Timeline of Main World Events - Print Version

8/3/2019 Timeline of Main World Events - Print Version

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Timeline of Main Events From the Cold War to the

War on Terror (1979-2011)

1979-backed Cambodian insurgents announce fall ofCambodian

capital Phnom Penh and collapse ofPol Potregime (Jan. 7).

ShahleavesIranafter year of turmoil (Jan. 16); revolutionary forces under Muslim

leader,Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, take over (Feb. 1 et seq.).Margaret Thatcherbecomes new prime minister

(May 3).

CarterandBrezhnevsignSALT IIagreement (June 14).

NicaraguanPresident GeneralAnastasio Somoza Debayleresigns and flees to Miami

(July 17);Sandinistasform government (July 19).

Iranianmilitants seize US embassy in Teheran and holdhostages(Nov. 4).

Afghanistanstirs world protests (Dec. 27).

1980Iranwith Canadian help (Jan. 29). Background:Iran

Hostage Crisis

c ties withIran(April 7).

collide in abortive desert raid to rescue American hostages in Teheran (April 25).

Background:Iran Hostage Crisis

Anastasio Somoza Debayle, oustedNicaraguanruler, and two aides are assassinated

in Paraguayan capital ofAsuncin(Sept. 17).

Iraqitroops hold 90 square miles ofIranafter invasion; 8-yearIran-Iraq Warbegins

(Sept. 19).

El Salvador(Dec. 4).

1981-Iranagreement frees 52 hostages held in Teheran since 1979 (Jan. 20); hostages

welcomed back in US (Jan. 25). Background:Iran Hostage Crisis

John Paul IIwounded by gunman (May 14).

Israelannexes the disputedGolan Heightsterritory (Dec. 14).

Anwar el-Sadatis assassinated by Islamic extremists during a

military parade inCairo(Oct. 6).

Hilla Limannis overthrown inGhanaasJerry J. Rawlingsseizes power

1982ArgentinainFalklands war(April 2-June 15).

IsraelinvadesLebanonin attack onPLO. (June 4). Background:Arab-Israeli Wars

Princess Grace, 52, dies of injuries when car plunges off mountain road; daughter

Stephanie, 17, suffers serious injuries (Sept. 14).

Lebanese Christian Phalangistskill hundreds of people in two Palestinian refugee

camps in WestBeirut(Sept. 15).

Leonid I. Brezhnev, Soviet leader, dies at 75 (Nov. 10).Yuri V. Andropov, 68, chosen as

successor (Nov. 15). Background:Rulers of Russia since 1533

1983John Paul IIsigns newRoman Catholiccode incorporating changes brought

about bySecond Vatican Council(Jan. 25).

PhilippinesPresidentFerdinand Marcos, is
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assassinated inManila(Aug. 21).

South Korean Boeing 747 jetliner bound for Seoulapparently strays into Soviet

airspace and is shot down by a Soviet SU-15 fighter after it had tracked the airliner for

two hours; all 269 aboard are killed. (Aug. 30).

Terroristexplosionkills 237 US MarinesinBeirut(Oct. 23)

invadesGrenada(Oct. 25)

1984Syriafrees captured US Navy pilot, Lieut. Robert C. Goodman, Jr. (Jan. 3).

Vaticanexchangediplomatsafter 116-year hiatus (Jan. 10).

ReaganordersUS Marineswithdrawn fromBeirutinternational peacekeeping force

(Feb. 7).

Yuri V. Andropovdies at 69;Konstantin U. Chernenko, 72, namedSovietleader (Feb.

9). Background:Rulers of Russia since 1533

ItalyandVaticanagree to endRoman Catholicismas state religion (Feb. 18).

Soviet Unionwithdraws fromsummer Olympic gamesin US, and other bloc nations

follow (May 7 et seq.).

Jos Napolen Duarte, moderate, elected president ofEl Salvador(May 11).

IndianArmy occupies Sikh Golden Temple inAmritsar(June

6).

IndianPrime MinisterIndira Gandhiassassinated by twoSikhbodyguards; 1,000

killed in anti-Sikh riots; sonRajivsucceeds her (Oct. 31).

Toxic gas leaksfrom Union Carbide plant inBhopal,India, killing 2,000 and injuring

150,000 (Dec. 3)

1985Chernenkodies at 73 and is replaced byMikhail Gorbachev, 54 (March

11). Under the slogans ofglasnostandPerestroika,Gorbachev initiates a broad programof reform and liberalization. Background:Rulers of Russia since 1533

Shi'iteMuslim gunmen capture TWA airliner with 133 aboard, 104 of them

Americans (June 14); 39 remaining hostages freed inBeirut(June 30).

PLOterroristshijack Achille Lauro, Italian cruise ship, with 80 passengers, plus crew

(Oct. 7); American, Leon Klinghoffer, killed (Oct. 8);Italian governmenttoppled by

political crisis over hijacking (Oct. 16).

ReaganandGorbachevmeet at summit (Nov. 19); agree to step up arms control talks

and renew cultural contacts (Nov. 21). Background:nuclear disarmament

TerroristsseizeEgyptianBoeing 737 airliner after takeoff fromAthens(Nov. 23); 59dead as Egyptian forces storm plane onMalta(Nov. 24).

1986SpainandPortugaljoinEuropean Economic Community(Jan. 1).

ReaganfreezesLibyanassets in US (Jan. 8). US planes attackLibyan

"terrorist centers" (April 14).

Jean-Claude Duvalierflees toFrance(Feb. 7).

Ferdinand MarcosfleesPhilippinesafter ruling for 20 years; newly elected

Corazon Aquinosucceeds him (Feb. 26).

Bhopalgas leak inIndia(March22).

nuclear accidentatSoviet Union'sChernobylpower station alarms world (April

26 et seq.).
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tp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001466.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108136.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107658.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107915.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107909.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0811690.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0803987.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0806803.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778300.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0841271.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0193428.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108136.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108016.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107592.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778300.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0806803.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778300.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/spot/terrorism1.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001449.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0831542.html


3/24

-Navy analyst, Jonathan Jay Pollard, 31, guilty as spy forIsrael(June 4).

World Courtrules US broke international law in miningNicaraguanwaters (June 27).

1987US Supreme CourtrulesRotary Clubsmust admit women (May 4).

US Supreme CourtJusticeLewis F. Powell, Jr., retires (June 26).

Oliver North, Jr., tells Congressional inquiry higher officials approved his secretIran-

Contra operations(July 710).

mer National Security Adviser, testifies he authorized

use ofIran arms sale profits to aid Contras(July 1522).

Iran-Contra affair(July 23

24).

intrigue (July 31, Aug. 3).

ReagansaysIran arms-Contra policywent astray and accepts responsibility (Aug. 12).

-42, rejects Robert H. Bork asUS Supreme CourtJustice (Oct. 23).

1988Canadareachfree tradeagreement (Jan. 2). Background:NAFTA

Terroristskill nine tourists on Aegean cruise (July 11).

Benazir Bhutto, first Islamic woman prime minister, chosen to leadPakistan(Dec. 1).

-Am 747 explodes fromterroristbomb and crashes inLockerbie, Scotland, killing

all 259 aboard and 11 on ground (Dec. 21).

1989Libyanfighters over international waters in

Mediterranean (Jan. 4).

Iran'sAyatollah Khomeinideclares authorSalman Rushdie'sbookThe Satanic Verses

offensive and sentences him to death (Feb. 14).Chinesestudents take overBeijing'sTiananmen Squarein rally

for democracy (April 19 et seq.). More than one million in Beijing demonstrate for

democracy; chaos spreads across nation (mid-May et seq.). Thousands killed in

Tiananmen Square asChineseleaders take hard line toward demonstrators (June 4 et

seq.).

Mikhail S. Gorbachevnamed Soviet President (May 25).

P. W. Bothaquits asSouth Africa'sPresident (Aug. 14).

Deng Xiaopingresigns fromChina'sleadership (Nov. 9).

Berlin Wallis open to West (Nov. 11).CzechParliament ends Communists' dominant role (Nov. 30).

Romanianuprising overthrows Communist government (Dec. 15 et seq.); President

Ceausescuand wife executed (Dec. 25).

troops invadePanama, seeking capture of GeneralManuel Noriega(Dec. 20).

1990Manuel Noriegasurrenders inPanama(Jan. 3).

YugoslavCommunists end 45-year monopoly of power (Jan. 22).

Communist Partyrelinquish sole power in Soviet government (Feb. 7). Background:

Dissolution of the USSRSouth AfricafreesNelson Mandela, imprisoned 27 years (Feb. 11).

-Soviet summit reaches accord onarmaments(June 1).

Cold Warand proposes joint action withSoviet Unionand
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4/24

Eastern Europe (July 6).

Iraqitroops invadeKuwait, setting off thePersian Gulf War(Aug. 2 et seq.).

Background:The Persian Gulf War

Germanyreunited (Aug. 31 et seq.).

Margaret Thatcherresigns as British Prime Minister (Nov. 22);John Majorsucceeds

her (Nov. 28).

Lech WalesawinsPoland'srunoff Presidential election (Dec. 9).

1991-fire ends Persian Gulf War (April 3); UN forces are victorious. Background:The

Persian Gulf War

South Africa(April 15). South African Parliament repeals

apartheidlaws (June 5).

Franceagrees to sign 1968 treaty banning spread of atomic weapons (June 3).China

acceptsnuclear nonproliferation treaty(Aug. 10).Bush-Gorbachevsummit negotiates

strategic arms reduction treaty (July 31).

Albaniaresigns (June 4).

Warsaw Pactdissolved (July 1).

Boris Yeltsinbecomes first freely elected president ofRussian Republic(July 10).

Yeltsin's stock increases when he takes a prominent role in suppressing ananti-

Gorbachev coupby communist hardliners (Aug. 18-22). Background:Rulers of Russia

since 1533

Lithuania,Estonia, andLatviawin independence fromUSSR(Aug. 25); US recognizes

them (Sept. 2).

troops seize president in uprising (Sept. 30). US suspends assistance toHaiti

(Oct. 1).

Libyansin 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 overLockerbie,Scotland (Nov. 15).

Soviet Unionbreaks up after PresidentGorbachev'sresignation; constituent

republics formCommonwealth of Independent States(Dec. 25). Background:

Dissolution of the USSR

1992Yugoslav Federationbroken up (Jan. 15). US recognizes three formerYugoslav

republics(April 7). UN expels Serbian-dominatedYugoslavia(Sept. 22).

BushandYeltsinproclaim a formal end to theCold War(Feb. 1).

China(Feb. 21).Manuel Noriega, former leader ofPanama, convicted in US court (April 9)

and sentenced to 40 years on drug charges (July 10).

RussianParliament approvesSTART treaty(Nov. 4).

Philippines, ending nearly a century of American military presence

(Nov. 24).

CzechoslovakParliament approves separation into two nations (Nov. 25).

Background:Czech RepublicandSlovakia

-led force to guard food forSomalia(Dec. 3).

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA) signed (Dec. 17).

1993Vaclav HavelelectedCzechPresident (Jan. 26).

House of Commonsapproves European unity pact (May 20).Maastricht
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5/24

Treaty takes effect, creatingEuropean Union(Nov. 1).

-two UN troops killed inSomalia(June 5).

Israeli-Palestinianaccord reached (Aug. 28).

Yeltsin's forces crush revolt inRussianParliament (Oct. 4 et seq.).

Chinabreaks nuclear test moratorium (Oct. 5).

South Africaadopts majority rule constitution (Nov. 18).

1994Serbs' heavy weapons poundSarajevo(Jan. 5-6).

Rwandamassacre (April 6).

South Africaholds first interracial national election (April 29);Nelson Mandela

elected President.

Israelsigns accord withPalestinians(May 4), peace treaty withJordan(Oct. 17).

IRAdeclares cease-fire inNorthern Ireland(Aug. 31). Ulster Protestants declare

cease-fire (Oct. 13).

Aristidereturns toHaiti(Oct. 4), forms Government with Prime Minister and full

Cabinet (Nov. 9).

Persian Gulf(Oct. 7).

Russiansattack secessionist Republic ofChechnya(Dec. 11 et seq.).

1995Mexico'seconomy with $20-billion aid program (Feb. 21).

Russianspace stationMirgreets first Americans (March 14). USshuttledocks with

station (June 27).

Aum

Shinrikyo("Supreme Truth") cult is to blame (March 20). Background:International

Terrorism

Rwandamassacre (April 22).

BosniaandCroatia(May 1). Warring parties agree on cease-fire

(Oct. 5); sign peace treaty (Dec. 14).

Franceexplodes nuclear device in Pacific; wide protests ensue (Sept. 5). Background:

nuclear weapons

Israelisand Palestinians agree on transferringWest Bankto Arabs (Sept. 24).Israeli

Prime MinisterYitzhak Rabinslain by Jewish extremist at peace rally (Nov. 4).

1996Russians(Jan. 9).Chechnyapeace treaty signed (May 27).

Franceagrees to end nuclear testing (Jan. 29). Background:nuclear disarmamentBritainalarmed by an outbreak of "mad cow" disease (March 20 et seq.).

pledge $1.23 billion in aid to rebuildBosnia(April 22).

South Africagets new constitution (May 8).

IsraelelectsBenjamin Netanyahuas prime minister (May 31).

Iraqisstrike atKurdishenclave (Aug. 31); after warning, US attacks Iraq's southern

air defenses (Sept. 23).

Afghancapital ofKabul(Sept. 27).

(Oct. 13); Clinton approves planfor UN-backed relief mission for 1.2 million Hutu refugees starving in easternZaire

(Nov. 13). Hundreds of thousands return toRwanda(Nov. 1518).
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6/24

1997Hebronagreement signed;Israelgives up large part ofWest Bankcity of Hebron (Jan.

16).Israeligovernment approves establishment of Jewish settlement in EastJerusalem,

a setback in Middle East peace process (Feb. 26). Background:Middle East Peace

Negotiations

UK, andFranceagree to freezeNazis' gold loot (Feb. 3).

Hong Kongreturns toChineserule (June 30).

Khmer Rougehold trial of longtime leaderPol Pot(July 25).

Holocaustvictims (Sept. 17).

European Unionplans to admit six nations (Dec. 13).

1998Kosovo(March 5 et seq.). Serbs renew attack on

Kosovo rebels (June 1).NATO, on verge of air strikes, reaches settlement with Milosevic

onKosovo(Oct. 12).

Northern Ireland(April 10). Irish Parliament backs

peace agreement (April 22). Background:N. Ireland Peace Negotiations

rency, theeuro(May 3).

Indiaconducts three atomic tests despite worldwide disapproval (May 11, 13).

Pakistanstages five nuclear tests in response (May 29, 30).

IndonesiandictatorSuhartosteps down after 32 years in power (May 21).

Iraqends cooperation with UN arms inspectors (Aug. 5).Clintonorders air strikes

(Dec. 1619).

embassies inKenyaandTanzaniabombed (Aug. 7). US cruise missiles hit

suspectedterroristbases inSudanandAfghanistan(Aug. 20).

Russiafights to avert financial collapse (Aug. 17).

Chilean dictator AugustoPinochetarrested in London (Oct. 16).

Wye Mills AgreementbetweenNetanyahuandArafatmoves Middle East peace talksforward (Oct. 23). Background:Middle East Peace Negotiations

1999Boris Yeltsinsurvives impeachment hearings (May),reshuffleshis

cabinet twice (May, Aug.), and takes military action against Islamic separatists in

DagestanandChechnya. Background:1999 in Review.

Nelson Mandela, first black president ofSouth Africa, steps down (June 16), and

Thabo Mbekitakes over.

War erupts in Kosovoafter Yugoslavia's presidentSlobodan Milosevicclamps down

on the province, massacring and deporting ethnic Albanians. NATO beginsOperationAllied Forceon March 24, 1999, launching air strikes against Belgrade for 78

consecutive days until Milosevic relents. Background: Timeline: The Splintering of

KosovoandTimeline: NATO in Kosovo.

earthquakekills more than 15,600 and leaves 600,000 homeless in

Turkey(Aug. 17).

East Timorpopulation votes for independence fromIndonesia(Aug. 30, 1999), which

causespro-Indonesian forces to massacre and uproot thousands of East Timorese .

Pakistanigovernment is overthrown in the midst of economic strife and intensified

fighting withIndiaoverKashmir(Oct. 12). Background:1999 in Review.Y2K bug, with more drastic millennial

theorists warning ofArmageddon.
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7/24

2000Austriaat center of European dispute after conservative People's Party forms

coalition with the far-right Freedom Party, headed by xenophobeJrg Haider(Feb. 3).

control of Iranian parliamentfor first time since 1979 Islamic

revolution (Feb. 26).

Governing of Northern Irelandpasses back and forth between Britain and nascent

Northern Irish parliament; major dispute over IRA's refusal to disarm (Feb-May).

Suhartounder house arrest, charged with corruption

and abuse of power (May 29).

peace accord, and at least symbolically, end

a half-century of antagonism (June 13).

Vicente Fox Quesadaelectedpresident of Mexico, ending 71 years of one-party rule

by theInstitutional Revolutionary Party(PRI) (July 2).

Palestinians and Israelis clash, spurred by visit of right-wing Israeli leaderAriel

Sharonto a joint Jewish/Muslim holy site; "Al Aksa intifada" continues unabated (Sept.

30 et seq.).

Nationwide uprisingoverthrows Yugoslavian presidentMilosevic(Oct. 5);Vojislav

Kostunicasworn in as president (Oct. 7).

cow disease alarms Europe (Nov. 30 et seq.).

2001Laurent Kabilaassassinated by bodyguard (Jan. 16). Son Joseph

Kabila takes over amid continuing civil war.

Ariel Sharonwins election in Israel (Feb. 6). Right-wing leader chosen

overwhelmingly as nation's fifth prime minister in just over five years during worst

Israeli-Palestinian violence in years. Background:Middle East.-simmering resentment ofMacedonia'sethnic Albanians erupts into violence

in March. The rebels seek greater autonomy within Macedonia. After six months of

fighting, a peace agreement is signed (Aug. 13). British-led NATO forces enter the

country and disarm the guerrillas. Background:Macedonia and the Balkans.

-American relations deteriorate

during a standoff. The 24 crew members of the U.S. plane were detained for 11 days and

released after the U.S. issued a formal statement of regret.

Slobodan Milosevicis delivered to UN tribunal in The

Hague to await war-crime trial (June 29).

dilutes, 1997 Kyoto Protocol (July 23).

campaign onTalibangovernment andal-Qaedaterrorist camps inAfghanistan(Oct. 7).

Bombings continue on a daily basis. Background:Afghanistan.

marking a dramatic leap forward in Northern Ireland peace process (Oct. 23).

Background:Northern Ireland Primer.

-sponsored summit in Bonn, Germany, Afghani factions meet to create a post-Taliban government (Nov. 27). Hamid Karzai is selected as head of the transitional

government (Dec. 5). Background:Who's Who in Afghanistan.

Taliban regimein Afghanistan collapses after two months of bombing by American
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8/24

warplanes and fighting by Northern Alliance ground troops (Dec. 9).

-supporting entity" and severs

ties with leader Yasir Arafat following mounting violence against Israelis (Dec. 3). The

Israeli Army begins bombing Palestinian areas. Background:Middle East.

2002Slobodan Milosevicstrial on charges of crimes against

humanity opens atThe Hague(Feb. 12).

n government sign a cease-fire agreement, ending 19

years of civil war (Feb. 22). Background:World in Review

India'sworst Hindu-Muslim violence in a decade rocked the state ofGujaratafter a

Muslim mob fire-bombed a train, killing Hindu activists. Hindus retaliated, and more

than 1,000 died in the bloodshed (Feb. 27 et seq.). Background:World in Review

al-Qaedaand

Taliban fighters in Afghanistan (March 2). Background:Taliban Timelineand

Afghanistan

Israelitanks and warplanes attack West Bank towns of Nablus, Jenin, Bethlehem, and

others in response to string of Palestinian suicide attacks (March 29April 21). In the

first three months of 2002, 14 suicide bombers kill dozens of Israeli civilians, and

wounded hundreds. Background:World in Review

VenezuelanpresidentHugo Chavezousted in coup, then reinstated (April 12, 14).

Russiareach landmark arms agreement to cut both countries' nuclear

arsenals by up to two-thirds over the next 10 years (May 13).

East Timorbecomes a new nation (May 20).

Balikills hundreds (Oct. 12).

Northern Irelandin protest of suspected IRA spy ring (Oct.14).

North Koreaadmits to developing nuclear arms in defiance of treaty (Oct. 16).

release a gas into theater, killing 116 hostages and freeing remainder (Oct. 26).

Background:Chechnya Timeline

China'sJiang Zeminofficially retires as general secretary;Hu Jintaonamed as his

successor (Nov. 14).

UN Security Councilpasses unanimous resolution calling onIraqto disarm or else

face "serious consequences." (Nov. 8).UNarms inspectors return toIraq(Nov. 18).

2003North Koreawithdraws from treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons (Jan.

10).

State of the Union address, Bush announces that he is ready to attack Iraq even

without a UN mandate (Jan. 28). (For an account of the U.S. build-up to war in Iraq, see

News of the Nation, 2003.)

Ariel Sharonelected Israeli prime minister (Jan. 29).

-week general strike in Venezuela calling for President Chavez's resignationends in defeat (Feb. 2).

StatePowellpresents Iraq war rationale to UN, citing its WMD as

imminent threat to world security (Feb. 5).
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9/24

See alsoIraq war timeline.

Mahmoud Abbas, sworn in (April 29).

-backed "road map" for peace proposed for Middle East (April 30).Background

inSaudi Arabia, killing 34 at Western compound;Al-Qaeda

suspected (May 12).

Aung San Suu Kyiagain placed under house arrest by

military regime (May 30).

Iran'sconcealed nuclear

activities and calls for intensified inspections (June 18).

Charles Taylorforced to leave civil-war ravaged

country (Aug. 11).Background

Afghanistan(Aug. 11).Background

Libyaaccepts blame for 1988 bombing of flight over Lockerbie, Scotland; agrees to

pay $2.7 billion to the families of the 270 victims (Aug. 15).

envoySergio Vieira de Mello(Aug. 19).

ide bombing in Jerusalem kills 20 Israelis, including 6 children (Aug.

19).

Palestinian groups formally withdraw from cease-fire in effect since June 29 (Aug. 24).

alestinian Prime MinisterMahmoud Abbasresigns; "road map" to peace effectively

collapses (Sept. 6).Background

ush administration reverses policy, agreeing to transfer power to an interimIraqi government in early 2004 (Nov. 14).

ov. 20). Al-Qaeda suspected in both.

Seesuspected al-Qaeda terrorist attacks.

Eduard Shevardnadzeresigns after weeks of protests (Nov. 23).

Canadianprime minister (Dec. 12).

Saddam Husseinis captured by American troops (Dec. 13).

Muammar Qaddafiannounces he will give up weapons program (Dec.

19).

2004IransParliament steps down to protest hard-line Guardian

Councils banning of more than 2,000 reformists from running in parliamentary

elections (Feb. 1).

A. Q. Khan, founder of Pakistan's nuclear program, admits he sold nuclear-weapons

designs to other countries, including North Korea, Iran, and Libya (Feb. 4).

Haitiforce President Aristide to resign and flee the country (Feb.

29).

Spainis rocked by terrorist attacks, killing more than 200.Al Qaedatakesresponsibility (March 11).

Spain's governing Popular Partyloses election to opposition Socialists. Outcome seen

as a reaction to terrorist attacks days before and Popular Party's support of the U.S.-led
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/ira

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