Elkhorn Slough Tidal Wetland Strategic Plan Elkhorn Slough Tidal
Tidal Power CAUSE 2003 Final Project Pete Clark Klossner...
67
Tidal Power Tidal Power CAUSE 2003 Final Project CAUSE 2003 Final Project Pete Clark Pete Clark Rebecca Rebecca Klossner Klossner Lauren Lauren Kologe Kologe
Transcript of Tidal Power CAUSE 2003 Final Project Pete Clark Klossner...
Tida
l Pow
erTi
dal P
ower
CAU
SE 2
003
Fina
l Pro
ject
CAU
SE 2
003
Fina
l Pro
ject
Pete
Cla
rkPe
te C
lark
Reb
ecca
Reb
ecca
Klo
ssne
rKl
ossn
erLa
uren
La
uren
Kol
oge
Kolo
ge
Ove
rvie
wO
verv
iew
••In
trod
uctio
nIn
trod
uctio
n••
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e of
Tid
esBa
sic
Scie
nce
of T
ides
••H
isto
rical
Asp
ects
His
toric
al A
spec
ts••
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
from
an
Old
Ide
aN
ew T
echn
olog
y fr
om a
n O
ld I
dea
••La
La
Ran
ceRan
ceCa
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy••
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn P
roje
ct ––
Will
The
re E
ver
Be a
Bar
rage
?W
ill T
here
Eve
r Be
a B
arra
ge?
••Lo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy f
or t
he F
utur
eLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy f
or t
he F
utur
e••
Fund
yFu
ndy
Bay
Bay
--Ca
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy––
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEn
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
cts
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
––Ec
onom
ics
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Econ
omic
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
y––
Polic
y Co
ncer
nsPo
licy
Conc
erns
––O
ther
Tid
al S
chem
esO
ther
Tid
al S
chem
es••
A M
ore
Futu
ristic
App
roac
h A
Mor
e Fu
turis
tic A
ppro
ach
–– Art
ifici
al R
eef
Prog
ram
: Ar
tific
ial R
eef
Prog
ram
: O
ffsh
ore
Rig
sO
ffsh
ore
Rig
s
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e of
Ba
sic
Scie
nce
of
the
Tide
sth
e Ti
des
Luna
r Ti
dal D
ynam
ics
Luna
r Ti
dal D
ynam
ics
Tida
l Bas
ics
Tida
l Bas
ics
••M
ost
loca
tions
hav
e tw
o tid
al c
ycle
s pe
r da
y: 1
2 M
ost
loca
tions
hav
e tw
o tid
al c
ycle
s pe
r da
y: 1
2 ho
urs,
25
min
utes
hour
s, 2
5 m
inut
es
••Es
sent
ially
cau
sed
by in
tera
ctio
n of
moo
n, e
arth
, Es
sent
ially
cau
sed
by in
tera
ctio
n of
moo
n, e
arth
, an
d su
n ce
ntrif
ugal
for
ces
and
sun
cent
rifug
al f
orce
s
••D
iurn
al t
ides
are
gen
erat
ed b
ecau
se t
he m
axim
a D
iurn
al t
ides
are
gen
erat
ed b
ecau
se t
he m
axim
a an
d m
inim
a in
eac
h da
ily r
otat
ion
are
uneq
ual i
n an
d m
inim
a in
eac
h da
ily r
otat
ion
are
uneq
ual i
n am
plitu
de
ampl
itude
New
ton
New
ton ’’
s La
w o
f G
ravi
tatio
nal
s La
w o
f G
ravi
tatio
nal
Stat
e St
ate
F =
G
F =
G m
1m2
m1m
2RR
22
Tida
l For
ce =
Ti
dal F
orce
= 2
Gm
m1a
2Gm
m1a
RR33
Dis
tanc
e be
twee
n Ea
rth
and
Moo
n
Rad
ius
of
Eart
h
Part
icle
(W
ater
)
Tida
l Fac
tsTi
dal F
acts
••Ti
dal R
ange
= D
ista
nce
betw
een
high
tid
e Ti
dal R
ange
= D
ista
nce
betw
een
high
tid
e m
ark
and
low
tid
e m
ark
mar
k an
d lo
w t
ide
mar
k
••La
rges
t Ran
ges
Larg
est
Ran
ges
Coas
tal R
egio
ns w
ith
Coas
tal R
egio
ns w
ith
extr
eme
dept
h gr
adie
nt (
extr
eme
dept
h gr
adie
nt (
Mou
zel
Mou
zel =
=
ex
celle
nt t
idal
ran
ge)
exce
llent
tid
al r
ange
)
••Sm
alle
st R
ange
sSm
alle
st R
ange
sO
pen
Oce
an (
<.5
m)
Ope
n O
cean
(<
.5 m
)
Sprin
g Ti
des
Sprin
g Ti
des
••Ye
ar r
ound
Year
rou
nd
••O
ccur
dur
ing
full
moo
n an
d ne
w m
oon
Occ
ur d
urin
g fu
ll m
oon
and
new
moo
n
••D
ue t
o th
e lin
ear
patt
ern
of S
ME
Due
to
the
linea
r pa
tter
n of
SM
E
••Ca
uses
str
onge
r tid
es:
incr
ease
d cu
rren
t an
d Ca
uses
str
onge
r tid
es:
incr
ease
d cu
rren
t an
d tid
al r
ange
stid
al r
ange
s
Nea
p Ti
des
Nea
p Ti
des
••M
oon
and
sun
are
perp
endi
cula
r to
eac
h M
oon
and
sun
are
perp
endi
cula
r to
eac
h ot
her
othe
r
••W
eak
curr
ents
, low
er t
idal
ran
ges
Wea
k cu
rren
ts, l
ower
tid
al r
ange
s
••O
ccur
dur
ing
quar
ter
moo
nsO
ccur
dur
ing
quar
ter
moo
ns
Nea
p Ti
des
Vers
us S
prin
g Ti
des
Nea
p Ti
des
Vers
us S
prin
g Ti
des
Bulg
ing
Effe
ct
Barr
age
Logi
stic
sBa
rrag
e Lo
gist
ics
••La
rges
t su
rfac
e ar
ea, g
reat
est
tidal
ran
geLa
rges
t su
rfac
e ar
ea, g
reat
est
tidal
ran
ge––
Squa
re E
ffec
tSq
uare
Eff
ect
••Ef
fect
s of
eco
syst
em (
fish,
sed
imen
t, e
tc.)
Effe
cts
of e
cosy
stem
(fis
h, s
edim
ent,
etc
.)
••Pr
oxim
ity t
o po
pula
tion
Prox
imity
to
popu
latio
n
Wat
erw
ay M
easu
rem
ent
Logi
stic
sW
ater
way
Mea
sure
men
t Lo
gist
ics
852.
5G
arol
imB
ay, S
outh
K
orea
420
4S
ever
n E
stua
ry
63.
2A
nnap
olis
, Nov
a S
cotia
240
5.5
Bay
of F
undy
, Can
ada
174
La R
ance
, Fra
nce
Bas
in A
rea
(km
2 )M
ean
Tida
l Am
plitu
de(m
)
Bay
of F
undy
VS
Ches
apea
ke B
ayBa
y of
Fun
dy V
S Ch
esap
eake
Bay
Gre
ater
Fric
tion
His
toric
al A
spec
tsH
isto
rical
Asp
ects
Anci
ent
Tide
Mill
sAn
cien
t Ti
de M
ills
••D
urin
g th
e Rom
an o
ccup
atio
n of
Eng
land
, D
urin
g th
e Rom
an o
ccup
atio
n of
Eng
land
, tid
e m
ills
wer
e bu
ilt t
o gr
ind
grai
n an
d tid
e m
ills
wer
e bu
ilt t
o gr
ind
grai
n an
d co
rnco
rn••
Thes
e tid
e m
ills
oper
ated
by
stor
ing
wat
er
Thes
e tid
e m
ills
oper
ated
by
stor
ing
wat
er
behi
nd a
dam
dur
ing
high
tid
e.
As t
he
behi
nd a
dam
dur
ing
high
tid
e.
As t
he
tide
rece
ded
the
wat
er w
as s
low
ly le
t ou
t tid
e re
cede
d th
e w
ater
was
slo
wly
let
out
from
beh
ind
the
dam
in o
rder
to
pow
er
from
beh
ind
the
dam
in o
rder
to
pow
er
the
mill
. th
e m
ill.
Nen
drum
Nen
drum
Mon
astic
Tid
al S
iteM
onas
tic T
idal
Site
••D
isco
vere
d in
199
9D
isco
vere
d in
199
9••
Unv
eile
d w
as a
sto
ne
Unv
eile
d w
as a
sto
ne
built
tid
al m
ill a
nd
built
tid
al m
ill a
nd
evid
ence
of
an
evid
ence
of
an
anci
ent
tidal
mill
an
cien
t tid
al m
ill
datin
g ba
ck t
o 78
7 da
ting
back
to
787
A.D
. A.
D.
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
Mill
••Th
e m
ill w
as in
clud
ed in
the
Th
e m
ill w
as in
clud
ed in
the
Dom
esda
yD
omes
day
Surv
ey o
f 10
86Su
rvey
of
1086
••O
rigin
ally
mill
ed f
our
tons
of
flour
eac
h O
rigin
ally
mill
ed f
our
tons
of
flour
eac
h da
y at
max
imum
out
put
day
at m
axim
um o
utpu
t••
Reb
uilt
man
y tim
es, b
ut o
pera
tes
in t
he
Reb
uilt
man
y tim
es, b
ut o
pera
tes
in t
he
sam
e m
anne
rsa
me
man
ner
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
M
ill ––
How
it W
orks
How
it W
orks
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
Mill
Tide
P
ond
Tide
Mill
The
Sea
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
from
an
Old
Ide
afr
om a
n O
ld I
dea
Indu
stria
l Rev
olut
ion
Indu
stria
l Rev
olut
ion
••Br
ough
t ch
eap
ener
gy in
the
for
m o
f Br
ough
t ch
eap
ener
gy in
the
for
m o
f el
ectr
icity
elec
tric
ity••
Smal
l tid
al m
ills
wer
e re
plac
ed w
ith la
rge
Smal
l tid
al m
ills
wer
e re
plac
ed w
ith la
rge
stea
mst
eam
-- pow
ered
rol
ler
mill
spo
wer
ed r
olle
r m
ills
••Pa
leot
echn
ic p
erio
d m
eans
ful
l ste
am
Pale
otec
hnic
per
iod
mea
ns f
ull s
team
ah
ead
with
litt
le t
houg
h of
wha
t w
as
ahea
d w
ith li
ttle
tho
ugh
of w
hat
was
ha
ppen
ing
to t
he e
nviro
nmen
t ha
ppen
ing
to t
he e
nviro
nmen
t
From
Mill
ing
to E
lect
ricity
From
Mill
ing
to E
lect
ricity
••M
ost
com
mon
gen
erat
ing
syst
em is
the
ebb
M
ost
com
mon
gen
erat
ing
syst
em is
the
ebb
ge
nera
ting
syst
emge
nera
ting
syst
em••
Dou
ble
effe
ct t
urbi
nes
are
now
bec
omin
g D
oubl
e ef
fect
tur
bine
s ar
e no
w b
ecom
ing
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble
Cons
truc
tion
Cons
truc
tion
••Ca
isso
ns a
re m
anuf
actu
red
at s
hore
Cais
sons
are
man
ufac
ture
d at
sho
re-- b
ased
ba
sed
cons
truc
tion
yard
s ar
e de
liver
ed t
o w
ater
co
nstr
uctio
n ya
rds
are
deliv
ered
to
wat
er
site
s by
bar
ges
and
then
pos
ition
ed b
y si
tes
by b
arge
s an
d th
en p
ositi
oned
by
cran
es t
o al
low
for
the
str
uctu
res
to
cran
es t
o al
low
for
the
str
uctu
res
to
corr
ectly
set
tle o
n th
e m
arin
e flo
or.
corr
ectly
set
tle o
n th
e m
arin
e flo
or.
••An
othe
r m
etho
d ca
lls f
or c
onst
ruct
ing
Anot
her
met
hod
calls
for
con
stru
ctin
g di
aphr
agm
wal
ls o
f re
info
rced
con
cret
e di
aphr
agm
wal
ls o
f re
info
rced
con
cret
e w
ithin
a t
empo
rary
san
d is
land
. w
ithin
a t
empo
rary
san
d is
land
.
Loca
tion
Loca
tion
••Ti
dal m
ills
wer
e us
ually
bui
lt on
inle
ts b
ranc
hing
Ti
dal m
ills
wer
e us
ually
bui
lt on
inle
ts b
ranc
hing
of
f tid
al e
stua
ries.
of
f tid
al e
stua
ries.
••
An e
stua
ry is
a w
ide
part
of
a riv
er w
here
it
An e
stua
ry is
a w
ide
part
of
a riv
er w
here
it
mee
ts t
he s
ea.
mee
ts t
he s
ea.
••Ti
dal e
stua
ries
are
char
acte
rized
by
narr
ow,
Tida
l est
uarie
s ar
e ch
arac
teriz
ed b
y na
rrow
, sh
allo
w c
hann
els
with
a r
elat
ivel
y co
nsta
nt w
idth
sh
allo
w c
hann
els
with
a r
elat
ivel
y co
nsta
nt w
idth
an
d de
pth.
and
dept
h.••
Tide
s ar
e gr
eatly
am
plifi
ed in
the
se a
reas
of
Tide
s ar
e gr
eatly
am
plifi
ed in
the
se a
reas
of
smal
ler
volu
me,
whi
ch c
ause
s th
e tid
e to
tra
vel
smal
ler
volu
me,
whi
ch c
ause
s th
e tid
e to
tra
vel
up t
he r
iver
. up
the
riv
er.
Tida
l Bar
rage
Tida
l Bar
rage
••Si
mila
r to
a d
amSi
mila
r to
a d
am••
Stru
ctur
e m
ust
span
the
ent
ire w
idth
and
St
ruct
ure
mus
t sp
an t
he e
ntire
wid
th a
nd
heig
ht o
f th
e es
tuar
yhe
ight
of
the
estu
ary
Evol
utio
n of
Tur
bine
Typ
esEv
olut
ion
of T
urbi
ne T
ypes
••W
ater
whe
el t
urbi
nes
Wat
erw
heel
tur
bine
s w
ere
used
in t
idal
w
ere
used
in t
idal
m
ills
mill
s
Ove
rsho
t
Und
ersh
ot
Brea
st-s
hot
Rec
ent
Turb
ines
Rec
ent
Turb
ines
••Bu
lb, R
im, a
nd T
ubul
arBu
lb, R
im, a
nd T
ubul
ar
Rim
Tur
bine
(Co
pyrig
ht B
oyle
, 19
96)
Bulb
Tur
bine
(Co
pyrig
ht
Boyl
e, 1
996)
Tubu
lar
Turb
ine
(Cop
yrig
ht
Boyl
e, 1
996)
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceCa
se
Case
St
udy
Stud
y
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceTi
dal P
ower
Pla
ntTi
dal P
ower
Pla
nt
••O
nly
full
scal
e po
wer
O
nly
full
scal
e po
wer
st
atio
n of
its
type
in
stat
ion
of it
s ty
pe in
th
e w
orld
the
wor
ld••
Loca
ted
in n
orth
ern
Loca
ted
in n
orth
ern
Fran
ce o
n th
e La
Fr
ance
on
the
La
Ranc
eRa
nce
Riv
er
Riv
er
La
La R
ance
Ran
ce
••Co
mpl
eted
in 1
967
afte
r 25
yea
rs o
f Co
mpl
eted
in 1
967
afte
r 25
yea
rs o
f st
udie
s an
d si
x ye
ars
of c
onst
ruct
ion
stud
ies
and
six
year
s of
con
stru
ctio
n••
24 b
ulb
turb
ines
, eac
h ca
pabl
e of
24
bul
b tu
rbin
es, e
ach
capa
ble
of
prod
ucin
g te
n m
egaw
atts
of
pow
erpr
oduc
ing
ten
meg
awat
ts o
f po
wer
••Th
e da
m is
246
0 fe
et (
750
met
ers)
long
, Th
e da
m is
246
0 fe
et (
750
met
ers)
long
, an
d 43
fee
t (1
3 m
eter
s) h
igh
and
43 f
eet
(13
met
ers)
hig
h••
One
of
the
grea
test
tid
al r
ange
s in
the
O
ne o
f th
e gr
eate
st t
idal
ran
ges
in t
he
wor
ld, a
t 13
.5m
. w
orld
, at
13.5
m.
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceTu
rbin
esTu
rbin
es
••Bu
lb t
urbi
nes
Bu
lb t
urbi
nes
••
The
blad
es o
f th
e tu
rbin
e ca
n ch
ange
dire
ctio
ns
The
blad
es o
f th
e tu
rbin
e ca
n ch
ange
dire
ctio
ns
depe
ndin
g on
the
cur
rent
flo
w.
depe
ndin
g on
the
cur
rent
flo
w.
••Th
e tu
rbin
es w
eigh
470
ton
s an
d ha
ve a
bla
de
The
turb
ines
wei
gh 4
70 t
ons
and
have
a b
lade
di
amet
er o
f ov
er s
even
teen
fee
t.
diam
eter
of
over
sev
ente
en f
eet.
••
The
plan
t is
als
o eq
uipp
ed w
ith p
umps
tha
t Th
e pl
ant
is a
lso
equi
pped
with
pum
ps t
hat
allo
w w
ater
to
be p
umpe
d in
to t
he b
asin
whe
n al
low
wat
er t
o be
pum
ped
into
the
bas
in w
hen
the
sea
is c
lose
to
basi
n le
vel a
t hi
gh t
ide.
Thi
s th
e se
a is
clo
se t
o ba
sin
leve
l at
high
tid
e. T
his
allo
ws
for
mor
e el
ectr
icity
to
be g
ener
ated
if
allo
ws
for
mor
e el
ectr
icity
to
be g
ener
ated
if
ther
e is
an
antic
ipat
ed in
crea
se in
dem
and.
th
ere
is a
n an
ticip
ated
incr
ease
in d
eman
d.
No
Dra
wba
cks?
No
Dra
wba
cks?
••N
o ad
vers
e im
pact
on
spec
ies
nativ
e to
the
N
o ad
vers
e im
pact
on
spec
ies
nativ
e to
the
w
ater
wat
er••
No
flood
ing
has
occu
rred
No
flood
ing
has
occu
rred
••Roa
d w
as c
reat
edRoa
d w
as c
reat
ed••
Tour
ist
site
Tour
ist
site
••G
ener
ates
ele
ctric
ity f
or o
ver
300,
000
hom
esG
ener
ates
ele
ctric
ity f
or o
ver
300,
000
hom
es••
Not
all
tidal
bar
rage
s w
ill h
ave
such
neg
ligib
le
Not
all
tidal
bar
rage
s w
ill h
ave
such
neg
ligib
le
affe
cts
affe
cts
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn B
arra
ge H
isto
rySe
vern
Bar
rage
His
tory
••Se
cond
larg
est
tidal
ran
ges
in t
he w
orld
Seco
nd la
rges
t tid
al r
ange
s in
the
wor
ld••
Prop
osal
s to
dam
the
Sev
ern
have
exi
sted
Pr
opos
als
to d
am t
he S
ever
n ha
ve e
xist
ed
for
over
one
hun
dred
yea
rsfo
r ov
er o
ne h
undr
ed y
ears
••W
hen
the
Seve
rn B
arra
ge c
once
pt w
as
Whe
n th
e Se
vern
Bar
rage
con
cept
was
or
igin
ally
pro
pose
d in
the
184
0s, i
t w
as t
o or
igin
ally
pro
pose
d in
the
184
0s, i
t w
as t
o im
prov
e sh
ippi
ng a
nd p
reve
nt f
lood
ing.
In
im
prov
e sh
ippi
ng a
nd p
reve
nt f
lood
ing.
In
ad
ditio
n, t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
cre
ate
a ad
ditio
n, t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
cre
ate
a ro
adw
ay a
nd r
ailw
ay a
cros
s th
e riv
er.
road
way
and
rai
lway
acr
oss
the
river
.
Pow
er P
lant
Pro
posa
lsPo
wer
Pla
nt P
ropo
sals
••Pr
opos
al in
191
8, b
ut t
he lo
w c
ost
of c
oal u
sed
to g
ener
ate
Prop
osal
in 1
918,
but
the
low
cos
t of
coa
l use
d to
gen
erat
e el
ectr
icity
did
not
mak
e th
e pr
ojec
t ec
onom
ical
ly f
easi
ble.
elec
tric
ity d
id n
ot m
ake
the
proj
ect
econ
omic
ally
fea
sibl
e.••
In 1
943
the
form
atio
n In
194
3 th
e fo
rmat
ion
Brab
azon
Brab
azon
Com
mis
sion
to
Com
mis
sion
to
rein
vest
igat
e th
e ba
rrag
e.
rein
vest
igat
e th
e ba
rrag
e.
––Th
e pr
opos
al c
alle
d fo
r a
sing
le b
asin
ope
ratin
g on
dis
char
ge o
nTh
e pr
opos
al c
alle
d fo
r a
sing
le b
asin
ope
ratin
g on
dis
char
ge o
n ly ly
that
wou
ld p
rodu
ce 8
00,0
00 k
ilow
atts
of
outp
ut (
UN
, 195
7).
that
wou
ld p
rodu
ce 8
00,0
00 k
ilow
atts
of
outp
ut (
UN
, 195
7).
––Ag
ain,
the
pla
n w
as a
band
oned
, bec
ause
of
poor
eco
nom
ic
Agai
n, t
he p
lan
was
aba
ndon
ed, b
ecau
se o
f po
or e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
. fe
asib
ility
.
••Th
e Se
vern
Bar
rage
Com
mitt
ee w
as o
rgan
ized
in 1
978
The
Seve
rn B
arra
ge C
omm
ittee
was
org
aniz
ed in
197
8––
The
com
mitt
ee s
pent
tw
o an
d a
half
year
s de
cidi
ng t
hat
a ba
rrag
eTh
e co
mm
ittee
spe
nt t
wo
and
a ha
lf ye
ars
deci
ding
tha
t a
barr
age
acro
ss t
he S
ever
n w
ould
be
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble,
but
not
ac
ross
the
Sev
ern
wou
ld b
e te
chno
logi
cally
fea
sibl
e, b
ut n
ot
econ
omic
ally
fea
sibl
e ec
onom
ical
ly f
easi
ble
The
Prop
osed
Sch
eme
The
Prop
osed
Sch
eme
••10
mile
long
bar
rage
bet
wee
n 10
mile
long
bar
rage
bet
wee
n Br
ean
Brea
nD
own
in S
omer
set
Dow
n in
Som
erse
t an
d an
d La
vern
ock
Lave
rnoc
kPo
int
in
Poin
t in
Gla
mor
gan
Gla
mor
gan .
. ••
The
tidal
bas
in w
ould
be
over
190
squ
are
mile
s (5
00
The
tidal
bas
in w
ould
be
over
190
squ
are
mile
s (5
00
squa
re k
ilom
eter
s).
squa
re k
ilom
eter
s).
••Th
e pr
opos
ed b
arra
ge w
ould
be
com
pris
ed o
f ca
isso
ns t
o Th
e pr
opos
ed b
arra
ge w
ould
be
com
pris
ed o
f ca
isso
ns t
o ho
use
the
turb
ines
and
slu
ices
. ho
use
the
turb
ines
and
slu
ices
. ••
The
216
tubu
lar
turb
ines
wou
ld b
e lo
cate
d in
the
cen
tral
Th
e 21
6 tu
bula
r tu
rbin
es w
ould
be
loca
ted
in t
he c
entr
al
port
ion
of t
he b
arra
ge, a
nd e
ach
wou
ld d
rive
a 40
po
rtio
n of
the
bar
rage
, and
eac
h w
ould
driv
e a
40
meg
awat
t ge
nera
tor
meg
awat
t ge
nera
tor
••Es
timat
ed 1
7TW
h ea
ch y
ear
Estim
ated
17T
Wh
each
yea
r ••
The
prop
osed
sch
eme
has
a lif
etim
e of
at
leas
t 12
0 Th
e pr
opos
ed s
chem
e ha
s a
lifet
ime
of a
t le
ast
120
year
s ye
ars
••Sh
ip lo
cks
wer
e al
so in
clud
ed in
the
sch
eme
Ship
lock
s w
ere
also
incl
uded
in t
he s
chem
e••
Ebb
gene
ratin
g sc
hem
e w
ith p
umps
Ebb
gene
ratin
g sc
hem
e w
ith p
umps
Will
It
Be F
easi
ble?
Will
It
Be F
easi
ble?
••W
hat
has
chan
ged?
Wha
t ha
s ch
ange
d?––
Kyot
oKy
oto
––G
over
nmen
t Po
licy
Gov
ernm
ent
Polic
y ––
Ren
ewab
les
Ren
ewab
les
Obl
igat
ion
Obl
igat
ion
––G
loba
l War
min
g an
d po
ssib
le f
lood
ing?
Glo
bal W
arm
ing
and
poss
ible
flo
odin
g?
The
The
Ren
ewab
les
Ren
ewab
les
Obl
igat
ion
Obl
igat
ion
••10
% o
f el
ectr
icity
fro
m
10%
of
elec
tric
ity f
rom
ren
ewab
les
rene
wab
les
by
by
2010
, 20%
by
2020
2010
, 20%
by
2020
••Th
is s
chem
e co
uld
prov
ide
6% o
f th
e U
KTh
is s
chem
e co
uld
prov
ide
6% o
f th
e U
K’’ s
s to
tal e
lect
ricity
tota
l ele
ctric
ity••
Not
onl
ine
until
at
leas
t 20
14N
ot o
nlin
e un
til a
t le
ast
2014
Kyot
o Pr
otoc
olKy
oto
Prot
ocol
••Th
e Pr
otoc
ol c
alls
for
dev
elop
ed n
atio
ns t
o Th
e Pr
otoc
ol c
alls
for
dev
elop
ed n
atio
ns t
o re
duce
the
ir gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
re
duce
the
ir gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
••
A m
arke
t ba
sed
perm
it sy
stem
was
use
d A
mar
ket
base
d pe
rmit
syst
em w
as u
sed
to c
reat
e in
cent
ive
for
gree
nhou
se g
as
to c
reat
e in
cent
ive
for
gree
nhou
se g
as
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns.
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns.
••Th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
Th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
av
oid
the
emis
sion
of
eigh
teen
mill
ion
tons
av
oid
the
emis
sion
of
eigh
teen
mill
ion
tons
of
car
bon
diox
ide
ever
y ye
ar.
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e ev
ery
year
.
Floo
ding
Floo
ding
••G
loba
l War
min
g m
ay c
ause
flo
odin
g an
d co
asta
l G
loba
l War
min
g m
ay c
ause
flo
odin
g an
d co
asta
l er
osio
n in
the
Sev
ern
Estu
ary
Reg
ion
eros
ion
in t
he S
ever
n Es
tuar
y Reg
ion
••Th
e an
nual
ave
rage
flo
odin
g da
mag
e co
st r
isk
The
annu
al a
vera
ge f
lood
ing
dam
age
cost
ris
k cu
rren
tly t
otal
s cu
rren
tly t
otal
s ££ 4
040-- 2
00 m
illio
n, a
nd t
his
is
200
mill
ion,
and
thi
s is
ex
pect
ed t
o ris
e.
expe
cted
to
rise.
••
Thes
e co
sts
and
cost
s of
pot
entia
lly in
stal
ling
Thes
e co
sts
and
cost
s of
pot
entia
lly in
stal
ling
flood
miti
gatio
n co
uld
be a
void
ed if
the
Sev
ern
flood
miti
gatio
n co
uld
be a
void
ed if
the
Sev
ern
Barr
age
was
con
stru
cted
.Ba
rrag
e w
as c
onst
ruct
ed.
New
Def
initi
on S
tudy
N
ew D
efin
ition
Stu
dy ––
New
Hop
e?N
ew H
ope?
••Co
sts
are
still
ver
y hi
gh (
Cost
s ar
e st
ill v
ery
high
(££ 1
0.3
10.3
––14
14
bi
llion
) an
d th
e pr
ojec
t co
uld
take
up
to
billi
on)
and
the
proj
ect
coul
d ta
ke u
p to
ni
ne y
ears
to
cons
truc
t.
nine
yea
rs t
o co
nstr
uct.
••
Diff
icul
t to
fin
d in
vest
ors
beca
use
of lo
ng
Diff
icul
t to
fin
d in
vest
ors
beca
use
of lo
ng
payb
ack
perio
d.pa
ybac
k pe
riod.
••If
pos
itive
ext
erna
litie
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
the
If
pos
itive
ext
erna
litie
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
the
m
arke
t, t
hen
the
elec
tric
ity f
rom
tid
al c
an
mar
ket,
the
n th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
idal
can
be
com
petit
ive
with
tha
t of
oth
er
be c
ompe
titiv
e w
ith t
hat
of o
ther
re
sour
ces
reso
urce
s
Long
Isl
and
Soun
d Lo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy
for
the
Futu
refo
r th
e Fu
ture
Whe
re o
n th
e Ea
st C
oast
do
we
Whe
re o
n th
e Ea
st C
oast
do
we
have
a la
rge
popu
latio
n ne
ar a
ha
ve a
larg
e po
pula
tion
near
a
wat
erw
ay w
ith a
larg
e tid
al
wat
erw
ay w
ith a
larg
e tid
al
rang
e?ra
nge?
Long
Isl
and
Soun
dLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Long
Isl
and
Soun
d Ba
rrag
eLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
••Ti
dal r
ange
incr
ease
s he
adin
g w
est
Tida
l ran
ge in
crea
ses
head
ing
wes
t
••M
ax t
idal
ran
ge =
10
met
ers
Max
tid
al r
ange
= 1
0 m
eter
s
••Bu
ild b
arra
ge h
alfw
ay in
to s
ound
Build
bar
rage
hal
fway
into
sou
ndgr
eate
r ra
nge,
less
gr
eate
r ra
nge,
less
su
rfac
e ar
easu
rfac
e ar
ea
••Su
rfac
e Ar
ea =
2,0
92 k
mSu
rfac
e Ar
ea =
2,0
92 k
m22
••Ti
dal A
mpl
itude
= 3
.5 m
eter
s at
Mt.
Sin
ai
Tida
l Am
plitu
de =
3.5
met
ers
at M
t. S
inai
Plac
emen
t of
Bar
rage
Str
uctu
rePl
acem
ent
of B
arra
ge S
truc
ture
Levy
Sys
tem
for
tr
affic
Sout
h ha
lf of
Sou
nd is
sh
allo
w
=le
ss
frei
ghte
r tr
affic
Theo
retic
al M
ean
Pow
er O
utpu
tTh
eore
tical
Mea
n Po
wer
Out
put
S S ∫∫ ρρ
gdz
gdz
2S2Sρρ g
HgH22
Surf
ace
Area
Gra
vita
tiona
l Acc
eler
atio
nMea
n Am
plitu
de o
f Ti
de
Surf
ace
Area
Den
sity
G
ravi
tatio
nal
Acce
lera
tion
Chan
ge in
W
ater
H
eigh
t Co
lum
n
LI S
ound
Bar
rage
LI S
ound
Bar
rage
——En
ergy
En
ergy
O
utpu
tO
utpu
t
2,13
5 M
w2,
135
Mw
-- Abo
ut 1
/3 o
f w
hat
is e
xpec
ted
from
Sev
ern
Abou
t 1/
3 of
wha
t is
exp
ecte
d fr
om S
ever
n Ba
rrag
eBa
rrag
e-- I
f ca
lcul
atio
ns w
ere
85%
inac
cura
te, L
ISB
If c
alcu
latio
ns w
ere
85%
inac
cura
te, L
ISB
wou
ld s
till p
rodu
ce m
ore
pow
er t
han
La
wou
ld s
till p
rodu
ce m
ore
pow
er t
han
La
Ran
ceRan
ce
Maj
or S
etba
ckM
ajor
Set
back
——Fi
sher
y M
igra
tion
Fish
ery
Mig
ratio
n
Wou
ld B
arra
ge h
elp
clea
n up
W
ould
Bar
rage
hel
p cl
ean
up
sedi
men
t pr
oble
m?
sedi
men
t pr
oble
m?
Fund
yFu
ndy
Bay
Bay
--Ca
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEn
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
cts
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Econ
omic
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEc
onom
ics
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Polic
y Co
ncer
nsPo
licy
Conc
erns
Oth
er T
idal
Sch
emes
Oth
er T
idal
Sch
emes
Rom
ancin
g th
e Tid
eRo
man
cing
the T
ide
Crea
ting
a ne
w p
arad
igm
for
Cr
eatin
g a
new
par
adig
m f
or
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y ch
oice
s re
new
able
ene
rgy
choi
ces
Impa
cts
Impa
cts
••En
viro
nmen
tal
Envi
ronm
enta
l ••
Econ
omic
Ec
onom
ic
••So
cial
So
cial
Boun
dary
Lay
er E
ffec
tsBo
unda
ry L
ayer
Eff
ects
http
://1
29.1
73.3
.163
/BBL
Ch1.
htm
l
Red
Tid
e In
cide
nce
Red
Tid
e In
cide
nce
Bunn
ies
aren
Bunn
ies
aren
’’ t fe
roci
ous
enou
ght
fero
ciou
s en
ough
But
Squi
rrel
s Ar
eBu
t Sq
uirr
els
Are
Polit
ics
and
Polic
y: S
pin
mak
es t
he
Polit
ics
and
Polic
y: S
pin
mak
es t
he
eart
h go
ea
rth
go ‘‘ r
ound
ro
und
City
by
the b
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day
refle
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A M
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Futu
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App
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Mor
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turis
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–– Art
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eef
Prog
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tific
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Prog
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••Ti
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nerg
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inte
rest
ing!
Tida
l Ene
rgy
is in
tere
stin
g!••
Econ
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s ar
e di
ffic
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to g
et a
roun
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onom
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are
diff
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get
aro
und
••Th
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proj
ects
are
exp
ensi
veTh
ese
proj
ects
are
exp
ensi
ve••
Are
peop
le r
eally
will
ing
to p
ay?
Are
peop
le r
eally
will
ing
to p
ay?
