TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTIONTO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION. Protein Synthesis –...
Transcript of TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTIONTO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION. Protein Synthesis –...
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
VINCENT J. CAIOZZO, PH.D.1,2
and
Kenneth M. Baldwin, PH.D.2
1Departments of Orthopaedics
and2Physiology and Biophysics
School of MedicineUniversity of California
Irvine, CA
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Accomplishments of the US Space Program havebeen …
Out of this world
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiMko7qzenZAhVCh1QKHZWVDgwQjRwIBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Faerospacelegacyfoundation.com%2Fgemini-program%2F&psig=AOvVaw02Ll-SuXplNX9XDXh57OXu&ust=1521041061228691
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiQv_CE0OnZAhXIzFQKHf4MCtoQjRwIBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18162-space-shuttle-atlantis.html&psig=AOvVaw3dx-vu8PX6BGVBIr31b9i5&ust=1521041607854525https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjzqIGj0OnZAhWhs1QKHX2vCiMQjRwIBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F1%2F24%2F16930154%2Fnasa-international-space-station-president-trump-budget-request-2025&psig=AOvVaw0VKOVWJ5DmAB7BtwkwmTd4&ust=1521041756248859
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
SO MANY GREAT IMAGES OF SPACE EXPLORATION
But there is one singularimage that best capturesthe achievement of the space program…
Man’s desire to explore
50 years ago comeJuly 20, 2019
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiMscLW0unZAhUqllQKHQLcCDoQjRwIBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmilnersblog.com%2Ftag%2Ffamily-of-neil-armstrong-quote%2F&psig=AOvVaw0AYwD382ozbISShlG9rmh-&ust=1521042402135505
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
THE JOURNEY FROM EARTH TO MARS WILL BE EQUALLYHISTORICAL
“We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.”
But the challenges will be profoundly greater!
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwietaH56-zZAhVH9WMKHaYRBFAQjRwIBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fmars%2Foverview%2F&psig=AOvVaw1f4QSwkh279OWapZ8rVxqB&ust=1521152220631939
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
“Men wanted for hazardousjourney. Small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in case of success.”
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Exploration even within the solar system poses unique and formidable challenges never experienced during human evolution!
space radiation vacuum and cold of space staggering distances and
time the absence of gravity
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Profound PhysiologicalDeconditioning/Alterations
o Vestibular Systemo Cardiovascular Systemo Skeletal Systemo Muscleo Intracranial Hypertension
-
SPACE FITNESS: NEWTON’S FOURTH LAW
Three Laws of Motion
First Law – Uniform motionSecond Law – F = MAThird Law – Action-reaction
So what is the Fourth Law?
It is the law of physiologicalplasticity and is analogousto the Third Law.
Look at a couple of exampleswith direct relevance tospace flight
-
Adams, Caiozzo, and Baldwin 2003
-
Adams, Caiozzo, and Baldwin 2003
-
LeBlanc et al. 1996-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
NeckSpine
Arm
PelvisTroch
Leg
∆ BMD per month (%)
Bone Loss on MIR
Post Menopausal Bone Loss per month
SPACE FITNESS: NEWTON’S FOURTH LAW
-
Lang et al. 2004-1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0BMD Loss per month
ISS (n = 14)
MIR (n = 18)
Lumbar Spine
Femoral Neck
Calcaneus
-1.4 -1.0 -0.6 -0.2 0
SPACE FITNESS: NEWTON’S FOURTH LAW
Bone Loss on MIR
-
ESA astronaut Jean-Pierre Haigneré returning to Earth after a six month stay on board the Russian space station Mir. (Kazakhstan, August 1999).
-
Hamlet – Scene I“To be, or not to be: that is the question”
How does that apply to the topic of this presentation?
“To G, or not to G: that is the question”
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=WmObhZF6pc30UM&tbnid=2Dk06tr82bzukM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatewhitenorth.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fscrutinizing-shakespeare.html&ei=uxs9UpGEAcWSqwGi5IGACw&psig=AFQjCNF1sYZzDBDhqr1X2LeqfWNiOLYMfg&ust=1379822907117758
-
WHY SHOULD WE BE INTERESTED IN THIS TOPIC?
The Space Cycle Unique Attributes
oLoad skeletal muscleoLoad boneoProvide gravitational challenge
to cardiovascular systemoVestibular challengeoMay be effective in mitigating
intracranial hypertension
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
STRATEGIES FOR LOADING MUSCLE AND BONE:HYPERGRAVITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
STRATEGIES FOR LOADING MUSCLE AND BONE:HYPERGRAVITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
-
STRATEGIES FOR LOADING MUSCLE AND BONE:HYPERGRAVITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
STRATEGIES FOR LOADING MUSCLE AND BONE:HYPERGRAVITY RESISTANCE TRAINING
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
Hypergravity Resistance Training Hypotheses
AG can be used to create hypergravity-loading conditions that result in muscle adaptations similar to those seen when performing resistance training in a normal 1 G environment.
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Proof-of-Principle Study Design
-
MOLECULAR MARKERS OF HYPERTROPHY/ATROPHY
TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN
CELLULAR FUNCTION
MUSCLE FUNCTION
ORGANISM
TORQUE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP
MRI IMAGING MUSCLE FIBER AREA
MHC PROTEIN ISOFORMS Actin mRNA
MHC mRNA isoforms IGF-1 mRNA, MGF mRNA, p70s6k
10 RM SQUAT
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Molecules-to-Function Paradigm:A Play on Structure-Function Relationships
Actin mRNA
MHC mRNA isoforms
IGF-1 mRNA, MGF mRNA, p70s6k
MRI IMAGING
MUSCLE FIBER AREA
MHC PROTEIN ISOFORMS
TORQUE-VELOCITY
RELATIONSHIP
10 RM SQUAT
MOLECULAR MARKERS OF
HYPERTROPHY/ATROPHY
ORGANISM
MUSCLE FUNCTION
CELLULAR FUNCTION
TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Muscle Strength
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Protein Synthesis – Total RNA
Note that both groups had significantincreases in total RNA.
Also, note that the increases for bothGroups were very similar.
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Protein Synthesis – Translational Control
RT1 RT2 HGRT2HGRT1
pre post pre post pre postpre post
0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 240 4 0 4 24
pp85S6Kpp85S6Kpp70S6K
RT1 RT2 HGRT2HGRT1
pre post pre post pre postpre postpre post pre post pre postpre post
0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 240 4 0 4 240 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 240 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 24 0 4 240 4 0 4 24
pp85S6Kpp85S6Kpp70S6Kpp85S6Kpp85S6Kpp70S6K
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 240
100
200
300
400
500
600prepost
Hours post bout
pp85
in S
C (n
=4)
AU
/uni
t pro
tein
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 240
100
200
300
400
500
600
700prepost
Hours post bout
pp85
in F
W (n
=4)
AU
/uni
t pro
tein
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 240
100
200
300
400
500
600prepost
Hours post bout
pp85
in S
C (n
=4)
AU
/uni
t pro
tein
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 240
100
200
300
400
500
600
700prepost
Hours post bout
pp85
in F
W (n
=4)
AU
/uni
t pro
tein
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Molecular Marker of Muscle Hypertrophy
Note similarity in acute responses.
Note that both typesof resistance trainingprograms producedsimilar chronic elevation.
-
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Molecular Marker of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
Note similarity in acute responses.
Note that both typesof resistance trainingprograms producedsimilar chronic elevation.
-
Where Do We Go From Here?
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
So in taking Mother Earth to Mars,can we forget about taking Earth’sgravitational environment?
We need to answer thisfundamental question!
Consider that Earth’s gravitationalfield was probably one of the most important evolutionarypressures!
.
-
Where Do We Go From Here?
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Artificial gravity has the potential tomimic Earth’s gravitational fieldand load every element of thehuman body, which is not possible with other countermeasure devices.
Simply stated, artificial gravitycan provide Earth-likechallenges to muscle, skeletal, cardiovascular, and vestibularsystems during a single sessionsomething that no other countermeasurecan achieve.
-
Where Do We Go From Here?
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Need a sustained gravitational biology program that addresses thisfundamental question if we are toensure the health and safetyof our astronauts.
Data clearly demonstrate that hypergravity resistance training produces adaptations very similarto 1g squat resistance training.
Good initial set of data that shouldstimulate additional studies onthe effectiveness of artificial gravity.
-
FUNDING
National Aeronautical Space Administration (NASA)Hypergravity Resistance Training: Countermeasure to Microgravity
MA00403 2004-2008
National Institutes of HealthU.C. Irvine General Clinical Research Center
GCRC MO1RR00827-S1 2000-2005
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
-
RESEARCH TEAM
Vincent J. Caiozzo, PH.D.Kenneth M. Baldwin, Ph.D.
Greg Adams, Ph.D.Fadia Haddad, Ph.D.
Jim Hicks, Ph.D.Jim Earthman, Ph.D.
Dan Cooper, M.D.Art Kreitenberg, M.D.Alan Hargens, Ph.D.
Peter Cavanagh, Ph.D.
ACADEMIC UNITS
UniversitiesUniversity of California, Irvine
University of California, San DiegoUniversity of Washington
DepartmentsOrthopaedics
Physiology and BiophysicsEcology and Evolutionary Biology
PediatricsChemical Engineering & Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
TO G OR NOT TO G: THAT IS THE QUESTION
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33