Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2

8/17/2019 Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2

1/12

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286418455

Introduction to Radiometry

and Photometry, 2nd Edition

BOOK · DECEMBER 2014

CITATIONS

4

READS

7

1 AUTHOR:

William Mccluney

University of Central Florida

19 PUBLICATIONS 508

CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Available from: William Mccluney

Retrieved on: 26 February 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Mccluney?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Central_Florida?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Mccluney?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Mccluney?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286418455_Introduction_to_Radiometry_and_Photometry_2nd_Edition?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286418455_Introduction_to_Radiometry_and_Photometry_2nd_Edition?enrichId=rgreq-6a81a248-2588-4008-8aaf-4239b1e8ca64&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4NjQxODQ1NTtBUzozMDQ4NjQ2Mjg4MDU2MzJAMTQ0OTY5Njc5OTY3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2


2/12

Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry

Second Edition

William Ross McCluney

ARTECH

HOUSE

BOSTON LONDON

a rte c h house corn


3/12

Library of Congress C ataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the U .S. Library of Congress.

British L ibrary Cataloguing in Pub lication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover design by John Gomes

ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-833-2

© 2014 ARTECH HOUSE

685

Canton Street

Norwood, MA 02062

All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book

m ay be reproduced o r utilized in any form or by any m eans, electronic or mechanical, including

photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without p ermission

in writing from the publisher.

All terms m entioned in this book that are know n to be tradem arks or service marks hav e been

appropriately capitalized. A rtech Hou se cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. U se of

a term in this book shou ld not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service

mark.

1 987654321


4/12

Contents

Introduction

xiii

End Notes

xviii

Acknowledgments

xxi

1

Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry

1

1.1

Electromagnetic Radiation

1

1.2

Terminology Conventions

4

1.3

Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle

4

1.4

Fundamental Definitions

7

1.5

Lambertian Radiators and Lambert s Cosine Jaw

13

1.6 Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships

16

1.7

Connection with Electromagnetic Theory

20

1.8

Polarization

22

1.9

Photon Flux

25

1.10

Radiometric Information

28

End Notes

36

V


5/12

Vi


2

Fundamental Concepts of Photometry

39

2.1

Light

39

2.2 Photom etric Definitions 43

2.2.1

Radiation Luminous Efficacy,

K

and the V-lam bda

Function

47

-

2.2.2

Lighting System Lum inous Efficacy,

K

50

2.3

Lum inance and Brightness

51

2.4

Lum inance and Vision

54

2.5

Disability G lare

57

2.6

Discomfort G lare

59

2.7

Illumination

60

2.7.1

Illuminance Selection

62

End N otes

68

3

lackbodies and Other Sources

1

3.1

lackbody R adiation

1

3.2

lanck's Law

3

3.3

ien Displacem ent Law

7

3.4

um inous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation

8

3.5

olor and D istribution Tem peratures

9

3.6

m ission Into an Im perfect Vacuum

1

3.7

adiation Exchange

1

3.8

xperimental Approxim ation of a Blackbody

2

3.9

ther Real Sources

3

End N otes

10

6

4

ource/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations

9

4.1

ntroduction

9


6/12

Conten ts

II

4.2

Geometry and Definitions

100

4.2.1

Case 1

102

4.2.2 Case 2

104

4.2.3

Case 3

104

4.2.4

Case 4

105

4.2.5

Case

5

108

4.2.6

Case 6

109

4.2.7

Case

110

4.3

Configuration Factor

111

4.4

Net Exch ange of Radiation

113

4.5

Summary

114

End Notes

125

5 The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of

Optical Concentration

127

5.1

Introduction

127

5.2

Rad iance Is a Field Quantity

128

5.3

Pencils of Rays

128

5.4

Elementary Beam Of Radiation

129

5.5

Radiance Invariance

131

5.6

Radiance Invariance at an Interface

132

5.7

Rad iance Through a Lens

134

5.8

Rad iance in Absorbing and Scattering Media

135

5.9

Concentrating Radiance Meter

136

5.10 Th e Limits of Optical Concentration

141

End N otes

145

6

Optical Prop

ertiesof Materials

147

6.1 Introduction

147

6.2

Terminology

148


7/12

VIII


6.3

urface and Interface O ptical Properties

6.3.1

onductor O ptical Properties

6.3.2

onconductor Optical Properties

6.3.3

urface Emission Properties

6.3.4

ngular Depend ence of D ielectric O ptical Properties

6.3.5

ough Surfaces

6.4

ulk Medium Optical Properties

6.5

roperties of Plane Parallel Plates

6.5.1

onscattering Media

6.5.2

cattering Media

6.6

ngular Dependence

6.7

roadband A ngle Properties

6.7.1

ransmittance and Reflectance Equations

6.7.2

pecular and Diffuse Optical Properties

6.8

pectral Dependence

6 9

roadband Spectral Properties

6.10

pectral Selectivity

End N otes

1

The Detection of Radiation

201

7.1

Introduction 201

7.2

Basic Concepts

202

7.3

Classification of Detectors

208

7.3.1

Thermal Detectors

208

7.3.2

Photemissive Detectors

213

7.3.3

Semiconductor Devices

218

7.3.4

Multielement Detectors, Charge T ransfer Devices,

and Im agers

227

7.4

Detector Noise

231

7.5

Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping

234

7.6

Characterization of Detector Performance

237

7.6.1

Responsivity,

R

238


8/12

Contents x

7.6.2

Quantum Efficiency,

7

238

7.6.3

Noise Equivalent Power, NEP

239

7.6.4

Detectivity,

D

240

7.6.5

Photon Noise-Limited Performance 240

7 7

Flux Conditoning Prior to the Detector 242

7 7 1

Cosine Response Correction

242

7.7.2

Photopic Correction

245

7.7.3

Spectral Filtering

246

7.8

Signal Cond itioning A ffer the Detector

249

7.9

Detector C alibration

249

7.10

Ex am ple Detectors and Th eir Characteristics

251

End N otes

259

8 Optical Systems

63

8.1 Introduction

263

8.2

Optical Axis 264

8.3

Idealized (Thin) Lens Th eory

265

8.4

Radiance and Irradiance of Im ages

270

8.5

Vignetting

273

8 6

Aberrations

273

8.6.1 Spherical Aberration

273

8.6.2 Chromatic Aberration

276

8.6.3

Distortion

277

8.6.4

Coma

277

8.6.5

Astigmatism

278

8.6.6

Field Curvature

279

8.6.7

Correctiug Aberrations 280

8.6.8

The Diffraction Limit

280

8.7

Image Quality

282

8.8

Flux Distribution

283

8.9

Nonimaging Optical Systems

285


9/12

x

ntroduction to Radiometry and Photometry

8.10

Throughput

287

8.11

Integrating Spheres

289

8.11.1

Cosine Correction

292

8.11.2

Transmissometers and Reflectometers

293

8.12

Monochromators

297

8.12.1

Spectral Filters

297

8.12.2

Scanning M onochromators

304

8.13

Windows

310

8.14

Sources

311

8.15

Goniometers

312

8.16

Transmissometers/Reflectometers

313

8.17

Scattering M eters, Neph elometers, Turbidimeters,

and H aze Meters

313

End Notes

320

9

Radiometers and Photometers

325

9.1

Introduction

325

9.2

General Design Factors

327

9.3

Broadband Irradiance and R adiance Meters

329

9.4

Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the

Ultraviolet through the Infrared

333

9.5

Illum inance and Luminance Meters

333

9.6

Spectro radiometers

334

9.7

Calibration of Radiom eters and Photometers

338

9.7.1

Transfer Standards

340

9.7.2

Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources

343

9.7.3

Standard Sources for Spectral'Irradiance and

Spectral Radiance

344

9.7.4

Absolute Radiometry

346

9.7.5

Standard Illum inance and Luminance Sources

351


10/12

Conten ts i

9.7.6

adiometer/Photometer Calibration Using

Standard Sources

51

9.7.7

pectroradiometer Calibration

52

9.7.8

ational Standards Laboratories and Other, Labs

and Instrument Organizations

53

End Notes

55

10 etric Primer and Additional Radiometric and

Photometric Quantities and Units

59

10.1 Introduction

359

10.2 The S I System of Units

360

10.2.1

Basic M etric Principles

360

10.2.2 Metric Units for Radiom etry and Photom etry

363

10.3

The I-P System of U nits

364

10.4

Photon Flux U nits

364

10.5

Other Quantities and Units

365

End Notes

368

11 irtual Measurement: Computerized Optical

Ray Trace Analysis

371

11.1 Introduction

371

11.2 Ray Tracing in Radiometry and Photometry

374

11.3

Rays and Their Limitations in Ray Tracing Program s

374

11.4 Com puterized Optical Ray T racing M ethodology

377

11.5

The Ray Tracing Process

378

11.6

Analysis of Results

383

End Notes

391

12

Basic Concepts of Colpr Science

393

12.1

Introduction

393

12.2

Basic Concepts And D efinitions

394


11/12

xii

ntroduction to Radiometry and Photometry

12.3

System s of Color Specification

399

12.3.1

Munsell Color System

400

12.3.2

CIE 1976

L*a*b)

Color Space

402

12.3.3

Tristimu lus Colorimetry

402

12.4

CIE 1931 C olor System

404

12.5

CIE 1964 Supplem entary Observer Color System

409

12.6

CIE 1976 U niform Color Space

411

12.7

Color Tem perature

414

12.8

Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry 415

12.8.1

Blackbody Illum inants

417

12.8.2

Daylight Illuminants

419

12.8.3

Reflection Colorimetry

421

12.9

Color Rendering Index

422

12.10

Color Software

425

End N otes

427

Appendix A: Correspondence Between Finite

Elements and the Calculus

431

A. 1

Introduction

431

A.2

Definition of the Derivative

432

A.3

Definition of the Integral

434

A.4

Integrals As Sum s

436

A.5

Sum s over Solid A ngles

437

End N otes

441

Appendix B

Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants

443

About the Author

445

Index

447


12/12

Introduction

Radiometry is a system of language, mathematics, and instrumentation

used to describe and m easure the propagation of electrom agnetic radiation,

including the effects on that radiation of reflection, refraction, absorption,

transmission, and scattering by material substances in their solid, liquid, and

gaseous phases.

Photom etry is a system used for the same purpose when the radiation

is to be detected by the hum an eye, so it applies to a more restricted portion

of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Having the languages of radiom etry and ph otometry helps make the

definitions and exp lanations of various descriptive quantities precise and

meaningful.

Evolution of the subject and the units used.

Radiom etry and photometry

have evolved considerably over the long history of civilization's developm ent of

science and engineering. In the beginning, the terminology used was invented

by early scientists attempting to make sense of the visible world around them.

Thus, m any of the early terms and units predated the more logical and consis-

tent international systems of units and terminology used today, infusing the

early development of this field with a possibly confusing set of names as well as

units for the quantities presented in this book .

For example, the Anglo-Saxon period in England used the North German

foot

335

mm or 12.2 inches in current units) as the basis unit of length and it

was divided into 4 palms or 12 thum bs. A cubit was set to be 2 feet and an elne

to 4 ft. The rod

05

Anglo-Saxon ft) was used for the measurement of larger

distances, including the furlong (10 rods). An acre became 160 square rods and

36,000 Anglo-Saxon feet [1].

From the early English system of physical units there evolved what is

currently known variously as the inch-pound, British imperial, and U.S.

XIII

Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2

Documents

Transcript of Title and Contents Intro Radiometry and Photometry Ed2