the business is

dissolved or is sold to another company, is an important event because of its effect on the

evolution of the market. A product market is a set of goods and services that serve similar functions, are created with the use of similar technology, and are used by similar users (see

Abell, 1980: 17). It is equivalent to a technical subfield of an industry (Mitchell, 1989) that

serves a single set of users. Business exit affects market evolution through the destruction or retention of organizational capabilities. Two key factors that influence the likelihood that a

 business will exit from a product market are business size and business age, which is the length

of time that a firm has sold goods in a particular product market.While we understand some of the ways in which business age and size influence the likelihood

that a business will exit from a product market, several important issues remain unresolved. A

substantial body of research has investigated how business age and size affect the likelihood that

start-up firms, formed to enter a product market, will be dissolved. The most general conclusionof this research is that the likelihood that a business will exit declines as businesses become

larger and as they age (see Jones, 1987; Singh and Lumsden, 1990). Few studies have controlled

 both age and size, however, so that it is not clear that both influences have independent effectson the dissolution rate. Moreover, start-up firms and business dissolution represent a minority of 

entrants and exits in most product markets. Instead, many entrants are existing firms that already

operate businesses in other product markets (Dunne, Roberts, and Samuelson, 1988) and arediversifying by entering a new market, while many firms end their participation in a product

market by selling their businesses to other firms (Aldrich and Auster, 1986). Although business

dissolution and divestiture patterns often differ (e.g., Freeman, Carroll, and Hannan, 1983), little

research has examined the influence of business age and size on the likelihood that a start-upfirm will sell its business to another company or the likelihood that a diversifying entrant will

shut down or sell its business. This study takes these factors into account. The analysis helps us

understand the processes by which organizational capabilities are retained within a product

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market as diversifying entrants and start-up firms age and grow. In clarifying these processes, the

 paper explores the interrelationship of economic, ecological, and evolutionary explanations for 

 business survival, which together form the basis of an organizational economic process of  business strategy.

BACKGROUNDComparing and contrasting the effects of business age and size on the dissolutions and

divestitures of start-up firms and diversifying entrants helps us understand how organizational

capabilities are retained within a product market. Theorists in many fields view businesses as  bundles of productive capabilities embodied in organizational routines (e.g., Penrose, 1959;

Cyert and March, 1963; Stinchcombe, 1965; Hannan and Freeman, 1977), which are patterns of 

activity unique to the particular organizations in which they are found (Winter, 1990). Routine-

  based capabilities are found within R&D and engineering activities, supply managementsystems, production processes, sales and service systems, financial structures, management

systems, and other organizational processes. Nelson and Winter (1982: 277) argued that a market

system acts as a device for conducting and evaluating experiments in economic organization.

Entrants commonly introduce new capabilities that differ substantially from existing capabilitiesof product market incumbents (Schumpeter, 1934; Tushman and Anderson, 1986). Entry by

start-up firms and diversifying entrants represents two forms of experiments by which newcapabilities are introduced into a product market, because start-up firms sometimes develop

routines that are new to competitive practice, and diversifying entrants often adapt routines from

other industrial contexts.

Business dissolution and divestiture represent distinctly different organizational outcomes in

terms of organizational capabilities. Business dissolution refers to single 0business...

7. Kevin M. Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny

The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 537-564

When world trade is costly, a country can profitably industrialize only if its domesticmarkets are large enough. In such a country, for increasing returns technologies to break even,

sales must be high enough to cover fixed setup costs. We suggest two conditions conducive to

industrialization. First, a leading sector, such as agriculture or exports, must grow and provide

the source of autonomous demand for manufactures. Second, income generated by this leading

sector must be broadly enough distributed that it materializes as demand for a broad range of 

domestic manufactures. These conditions have been important in several historical growth

episodes.

Literature of store location:

1. This study examines how various characteristics of retail environments influence

consumers’ emotional responses in the shopping environment, and how these

emotions, in turn, influence consumers’ store attitudes. It also supplements emerging

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research on in-store emotions by identifying through ethnographic interviews emotions

generated in the retail shopping environment that are not typically tapped by standard

inventories of general human emotions. The data, collected from a sample of 294

consumers in Korea, indicate that store characteristics have a pronounced effect on

consumers’ in-store emotions, and that these emotional experiences serve as critical

mediators in the store characteristics–store attitudes relationship. The implications of 

this research for future work on the retail environment and consumers’ emotional

responses are discussed.

2. Location selection plays a very prominent role in retailing due to its high and long-

term investments. It is very difficult to make up once an inappropriate convenience

store (CVS) location has been established. The conventional approaches to location

selection can only provide a set of systematic steps for problem-solving without

considering the relationships between the decision factors globally. Therefore, this

study aims to develop a decision support system for locating a new CVS. The

 proposed system consists of four components: (1) hierarchical structure development

for fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP), (2) weights determination, (3) data

collection, and (4) decision making. In the first component, the hierarchical structure

of fuzzy AHP is formulated by reviewing the related references and interviewing the

retailing experts. Then, a questionnaire survey is conducted to determine the weight of 

each factor in the second component, while the corresponding data are collected

through some government publications and actual investigation. Finally, a feedforward

neural network with error back-propagation (EBP) learning algorithm is applied to

study the relationship between the factors and the store performance. The results show

that proposed system is able to provide more accurate result than regression model inaccuracy.

3. Retail stores are segmented using socioeconomic characteristics of the trade area, and

it is shown that the effects of store environment on store performance vary across

segments. Store performance is measured by a market-based measure—sales and a

 productivity-based measure—sales per square feet. The internal store environment

includes the number of checkout counters per square foot of selling area, the number 

of nongrocery products sold (extent of scrambled merchandising), whether the store at

least doubles manufacturers coupons, whether there is a banking facility, and whether 

the store is open for 24 hours. The external store environment includes the type of neighborhood it is located in. A methodology for predicting store performance (for 

existing and new stores) based on the type of environment and store location by using

aggregate secondary data is demonstrated. The proposed models are estimated and

validated using Market Metrics geodemographic data for 646 grocery stores provided

 by A.C. Nielsen. It is shown how the findings of this retail environment study can be

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used to offer guidelines to retailers for attaining desired levels of sales and sales per 

square feet by using readily available data.

4. The presence of demand interrelationships among substitute and complementary goods

in retail stores was demonstrated by Mulhern in 1989 and was extended by Walters in

1991. Retail pricing strategies should incorporate such demand interdependencies tomaximize store profitability. The authors review multiple-product pricing and develop

a theoretical framework for retail pricing and promotion policies based on the implicit

 price bundling of related products. They empirically calibrate how the regular and deal

 prices of individual brands influence the sales of substitute and complementary items.

More important, they demonstrate how retailers can maximize profitability by

exploiting the interdependencies in demand that are present among retail products.

5. Background

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the characteristics of retail foodstores where African-American women shopped mediated the association between

their income and intake of fruits and vegetables. Food store characteristics includedstore type (supermarket, specialty store, limited assortment store, independent grocer),

store location (suburbs, city of Detroit), and perceptions of the selection/quality and

affordability of fresh produce for sale.

6. Methods

The analysis drew upon data from a probability sample of 266 African-American

women living in 2001 in eastside Detroit, which had no supermarkets. Structural

equation modeling was used to calculate a path model of direct and indirect effects.

7. Results

Women shopping at supermarkets and specialty stores consumed fruit and vegetables

more often, on average, than those shopping at independent grocers. More positive

 perceptions of the selection/quality, but not affordability, of fresh produce at the retail

outlet where they shopped was positively associated with intake, independent of storetype and location as well as age, per capita income, and years of education. The results

suggested an indirect association between income and fruit and vegetable intake;

women with higher per capita incomes were more likely to shop at supermarkets than

at other grocers, which in turn was associated with intake.

8. Conclusions

Previous studies have shown that few supermarkets are located in the city of Detroit, a

symptom of economic divestment over the past several decades. Results of this studysuggest this may have negative implications for dietary quality, particularly among

lower-income women.

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Literature of Promotion:

1 Sunil Gupta

Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Nov., 1988), pp. 342-355

The effectiveness of a sales promotion can be examined by decomposing the sales

"bump" during the promotion period into sales increase due to brand switching, purchase time

acceleration, and stockpiling. The author proposes a method for such a decomposition whereby

 brand sales are considered the result of consumer decisions about when, what, and how much to buy. The impact of marketing variables on these three consumer decisions is captured by an

Erlang-2 interpurchase time model, a multinomial logit model of brand choice, and a cumulative

logit model of purchase quantity. The models are estimated with IRI scanner panel data for 

regular ground coffee. The results indicate that more than 84% of the sales increase due to

 promotion comes from brand switching (a very small part of which may be switching between

different sizes of the same brand). Purchase acceleration in time accounts for less than 14% of 

the sales increase, whereas stockpiling due to promotion is a negligible phenomenon accounting

for less than 2% of the sales increase.

2 Robert C. Blattberg, Richard Briesch and Edward J. FoxMarketing Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, Part 2 of 2: Special Issue on Empirical Generalizations in

Marketing (1995), pp. G122-G132

By synthesizing findings across the sales promotion literature, this article helps the reader 

understand how promotions work. We identify and explain empirical generalizations related to

sales promotion; that is, effects that have been found consistently in multiple studies involving

different researchers. We also identify issues which have generated conflicting findings in the

research, as well as important sales promotion topics that have not yet been studied. This

overview of the research and findings from the sales promotion literature is intended to offer direction for future research in the area.

3 Scott A. Neslin, Caroline Henderson and John Quelch

Marketing Science, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring, 1985), pp. 147-165

One potential consequence of consumer promotions is the acceleration of consumer 

category purchases. Purchase acceleration can assume two forms: purchasing of a larger quantity

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or shortening of interpurchase time. This research presents an analytical framework for 

measuring purchase acceleration, and applies that framework to the analysis of two product

classes. The effects of coupons, manufacturer and retailer advertising, and price cuts are

examined. Different market segments and loyalty groups are also compared in terms of the

degree of purchase acceleration exhibited.

4 Pierre Chandon, Brian Wansink and Gilles Laurent

The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 2000), pp. 65-81

Are monetary savings the only explanation for consumer response to a sales promotion? If not,

how do the different consumer benefits of a sales promotion influence its effectiveness? To

address the first question, this research builds a framework of the multiple consumer benefits of a

sales promotion. Through a series of measurement studies, the authors find that monetary and

nonmonetary promotions provide consumers with different levels of three hedonic benefits

(opportunities for value expression, entertainment, and exploration) and three utilitarian benefits

(savings, higher product quality, and improved shopping convenience). To address the secondquestion, the authors develop a benefit congruency framework, which argues that a sales

 promotion's effectiveness is determined by the utilitarian or hedonic nature of the benefits it

delivers and the congruence these benefits have with the promoted product. Among other results,

two choice experiments show that, as predicted for high-equity brands, monetary promotions are

more effective for utilitarian products than for hedonic products. The authors then discuss the

implications of the multibenefit and the benefit congruency frameworks for understanding

consumer responses to sales promotions, reexamining the value of everyday-low-price policies,

and designing more effective sales promotions.

5 Carl F. Mela, Sunil Gupta and Donald R. Lehmann

Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 34, No. 2 (May, 1997), pp. 248-261

The authors examine the long-term effects of promotion and advertising on consumers' brand choice behavior. They use 8 1/4 years of panel data for a frequently purchased packaged

good to address two questions: (1) Do consumers' responses to marketing mix variables, such as

 price, change over a long period of time? (2) If yes, are these changes associated with changes inmanufacturers' advertising and retailers' promotional policies? Using these results, the authors

draw implications for manufacturers' pricing, advertising, and promotion policies. The authors

use a two-stage approach, which permits them to assess the medium-term (quarterly) effects of 

advertising and promotion as well as their long-term (i.e., over an infinite horizon) effects. Their results are consistent with the hypotheses that consumers become more price and promotion

sensitive over time because of reduced advertising and increased promotions.

6 Rockney G. Walters

The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1991), pp. 17-28

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The author investigates the impact of retail price promotions on consumer purchasing

  patterns and the performance of competing retailers. A conceptual framework for retail

 promotional effects that includes brand substitution effects, interstore sales displacements, and

the effects of promotions on complementary goods is developed. The framework is tested with

store-level scanner data. Results are generally supportive of the framework and show that retail

 price promotions created significant complementary and substitution effects within the store.

Interstore promotional effects also were detected in several cases as the promotions of products

in one store significantly decreased sales of substitutes and complements in a competing store.

Implications of the results for retail and manufacturer promotional strategies are discussed and

several directions for future research are offered.

7 Kapil Bawa and Robert W. Shoemaker 

The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 66-78

Several authors have noted that the profitability of a coupon promotion depends on the

incremental sales generated by the coupon. However, most prior research on coupon promotionshas focused on redemption rates and little is known about the characteristics of households that

make incremental purchases. The authors develop and test several hypotheses about the

characteristics of households that make incremental purchases in response to a direct mail

coupon promotion. For the product tested, coupons produced greater incremental sales among

households that were larger, more educated, and were homeowners. The findings suggest that

directing coupons to the most responsive market segments can increase profits significantly.

8 Kamel Jedidi, Carl F. Mela and Sunil Gupta

Marketing Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1999), pp. 1-22

In recent years, manufacturers have become increasingly disposed toward the use of sales

 promotions, often at the cost of advertising. Yet the long-term implications of these changes for 

 brand profitability remain unclear. In this paper, we seek to offer insights into this important

issue. We consider the questions of i) whether it is more desirable to advertise or promote, ii)

whether it is better to use frequent, shallow promotions or infrequent, deep promotions, and iii)

how changes in regular prices affect sales relative to increases in price promotions. Additional

insights regarding brand equity, the relative magnitude of short- and long-term effects, and the

decomposition of advertising and promotion elasticities across choice and quantity decisions are

obtained. To address these points, we develop a heteroscedastic, varying-parameter joint probitchoice and regression quantity model. Our approach allows consumers' responses to short-term

marketing activities to change in response to changes in marketing actions over the long term.

We also accommodate the possibility of competitive reactions to policy changes of a brand. The

model is estimated for a consumer packaged good category by using over eight years of panel

data. The resulting parameters enable us to assess the effects of changes in advertising and

 promotion policies on sales and profits. Our results show that, in the long term, advertising has a

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 positive effect on "brand equity" while promotions have a negative effect. Furthermore, we find

 price promotion elasticities to be larger than regular price elasticities in the short term, but

smaller than regular price elasticities when long-term effects are considered. Consistent with

 previous research, we also find that most of the effect of a price cut is manifested in consumers'

 brand choice decisions in the short term, but when long-term effects are again considered, this

result no longer holds. Last, we estimate that the long-term effects of promotions on sales are

negative overall, and about two-fifths the magnitude of the positive short-term effects. Finally,

making reasonable cost and margin assumptions, we conduct simulations to assess the relative

 profit impact of long-term changes in pricing, advertising, or promotion policies. Our results

show regular price decreases to have a generally negative effect on the long-term profits of 

 brands, advertising to be profitable for two of the brands, and increases in price promotions to be

uniformly unprofitable.

9 Eitan Gerstner and James D. Hess

The American Economic Review, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Sep., 1991), pp. 872-886

Manufacturers can stimulate sales by a temporary wholesale price reduction for the

retailer, a rebate directed toward consumers, or a combination of both. The trade-offs between

these price promotions are analyzed, providing insights about their roles, profitability, and

welfare properties. Retailers' rebates are also studied. While price discrimination is a common

explanation for rebates to consumers, when a product is sold through a distribution channel, the

manufacturer may also use rebates to motivate retail participation in the promotion. This explains

why rebates may be offered even when all consumers use them and price discrimination does not

occur.

10 Praveen K. Kopalle, Carl F. Mela and Lawrence Marsh

Marketing Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, Special Issue on Managerial Decision Making (1999), pp.317-332

Baseline sales measure what retail sales would be in the absence of a promotion

(Abraham and Lodish 1993), and models that measure baseline sales are widely used by

managers to assess the profitability of promotions (Bucklin and Gupta 1999-this issue).

Estimates of baseline sales and promotional response are typically independent of past

 promotional activity, even though there is evidence to suggest that increased discounting reduces

off-promotion sales and increases the percentage of purchases made on deal (e.g., Krishna 1994).

As a result, models that do not consider dynamic promotional effects can mislead managers tooverpromote. Given the widespread use of "static" models to evaluate the efficacy of promotions,

it is particularly desirable to calibrate a dynamic brand sales model and use it to establish an

optimal course of action. Accordingly, we develop a descriptive dynamic brand sales model and

use it to determine normative price promotion strategies. Our descriptive approach consists of 

estimating a varying-parameter sales response model. Letting model parameters vary with past

discounting activity accommodates the possibility that market response changes with firms'

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discounting policies. In the normative model, we use the estimates obtained in the descriptive

model to determine optimal retailer and manufacturer prices over time. The results of the

descriptive model indicate that promotions have positive contemporaneous effects on sales

accompanied by negative future effects on baseline sales. The results of the normative model

suggest that the higher-share brands in our data tend to overpromote while the lower-share

 brands do not promote frequently enough. We project that the use of our model could improve

manufacturers' profits by as much as 7% to 31%. More generally, the normative results indicate

that i) if deals become more effective in the current period, i.e., if consumers are more price

sensitive, promotions should be used more frequently; and ii) as the negative dynamic effect of 

discounts on sales increases, the optimal level of discounting should go down. Without our 

approach, it would be difficult to make this trade-off exact. Finally, we demonstrate that these

dynamic effects provide another perspective to the marketing literature regarding the existence of 

 promotions.

11 João L. Assunção and Robert J. Meyer 

Management Science, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May, 1993), pp. 517-535

We explore the rational effect of price variation on sales and consumption in marketswhere consumers are uncertain about the future price of goods. We first derive an optimal

ordering policy which expresses the amount a consumer should purchase and consume in a given

 period as a function of the observed price of the good, the distribution of future prices, and thenature of his or her inventory. This policy extends previous normative models of inventory

control, such as those by Golabi (1985) and Kalymon (1970) to the case where the amount to

consume in a given period is an explicit decision variable and prices follow a first-order 

stochastic process. We then use this model to explore how changes in the long-run frequency andtemporal correlations of price promotions should normatively affect the contemporaneous

relationship between purchase, consumption and price. Among the predictions which followfrom the model are that consumption should rationally increase with the size of existinginventories, the short-term sensitivity of sales to prices should be greater than that of 

consumption to price, and this discrepancy increases with decreases in the temporal correlation

of price deals and the long-term relative frequency of price deals.

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Descriptive Analysis

Frequency Table

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Statistics

Market size

Units sold in

thousands Promotion

Age of store

location

N Valid 532 532 532 532

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean 2.47 51.9702 2.03 8.25

Median 3.00 51.3000 2.00 7.00

Mode 3 36.19a 2 1

Std. Deviation .762 10.25809 .804 5.731

Minimum 1 25.90 1 1

Maximum 3 82.32 3 25

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Market size

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Small 88 16.5 16.5 16.5

Medium 104 19.5 19.5 36.1

Large 340 63.9 63.9 100.0

Total 532 100.0 100.0

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Promotion

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid 1 164 30.8 30.8 30.8

2 188 35.3 35.3 66.2

3 180 33.8 33.8 100.0

Total 532 100.0 100.0

Age of store location

Freque

ncy

Perce

nt

Valid

Percent

Cumulativ

e Percent

Vali

d

1 56 10.5 10.5 10.5

2 32 6.0 6.0 16.5

3 28 5.3 5.3 21.8

4 40 7.5 7.5 29.3

5 44 8.3 8.3 37.6

6 52 9.8 9.8 47.4

7 36 6.8 6.8 54.1

8 32 6.0 6.0 60.2

9 12 2.3 2.3 62.4

10 40 7.5 7.5 69.9

11 32 6.0 6.0 75.9

12 20 3.8 3.8 79.7

Units sold in thousands

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid 25.9 1 .2 .2 .2

28.61 1 .2 .2 .4

31.06 1 .2 .2 .6

31.27 1 .2 .2 .8

31.58 1 .2 .2 .9

31.86 1 .2 .2 1.1

31.98 1 .2 .2 1.3

32.06 1 .2 .2 1.5

33.32 1 .2 .2 1.7

34.21 1 .2 .2 1.9

34.23 1 .2 .2 2.1

34.28 1 .2 .2 2.3

34.63 1 .2 .2 2.4

35.12 1 .2 .2 2.6

35.26 1 .2 .2 2.8

35.27 1 .2 .2 3.0

35.32 1 .2 .2 3.2

35.62 1 .2 .2 3.4

35.63 1 .2 .2 3.6

35.75 1 .2 .2 3.8

36 1 .2 .2 3.9

36.01 1 .2 .2 4.1

36.07 1 .2 .2 4.3

36.11 1 .2 .2 4.5

36.18 1 .2 .2 4.7

36.19 2 .4 .4 5.1

36.39 1 .2 .2 5.3

36.45 2 .4 .4 5.6

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Age of store location

13 16 3.0 3.0 82.7

15 24 4.5 4.5 87.2

16 8 1.5 1.5 88.7

17 8 1.5 1.5 90.2

18 24 4.5 4.5 94.7

20 8 1.5 1.5 96.2

Interpretation

As shown in the above mentions frequency distribution tables. We make relationships of 

different variables. In each and every table above shown there is no missing and wrong only the

100 percentage of valid entries in this test of SPSS software. In market size variable we noticed

that most respondents gave the answer of large size market. In the promotion question most

 people gave the answer in “YES”.

In above statistics respondents showed 100% response. So, both the percent and valid percent

column show same statistics. Above frequency table shows, each independent variable leads a

 positive change in dependant up to a great extent. It is confirmed that sales are increasing with

the mention independent variables when we want to sell a product.

Bar charts

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Interpretation

As clearly shown in the figures that every possible positive answer given by the respondents of 

this study. As there is no missing value related to this research material given in the sample file

of SPSS software. So the Bar charts have shown the valid values in the form of columns. In

every variable there is clearly difference between the positive and negative answer in this file so

the most percentage is of positive answer.

This bar chart shows the clear picture about unit sale condition. We are taking age of storelocation, promotion and market size along x-axis and unit of sale in thousands along y-axis.

Box Plot

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InterpretationIn above figure of box plot show that there exists relation between unit sales in thousands and

markets size as each median varies. The whiskers indicate the expected range of sales figure. The

figure shows highest whiskers (large market) is obtained by 80 thousands of sales. Sales outside

this range are considered usually high or low, are shown above and below whiskers with circles

or without circles. So it is clearly shown that large market having large scale for sales in a

 particular market. And the same case with the promotion of a product. Promotion of a product brings a product toward top level and promotion of product can lead it down. This theoretical

data also proved by box plot 1. Because dependent variable is always at Y-axis and independent

variable is at y-axis.

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Histogram

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Interpretation

This histogram shows frequency distribution of previous experiences. This shape of histogram

reveals that it not a bell shape so it is not normal distribution. As, Head of shape show higher 

values and tail represent extremely low values. There are total 532 respondents with standard

deviation of 5.731 and mean of 8.25. The highest value is 55 according to the age of store

location. Which is taken at X-axis and default variable already given by SPSS software at y-axis

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In this study we have taken some variable to check their impact on unit sales of a product. After 

study all the dependent and independent variable we have concluded that all the independent

variables has a positive effects on dependent variable because with the increase in all

independent variables especially promotion of a product , age of store location and market size

unit sold of a product also increases. All these results are derived from articles previously

studied and our own experiences.

The views about this article are taken from Google scholars and other business relating sites as

well. Theory proved that with the increase of independent variables there is a dramatically

change in dependant variable which is unit sold of a product.

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• http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114071081/abstract?

CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

• http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037722170400044X

• http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117452

• Shey-Huei Sheu ,  , a and Yu-Hung Chienb

•a Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

• 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan

• b Department of Statistics, National Taichung Institute of Technology, 129 Sanmin Road,

• Taichung 404, TaiwanReceived 19 August 2002; accepted 6 June 2003.

• Available online 10 March 2004.

• Testing for Price Anomalies in Real-Estate Auctions

Orley Ashenfelter and David Genesove

 American Economic Review , Vol. 82, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and FourthAnnual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1992), pp. 501-505

(article consists of 5 pages)

• J. Edward Russo

 Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May, 1977), pp. 193-201(article consists of 9 pages)