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Transcript of Today’s lesson will be successful if…
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Today’s lesson will be successful if…
You are aware of my expectationsWe have started our course in Philosophy
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What does this mean?
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Expectations:
• In groups create post it notes – One colour: your expectations of me– 2nd colour: my expectations of you
– NEED: Highlighters, Pens, Folder, Dividers, Textbooks
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Admin
TextbooksFirst Independent Learning BookletContact Details
Email: [email protected]: @mrslhphilosophyBLOG: mrslh.wordpress.comFACEBOOK: Burgate Philosophy and Ethics
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Main Notes sectionCues
Questions Summary
Note taking, in class, but mainly at home
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Today’s key questions…1. Who was Plato?
2. How did Plato view the world?
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Ancient Greek Philosophy: Plato
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Title: Who influenced Plato?
Sub Title: Socrates
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What is Beauty?What is Justice?What is Truth?What does it mean to be a good Citizen?
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Pre-existing Matter
Not creatio ex nihilo
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Title: Who influenced Plato?
Sub Title: Heraclitus
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Heraclitus“You can never step in the
same river twice”
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The world is in a state of Flux/Change
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“Something is no more ‘X’ than it is ‘Y’”
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Who was Plato?
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PLATO was…A DUALIST…
AN ABSOLUTIST…
A RATIONALIST…
• Plato believed that the soul and the body are two separate entities. • He also believed that there existed a world beyond this one.• Dualism is the belief in two distinct principles/having two parts.
• Objective truths exists – universal, unchanging in all circumstances.• Things are either intrinsically right or wrong.
• The belief that knowledge is based on the use of REASON. • Reality has a logical structure that we can ‘work out’ using our reason.
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CAN OUR SENSES BE TRUSTED?
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Lesson 2 - Analysis of Plato’s Cave
• Complete the card sort.• Then go to the bottom of your Connell Notes
Page and summarise your learning from yesterday.
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Plato’s Cave Play Doh
• In groups, create a Play Doh version of Plato’s Cave. You have 10 minutes.
• Label what each part of the story represents using one colour card
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Philosophical Knowledge and Reasoning
• A priori – a statement which is knowable without any reference to any experience (before/prior to experience)
e.g. mathematics 5+7=12
• A posteriori – a state which is knowable only after experience
e.g. my front door is green
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2+2= 4
2
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2+2= 4
2A PRIORI
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True knowledge cannot exists in a world which is in a state of flux –
The world is continually changing.
True knowledge can not be found here!It is found in the Realm(World) of the
Forms (more on this later!)
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Today’s key questions…1. Who was Plato?
2. How did Plato view the world?
3. How does he demonstrate his theory through his allegory of the cave?
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Lesson 3: Strengths and Weaknesses of Plato’s Allegory
• A priori – a statement which is knowable without any reference to any experience (before/prior to experience)
e.g. mathematics 5+7=12
• A posteriori – a state which is knowable only after experience
e.g. my front door is green
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Using what you know so far,
• Create a table in your groups of the strengths and weaknesses of Plato’s allegory.
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EXPLAIN do not just DESCRIBE!
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TASK…Your first A level essay
Three pens, three different colours
An E grade answer will DESCRIBE the allegory
A C grade answer will EXPLAIN the allegory
An A grade answer will EXPLAIN why Plato used the allegory
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The Realm of Appearances
The Realm of the Forms
Lesson 4: The World of the Forms
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Which one is a dog? What would Plato say?
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According to Plato’s Theory of Forms, every dog that we encounter in the world around us participates in the ‘ideal’ or perfect dog that exists in the world of the Forms
– a realm that humans can only access through their ability to reason.
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The Realm of Appearances
The Realm of the Forms
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‘And we say that the particulars are objects of sight but not of intelligence, while the forms are the objects of intelligence but not of sight.’
The Republic 507b
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The true essence of
trees
Ahh … these are all poor
imitations – mere
shadows – of the true
essence of tree.
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The divided line
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0l2iqfaEao
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“...We customarily hypothesize a single form in connection with each of the many things to which we apply the same name. ... For example, there are many beds and tables. ... But there are only two forms of such furniture, one of the bed and one of the table.”
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What is beauty?
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So how do we recognise the Forms?
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Socrates asks a slave boy questions about geometry. At first the boy gives the wrong answer; when this is pointed out to him, he is puzzled, but by asking questions Socrates is able to help him to reach
the true answer.
As the boy wasn't told the answer, he could only have
reached the truth by recollecting what he had
already known but forgotten.
This story can be found in Plato’s dialogue ‘Meno’.
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The Realm of Appearances
The Realm of the Forms
Explain Plato’s theory of the Forms. What would you put in this essay?Plan it with your table.
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Plato’s Aims
• To show the contrast between the Realm of the Forms and the Realm of Appearances
• To explain a philosophers search for knowledge
• To show the ignorance of humanity – the reliance on the senses and the feelings of hostilities towards philosophical ideas
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Glossary
• Check through your glossary. What words do you still need to know?
• Check with everyone on your table that you all have the same/similar definitions.
• Are any missing?