tician tabiZis publicistikaMApress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/socialur_politikuri/...iv....

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

mariam toraZe

tician tabiZis publicistikaMA

masobrivi komunikaciebis doqtoris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi -

filosofiis doqtori JurnalistikaSi,

profesori dali CikvilaZe;

filologiis doqtori,

profesori Tamaz jologua.

Tbilisi 2013

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

ОглавлениеSesavali....................................................................................................................................................................... 4

I Tavi............................................................................................................................................................................. 14

publicistis SemoqmedebiTi individuloba epoqis pirispir........................... 14

1.1. epoqasTan adaptaciis fsiqologiuri motivebi ..................................................... 14

1.2. tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenimeTavisebureba.......................................................................................................................................................... 17

II Tavi........................................................................................................................................................................... 31

erovnuli problematikis amsaxveli statiebi................................................................. 31

2.1. „qarTuli idea“......................................................................................................................................... 31

2.2. `omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~..........................................................................................40

2.3. ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”.....................................................................................................44

2.4. `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis~ ............................................................................................46

III Tavi.......................................................................................................................................................................55

werilebi qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebis Sesaxeb....55

3.1. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili 1-li) ...............................................................55

3.2. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili me-2) .................................................................57

3.3. ”qarTuli Jurnali” .............................................................................................................................59

3.4. ”saagarako saxli” .................................................................................................................................63

3.5.”momavali sezoni” ....................................................................................................................................66

IV Tavi.........................................................................................................................................................................69

werilebi axalgazrda Taobis problematikaze .............................................................69

4.1. ”studentobis tradiciebi”...........................................................................................................69

4.2. ”სtipendiebi” ...............................................................................................................................................724.3. ”Cveni studentoba”................................................................................................................................77

V Tavi........................................................................................................................................................................ 81

werilebi qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb............... 81

5.1. ”fondi xelovnebisTvis” ................................................................................................................. 81

5.2. ”xelovnebis sasaxle”........................................................................................................................85

5.3. `specebis kuriozi” ...............................................................................................................................86

VI Tavi.........................................................................................................................................................................88

werilebi xelovnebaze ...............................................................................................................................88

3

6.1. musika _ ”zaqaria faliaSvili”......................................................................................88

6.2. Teatri - ,,kote marjaniSvili” ............................................................................................. 91

,,durujis“ deklaracia”........................................................................................................................... 91

6.3. ”rusTavelis Teatri”......................................................................................................................97

6.4. ”cxvris wyaro” qarTul scenaze” ......................................................................................101

6.5. qandakeba - ”akakis Zegli”...........................................................................................................104

6.6. mxatvroba - ”niko firosmani”.................................................................................................109

6.7. ”qimerioni”...................................................................................................................................................129

daskvna .......................................................................................................................................................................135

bibliografia.....................................................................................................................................................140

4

Sesavali

tician tabiZis saxeli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi asocirebulia mZafr

da elvare poeziasTan, modernistul-avangardistul mxatvrul ZiebebTan.

farTo sazogadoeba naklebad interesdeba misi publicisturi

SemoqmedebiT, romlis gacnobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba tician tabiZis

personis srulyofilad danaxva.

iseTi rangis poetis daintereseba JurnalistikiT, rogoric tician

tabiZe iyo, mxolod moduri gataceba, cxadia, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

misi publicisturi Semoqmedeba ar hgavs am sferoSi SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili adamianis trafaretul opusebs.

tician tabiZe, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva qveynis bevri gamoCenili

mwerali, JurnalistikaSi da publicistikaSi miizida sazogadoebrivi

azrovnebis am formisTvis niSandoblivma mkveTrma pirdapirobam,

emociurobam, polemikurobam.

simbolisturi Tu avangardistuli poeziis da publicistikis

Tanaarseboba tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi am pirovnebis farTo

inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da interesebze metyvelebs. Cans, rom

tician tabiZis talants TviTgamoxatvisTvis mravalferovani saSualebebi

sWirdeba.

tician tabiZis publicistika maxvili, emociuri da erudiciiT

aRWurvili azrovnebis produqtia. Ppublicisturi Janrebi gasaqans

aZlevs tician tabiZis aqtualur azrs, mis miswrafebas, Tavisufali

fiqris procesis Tanamonawile mkiTxvelic gaxados. tician tabiZis

publicistika misi mkafio humanisturi msoflxedvis gamomJRavnebaa _ aq

nebismieri mosazreba, dakvirveba, informacia, faqti emsaxureba adamianisa

da sazogadoebis tkiviliani arsebobis warmoCenas.

aqtualoba

TanamedroveobaSi, CvenTanac da uxcoeTSic, mZafria interesi

totalitarizmis epoqis, rogorc mZime istoriuli memkvidreobis mimarT.

5

am epoqis specifikis warmoCenas araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna.

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria im mwerlebis, poetebis, saerTod, Semoqmedi

adamianebis naazrevis _ maT Soris publicisturis _ kvleva, romlebic

imsxverpla sastikma epoqam da romelTa sicocxle xSir SemTxvevaSi

swored am naazrevs Seewira. mkiTxvelisTvis sainteresoa, raze

fiqrobdnen da msjelobdnen isini im mZime wlebSi.

me-20 saukunis dasawyisis presa zogadad, da konkretulad _ tician

tabiZis publicistur-Jurnalisturi statiebi Tanamedrove Jurnalistikas

karnaxobs Tvalsawieris gafarToebas – dainteresebas adamianiT, misi

bediT, misi Rirseuli arsebobiT, SromiT da SemoqmedebiT.

dRes aqtualuria tician tabiZis weris meTodologiis gacnoba,

gaTvaliswineba. Aamas isic gansazRvravs, rom avtori Tavis statiebSi

warmodgeba rogorc aqtiuri da avtoritetuli moqalaqe.

mecnieruli siaxle

naSromSi gamovlenili da Seswavlilia tician tabiZis raritetuli

publikaciebi – me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gamomaval gazeTebSi _

,,barrikadi“, ,,rubikoni“, ,,baxtrioni“ da ,,saqarTvelo“ – dabeWdili

sagazeTo statiebi, romlebic pirveli publikaciis Semdeg aRar

gamoqveynebula.

agreTve gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva akademiur gamocemebSi

gamoqveynebuli tician tabiZis publicisturi werilebi, rac, erTi mxriv,

avsebs misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis warmodgenas da, meore mxriv,

amdidrebs qarTuli Jurnalistikis istorias.

kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi

kvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgens tician tabiZis publicistikis

Sinarsis da Rirebulebis warmoCena, aqtualizacia da masSi areklili

epoqis problematikis gamokveTa.

am mizans ukavSirdeba kvlevis Semdegi amocanebi:

6

realobasTan tician tabiZis, rogorc publicistis, adaptirebis

fsiqologiuri motivebis gagebis cda;

tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis zogierTi

Taviseburebis, azris gamoxatvis saxeobrivi da kompoziciuri xerxebis

ganxilva;

imis warmoCena, Tu ras miiCnevda publicisti erovnuli idento-

bisTvis safrTxis Semqmnel epoqaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad qarTuli

cnobierebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisTvis;

mweralTa da xelovanTa, agreTve studentobis socialuri

mdgomareobis, literaturisa da xelovnebis socialuri funqcionirebis

problemebis gamokveTa publicistis naazrevSi;

xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili statiebis specifikaze dakvirveba;

dakvirveba imaze, Tu ramdenad da rogor axerxebs Tavisufali

Semoqmedi totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi simarTlis gamoxatvas.

kvlevis meTodologia

kvlevisas teqstze muSaobis procesSi upirveles yovlisa

gamoyenebulia dokumentis detaluri da imavdroulad mTlianobiTi,

integrirebuli analizis meTodi, romlis meSveobiT interpretirebulia

teqsti, warmoCenili da gaazrebulia qveteqsti.

Kkvlevis analizis etapze gamoyenebulia istoriuli analizis

meTodi. tician tabiZis publicistika ganxilulia im epoqis konteqstSi,

romelSic igi Seiqmna, agreTve Tanamedroveobis gadmosaxedidan.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia SedarebiTi analizis meTodi, romlis

saSualebiT gamovlenilia paralelebi – warmodgenilia tician tabiZis

im TanamedroveTa araerTi mosazreba, romlebic amave TematikiT

interesdebodnen.

naSromSi ama Tu im formiT ganxilulia tician tabiZis 30-mde

publikacia – werilebi, romlebic sxvadasxva wyarodan iqna moZiebuli.

10-ze meti statia damuSavebulia tician tabiZis TxzulebaTa

7

samtomeulis meore da mesame tomebidan, xolo sxva statiebi _ me-20

saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli periodikidan – ZiriTadad

,,cisferyanwelTa” sagazeTo gamocemebidan: ,,baxtrioni” (redaqtori _

giorgi leoniZe. Ggamodioda 1922 wlis 3 ivlisidan 1923 wlis

Tebervlamde), ,,barrikadi” (redaqtori tician tabiZe. Ggamodioda 1922 -

1924 wlebSi, sakmao intervalebiT) da ,,rubikoni” (,,sruliad saqarTvelos

axali mwerlobis kavSiris” yovelkvireuli organo. gazeTs xels awers

saredaqcio kolegia. kavSirs, romelmac ori weli iarseba,

xelmZRvanelobda grigol robaqiZe). Aam gazeTebis araerTi nomeri

gadaurCa sabWoTa saxelmwifos mier maT mizanmimarTul ganadgurebas.

raritetebis fondi ZiriTadad daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis

erovnul biblioTekaSi da poet ioseb griSaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi

arsebul pirad arqivSi.

tician tabiZis publikaciebs Soris Cvens mier aqcenti gakeTda

maTze, romlebsac gamokveTilad publicisturi xasiaTi aqvT da amave

dros saSualebas iZlevian davakvirdeT, Tu ramdenad da rogor axerxebs

Tavisufali Semoqmedi totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi simarTlis

gamoxatvas.

naSromis struqtura

sakvalifikacio naSromi, Sesavlisa da daskvnis garda, Sedgeba eqvsi

Tavisagan. naSroms axlavs damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis

sia.

pirveli Tavi eZRvneba sabWoTa realobasTan tician tabiZis

adaptaciis fsiqologiur motivebs; aqve warmodgenilia misi

publicisturi stilis da ostatobis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

Mmeore TavSi gaerTianebuli statiebi gamoxatavs tician tabiZis

refleqsias qarTul erovnul xasiaTze, saqarTvelos bedze, qarTul

enaze.

8

Mmesame TavSi ganxilulia tician tabiZis raritetuli statiebi,

romlebic exeba qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebis rTul

problemebs, arsebiTad ki literaturis gadarCenis problemas sabWoTa

reJimis pirobebSi.

meoTxe TavSi saubaria im rariteuli statiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

warmoadgens publicistis cdas, sazogadoebis da xelisuflebis

yuradReba mimarTos axalgazrda Taobis, kerZod, studentebis mwvave

socialuri problemebisaken.

mexuTe TavSi laparakia publicistur statiebze, romlebSic

qarTvel xelovanTa mZime socialuri mdgomareobaa ganxiluli.

meeqvse TavSi msjelobis sagania tician tabiZis publicisturi

gamoxmaurebebi qarTuli Teatris, musikis, qandakebis, mxatvrobis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone novatorul movlenebze.

sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria

qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi tician tabiZis publicistika

misi Semoqmedebidan ar gamocalkevebula rogorc sagangebo Seswavlis

sagani, magram misi calkeuli publicisturi nawarmoebebi, bunebrivia,

mkvlevarTa yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila.

poetis biografiisa da eseistikis mkvlevarTa Soris gansakuTrebuli

aRniSvnis Rirsia mirian abulaZis monografia ,,tician tabiZe” (abulaZe:

1961), sargis caiSvilis wigni ,,winamorbedni da Tanamedroveni” (caiSvili:

1986), akaki vasaZis ,,tician tabiZe” (vasaZe: 1985), zaza abzianiZis

,,literaturuli portretebi” (abzianiZe: 2009), soso siguas ,,modernizmi”

(sigua: 2008) da sxva samecniero-kvleviTi xasiaTis naSromebi. unda iTqvas,

rom am naSromebSi tician tabiZis publicistika ar aris gaanalizebuli,

magram zogadad Sefasebulia da es Sefaseba mniSvnelovania.

9

Mmirian abulaZe Seiswavlis tician tabiZis biografiasa da poetur

Semoqmedebas, xolo publicistikis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom is metyvelebs

misi avtoris farTo literaturul interesebze, romelic Janrobrivi

TvalsazrisiT arasdros izRudeboda. abulaZe maRal Sefasebas aZlevs

tician tabiZis publicistikas da miiCnevs, rom poetma ,,Tavis SesaniSnav

poeziasTan erTad, dagvitova ostaturad dawerili mxatvruli narkvevebi,

istoriul-literaturuli da Teoriuli gamokvlevebi, publicisturi

werilebi da brwyinvale eseisturi xasiaTis nawerebi” (abulaZe 1961: 12).

sargis caiSvilis azriT, tician tabiZis werilebSi ,,naTlad Cans is

farTo literaturuli horizonti da maRali gemovneba, rac udavod iyo

tician tabiZis mTeli Semoqmedebis mTavari niSan-Tviseba” (caiSvili 1986:

142).

akaki vasaZes tician tabiZe warmoudgeba ara mxolod qarTuli

leqsis novatorad, romelsac, agreTve, didi wvlili miuZRvis rusuli da

evropuli poeziis TargmnaSi, aramed ,,istoriulad principuli

mniSvnelobis Teoriuli da publicisturi werilebis avtorad, qarTuli

Teatris ganaxleba-aRorZinebis bed-iRbalze mzrunvel moamaged da im

WeSmarit saxalxo moRvawed, Tavis wil bevrad rom apirobebda

kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos sisavses da cxovelmyofelobas”

(vasaZe 1985: 3). Aa. vasaZe saubrobs tician tabiZis mravalmxriv

SemoqmedebiT talantze, romlis upirvelesi niSnebia mZlavri pirovnuli

energia da dauokebeli swrafva TviTgamosaxvisken. Aavtori sagangebod

msjelobs tician tabiZis aRtacebul damokidebulebaze qarTvel

studentTa brZolisunarianobisadmi da Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels mis statias

,,studentobis tradiciebi” (vasaZe 1985: 14).

zaza abzianiZis statiaSi igrZnoba empaTia tician tabiZis poeturi

naturis mimarT. mkafio StrixebiT aris daxatuli misi SemoqmedebiTi

portreti. avtori am ganumeoreblad Taviseburi, artistuli da

Tavisufebismoyvare adamianis cxovrebis logikur finalad miiCnevs

sabWoTa represiebis epoqaSi mis tragikul daRupvas. ,,arc ticianamde,

arc Semdeg, arcerT qarTvel poets aseTi mondomebiT sagangebod ar

uZerwia Tavisi ieri... ticianis cxovreba am scenaze daiwyo rogorc

uwyinari TamaSi, rogorc farsi, Tavisi tradiciuli niRbebiT, magram

10

damTavrda, rogorc berZnuli tragedia _ ulmoblad da SemaZrwuneblad”

(abzianiZe 2009: 286).

soso sigua wignSi ,,modernizmi” mkiTxvels acnobs im ZiriTad

braldebebs, romlebic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier iyo SeTiTxnili

tician tabiZis winaaRmdeg: poeti ,,mxilebul da ganadgurebul iqna...“ _

mas dabralda teroristul-diversiul, jaSuSur organizaciebTan

urTierToba sabWoTa kavSiris damxobis mizniT, monawileoba faSistur

organizaciaSi, mavnebloba literaturisa da xelovnebis frontze (sigua

2008: 184-185).

wignSi Tavmoyrilia informacia ,,cisferyanwelebis” mier gamocemuli

gazeTebis Sesaxeb (sigua 2008: 111-113).

statiaSi ,,omi da literatura” soso sigua mimoixilavs tician

tabiZis Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlebis _ konstantine gamsaxurdias,

grigol robaqiZis, paolo iaSvilis da TviTon tician tabiZis

mosazrebebs am Temaze. wignis avtors gansakuTrebulad sainteresod

miaCnia tician tabiZis werili ,,omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi”, romelic

,,pacifizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da amarTlebs omis aucileblobas,

qarTvelTa mebrZol suls, romelic hqonda dids Tu pataras”(sigua 2008:

70). mkvlevaris azriT, tician tabiZem omis heroika qarTveli eris

nacionalur Tvisebad miiCnia da Tanamokalmeebs mouwoda, egrZnoT omis

suli da ar efiqraT omis borotebaze (sigua 2008: 70).

amave statiis _ ,,omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi” _ Sesaxeb msjelobs

tician tabiZis prozis mkvlevari salome kapanaZe (kapanaZe 2005: 121-123).

2002 wels gazeTSi ,,Cveni mwerloba” gamoqveynda tician tabiZis am

statiis Cveni analizi, romelic warmodgenilia sadisertacio naSromSi

(toraZe 2002b: 4).

salome kapanaZis wigni ,,cisferi yanwebidan _ maradisobamde”

(kapanaZe: 2005) mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo naSromia tician tabiZis

publicistikis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. aq gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom

tician tabiZis ,,sruli identifikaciisTvis, namdvili ragvarobis

gansazRvrisTvis sakmarisi ar aris misi lirikuli Sedevrebis Sefaseba,

aucilebelia misi prozauli memkvidreobis Rirebulebis

gaTvaliswinebac” (kapanaZe 2005: 12).

11

Mmkvlevari Tavis wignSi aanalizebs tician tabiZis prozas _

moTxrobebs, prozaul miniaturebs, novelebs, kinoscenars da maTSi

simbolizmis gamovlinebebs eZebs. magram avtoris yuradRebis miRma ar

darCenila tician tabiZis ramdenime publicisturi narkvevic, magaliTad,

,,axali mcxeTa” (kapanaZe 2005: 62-63), ,,qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi”

(kapanaZe 2005: 69-73). Aes ori narkvevi Cvens mierac iyo Seswavlili, rac

aisaxa 1997 wels Tsu Jurnalistikis fakultetis konferenciaze

wardgenil moxsenebasa da gamoqveynebul TezisebSi: ,,tician tabiZis

narkvevebis kompozicia” (toraZe 1997: 17,18). Ees kvleva asaxulia Cvens

sadisertacio naSromSi.

s. kapanaZe aanalizebs tician tabiZis statiebs _ ,,saliteraturo

qarTulisTvis” da ,,tfilisi” _ miZRvnils qarTuli enis diskriminirebis

Temisadmi da miaCnia, rom es statiebi ,,erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis mwvave

problemebiTaa aRsavse” (kapanaZe 2005: 184,185).

s. kapanaZis zemoTxsenebul wignSi mimoxilulia tician tabiZis

narkvevebi _ ,,axali kolxida”, ,,rionidan enguramde”, ,,tyvarCeli”,

,,orpiri”, ,,erTi kvira oseTSi” (kapanaZe 2005: 51-67) da Sefasebulia isini,

rogorc aRmSeneblobis ideiT gatacebuli humanisti mwerlis

Txzulebebi.

s. kapanaZis wignSi adgili eTmoba tician tabiZis narkvevs ,,ase iReba

kulturis kari darialTan” (kapanaZe 2005: 80-81). Ees narkvevi imiTac aris

mniSvnelovani, rom warmoaCens tician tabiZis aqtiur mcdelobas,

Seitanos wvlili saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi, gaaaqtiuros

erovnuli saganZuris dacva da popularizacia. Naq saubaria qarTveli

poetis cnobil iniciativaze, yazbegSi daearsebinaT saliteraturo da

mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi, romelic aleqsandre yazbegis cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis amsaxveli muzeumic iqneboda.

gasaziarebelia s. kapanaZis Sexeduleba ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis

me-15 wlisTavze dawerili tician tabiZis werilis paTosis Sesaxebac: ,,20-

30-ian wlebSi proletaruli kritika f. maxaraZis meTaurobiT gaafTrebiT

ebrZoda iliasa da misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarT... aseT atmosferoSi t.

tabiZem mainc moaxerxa eTqva mTavari saTqmeli ilias, rogorc poetisa

da eriskacis did misiaze qarTul sinamdvileSi” (kapanaZe 2005: 133-134).

12

s.kapanaZis TqmiT, es ,,narkvevebi ufro saagitaciod arian

gamiznuli...” da maTSi vlindeba ,,ideologiuri da momwodebluri paTosi”

(kapanaZe 2005: 82). gasagebia, ra tipis agitaciasa da ideologiaze

saubrobs mkvlevari. am sakiTxis arsis interpretirebis cdaa mocemuli

Cvens moxsenebaSi _ ,,tician tabiZis sabWoTa periodis narkvevebis

fsiqologiuri motivaciis gagebis cda”, romelic wakiTxuli iyo

saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da Tsu Jurnalistikis

fakultetis respublikur samecniero konferenciaze da aisaxa

gamoqveynebul TezisebSi (toraZe 2002a: 40-43) masala warmodgenilia Cvens

naSromSi.

samarTliania s. kapanaZis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom tician

tabiZis ,,mxatvruli koncefciis wyalobiT epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

sazogadoebriv-politikuri, socialuri da sulieri cxovreba asaxulia

maxvili publicistis TvaliT... narkvevebi TvalsaCinos xdian mwerlis

ganswavlulobas, sinamdvilis novatorul, maRalxatovan xilva-aTvisebis

unars... publicistur sibrZnesa da gancdiTi simaxviliT savse mxatvrul

azrovnebas” (kapanaZe 2005: 82).

s. kapanaZis naSromSi saubaria tician tabiZeze, rogorc qarTuli

Teatrisa da mxatvrobis qomagze, am sferoSi novaciebis mxardamWerze.

mkvlevaris interesi fokusirebulia kote marjaniSvilis, sandro

axmetelis, niko firosmanis, lado gudiaSvilisa da iakob nikolaZis

SemoqmedebiT naturebze, kafe ,,qimerionis” STambeWdaobasa da

momxibvlelobaze (kapanaZe 2005: 172-183).

aRsaniSnavia, rom profesionalma qarTvelma Teatrmcodneebma _

profesorebma vasil kiknaZem da nodar gurabaniZem _ TavianT wignebsa da

saxelmZRvaneloebSi gamokveTes tician tabiZis, rogorc Teatraluri

reformis erT-erTi ideologis figura, daimowmes misi werilebi da

gamoxmaurebebi Teatris Sesaxeb. vasil kiknaZe msjelobs

,,cisferyanwelebisa” da ,,durujelebis” pirad megobrul kontaqtebze,

romelTac ,,uTuod esTetikuri xasiaTis principebic edo safuZvlad”

(kiknaZe 2003: 523). Aavtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom tician tabiZe

Tanadgomas ucxadebda ,,durujis” manifests da mis ,,kadnier tonsac” ki

13

uWerda mxars. Aaqve moyvanilia tabiZis citata statiidan ,,durujis”

deklaracia” (kiknaZe 2003: 525).

Nnodar gurabaniZe lope de vegas piesis _ ,,fuente ovexunas”

marjaniSviliseuli dadgmis mimoxilvisas imowmebs tician tabiZis,

rogorc TviTmxilvelis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi pirveli

recenzentis, mosazrebebs: ,,marjaniSvils aqvs mozRvavebuli mewyeris

STagoneba da Tu zvavad wamovida...” (gurabaniZe 2012: 15).

1999 wels Jurnal ,,ciskarSi” daibeWda Cveni statia ,,tician tabiZe

erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic gaanalizebulia tician

tabiZis mier 1916 wels gazeT ,,saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli statia

,,qarTuli idea” (toraZe 1999: 132-134). masala warmodgenilia sadisertacio

naSromSi.

14

I Tavi

publicistis SemoqmedebiTi individuloba epoqis pirispir

1.1. epoqasTan adaptaciis fsiqologiuri motivebi

,,...da me xandisxan meCveneba

viTom samyaro

baRia didi, dawyevlili

da Sxamiani.

mZime mxedarni, SublSekruli

da uabjaro

mohqrian: rembo, eredia,

emil verharni.

TiTqo SecdomiT Semiyvana

viRacam baRSi

da SiSiT vxedav gigantis Crdils

mimfrinav mxedars.

uRono, susti, avtirdebi

patara bavSvi

da Tan mrcxvenia, vixedebi,

xom arvin mxedavs...” _

uabjaroni

(tabiZe 1995: 30)

„ ...politikur ambebSi me savsebiT naTlad ver verkveodi. Cemi

damokidebuleba rusul da frangul simbolizmTan sruliad

arakritikuli iyo... metismetad did xarks vuxdidiT arajansaR, bohemur

artistizms, vqadagebdiT „xelovnebisaTvis“... samma welma, romelmac

ganvlo oqtombridan saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde

da siaxlovem axalgazrda bolSevik megobrebTan, romlebic

saqarTveloSi iatakqveS muSaobas eweodnen, SegnebaSi garkveuli sinaTle

15

Seitana“ (tabiZe 1960: 23-24) – sikvdilmisjilis Sewyalebis Txovnis

intonaciiT aRbeWdili avtobiografia misi avtoris – tician tabiZis

„miwasTan dabrunebas“ amcnobda sazogadoebas. am tragikuli

Semobrunebis Semdeg bohemuri artistebi, melanqoliuri pieroebi da

aristokrati dendebi, imdroindeli komunisturi nomenklaturis eniT rom

vTqvaT, „mxatvruli inteligenciis im saukeTeso warmomadgenlebad

iqcnen, romelTac partiis brZnuli politikis meoxebiT gadaWriT

gawyvites kavSiri Zvel samyarosTan, aRiares axali ideur-esTetikuri

mrwamsi, aqtiurad Caebnen axali cxovrebis mSeneblobaSi“ (saqarTvelos...

1976: 860). swored am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT tician tabiZis

Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis erTi aspeqti – sabWoTa publicisturi

narkvevebis ciklis Seqmna.

tician tabiZis poeturi msoflSegnebis mTavari Tviseba sicocxlis

siyvarulia _ „maS, gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev!” (tabiZe 1982: 564).

magram sicocxlis winaSe aRtacebas Tan sdevda moaxloebuli sikvdilis

mwvave winaTgrZnoba _ „Tu Rrma ReleSi Cveni Tavebi sadme dagordes...”

(tabiZe 1982: 530) Zaladobis, Tavisufali nebis uzurpirebis pirobebSi,

sikvdilis pirispir mdgomi poeti misi daZlevis, masze amaRlebis Tu

misgan gaqcevis aucileblobis winaSe aRmoCnda. tician tabiZis mier am

wlebSi Seqmnil narkvevebSi zogjer ufro yrud, zogjer ki

yurismomWrelad gaismis sabWoTa propagandistuli paTetika, rac unda

ganvixiloT rogorc Sinagani SfoTviT gamowveuli, gaucnobierebeli

prevenciuli saSualeba, mimarTuli sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli

situaciis aRsakveTad.

mosalodneli Tavdasxmis molodinSi, mZime moraluri presingis

pirobebSi individi uucxovdeba sakuTar Tavs, is mTlianad iTavisebs

pirovnebis im tips, romelsac mas sTavazobs sayovelTao Sabloni,

gaurbis Tavisuflebas da axdens arsebiTad Tavsmoxveul, magram

moCvenebiTad nebayoflobiT konformizacias. tician tabiZe narkvevebSi

cdilobs mihyves sabWoTa cxovrebis mdinarebas, aRfrTovandes sabWoTa

aRmSeneblobiT da daarwmunos sakuTari Tavi, rom aRmSenebloba

namdvilia da bednierebis momtani.

16

amasTan erTad, „aCrdilTa qveynidan“ dabrunebuli cisferyanwelis

Jurnalistur narkvevebSi aisaxa realuri, nivTieri samyaros monatreba,

romelSic garegnulad raRac TiTqos sasikeTod icvleboda. „axali

mcxeTa“ (tabiZe 1966b: 31-37), „axali kolxida“ (tabiZe1966b: 192-221) – „roca

ixsneba axali mcxeTa, roca safuZveli eyreba eris axal ekonomikur

aRorZinebas... unda ismodes axali gamarjvebis simRera Sromisa da Zmobis

kavSirisTvis, sabWoTa respublikebis SeduRebisa da saxalxo

saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisTvis“ (tabiZe 1966b: 35).

pirovnebis qvecnobieri samyaros Seswavlis gaRrmavebam Tanamedrove

fsiqologiaSi skefsisi gaaCina teqstis Riad mocemuli Sinaarsis mimarT

da gaamZafra interesi misi dafaruli plastebisadmi. Tu am rakursiT

ganvixilavT tician tabiZis narkvevebs, davinaxavT, rom frustraciisa da

sulieri gangaSis pirobebSi aRmoCenili pirovnebis fsiqikaSi _ „viRaca

dadis xmalamowvdili...” (tabiZe 2005: 67) gaucnobiereblad erTveba egos

erT–erTi damcavi meqanizmi – racionalizacia. am SemTxvevaSi adamians

eqmneba iluzia, rom is subieqturad gulwrfelia, sinamdvileSi ki Tavs

ityuebs da cru argumentaciis safuZvelze cdilobs iracionaluri qceva

dafaros racionalizaciiT (heli, zigleri 1997: 130-131). tician tabiZis

narkvevebis sabWoTa publicisturi paTosi TviTgadarCenis instinqtis

tragikul gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT.

adamianis sulis gaxleCa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari

gaxleCis epicentria, amitom, Tuki gvsurs ufro detaluri warmodgena

viqonioT siRrmiseul realobaze, saWiroa ufro dawvrilebiT

ganvixiloT ganxeTqileba adamianis sulSi (toinbi: 1991). tician tabiZis

faqiz, miamitur da mgrZnobiare naturaSi sulis gaxleCa, rogorc Cans,

swored e.w. „miwasTan dabrunebam“ gamoiwvia – codvilobis gancda,

zneobrivi marcxis mtanjveli SegrZneba dabada, mtkivneuli

refleqsiisken, TviTCaRrmavebis da TviTSefasebisken ubiZga, magram es

rTuli sulieri Sinaarsic kvlav sabWouri ideologiuri sqemebiT da

kliSeebiT, demonstraciuli sabWouri egzaltaciiT ifareba, romlis

miRma mainc igrZnoba sakuTar Tavze Zaldataneba. „oqtombris Semdeg

araTu axali adamianebi daibadnen, – oqtombris win dabadebuli xalxic

xelmeored daibada da moinaTla axali cecxliT da niaRvriT... da mec

17

Cems Tavze vakvirdebi am meore adamians, axal kacs, axali grZnobiT da

STabeWdilebiT” („tolstois dReebi“, tabiZe 1966b: 9).

“axali cecxliT“ naTloba tician tabiZisTvis tragikulad

dasrulda.

1.2. tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenime

Tavisebureba

tician tabiZis publicisturi statiebi da narkvevebi ideurad,

Tematurad, siuJeturad, saxeTa sistemis Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT sagangebo

kvlevas, specifikur Seswavlas moiTxovs. amjerad Cveni mizania

ganvsazRvroT misi publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenime

Tavisebureba, misi publicisturi opusebis kompoziciuri wyobis, Sinagani

aRnagobis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

tician tabiZis narkvevTa kompoziciuri mTlianoba, rogorc Cans,

SemTxveviTi da uneblie movlena ki ar aris, aramed sruliad

gaazrebulia da mizandasaxuladaa miRweuli. Txrobis saSualebebi –

siuJeturi xazis dinamiuri ganviTareba an mSvidi, statikuri pasaJebi,

personaJTa ganlageba, svla warsulidan momavlisken da bevri sxva ram

gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom nawarmoebis kompoziciuri simwyobre

da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi poeziidan,

literaturidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis komponentia.

tician tabiZis narkvevTa kompoziciaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

ipyrobs nawarmoebis siuJetis wyoba, agreTve siuJetisgareTa elementebi –

lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, analitikuri gansja, STabeWdilebebi da teqstis

Tanafardoba fragmentTan, avtoris teqstebis erTobliobasTan,

konteqstisa da qveteqstis gaazreba, avtoris Sinagani samyaros

spontanuri gamovlinebebi da sxv.

imisTvis, rom SeZlebisdagvarad warmogveCina tician tabiZis

publicisturi stili, misi, rogorc publicistis azrovnebis

konstruqcia, narkvevebis saerTo simwyobre da teqstobriv elementTa

urTierTmimarTebis sistema, gadavwyviteT am TvalsazrisiT

davkvirvebodiT mis or narkvevs – `axali mcxeTa” (tabiZe 1966b: 31-37) da

18

`qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” (tabiZe 1966b: 192-220). Cveni survilia, am

nawarmoebebze dakvirvebiT da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maTi SedarebiT

SesaZlebeli gavxadoT ganzogadebuli daskvnebis gamotana imis Taobaze,

Tu ra sayrdenebze agebs avtori Tavisi narkvevebis arqiteqtonikas da

zogadad rogor warmoudgenia mas narkvevis struqturuli organizeba.

ratom SevarCieT maincdamainc es ori narkvevi?

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom orive erT weliwads – 1927

welsaa dawerili. drois Tanxvedra saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali

gavadevnoT mwerlis msoflmxedvelobriv evolucias, SemoqmedebiT

impulsebs misi Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis erT konkretul periodSi.

magram mTavari isaa, rom bevr identur, Tanmxvedr tendenciasTan erTad

am or narkvevSi ikveTeba erTi yvelaze Zlieri, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

magistraluri motivi, RerZi, romlis garSemo viTardeba nawarmoebis

fabula, Tavs iyris mTavari saTqmeli. es aris ,,Zvelis” da ,,axlis”

konfliqti, maTi urTierTmiziduloba Tu erTmaneTisgan ganzidva. orive

narkvevSi zogjer aSkarad mizanmimarTulad, zogjer ki, albaT,

gaucnobierebladac gamJRavnebulia es mTavari motivi.

tician tabiZis narkvevi `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” e.w.

samogzauro narkvevTa Janrs ganekuTvneba, magram aq daZleulia viwro

sabWoTa Janrobrivi SezRudvebi da werili originalur da efeqtur

publicistur nawarmoebad warmodgeba. saTauri da narkvevis daweris

TariRi Tavidanve aRZravs Sesabamis asociaciebs da ganwyobilebas –

gvaxsendeba “xalxTa megobrobis” sabWoTa fenomeni _

naxevradgulwrfeli da naxevradyalbi urTierTobebi, simarTlenarevi

tyuilebi, diTirambebi, fuWi uxvsityvaoba da sadRegrZeloebismagvari

moxsenebebi. Znelia imis warmodgena, rom am Temaze im wlebSi raime

arastandartuli SeiZleboda daweriliyo. arada, swored ase wers tician

tabiZe. misi inteligenturi fraza, gonebamaxviluri aqcentebi da

orazrovani svlebi saintereso da sasiamovno sakiTxavs xdis mezobel

respublikaSi mogzaurobis suraTebs. Nnarkvevi xuTi nawilisgan

Sedgeba. mwerali Tanmimdevrulad, mwyobrad, mSvidi da auRelvebeli

toniT, yovelgvari cru paTosis (romelic ase `mouxdeboda” am Sinaarsis

werils) gareSe aRwers qarTveli mwerlebis erTi jgufis mogzaurobas

19

Tbilisidan erevnamde. weris manera xSirad mogagonebT dRiuris ubralo,

gulRia stils – avtori TiTqos TavisTvis iwers STabeWdilebebs, rom

wlebis Semdeg siamovnebiT gadaikiTxos isini.

iseve rogorc tician tabiZis narkvevTa umravlesoba, narkvevi àxali

mcxeTac” nawilebad, momcro Tavebad aris dayofili (4 Tavi). TiToeuli

nawili warmoadgens ganumeorebeli azrobrivi daniSnulebis mqone

erTeuls, romelTa gamTlianebiTac iqmneba srulyofili literaturuli

“organizmi”.

narkvevi eZRvneba zemo avWalis hidroelsadguris gaxsnas, rasac

avtori qarTveli eris istoriaSi axali epoqis dawyebis kvalifikacias

aZlevs; magram aq imdeni urTierTgadamkveTi Tema da motivia, rom

sabolood gacilebiT farTovdeba narkvevis Sinaarsi da tician tabiZe

eris istoriuli warsulis, xalxis aRmSeneblobiTi energiis saTaveTa

originalur kvlevas gvTavazobs. mogvianebiT poeti dawers leqss ,,axali

mcxeTa”: ,, ...da im adgilas, sadac odesRac

Zvel dinastiaT dagrovda ferfli,

eleqtros cecxlSi sdgas qvis taZari

fantastiuri da eifeli...”

(tabiZe 1933: 7).

àxali mcxeTa” – sityva àxali”-s (romelic TavisTavad gulisxmobs

,,Zvelis” arsebobas) da qarTul cnobierebaSi siZvelisa da arqaulobis

sinonimis – `mcxeTis” – SekavSirebiT iqmneba erTgvari opoziciuri

wyvili, romlis saTaurSi gamotana ukve amJRavnebs avtoris tendencias.

es tendencia SeimCneva meore narkvevSic – `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi”,

sadac vkiTxulobT – àq mainc sagrZnobia axali cxovrebis dabadeba da

SeiZleba arsad ar iyos iseTi kontrasti Zvelisa da axlisa, rogorc aq,

gogCis tbaze”(tabiZe 1966b: 203). amgvari mkveTri Sepirispirebis _

gamokveTili laitmotivis – garSemo agebs da mxatvrulad amTlianebs

avtori am narkvevebs.

Sepirispirebebze damyarebuli azrovnebis stili, rogorc Cans,

saerTodac damaxasiaTebelia tician tabiZisTvis. misi narkvevebis

kompoziciur struqturaSi erTmaneTs kveTs polarulobis Semcveli

20

araerTi laitmotivi, romlebic, albaT, isev da isev ,,axlisa” da ,,Zvelis”

dapirispirebis Taviseburi variaciebia.

es laitmotivebia sicocxle da sikvdili, ocneba da sinamdvile,

sakuTari da sxvisi, tyuili da marTali, miTi da reloba, buneba da

civilizacia, romantizmi da realizmi, suli da materia da sxv. isini

kompoziciis iseT msxvil komponentebSi arian SeWrilni, rogorebicaa

peizaJebi, portretebi, istoriuli CanarTebi, an Tavs iCenen ambis

Txrobasa Tu intimur lirikul wiaRsvlebSi. Cveni saubaric swored am

ramdenime „binarul opozicias“ Seexeba.

tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi

manera, is qmnis dauviwyar tropebs, saxeebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. am

sistemaSi eqceva ,,Zvelisa” da ,,axlis” dapirispirebis laitmotivic.

`Zvelis” mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas ZiriTadad emsaxureba am narkvevebis

umSvenieresi pasaJebi, – nawarmoebis kompoziciis mniSvnelovani

komponenti – istoriuli eqskursebi, romlebic erudiciis

brwyinvalebiTa da virtuozuli artistulobiT aris Sesrulebuli

(narkvevebSi maT sakmaod mozrdili adgili – mTeli Tavebi aqvs

daTmobili).

narkvevi _ `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” _ II nawili – `gogCis tba

– sevani” (tabiZe 1966b: 197-205) swored amgvari istoriuli CanarTia,

romelic poeturi STagonebiT aris dawerili. es, rasakvirvelia, im

winaswarganwyobamac ganapiroba, aleqsandre WavWavaZis romantiuli

sevdiT gamsWvalulma leqsma rom aRuZra `cisferyanwel” poets da axla

TiTqos or poets erTad ucqerda istoria...

`gogCa” aleqsandre WavWavaZis saukeTeso leqsad miaCnia tician

tabiZes. vrceli citatebi leqsidan poeturi ilustraciaa tragikuli

bedisa, romelic am qveyanas ergo, im saSineli movlenebisa, romlebic

swored aq – sevanze datrialda – `rasac osmalos jari ver gawvda, is

moaTava partaxtianma tifma da SimSilma. swored aq, sevanis napirebze

yofila mTavari banaki ltolvilebisa – es uzarmazari tba Turme maSin

raRac veeberTela morgvs warmoadgenda, sadac mkvdrebis gaxrwnil

ormoebSi suls levda jer kidev cocxali xalxi” (tabiZe 1966b: 200).

21

tician tabiZes ar SeuZlia istoriaze mSralad, qronistis saqmiani

da ugrZnobeli toniT wera. misi naweri mdidaria iseTi kompoziciuri

elementebiT, rogoricaa asociaciebi da emociuri wiaRsvlebi, mdidaria

movlenaTa Taviseburi interpretaciis Semcveli analitikuri StrixebiT.

sevanis tba am narkvevSi TiTqos simboloa somxeTis istoriisa,

TiTqos am tbaSi CaZirula, gaqvavebula aqauri sicocxle, silamaze: `ra

silamazeze unda ifiqro aq kacma, roca mTeli es qveyana bewvis xididan

Camovardnili da SemTxveviT gadarCenili xalxiT aris dasaxlebuli”

(tabiZe 1966b: 200) _ TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis am qveynis istoriis

TxrobaSi. aq istoria gacocxlebulia adamianebiT, mis sivrceSi

adamianebi moCanan, TavianTi ubedurebiTa da tkiviliT – `visac mxolod

gazeTebis qronikaSi waukiTxavs, Tu rogor avlebda musrs aq enver-faSas

armia imperialisturi omis dros, vinc icis, rom yofili mefis jaris

generlebic aTasi momizezebiT uTavebdnen xels somxebis Jletas, agreTve

kavkasiis frontis moSlis Semdeg rogor atilas risxviT gaiara aq

osmaleTis jarma, da garSemo dasaxlebulma musulmanurma tomebmac

rogor gaiwafes xeli ltolvilTa JletaSi, mas kidev ar aqvs

warmodgena, Tu ra jojoxeTis geena yofila aq datrialebuli” (tabiZe

1966b: 202).

es midamo mwerlisTvis bibliuri adgilebia, `SeqmnaTa wignis”

uZvelesi istoriis Tvalxiluli ilustraciaa – `mTebis ferdobze

CaRrmavebul ubeSi kidev moCans CarCenili Tovli. da es atirebuli

TeTri lanqeri TiTqo im mtredebis gundia, bibliuri gadmocemiT

patriarqma noem rom gamouSva Tavisi kidobnidan, da warRvnis Semdgom

araratze darCa...” (tabiZe 1966b: 206).

sevanze mogzaurobis aRweras emociur fonad aRfrTovanebasTan

erTad gasdevs mowiweba, agreTve dardi, wuxili da sinanuli imis gamo,

rom `mimavali feodaluri klasis saukeTeso ostatis” – aleqsandre

WavWavaZis Tqmisa ar iyos, `sad hyvavebulan დdidebula qalaqni vrcelni...

dRes vxedavT oden buTa da natamalTa...” (tabiZe 1966b: 202). tician tabiZe

wers: `es adgili sakacobrio kulturis uZvelesi keraa... uneburad

gipyrobs sidiade da grZnob gadasuli uzarmazari kulturis gavlenas”

(tabiZe 1966b: 202). mas am Zveli kolizeumis elferis mqone midamos

22

danaxva sakraluri gancdiT msWvalavs da fiqrobs, rom iSviaTad iqneba

kaci, rom aq marTla guli ar SeuRondes da raRac zeadamianuri grZnoba

ar ganicados. aseTia `Zveli” samyaro...

magram swored “zeadamianuri”, zeaweuli grZnobebisa da poeturi

melanqoliis gverdiT Tavs iCens metad miwieri adamianuri gancdebi da

prozauli yofa – `magram aq mainc sagrZnobia axali cxovrebis dabadeba

da SeiZleba arsad ar iyos iseTi kontrasti Zvelisa da axlisa, rogorc

aq, gogCis tbaze” (tabiZe 1966b: 203) da aqve SemoiWreba àxali” samyaro –

romantikul msoflio sevdas, amaoebis grZnobas cvlis òflisa da

Sromis mxneobis” motivebi.

Txrobis stili dinjia da sada. Nnarkvevis avtoris daxvewili

gemovnebis da mwerluri ostatobis wyalobiT masSi yovelgvari paTosis

gareSe Cndebian enTuziasti mecnierebi, pionerebi da komkavSirelebi.

iwyeba mitingi aucilebeli “repertuariT” – dafdafebis xmiTa da

sazeimo sityvebiT moZme xalxTa Sromisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb... cxadia,

sagangebodaa gamoyenebuli kontrastis efeqti, raTa warmoCndes da

erTmaneTisagan advilad gasarCevi iyos namdvili da surogati, azri da

absurdi.

Tu `Zveli” tician tabiZesTan, rogorc wesi, istoriis sakuTrebaa,

mkvdaria da dangreuli, àxali” – momavlis safuZvelia, sicocxlisa da

aRmSeneblobis simboloa. es ori cneba – sicocxle da Seneba –

erTmaneTs ejaWveba avtoris cnobierebaSi – `ver icnobT axal erevans: aq

pirdapir Senebis cieb-cxelebaa. quCebi Sekrulia axali saxlebis

SenobaTa fardulebiT. yvelgan yria kiri, sila da xreSi. Tu sadme

naxavT karg Senobas, uTuod axali aSenebulia”(tabiZe 1966b: 214,215).

`Zvelisa” da àxlis” ZiriTad laitmotivs erwymis meore polaroba –

ngreva da Seneba: `ramdenadac avi da sastiki iyo stiqia dangrevisa,

imdenad didia axla aSenebis paTosi” da polarul sawyisTa kidev erTi

gadakveTa: àvtomobilidan Sors Canda erevnis cixis galavani da es

kidev ufro aSkarad xdida Zvelisa da axlis kontrasts” (tabiZe 1966b:

217).

`binaruli opoziciis” erT-erTi komponentis _ `Zvelis” – mxatvruli

saxe narkvevSi àxali mcxeTa” isev da isev istoriuli CanarTiT aris

23

xorcSesxmuli. saqarTvelos istoriis `pirveli fuZe”, `saZirkveli” –

aseTi აSefaseb aqvs micemuli am qalaqis ganuzomlad did mniSvnelobas

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRmocenebis, wignierebis da sarwmunoebis

damkvidrebis saqmeSi. SeimCneva CvenTvis ukve nacnobi, tragizmiT

aRbeWdili azrobrivi konstruqcia: Zveli – sikvdili – ngreva: `maSinac

mtkvari iyo pirveli embazi am axali mcnebisa, romelmac Semdeg sisxliT

dascala saqarTvelo, radgan man qristianoba da erovneba gaxada

erTmaneTis damfarav mcnebad. ase iyo mcxeTa istoriuli saqarTvelos

saZirkvlad, sanam ar dairRva da saxsrebSi ar daiSala Zveli

saxelmwifoebrioba, sanam ar amoSra sveticxovlis mironi”(tabiZe 1966b:

32). mecxramete saukunis dasasruls ki mcxeTam ukve ase icvala feri –

`didi akldama didis cxovrebis... aw samikitno dabad gamxdara, ngreulan

misi didni palatni...” (tabiZe 1966b: 33) – citata ilia WavWavaZis poemidan

`aCrdili” amyarebs avtoris Tvalsazriss.

poeturi ilustraciebi narkvevTa avtoris literaturismcodneobiT

simpaTiebs da midrekilebebs amJRa სvneb . poeti tician tabiZe gulgrilad

ver uvlis gverds mcxeTis istoriis poetur ilustrirebebs; aqve kvlav

Cndeba aleqsandre WavWavaZis cnobili leqsis aluzia da laparakia

imaze, rom Seudarebelia romantiuli sevda gadasuli siyvarulisa... da

yvelafer amas mainc bolo erTi aqvs, yvelafers warwymeds dro Tavisi

msaxvrali celiT.

amgvari ramdenime literaturuli wiaRsvla amSvenebs narkvevebs da

maTi kompoziciuri wyobis erT-erT gamamdidrebel elementebad

gvevlineba.

Tu davukvirdebiT da Tvals gavadevnebT mwerlis azris moZraobas

da ganwyobaTa cvlas, erT kanonzomierebas aRmovaCenT – aSkarad

formulirebul, garegnul laitmotivSi – `Zveli” da `axali” –

gamosWvivis narkvevis kompoziciis faruli, Sinagani laitmotivi –

romantizmi da realizmi, anu samyaros romantikuli, amaRlebuli,

istoriaze orientirebuli xedva da yofiT damZimebuli Tanamedrove

sinamdvilis aRqma.

`vidre axal sinamdviles miiRebda da SeiTvisebda, tician

tabiZisaTvis aucilebeli iyo... garemomcveli samyarosadmi axali

24

damokidebuleba gamoemuSavebina” – wers guram asaTiani (asaTiani 2002:

177).Aam axali damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas aadvilebda is, rom im

dros inteleqtualebisTvis Sinaganad axlobeli iyo progresis idea,

aRmSenebloba, teqnikuri Tu mecnieruli siaxleebi, ganviTarebis da

winsvlis enTuziazmi. qarTveli simbolistebi, da maT Soris tician

tabiZec, Sepyrobili da atacebuli iyvnen am ideiT.

20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi tician tabiZis `miwasTan dabruneba”,

anu mis mier simbolizmis e.w. èpigonuri” principebis uaryofa da axali

literaturuli poziciis dakaveba Tanxvdeba misi bevri narkvevis, maT

Soris, àxali mcxeTis” Sinagan paToss da weris amaRlebul registrs:

àse iyo mcxeTa marTla samikitno dabad gadaqceuli, sanam axalma

cxovrebam ar uxmo mas axali didi misiisaTvis. da aq xelmeored xdeba

mtkvari saqarTvelos embazad – dRes mamasaxlisebi da gvirgvinosani

mefeebi ki ar hqmnian am istorias, dRes TviTon xalxs auRia iniciativa,

TviTon xalxis energia da sicocxlis wyurvili uxmobs da hqmnis am

epoqas” (tabiZe 1966b: 33).

narkvevSi ramdenjerme meordeba kontrasti `Zvelsa” da àxals“

Soris – „am ocdaaTi wlis winaT mcxeTidan aTi kilometris daSorebiT

qarTvelma mowinave inteligenciam... moawyo erTi TvalsaCino

dResaswauli – amaze maSin mTeli saqarTvelo laparakobda. es iyo

winamZRvrianTkarSi sameurneo skolis gaxsna... dRes saqarTvelo

mofenilia aseTi skolebiT...” (tabiZe 1966b: 34).

kidev erTi laitmotivi, romelic `Zvelisa” da àxlis”

dapirispirebas qmnis, aris miTi da realoba. tician tabiZe ixsenebs

berZnebis mier Seqmnil miTs argonavtTa mogzaurobisa kolxidaSi oqros

verZis mosataceblad, magram ixsenebs imisTvis, rom axal realobasTan

Seapirispiros: `dRes xalxi TviTon daeufla Tavis simdidres, safuZveli

eyreba eris axal ekonomikur aRorZinebas” (tabiZe 1966b: 35).

narkvevis idea, mTavari saTqmeli azrobriv polusTa

dapirispirebiT ikveTeba – `winaT, marTalia, xmali icavda qarTvelT

saxelmwifoebriobas, magram es rainduli dro didi xania gadavarda –

ukve warsul saukuneSi wamoayenes lozungi xmlis Secvlisa patiosani

SromiT... da Tu Zvelad mcxeTaSi jer kerpTayvanismcemelTa RaRadi da

25

Semdeg qristianuli qoralebi ismoda, aseve dResac unda ismodes

Sromisa da gamarjvebis SeZaxilebi” (tabiZe 1966b: 36).

narkvevebis kompoziciur struqturaSi erTmaneTis gadmkveTi

laitmotivebi, àxlisa da Zvelis” Sepirispirebis variaciebi, ganfenilia

kompoziciis iseT elementSic, rogoricaa peizaJi. erT-erTi laitmotivi,

opoziciuri wyvili, romelic peizaJSia gamoxatuli, sikvdili da

sicocxlea.

sikvdili Tavisi saSineli naturalizmiT iWreba tician tabiZiseul

peizaJebSi, romlebic mkveTri ferebiTa da xmebiT Rrmad aRibeWdeba

mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi – tbis `napiri Seyvarebul mijnurTa nacvlad

daumarxav auarebel aTasobiT ltolvils xedavda da mgalobeli

mefsalmune berebis magier tyidan gamovardnili afTrebi da turebi

Rmuodnen da leSiT ver ZRebodnen” (tabiZe 1966b: 203).

unda iTqvas, rom narkvevSi `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” swored

STambeWdavi, emociurad datvirTuli peizaJebi qmnis sevanis dauviwyar

suraTs. PpeizaJi aq am uZvelesi samyaros danaxvis da aRqmis mTavari

mxatvruli saSualebaa.

tician tabiZis peizaJebis xatvis Tavisebureba, iseve rogorc

istoriuli suraTebisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom naxatSi organulad

“ewereba” adamiani. buneba adamianisagan gancalkevebulad, misagan

mowyvetiT ki ar ganixileba, aramed, istoriis msgavsad, adamianis beds,

mis tkivils ireklavs _ ùnda TvaliT naxoT es nafuzari, gaoxrebuli,

gapartaxebuli da mospobili midamo, rom gaigoT, Tu ra gadautania aq

xalxs da gaikvirvoT, rom kidev darCenila mosaxleoba”(tabiZe 1966b: 199-

200). sul erT xatovan frazaSi igrZnobs mkiTxveli somxeTis àrqtikul”

sicives da dainaxavs cxovrebis mkacri pirobebis, cxovrebis simkacris

gamZlebi eris xasiaTs, misi cxovrebis wess – àdvilad warmosadgenia, ra

iqneba aq zamTarSi, da gasagebia, ratom damalulan saxlebi miwaSi da

ratom aurCevia aq glexs Txunelas xvreli” (tabiZe 1966b: 198).

NnarkvevebSi savsebiT aridebulia Tavidan bunebis aRweris banaluri,

trafaretuli xerxebi. `palatTa didebulTa ngreuli naSTis” suraTi

civi da lakonuri frazebis magivrad ukve fantastikosi mxatvris

zRaprul – miTosuri xilviTaa Seqmnili – `sevans garSemo

26

gveleSapebiviT axvevia titveli mTebi, TiTqo miTiuri drakonebi

daswafebian laJvard wyals, magram gzaSi gaqvavebulan da eSvebi Ria

darCeniaTo” (tabiZe 1966b: 199).

poetis mdidari warmosaxva, xatovani azrovneba bunebis uCveulo,

ganumeorebel saxeebs badebs da apirobebs suraTis aRweris im specifiur

esTetikas, Tavisebur maneras, romlis meSveobiTac mkiTxvelic imsWvaleba

waruSleli STabeWdilebebiT – `am uzarmazari mTebis gamoqvabulSi es

tba Cawolila, rogorc cidan Camovardnili laJvardi: ggonia kidec, rom

es miraJia, mTa gatyuebs da ca ukuRmidan moCans”(tabiZe 1966b: 198).

tician tabiZisTvis somxeTis buneba xelovnebis Taviseburi

nimuSicaa, romelic meoreulad irekleba ferwerul tiloebze –

peizaJebis SeqmnaSi `monawileoben” sariani, vrubeli, firosmani.

delegacia sevanisa da araratis gavliT Casula erevanSi. ararats,

rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba ar mouxdenia tician

tabiZeze. sevanis tbis zRapruli auris fonze araratis veli mas

banalurad da erTferovnad esaxeba.

garemos tician tabiZis aRweris stili mkiTxvels სmoagoneb

dokumenturi filmis scenars, xolo saxeobrivi qsovili marTlac

kinokadrebiviT warmogvidgeba Tvalwin: `gzaSi sul momTabare xalxi

gvxvdeboda. TaTrebi yazaxidan modiodnen mTebSi – cxvarTan. visac unda

warmoidginos, ra iqneboda xalxTa didi gadasaxleba, an ra iqneboda

aziur dampyrobTa urdoebi, SeiZleba aqedan iqonios warmodgena...…maTi

didi, Cardaxiani, xaliCebiT gadakruli urmebi savsea bargiT: uzarmazari

qvabebi, WuWyiani logini, uTvalavi bavSvebi... kameCebs an xarebs win

miuZRvis didxanjliani TaTari, xSirad, dedakacebic, magram es

dedakacebi iseTi Sesaxedavia, bevr vaJkacs fers ucvlis da gaafiTrebs”.

(tabiZe 1966b: 206).

tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc poetisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia

istoriul-miTologiuri xilvebi. amjeradac, samogzauro narkvevSic,

realisturi dakvirvebebi amgvar xilvebSi gadaizrdeba, romelTac Tavisi

egzotikuri personaJebi hyavs. erT-erTi aseTi “personaJia” aqlemi,

romelic simbolistebs Taviseburi poeturi ე დSaravand iT hyavdaT

27

Semosili da romlis gamoCenac somxeTis landSaftze gulgrils ver

tovebs poets (tabiZe 1966b: 208).

mainc, raki tician tabiZisTvis yvelaze saintereso adamiania, midamo,

romelic erevanTan miaxloebasTan erTad sul ufro titvldeba da

udaburi xdeba, mwerlisTvis mimzidveli aRar aris. mas molodiniT

avsebs ararati. iseve, rogorc ilias _ myinvari, ticiansac ar xiblavs

adamianTa samyaros daSorebuli araratis giganturi mTa _ `...saRamovdeba.

nisli TandaTan exveva ararats da Rrublebi ikumSebian. Mmale sadac

aris, TeTri orTqli aitacebs am gigants da cas SeuerTdeba” (tabiZe

1966b: 208).

tician tabiZis peizaJebi xan narkvevis ideis gamokveTas da gaxsnas

emsaxureba, xan ki kompoziciis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi elementiT _

qveteqstiT itvirTeba da qmnis axal laitmotivs, opoziciur wyvils,

“sxvisi – sakuTari”. velze „kolosiviT“ amomarTuli “martodmarto”

araratis danaxvisas mwerals axsendeba myinvari _ `roca Sehyureb

myinvars, zogjer verc ki amCnev, romelia myinvari, isea mis garSemo

dayrili uTvalavi mwvervalebi” (tabiZe 1966b: 207).

Mmwerali ver faravs Tavisi samSoblos bunebiT aRfrTovanebas,

romelic gansakuTrebiT am mwiri da yamiri miwebis danaxvam gaumZafra,

Tumca taqtianad poulobs kompliments maspinZeli mxarisaTvis _ `visac

alaznis veli unaxavs siRnaRidan, mas, rasakvirvelia, ver gaakvirvebs

araratis veli _ miTumetes, rom is ar aris mwvane tyeebiT daburuli,

magram mainc araCveulebrivi sanaxaobisaa” (tabiZe 1966b: 207-208). tician

tabiZis poeturi cnobiereba aRsavsea qarTuli bunebis xatebiT, amitom es

xatebi aucileblobis ZaliT Cndeba mis narkvevebSic, amjerad _ somxeTis

landSaftis aRqmis dros. Mmas TiTqos Sinaganad ar asveneben situaciis

Sesatyvisi qarTuli paralelebi, romlebic moulodnel poetur –

musikalur talRebad iWrebian mis warmosaxvaSi da Zvel, nostalgiur

mogonebebs aRZraven _ `magondeba simRera Cveni meurmeebisa aRzevans rom

midiodnen marilze. TiTqos mesmis vano sarajiSvilis neli qviTini:

aRzevans waval marilze,

marils movitan brolsao,

jer dedas gadavexvevi,

28

mere Svilsa da colsao...

TiTqo me vmRerode am hangs, ase mgonia, vxedav qarTveli meurmeebis

qaravans da aTasi xma mReris am urmuls. da ase vuaxlovdebiT erevans”

(tabiZe 1966b: 209). erevnis Semogarens qarTul romantikul warsulSi

gadahyavs tician tabiZe, agondeba grigol orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,

anu omis Semdgom Rame lxini erevnis siaxloves” _ amgvari

literaturuli poeturi reminiscenciebi mniSvnelovnebas da azrobriv-

emociur sisavses matebs tician tabiZis narkvevebs.

Tu sevanis tbis suraTebi dinji, statikuri aRweris xerxiT aris

daxatuli, mSenebare erevnis urbanistuli peizaJi sxvagvari –

temperamentiani, mZafrad dinamikuri stiliT warmoisaxeba: `aq pirdapir

Senebis cieb-cxelebaa. QquCebi Sekrulia axali saxlebis SenobaTa

fardulebiT... saxlebs aSeneben somxuri tufiT – es erTgvari

granitisebri qvaa. Tu sadme naxavT karg Senobas, uTuod axali

aSenebulia...… qva, kiri da qvebi da qvebi...” (tabiZe 1966b: 217). narkvevebSi

warmodgenili istoriuli eqskursebis fonze gaSlili es intensiuri

mSenebloba avtoris da mkiTxvelis mier aRiqmeba TviTgadarCenis da

TviTdamkvidrebis mZafri instinqtiT Sepyrobili xalxis arsebobisTvis

brZolis simbolod – ë`etyoba es qveyana Raribia, magram am siRaribes

miucia swored es gamwareba da SromiTi gataceba” (tabiZe 1966b: 216).

erevnis peizaJebSi isev da isev Tavs iCens Zveli da axali qalaqis

suraTebi – `saerTod erevnis Zveli nawili miagavs sparsul qalaqs,

brWyviala meCeTebiT da hiniT SeRebili sparselebiT...…gzebi viwroa,

urmebi da avtomobilebi Zlivs uvlian erTmaneTs gverds. roca gaiWedeba

gza, dadgeba erTi aliaqoTi. Mmagram gzebi keTdeba da TiTqmis yvelgan

sxedan qvismWrelebi da gugunebs satkepni manqana...… TiTqo mTel qalaqs

erTbaSad aSenebdnen” (tabiZe 1966b: 215).

Txrobis ritmi da tempi hyveba mSeneblobis ritms da aq mcxovrebi

da momuSave xalxis erovnul energias, xasiaTis specifikas warmoaCens.

am narkvevebSi Tavs iCens kidev erTi dapirispireba – buneba da

civilizacia, sadac es ukanaskneli ganadgurebas uqadis bunebis

ulamazes landSaftebs. sevanis Zveli ,,kolizeis” nangrevebis aRwera

icvleba informaciiT am tbaze Tevzis warmoebisTvis saWiro macivris

29

agebis Sesaxeb; uzarmazari taZrebi, romlebic ë`erTmaneTs exvevian”, axla

gauqmebulia da kacic ver ipoves, rom kari gaeRo, raTa stumrebs iSviaTi

freskebi da mozaikuri mxatvroba daeTvalierebinaT...…male am taZris

midamoSi klimatur sadgurs gaaSeneben da TviTon tbasac kurortad

gadaaqceven; saubars `xmovanebiT zRvisa mbaZavi” tbis Sesaxeb cvlis

saubari aqaur ekonomikur resursebze, sameurneo gegmebze da

eleqtrofikaciaze. am kontrastuli svlebiT mwerali Tavis Sefarulad

tkivilian ganwyobas da saTqmels gviziarebs – sevanis mkvdar midamoSi

is sidiades, silamazes, sevdian da tragikul sicocxles aRmoaCens;

xolo aq civilizaciis SemoWrasa da axali cxovrebis dawyebis

enTuziazmSi am sidiadis gardauval sikvdils dainaxavs.

tician tabiZis narkvevebSi mniSvnelovania elementTa urTierTmi-

marTebis sistema, romelic mTlianobas qmnis. aRsaniSnavia narkvevis

frangmentisa da teqstis, anu nawilisa da mTelis mimarTebaTa Sinagani

Tavisufleba, TamaSebrivi silaRe. xSirad fragments ,,pikanturi”

qveteqstic axlavs. magaliTad, rogorc tician tabiZe wers, somxeTisTvis

da somexi xalxisTvis bolSevikebs marTlac wuTi–wuTze miuswriaT da

ganadgurebisgan gadaurCeniaT – `kidev cota rom dagvianebodaT mosvla,

aq ambis momtani kaci ar darCeboda da marTlac, somxeTis xalxi

aRigveboda pirisagan miwisa. es icis xalxma da sabWoTa xelisuflebas

marTlac magari fesvi aqvs am qveyanaSi. Kklasobrivi interesis Segnebas,

romelzedac damyarebulia komunizmi, aq emateba gadarCenis grZnoba,

romelsac yoveli somexi grZnobs” (tabiZe 1966b: 200). Ees dakvirveba,

romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRevandel politikur situaciasac exmianeba,

Tavisi qveteqstiT gveubneba, rom is, rac erTi qveynisTvis aucilebloba

da xsnaa, meorisTvis ZaliT Tavsmoxveuli `wyaloba” da tragikuli

iZuleba SeiZleba iyos. tician tabiZis teqsti “danaRmulia” amgvari

siRrmiseuli SepirispirebebiT, paralelebiT. `...sabWoTa xelisuflebas

marTlac magari fesvi aqvs am qveyanaSi” – striqonebs Soris ikiTxeba am

patara fragmentis mimarTeba mTel teqstTan da Ffaruli Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTva eZleva mTeli narkvevis prosabWour pasaJebs.

ngrevisa da Senebis Sepirispirebis originaluri variacia gvxvdeba

narkvevSi ä`axali mcxeTa”. aq gamoCndeba leninis fataluri figura.

30

portreti, rogorc kompoziciis erT–erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi,

ar rCeba tician tabiZis “arsenalis” miRma. avtori ostaturad axerxebs

sul ramdenime fraziT warmogvidginos eleqtrofikaciis ideafiqsiT

Sepyrobili leninis SemakrTobeli portreti. Lleninis nebiT ruseTis

`quCebi yumbarebiT gadaxnulia, yoveli saxli omis banakad aris

gadaqceuli, inteligencia sabotaJs eweva da cxovreba damdgara”; lenini

ki – `patara tanis adamiani, romelic ijda arc ise maRal skamze,

erTianad wasuli iyo inteleqtis daZabvaSi” (tabiZe 1966b: 31).

detalurad damuSavebuli, monumenturi portretebi am narkvevebSi ar

Cans. keTilganwyobiT moxazuli siluetebis saxiT gaielveben ovanes

Tumaniani, mixeil javaxiSvili, delegaciis sxva wevrebi, agreTve is

`usaxelo” adamianebi, romelTa energia da sicocxlis wyurvili qmnida

am epoqas.

am narkvevebSic yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovania tician

tabiZis _ mxatvrisa da Semoqmedis _ sulieri cxovrebis anarekli,

romelic aq moCans. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori Segnebulad Tavs

aridebs sakuTari personis xazgasmul demonstrirebas, misi gaorebuli

Sinagani samyaro mainc mkafiod xilulia. is TiTqos zogjer

Tavisufldeba sakuTari Tavisgan _ avtorisgan _ da wers sakuTari

TavisTvis _ mkiTxvelisTvis.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis narkvevebis kompoziciis

mravalferovan, ostaturad gamoyenebul da urTierTSexamebul

elementebs erT mTlianobad kravs avtoris mkafio Tu uCinari

avtoportreti.

31

II Tavi

erovnuli problematikis amsaxveli statiebi

2.1. „qarTuli idea“

(gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo”, № 142. 26.06.1916; № 143. 27.06.1916)

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi sul ufro da ufro gamokveTili xdeboda

erovnuli „me“-s TaviseburebaTa gacnobierebis gansazRvris moTxovnileba.

qarTveli avangardistebis maSindeli Taoba ar yofila nacional–

nihilisturad ganwyobili da kosmopolituri. am TvalTaxedviT

sainteresoa tician tabiZis publicisturi da eseisturi naazrevi.

amjerad mkiTxvelis yuradRebs mivapyrobT tician tabiZis erT

publikaciaze – publicistur werilze „qarTuli idea“, romelic gazeT

„saqarTveloSi“ 1916 wels daibeWda (N 142, 143).

niSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZis erT–erTi pirveli statia

erovnuli TviTSemecnebis problemas eZRvneba. es aris Tormeti arabeska,

romelic avtoris eseistur-intimur, lirikul, Tavisufal gansjas

emyareba. am, erTi SexedviT, usistemo, qaotur, amave dros publicisturi

emociurobiT damuxtul etiudebSi qarTuli ideis gamokveTis

sayuradRebo cdaa ganxorcielebuli.

unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos fenomeniT aseTi intensiuri

daintereseba, rogorc am eseSia gamovlenili, Sefasebebis aseTi

radikalizmi da TviTSemecnebis ase gamZafrebuli survili erTi arcTu

umniSvnelo mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, imiT, rom moskovSi

saswavleblad wasul ticians gamZafrebuli aqvs sakuTari qveynis

monatrebis grZnoba, romlis fonze ufro Rrmad da winaaRmdegobrivad

warmarTula misi moqalaqeobrivi da SemoqmedebiTi msoflxedvis

momwifebis procesi.

32

gulgrils ver dagtovebT 22 wlis kacis gulwrfeli da emociuri

msjeloba: “ar ari bedniereba utkbesi, rogorc sikvdili

samSoblosaTvis. Cven amas vkiTxulobT sxvebis saxeebze, Cven amas

vkiTxulobT Cven Zvel wignebidan. Cven wagvarTves, rac wminda gvqonda,

Cven wagvarTves samSoblo!..” (saqarTvelo 1916a: 2) warTmeulis

dabrunebisa da dakargulis povnis survilis gamomxatveli tragikuli

intonacia mTel werils gasdevs – es xan warTmeuli samSoblos Ziebaa,

xan daviwyebuli RmerTis _ „me Zveli maxsovs aRTqmebi wminda da

daviwyebul RmerTs vevedrebi“ (tabiZe 1982: 493) da xan dakarguli saxisa...

maTi povna tician tabiZisTvis qarTuli ideis aRmoCenis tolfasia.

sad eZebs avtori am ideis gasaRebs? mis msoflaRqmaSi ikvreba wre:

samyaro – samSoblo – individi. swored am sami fenomenis warmoCeniT,

maTi sinTezis, urTierTSeRwevis safuZvelze igeba saqarTvelos sulieri

gadarCenis Taviseburi proeqti.

„qveyana didia. gaixedav aRmosavleTiT, gaixedav dasavleTiT, ar

uCans kide, ar uCans sazRvari“ (saqarTvelo 1916b: 2) – usasrulo

samyaros aseTi suraTiT iwyeba es werili. survili, ekuTvnode raime

grandiozuls, SeerTo Senze ufro didsa da Zliers, iqce da aRiqva Tavi

mis nawilad, albaT, provinciaSi mcxovrebi, magram didi Sinagani

potenciis mqone adamianis umweobis autaneli SegrZnebis daZlevis cdaa.

„saqarTvelos swams, rom is keTilSobili stumaria msoflio

nadimze, mas swams ukvdaveba“ (saqarTvelo 1916g: 3) – sakuTari qveynis

msoflio gigantebTan gajibreba isev da isev arasrulfasovnebis

mtanjveli grZnobisgan gaqcevad, Tavis daRwevad unda miviCnioT: „iyvnen

erebi... egonaT am erTa mefeebs, rom maT samefoSi mze arasdros ar

Cadioda... dRes es erebi aRar arian; maTi xseneba gadavarda... iryeodnen,

ingreodnen, ifSvneboden islamis mrisxane maxvilisagan uzarmazari

saxelmwifoni didi tradiciebis. Cven videqiT saswauliT, ar vkvdebodiT“

(saqarTvelo 1916d: 2). Cven gadavrCiT, Cven varsebobT! – es erTgvar

TviTCagonebad, TviTgamxnevebad, sasowarkveTisTvis Tavis daRwevis cdad

aRiqmeba.

individi mtkivneulad eZebs raRac simyares, romelsac daeyrdnoba da

miakuTvnebs sakuTar Tavs. aseTi „simyarea“ samSoblo.

33

„sjobs aRar mqondes sulac samSoblo, anda ar iyos ase lamazi“

(tabiZe 1982: 565) – dramatulad da paTetikurad aris gancdili tician

tabiZis poeziaSi samSoblo, magram „es gonebismieri aRtacebis an sazeimo

maRalfardovnebis paTetika ki ar aris, aramed yelSi mobjenili

cremlebis paTetikaa“ (asaTiani 2002: 169). igive SeiZleba iTqvas „qarTul

ideasTan“ dakavSirebiT, romelic, arsebiTad, poetis paTetikuri

lirikuli monologia – mtanjveli fiqrebia samSobloze.

saqarTvelos fenomenis gaazrebas tician tabiZe upirvelesad

istoriis gaazrebas ukavSirebs: „saqarTvelos aRorZineba maSin daiwyeba,

roca vnaxavT da SeviswavliT Cven kvals da istorias“ (saqarTvelo 1916e:

2) – wers igi. istoriaze apelireba qarTul sinamdvileSi ar aris ucxo

da originaluri ram, aq ufro saintereso is aris, rom poeti exmianeba am

periodis axalgazrdul mwerlobaSi momZlavrebuli erTgvari

politikuri neoromantizmis suliskveTebas – magaliTad, geronti qiqoZis

„CaquCian mamakacs“(1915), giorgi leoniZis „Tamars“(1917), “Cabnelebul

armazs“(1917) (qarTuli literaturuli esse 1986: 67-70; 71; 72-74).

am werilSi ucnaurad „dafrinaven“ wamebi, dro ucnaurad aris

daxleCili – xan warsulSi varT, romelic ukve aRar arsebobs; xan

momavalSi, romelic jer ar damdgara; xan ki awmyoSi, romelic

nawilobriv warsulia, nawilobriv ki ukve momavali... aseTi e.w.

„organizebuli qaosi“ qmnis swrafmaval droSi CaZiruli sinamdvilis

ararealurobis simbolistur efeqts.

Tu amovkrebT gabneul frazebs da qronologiiT: warsuli – awmyo –

momavali – davalagebT, aseT suraTs miviRebT - warsulSi: „sisxlis

mdinare saqarTveloSi ar ari metafora“ (saqarTvelo 1916v: 2) „istoria

rom gulmaviwyi ar iyos da SemTxveviT ar iwerebodes, vin icis

kleopatras da mariam stiuarts ra Crdili daadgeboda Tamar-mefis da

misi qaliSvilis rusudan dedoflisagan“(saqarTvelo 1916z: 2); awmyoSi:

„Zveli istoria ufro patiosania. Cveni dro istoriasac daetyo, is gaxda

usindiso spekulaciis sagani“ (saqarTvelo 1916T: 3), „omianobis dros Sin

rCebodnen jabanebi da kutebi, romelTac moaSenes dRevandeli

qarTveloba, vaglax, ari zari da ubedureba. CvenSi dadian Ciyviani

kretinebi, dadian da arxeinad aniaveben eris didebas... ar aris siwminde,

34

rom sawamlavi ar gadaasxan; ar aris siwminde, imaT ar gaaorgulon...”.

(saqarTvelo 1916i: 2).

am mZime Sefasebis Semdeg Znelia xsnaze, momavalze fiqri da

msjeloba. aseT Sefasebebs iwvevs apaTia, gaucxoeba sakuTari erisgan,

samSoblosgan, Sinagani konfliqti pirovnebasa da istorias Soris –

moazrovne adamianisTvis erT–erTi yvelaze mZime da damTrgunveli

mdgomareoba. am dros adamians eCveneba, rom misi yovelgvari moRvaweoba

azrs kargavs, yvelaferi ucxoa da „aranamdvili“, rom WeSmariti

faseulobebi gayalbebulia da dakarguli, igi sruliad marto

aRmoCndeba „mSobliur“ garemoSi; magram raki pirovneba mainc

winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevisken mswrafveli arsebaa, am werilSic Cans

avtoris swrafva istoriis tvirTis CamoSorebisken, swrafva axali

istoriis Seqmnisa da masSi sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Zalis

ganxorcielebisken. „marTlmorwmune da namdvili qarTvelebi unda

SevudgeT liturgias Tavis Tavisas... Cven davkargeT Cveni saxe, Cven unda

vnaxoT igi“ (saqarTvelo 1916k: 2) – Tavisi individualobis, Tavisi

dakarguli saxis Ziebas gahyavs tician tabiZe „momavlis gzaze“ – „droa

movagrovoT yvela sabuTebi, rac Cven individualobas ganamtkicebs, rac

amtkicebs Cveni sicocxlis uflebas“ (saqarTvelo 1917l: 2) – e.i.

sicocxlis, arsebobis ufleba aqvs mxolod im ers, romelmac Seimecna,

dainaxa da gaiazra Tavisi Tavi. „RmerTma imitom mogvca sakuTari saxe da

gagvigrZela sicocxlis Jami, rom sakuTari gziT mivdiodeT“

(saqarTvelo 1916m: 2) _ arsebobis ufleba da azri mxolod imas aqvs,

rac individualuria da es azri mdgomareobs swored individualobis,

sakuTari saxis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebaSi. aSkaraa, rom

individualizmi tician tabiZes msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis rangSi

ahyavs.

Cveni dakarguli saxis, individualobis povna, avtoris azriT,

SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu „wavikiTxavT qarTul ideas...

unda adges idea qarTuli. manamdi CvenSi mkvdari iqneba

suli“(saqarTvelo 1916n: 2). qarTuli sulierebis gadasarCenad Cveni saxe

unda veZioT qarTuli religiuri Segnebis Sinagan bunebasa da

SemoqmedebaSi, radgan „qriste ekuTvnis poetebs... musikiT aSendeba RvTis

35

qalaqi“. niSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZis imave periodis poetur

SemoqmedebaSic sakuTari warmomavlobis, Zirebis Zieba religiur

Seferilobas iZens:

da gana vici, sidan movedi,

romeli qveynis cxeli mze mwvavda,

me didi myavda winamorbedi,

winamorbedi macxovars hgavda.

„balaganis mefe“ – 1917 (tabiZe 1982: 493).

Tumca tician tabiZes surs, qarTuli idea ipovos qarTuli

qristianobis specifikaSi, es specifika mis mier maincdamainc naTlad

gaxsnili da gagebuli ar aris; msjelobas aklia konkretuloba da

damajerebloba, magram aq mainc aris zogierTi sagulisxmo momenti. misi

azriT, qriste saqarTveloSi Semovida, rogorc saqmro, e.i. avtori xazs

usvams qarTuli qristianobis mamrul sawyiss, mis aqtiur, Zlier,

vaJkacur bunebas da SeniSnavs, rom es aris kontrasti ruseTTan, sadac,

mereJkovskis TqmiT, qriste „skopecia“; xolo qarTuli gagebiT, qriste

mxatvaria – Semoqmedia, amqveyniuri silamazis, materiis Semqmnelia,

saqarTvelo ki „didi poetia, man daujera qristes, rom musikiT SeiZleba

RvTis qalaqis aSeneba“ (saqarTvelo 1916o: 3).

rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos fenomenis gaazreba tician tabiZem

qveynis istoriis gaazrebas daukavSira, istoria ki mas, erTi mxriv,

tradiciuli qarTuli cnobierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli trafaretiT aqvs

moxelTebuli (warsuli – diadi, awmyo – ubadruki), meore mxriv ki, eris

sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, eris istoriul

perspeqtivas originalurad xedavs.

am originalobaSi erTi saintereso aspeqti SeimCneva, romelic me–20

saukunis dasawyisis niSniT aris aRbeWdili, im drois inteleqtualuri

da emociuri tvifari aCnia: es aris qarTuli rasobrivi upiratesobisa da

mesianizmis ideebi. „Cven ver vityviT, rom vinme dagvexsnas

ubedurebisagan, an evropis kultura gadagverCinos, magram qveyana imis

madlieric unda iyos, rom Cven gadavirCineT sakuTari Tavi da miveciT

36

bedniereba Cvenis xilvis“(saqarTvelo 1916p: 2). kacobriobam ki es

bedniereba saTanadod ver daafasa, madliereba mxolod argonavtebis

miTiT da sxvadasxva qveynis matianeTa moTxrobebiT gamoxata, rac „ar

hsaxavs mTel saxes saqarTvelosas, magram ara uSavs, mainc dasafasebelia

enabluisa da Zunwis ZRveni...“ (saqarTvelo 1916J: 3)

Wabuki poetis cnobiereba, rogorc Cans, zogjer ver uZlebs

gulwrfeli patriotizmisa da pirovnuli ambiciebis wnexs da

pretenziulad kicxavs samyaros. samyaro ki, albaT, ar aris damnaSave, Tu

misi romelime mcire nawili mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze

Tavganwirulad ibrZvis provincializmis daZlevisa da ararealizebuli

potenciis ganxorcielebisTvis.

avtoris cnobiereba erTianad aris moculi daRupvisa da gadarCenis

ideiT, „mijaWvulia“ am ideasTan, romelsac ukavSirdeba zemoT

xsenebuli ,,rasistuli” da mesianuri tendenciebi. „droa Cvenc daviwyoT

„TeTr sisxlze“ laparaki da keTilSobil saxelze... gavigoT, rom

saqarTvelo mowveulia msoflio msaxurebisTvis, rogorc mxedari, da

mxatvari... saqarTvelo mexuTe maxarobeli aris. saqarTvelosgan wminda

saxarebaSi mtkicdeba buneba qriste – mxatvrisa“ (saqarTvelo 1916r: 3). es

is ideologemebia, romlebsac adamiani (an eri) uangarod Txzavs, raTa

fsiqikas CamoaSoros saukuneebis manZilze daleqili arasrulfasovnebis

gancda, moaxdinos Tavisi sisustis da damcirebis kompensacia.

amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuli pirobebi, romelmac

warmoSva saqarTveloSi aseTi ideologiuri tendenciebi – maTi

aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba politikurad, moralurad damTrgunveli

Zalisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis, misi wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis,

sxvisTvis Tu sakuTari TavisTvis upiratesobis damtkicebis

moTxovnilebas. „ar aris eri, romelsac hqondes didi istoria da

romlis gulSi ar gaexicinos mesianistur fiqrebs“(saqarTvelo 1916s: 2)

– ebraelebi, Zveli elinebi, germania, mesame romi, kelturi safrangeTi,

ruseTi, poloneTi – avtori ver faravs am „planetaTa aRlumSi“

saqarTvelos monawileobis survils da radgan mesianizmi Tavisi arsiT

momavlis rwmenas, molodins ukavSirdeba, tician tabiZis mesianizmic

imediania – „viyviroT xma maRla, viyviroT cremlebiT: saqarTvelo

37

auRebeli ilionia... bevrjer fiqrobdnen aRebas da dangrevas Wkua–eSmaki

ulisebi, TiTqos egonaT kidec rom daangries, magram isev sdgas, isev

Sendeba: – axali ilioni...“ (saqarTvelo 1916t: 3)

tician tabiZis azriT, axali ilioni axalma da lamazma jiSma unda

aaSenos. Znelia ar daeTanxmo am mosazrebas, magram isic Znelia, ar

SeniSno narcisizmi da aSkarad gadaWarbebuli erovnuli TviTSefaseba:

„rasiul silamazis kibis safexuri qarTuli silamaziT bolovdeba, arc

erT xalxis eposSi ar aris iseTi warmtaci aRwera mzeTunaxavis, rogorc

Cven eposSi, xalxma icoda sad izrdeboda mzeTunaxavi...“ (saqarTvelo

1916u: 2).

rogorc aRvniSneT, avtoris cnobiereba daRupvisa da gadarCenis

ideiT aris moculi. es raRac fobia ki ar aris, aramed sruliad gasagebi

SfoTva, racionaluri SiSia, romelic biZgs aZlevs, ganapirobebs da

warmarTavs brZolas arsebobisTvis. es brZola ki male sisxlian

msxverpls moiTxovda. atmosfero ukve avismomaswaveblad iwamleboda

erTa Serwymis absurduli marqsistuli TeoriebiT, rac pirovnebasa da

ers srul nivelirebas, gaqrobas uqadda da araras winaSe Zrwolis,

RmerTis mier mitovebulobis Tu urwmunobis mtanjvel gancdas badebda.

aseT viTarebaSi Caeyara safuZveli qarTuli fenomenis, ideis, saxis

maZiebel radikalur ideologias.

es ideologia, arsebiTad, politikuri neoromantizmi ufro iyo,

vidre Sovinizmi an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da egoizmis

gamovlineba, romelTa „saboloo daZlevas“ didi kmayofilebiT

gvamcnobda xolme sabWoTa literaturaTmcodneoba. amasTan, es

ideologia aSkarad nasazrdoebi iyo nicSeanuri sicocxlis

filosofiiT, rac modisadmi gaRebuli xarki namdvilad ar yofila.

sruliad axali politikuri da socialur–fsiqologiuri realobis

formirebis xanaSi „sicocxlisa“ da „Zalauflebis nebis“ cnebebi mSrali

filosofiuri konstruqciis elementebad da ganyenebul simboloebad ki

ar warmodgeboda, aramed maTSi SenivTdeboda TviTon yofiereba, neba,

TviTgadarCenis instinqti, Tavs iyrida „erovnuli energia“.

nicSeseulma „zeadamianis“ miTma, romelSic Zlieri pirovnebis kulti

SeerTebulia „momavlis adamianis“ romantikul ideasTan (danto: 2000),

38

qarTul cnobierebaSi Taviseburi metamorfoza ganicada – moxda

„adamianis“ Canacvleba „eriT“, romelmac ukan Camoitova mankieri,

sicruiT savse Tanamedroveoba da ukeTesi momavlis perspeqtiva gaxsna.

„verc senma, verc siRaribem da siberem ver gatexa qarTveli eri. is isev

mravldeba, isev esizmreba mzeTunaxavi... is inaxavs rasiul silamazis

upiratesobas“ (saqarTvelo 1916f: 2) – wers tician tabiZe; sxvaTa Soris,

igi nicSes „zaratustras“ profetul stilsac baZavs – nawyvet-nawyvet

amonaTqvamebs, idumal miniSnebebs, sadac gansxvavebuli, xSirad

urTierTgamomricxavi motivebi ejaxeba erTmaneTs. es wyvetili stili

avtoris erTgvar artistul dabneulobasac warmoaCens – is TiTqos

poulobs sakuTar Tavs, Semdeg isev kargavs da a.S. werilis avtori

xSirad eqceva winaaRmdegobaSi da gaorebas ganicdis. sxvagvarad Zneli

warmosadgenia, magaliTad, Tu rogor moaSenebdnen mzeTunaxavebi

jabanebs, kutebs, Ciyvian kretinebs da sxv.

am eseSi xan optimizmi Warbobs – „dRes sxva Jamia... kidev Senaxulia

simamace, Cven unda gvjerodes imisi saswaulis“ (saqarTvelo 1916q: 2), xan

ki Tanamedroveobis kritika totalur gulgatexilobad warmogvidgeba –

„vaglax, ari zari da ubedureba...” (saqarTvelo 1916R: 2). es totaluri

gulgatexiloba TviT nicSes mier gaazrebulia rogorc nihilizmi,

tradiciuli idealebis iluzorulobis gacnobiereba. erovnuli

nihilizmic erovnul TviTaRqmaSi moZalebuli iluziebis msxvrevas

mohyveba xolme.

depresiuli ganwyobilebebi saqarTveloSi 20-iani wlebisTvis

ufro gaRrmavda da gaZlierda. 1921 wlis Tebervlis tragikulma

movlenebma mTlianad SeZra qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba. rogorc

cnobilia, 1928 wels Jurnal „qarTuli mwerlobis“ furclebze gaimarTa

mwvave polemika nikoloz miwiSvilis werilis „saqarTveloze fiqrebis“

gamo (fiqrebi... : 2006). polemikaSi monawileobdnen grigol robaqiZe,

beno gordeziani, simon Ciqovani, mixeil javaxiSvili da sxvebi,

romlebic mkveTrad daupirispirdnen nikoloz miwiSvils. miwiSvilis

werilSi laparakia „qarTuli ideis“ bundovanebis Tu ararsebobis

Sesaxeb, rac, unda vifiqroT, 10-ian wlebSi gabatonebul

msoflmxedvelobasTan dapirispirebis gamoxatulebaa. avtori sruliad

39

uimedod aris ganwyobili saqarTvelos momavlis mimarT, warsulzec

xelCaqneulia da amas metismetad mkveTrad gamoxatavs. igi wers:

“saqarTvelo pasiuri movlenaa. misi energia gamowveuli iyo sxva, mis

gareSe myof movlenisagan (energia Wiis, roca mas fexs aWireben)“

(fiqrebi saqarTveloze 2006: 22).

nikoloz miwiSvilis citirebuli mosazreba tician tabiZis

sityvebis – „gavigoT, rom saqarTvelo mowveulia msoflio

msaxurebisTvis...” (saqarTvelo 1916y: 3) – sruli antiTezaa. orive azri

ultraradikaluria, isini erTmaneTs kvebaven da warmoSoben, rogorc

mouzomavi pretenziebis gaqarwyleba warmoSobs skepticizms.

me–19 saukunis qarTulma patriotulma msoflmxedvelobam me–20

saukunis dasawyisSi nawilobriv daTmo poziciebi, sakuTari qveynisadmi

ilia WavWavaZiseuli realisturi, praqtikul moqmedebaze da praqtikul

Sedegebze orientirebuli damokidebuleba, pragmatul-racionalisturi

azrovnebis wesi, rig SemTxvevebSi, egzaltirebulma miTisqmnadobam

Secvala.

statias “qarTuli idea” erTgvarad avsebs tician tabiZis

publikacia “manieфesti azias” (gaz. ,,barrikadi”, №1 – 18.10.1920.). tician

tabiZes ar moswons, rom `saqarTvelos ise ar axseneben, Tu ara aziasTan

erTad~(barrikadi 1920a: 2). azia misTvis `beberi, gasuqebuli kretinia”

(barrikadi 1920b: 2), unayofo sicarielea, kacobriobis ganviTarebis Cixia,

sadac arasodes warmoiSoba raime progresuli – `misi niadagi

amoSra”(barrikadi 1920g: 2); azia gaxevebaa, tradiciis monobaa.

dRes Zalian Tanamedrove da aqtualuri JReradoba aqvs tician

tabiZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rim qarTuli kultura midrekilia

evropisken – `axali qveynis... da poeziis meridiani parizia, da samxreTiT

tfiliss eyrdnoba... qarTulma poeziam samudamoT datova muxambazis gza~

(barrikadi 1920d: 2).

evropa manifestis avtorisTvis inteleqtis, analizis, nebis

simtkicis primatia da saqarTveloc misTvis foladis samSobloa, rac

Zlier nebisyofas, gonebis primats unda niSnavdes: `foladis simtkiciT

sWedda is Tavis nebisyofas. es saswaulis winagrZnobaa... azri Cveni

epoqis – fantasmagoriaa foladis” (barrikadi 1920e: 2).

40

tician tabiZis azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da

amiT saqarTvelo samsaxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis

erTgvari gamtari, misi ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre,

forposti aziaSi. EaRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis es mosazreba Zalian

mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis.

2.2. `omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~

Tanamedrove samyaroSi bevrs fiqroben da msjeloben omze, brZolaze,

antagonizmze, romelic ukavSirdeba adamianis sulis destruqciul

sawyisebs.

magaliTad, umberto eko wers: ,,omebs awarmoebdnen xolme im imediT,

rom raime sargebeli enaxaT mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebaSi, omebi ki

warmoebda ise, rom ganzraxva sisruleSi moyvanili yofiliyo raime

iseTi saSualebiT, romelic aayiravebda mowinaaRmdegis Canafiqrs” (eko

2000: 19).

tician tabiZis ese „omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi” swored amgvari

sargeblis naxvis _ „ferfliT amdgari saqarTvelos” xilvis molodinSia

dawerili, 1915 wels (tabiZe 1966a: 5-12). saqarTvelo I msoflio omSi

„aRmoCnda Careuli” da avtoris gansja, Cafiqreba omis sakiTxebze am

omSi Cveni monawileobiT, CvenTvis misi mniSvnelobiT aris

ganpirobebuli.

eses mTavari paTosi mis pirvelive sityvebSia gamJRavnebuli – „aravis

vmsaxurebdeT, arca vemonoT, gareSe RvTisa dambadebelisa... da vin ityvis,

rom saqarTvelom ar icoda sicocxle, rom man ar icoda brZola da

Tavisufleba, silamazisTvis ar mietanos msxverpli” (tabiZe 1966a: 5).

Tavisuflebisadmi miZRvnili aseTi himniT iwyebs eses tician tabiZe da

Tavisuflebis ideas sicocxlis – brZolisa da silamazis esTetikas

ukavSirebs.

qarTveli moazrovneebisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze sakraluri idea –

samSoblos Tavisuflebisa – tician tabiZis mier damuSavebulia

eseisturi – naxtomiseburi, fragmentuli araTanmimdevrulobiT da

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urTierTgamomricxavi argumentebiT gajerebuli msjelobiT, magram am

formaluri mozaikurobis miRma Sinaganad Sekruli Sinaarsi ikiTxeba –

logikuri da Tavisufali. es Sinaarsi, erTi mxriv, emyareba tradiciul

damokidebulebas qveynis Tavisuflebisadmi – „vaJas saqarTvelo is

saqarTveloa, roca is Tavis Tavs eyudnoda” (tabiZe 1966a: 10). es aris

qveynis politikuri damoukideblobis survili. masTan Tanaarsebobs

Tavisuflebis, rogorc adamianis mier samyaroSi Tavisi mowodebis

ganxorcielebis upirvelesi pirobis gaazreba da samSoblosa da

pirovnebis Tavisuflebis cnebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyrel fenomenebad

warmodgeba.

Tavisufleba gulisxmobs eris mier Tavisi Tavis Secnobas, xolo

TviTSemecnebis stimulatorad ticians msoflio omi esaxeba.

„Tanamedrove omis erTi didi mniSvneloba, sxvaTa Soris, imaSic aris,

rom yvela ers Caaxedebs Tavis sulis siRrmeSi, naTelze gamoiyvans im

fiqrs, romelic didi xania mtvermiyrili da cocxalmkvdari iyo... am

omSi saqarTveloc aris Careuli... da damtkicda, rom winaparTa anderZi

kidev cocxlobs qarTvelebSi” (tabiZe 1966a: 9).

erovnuli sulis Semecneba tician tabiZesTan avangardistuli

paTosiT xorcieldeba da mebrZoli antitradicionalizmis elferi aqvs.

oRond es paTosi damangreveli ki ar aris, aramed, piriqiT, Tavisufali

da keTili nebis gamoxatulebaa, romelsac surs pozitiurad gardaqmnas

samyaro.

„meSCanur Waobs jer kidev ar dauZiravs kacobrioba” (tabiZe 1966a: 9)

_ wers tician tabiZe da es antimeSCanuri paTosi gvaxsenebs vaJa-

fSavelas 1909 wels daweril leqss ,,kai yma”: „...Rame maZRrebi daswvebiT,

diliT mSivrebi sdgebiTa, Tavis jams CascqerT, saqveynod arcros ar

gamasdgebiTa, ar iciT, dasCndiT risada, an risaTvisa hkvdebiTa!” (vaJa-

fSavela 1979: 345).

meSCanuri Waobisgan TavdaRweva, cxadia, ver ganxorcieldeba

Tavisuflebis – pirovnebisa Tu eris Tavisufali nebis aRsrulebis

SesaZleblobis gareSe. Tavisufleba SemoqmedebiTi Zalaa, mxolod am

Zalis meSveobiT xdeba inertuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla – axali

cxovrebis, axali sazogadoebis, axali samyaros Seqmna: „arc erTi axali

42

grZnoba, axali gancda, fiqri... windawin grZnob vis SeuZlia axali

sityvebis monaxva, vis gauelvebs axali fiqri” (tabiZe 1966a: 10) _ wers

tician tabiZe.

tician tabiZe vaJas poeziaze dayrdnobiT iazrebs omis fenomens:

„vaJas poeziaSi fiqric araa omis borotebaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 11). igi oms

cxovrebis ganmaaxlebel stiqiad miiCnevs.

omSi adamianis fizikur garss spoben, adamianis Suaguli ki, misi

suli, SesaZloa, ara mxolod ar moispos, aramed aRdges da ganaxldes

kidec (berdiaevi 1993: 305). aseTi paradoqsuli azrovneba modernizmisTvis

Sinaganad axlobelia, man bevri tradiciuli norma da Sexeduleba

gadasinja. tician tabiZisTvis omi borotebis, sikvdilis dammarcxebeli

Zalaa. „saqarTvelo Tavis kuboSi cocxladac rom CaiWedos, sikvdilze

ar fiqrobs... eris suli kidev yvavilobs da ar Wkneba” (tabiZe 1966a: 8);

yvelaze did antihumanur absurdad aq miCneulia araTavisufleba. oms

amarTlebs ZiriTadad is, rom arsebobs sikvdilze uaresi boroteba –

monoba, anu gamudmebuli kvdoma.

avangardistuli paTosis miuxedavad, tician tabiZe emyareba

omisadmi qarTul literaturaSi gamokveTil damokidebulebas, qarTuli

literaturis heroikul ideals – „sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa...”.

ticiani am tradiciuli damokidebulebis transponirebas XX saukunis

rTul viTarebaze axdens, magram am politikur da sulier viTarebaSi

orientireba mas uWirs, rogorc „romantikoss“.

omis filosofiis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso statias aqveynebs 1915

wels geronti qiqoZe – „axali epoqis dasawyisi“ (qiqoZe 1919: 5-10). avtori

miiCnevs, rom didi omebi cvlian kacobriobis msoflgancdas, samyaroze

warmodgenas. aseTi iyo makedonelis, napoleonis omebi, aseTia pirveli

msoflio omic. geronti qiqoZis azriT, am omis Sedegi iqneba is, rom Tu

manamde batonobda individualizmi, pragmatizmi da hedonizmi, amieridan

gaZlierdeba stoicizmi, idealizmi, patriotizmi, cxovrebis ufro

seriozuli da tragikuli gageba. geronti qiqoZe wers: „guSin kidev Cveni

filosofia pragmatuli iyo, Cveni zneoba individualisturi da

egoisturi... Cveni Tvalebi, yurebi da xelebi xarbad eZebda siamovnebas...

43

udides bednierebas individualur keTildReobaSi vxedavdiT da

fufuneba arsebobis uaRres pirobad migvaCnda...” (qiqoZe 1919: 9).

geronti qiqoZis fiqrebis qveteqsti saqarTvelos momavals

ukavSirdeba da, rogorc Cans, is imedovnebs, rom omi ganamtkicebs

qarTul patriotizms, SezRudavs qarTul egocentrizms: „omi saukeTeso

saSualebaa socialuri SerCevisa. Tanaswor pirobebSi is xalxi

imarjvebs, romlis wevrebi nakleb egoizms iCenen da mets

Tavganwirulebas did erovnuli miznebis miRwevaSi, nakleb

partikularizms da met disciplinas moqmedebasa da brZolaSi. omi

aRmzrdelic aris...” (qiqoZe 1919: 10).

geronti qiqoZe oms ar ganixilavs moralisturi poziciebidan, misi

Tvalsazrisi zogadkulturologiuria da Tavis siRrmeSi patriotuli,

nacionaluri interesebiT sazrdoobs.

tician tabiZis imedic I msoflio oms tyuilubralod ar

ukavSirdeboda: am omma gamoiwvia sami imperiis daSla da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobac misi Sedegi iyo. magram, meore

mxriv, msoflio omma gza gauxsna totalitarul moZraobebs –

bolSevizms, faSizms da saqarTelos xanmokle damoukideblobac xom

erT-erTma am moZraobam imsxverpla. ase rom, omi, sabolood, totaluri

boroteba aRmoCnda. swored ase iazrebda am oms zogierTi evropeli

mwerali, magaliTad, herman hese.

rogorc cnobilia, hese Tavidanve SeewinaaRmdega I msoflio oms. 1914

wels gamoqveynda misi statia „o, megobrebo, nu gamagonebT am xmebs” (hese

1987: 54-58), romelic dasaTaurebuli iyo reCitativis striqoniT

beThovenis mecxre simfoniis finalidan. beThovenis idealebis

kvaldakval, mwerali aRelvebul sazogadoebas Caagonebda: „siyvaruli

siZulvilze maRla dgas, mSvidoba ki omze ufro keTilSobiluria” (hese

1987: 54). msgavsma mowodebebma da, saerTod, heses mTelma antisaomarma

mxatvrulma publicistikam, romelic ibeWdeboda misi redaqtorobiT

gamomaval gazeTSi „doiCe internirter caitung“, mTeli germanuli

presis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. humanisti mwerlisTvis ar daiSures

cnobili iarliyebi – „samSoblos moRalate“, „naZirala“, „dezertiri“.

44

yovelive aman da pirvel rigSi ki TviT omma mwerlis cnobierebaSi mZime

msoflmxedvelobrivi krizisi gamoiwvia.

erTmaneTis Tanamedrove ori moazrovnis – germanelis da qarTvelis

_ urTierTsapirispiro damokidebuleba I msoflio omisadmi sruliad

aSkaraa. es gansxvaveba poziciebs Soris ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv,

saqarTvelos da germaniis mdgomareobis gansxvavebiT. qarTveli poeti

moelis Tavisi qveynis gaTavisuflebas, germanelisTvis ki es problema

ar arsebobs. igi oms aRiqvams ara qveynis politikuri interesebis

TvalTaxedviT, aramed humanisti individumis poziciidan. tabiZec, cxadia,

humanistia, magram misTvis mTavari qveynis interesebia. hesesTvis omis

saSineleba axlos arsebuli realobaa, ticianisTvis – Soreuli

(geografiuli azriTac). am Soreul realobas ticiani poeturad

warmosaxavs, poetur – heroikul saburvelSi xvevs. misi poeturi

ocnebisTvis biZgis mimcemi ki mtkivneuli patriotuli grZnobaa.

2.3. ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni” № 18. 06.11.1922)

tician tabiZe Rrma emociiT da gulwrfeli tkiviliT wers

bunebrivi stiqiiT _ wyaldidobiT dazaralebuli adamianebis Sesaxeb.

jer kidev ar gadaetana saqarTvelos is ubedureba, romelic Tavs

daatyda goris miwisZvriT, roca mTeli qarTli erT dRes nangrevebad

qceula, rom mas Tavs daatydomia uaresi saSineleba. movardnil

niaRvrebs da wyaldidobas sruliad gaunadgurebia naxevari saqarTvelo:

,,TiTqo bedi scdis saqarTvelos da geologiuri procesi umatebs imas,

rac istoriiT mas misjili hqonia tanjva da wameba”(baxtrioni 1922f: 1).

miniSneba aq aSkaraa _ bunebis stiqia Tan daerTo istoriul

stiqions da rac bolSevikebma daakles qveyanas, is wyaldidobam daamata

mas. tician tabiZe mZafrad SeigrZnobs tragikul politikur movlenebs,

mtkivneulad ganicdis saqarTvelos beds, mas aRelvebs is garemoeba, rom

adamianebi, eri SesaZloa sasowarkveTaSi Cavardes, SeSindes da guli

45

gautydes samudamod, roca ,,bedi ar isvenebs da egviptis sasjeliT scdis

mis ganadgurebas”(baxtrioni 1922q: 1). Aam konteqstSi werilis saTauri _

,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi” _ mkiTxvelis mier aRiqmeba mxatvrul

metaforad _ bolSevikur warRvnad, romelmac waleka adamianebis

sicocxle.

rogorc qmediTi, aqtiuri publicistisTvis, tician tabiZisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia problemis ara marto danaxva da wamoweva, aramed am

problemis gadaWris, gadalaxvis gzebis dasaxva. amjeradac werilis

avtori mouwodebs saxelisuflebo instanciebs, ar miatovon gansacdelSi

aRmoCenili xalxi sakuTari Tavis anabara: ,,didi moraluri da

materialuri daxmarebaa saWiro, rom eri, ganadgurebuli yovelmxriv,

samudamoT ar daeces suliT da ar Sesdges erovnuli energia”

(baxtrioni 1922R: 1). sabWoTa xelisuflebas, romelmac aq sisxliT da

teroriT daimkvidra Tavi, Tavi mohqonda, TiTqos is xalxis

xelisufleba iyo, xalxze mzrunveli da misi moamage. magram, rogorc

statiidan Cans, saWiro dros man sruli gulgriloba da umoqmedoba

gamoiCina stiqiiT gaubedurebuli adamianebis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom tician tabiZe ara mxolod xelisuflebas sdebs

brals gulgrilobaSi, aramed mTel xalxs, danarCen saqarTvelos

mouwodebs gasaWirSi aRmoCenilTa Tanadgomisken. mas unda, rom erSi meti

konsolidacia da TanagrZnoba dainaxos: ,,xalxi Tavis Tavad ver aitans

am ubedurebas Tu mas yoveli qarTveli ar miRebs Tavis Tavze”

(baxtrioni 1922y: 1).

tician tabiZes ar moswons Cveni inertuloba da paralels avlebs

sxva erebTan, romlebsac uaxles warsulSi msgavsi siZneleebi hqondaT:

,,sxva xalxi goris miwisZvris gamo qveyanas SesZravda...”(baxtrioni 1922S:

1). avtori ixsenebs volgis mxaris damSevis gamo rus erSi gamowveul

enTuziazms, sadac arc eklesiam dazoga oqro, evropaSic daaarses

damxmare komitetebi da qarTvelebisganac iRebdnen daxmarebas, roca

Cveni xalxi TviTon SimSiliT ixoceboda.

tician tabiZis bevri publicisturi werilis finalisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia imperatiuli toni, riTac is problemis dasaZlevad

qmediT RonisZiebebs wamowevs da xelisuflebas moTxovnebad wamouyenebs:

46

,,unda daarsdes komiteti wyaldidobisgan dazaralebulTa

dasaxmareblad, romelSic unda Sediodnen sazogadoebriv

dawesebulebaTa warmomadgenlebi, unda daarsdes pres-biuro, romelic

gamoikvlevs dawvrilebiT momxdar katastrofis Sedegebs da daayenebs

daxmarebis saqmes saWiro maStabiT” (baxtrioni 1922C: 1).

unda iTqvas, rom 1922 wels gazeT ,,baxtrionis” redaqcia

dRevandeli Jurnalistikis Tanamedrove standartebis msgavsad

moqmedebda. tician tabiZem moaxdina korespondentebis mobilizacia,

gagzavna redaqciis TanamSromlebi da Semdeg nomerSi movlenaTa

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ,,cnobebis” gamoqveynebas dapirda mkiTxvelsac da im

xelisuflebasac, romlisganac moiTxovda gadamWreli zomebis miRebas.

2.4. `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis~

1928 wels daiwera tician tabiZis werili `saliteraturo

qarTulisTvis” (tabiZe 1966a: 285-295). cnobilia, rom am wlebSi qarTuli

sazogadoeba aqtiurad msjelobda am Temaze da garkveuli simwvavec ar

aklda ganxilvebs. tragikomikuria, rom mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze

`Zveli literatori” filipe maxaraZe aRmoCnda saliteraturo qarTulis

dacvis avangardSi, romlis azriTac, qarTuli ena im droisTvis metad

Seryvnili da damaxinjebuli iyo. enis siwmindis dacvam iseTi simwvave

SeiZina, rom saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis plenumze

`daisva misi sakiTxi”.

tician tabiZes statiaSi `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis” mohyavs

aseTi citata: `amx. kaxiani Tavis moxsenebebeSi ambobs: `...proletarul

mwerlobaSiac jer kidev mraval defeqts aqvs adgili; literatura kidev

moikoWlebs, qarTuli ena, stili aSkarad sustia [gaugebaria, ras niSnavs

`literatura moikoWlebs”, albaT is ideologiurad „moikoWlebda”.

mweralTa stilsac, rogorc Cans, propagandistuli simZafre aklda –

m.t.] Cven, komunistebi, enis siwmindeze unda vzrunavdeT. lenini werda,

rom diadi rusuli ena daamaxinjes da Seryvnes, radganac masSi Seitanes

mravali iseTi sityva, romelic sruliad gaugebaria muSisa da

47

glexisTvis. Cvenc aseve energiulad unda vicavdeT qarTuli enis

siwmindes” (tabiZe 1966a: 285).

cxadi xdeba, rom qarTveli bolSevikebi qarTuli enis siwmindeze

zrunvisas imeorebdnen rusi bolSevikebis Setevas ,,masebs daSorebuli”

rusuli inetligenciis winaaRmdeg, misi e.w `elitaruli” enis da stilis

winaaRmdeg.

kaxianis gamosvla arsebiTad gulisxmobda Setevas enaze misi

gaprimitiulebis, misTvis masobrivi, ,,xalxuri” elferis micemis da

mweralTa enobriv-stiluri individualobis waSlis, nivelirebis mizniT.

es SeuZlebelia gamorCenoda tician tabiZis faqiz, mgrZnobiare xedvas.

,,enisaTvis brZola msoflmxedvelobisTvis brZolaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 286) –

wers igi.

problemis ganxilvis konteqsti farTovdeba analogiebis moZebniT

uaxloes istoriaSi: `Tavis droze enas uwunebdnen ruseTSi puSkins da

saqarTveloSi – ilia WavWavaZes. enis reformacia maSindel sazogadoebas

barbarosobad miaCnda...” (tabiZe 1966a: 287). tician tabiZis cnobierebaSi

amotivtivebuli cneba ”barbarosoba”, romelic TiTqos me-19 saukunis

garkveuli movlenis epiTetad aris gamoyenebuli, arsebiTad swored im

bolSevikuri iniciativis Sefasebad iqca, romelsac statias uZRvnida

avtori.

tician tabiZe mZlavrad SeigrZnobs da mkafiod xedavs istoriis

fatalur nebas, xedavs istoriul samsjavros, romelzec mTel mis

inteleqtualur Taobas mouwevda wardgoma: ,,mTel frontze gamodis

axali klasi da gamarjvebuli proletariati ibrZvis axali

socialisturi kulturisTvis. ramdenadac es brZola Rrmaa, imdenad

didia zrdis tkivilebi” (tabiZe 1966a: 287).

Aam gardauvali istoriuli procesis Tanmdevi ,,enis siwmindisTvis

brZola” sinamdvileSi iyo mxolod niRabi, romlis ukan bolSevikuri

grimasa imaleboda. Eenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enaze

kontrolis dawesebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli, ideologizebuli

enis damkvidrebas. Ees is fenomenia, romelic groteskulad gamosaxa

jorj oruelma romanSi ,,1984” (orueli: 2011).

48

tician tabiZe, rogorc qarTuli enis Tanamedrove

`uflebadamcveli”, saubrobs rusTavelis, sulxan-sabas, nikoloz

baraTaSvilis, vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb da qarTuli enis ganviTarebaze

zrunvis uZveles tradicias gamokveTs, TiTqos unda Seaxsenos ZlierTa

ama qveynisaTa, rom enis siwmindeze zrunva maTi aRmoCena ar aris, rom Tu

am enaze kulturuli, moazrovne da niWieri adamianebi weren da

metyveleben, es ena daxvewili, mdidari da Rrmad inteleqtualuria.

tician tabiZe Tavis savaraudo komunist mkiTxvelebs miuTiTebs

akademikos niko maris Tvalsazrisze: `qarTuli eniT yvelaferi

gamoiTqmeba, rac dedamiwaze SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, ruseTis an dasavleT

evropis arc erT enaze ar moipoveba azri, rom qarTvelma araTu savsebiT

ver gamoTqvas, mxatvrobiT yalibSic ver Camoasxas... SeiZleba iTqvas,

Sinagani TvisebebiT qarTuli ena msoflio enaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 287-288).

qarTuli enis evropul enebTan gaTanabreba aq iqceva imaze miniSnebad,

rom qarTveli eri, aRmoCenili rusul-sabWoTa saxelmwifos

SemadgenlobaSi, azrovnebis wyobiT da sulierebiT evropis nawilia.

sabWoTa mwerlebi sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen xolme striqonebs

Soris azris Sefarvis teqnikas da sabWoTa mkiTxvelebic daostatebulni

iyvnen qveteqstis amocnobaSi. Tumca aq tician tabiZe arc ise

vualirebulad ambobs, rom ena daculi unda iyos ara bolSevikebis mier

gamocemuli dekretebiT, aramed qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi

ZalisxmeviT: `yoveli mwerali, romelic Tavis Tavs pativs scems, ityvis,

rom samSoblo enis codna misTvis cxovrebaSi miuRweveli idealia da

mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi amisTvis unda ibrZodes... iseTi

dawmendili da gamarTuli ena, rogorc frangulia, xSirad aTqmevinebda

Tavis saukeTeso ostatebs _ balzaks, flobersa da anatol franss, rom

maTi mwerloba am enisTvis brZolaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 288). Lliteraturis aq

naxseneb klasikosTa fonze komikurad gamoiyureba maxaraZisa da kaxianis

ganazrebebis pretenziuloba.

tician tabiZis werilSi moulodnelad da uneblieT Tavs iCens

sakuTari braleulobis, danaSaulis grZnoba, romelsac reJimi

sistematurad unergavda adamianebs: `am werilis avtors araviTari

pretenzia ara aqvs swori qarTulis codnisa da yvelaze ufro TviTon

49

icis Tavisi momakvdinebeli codva, magram Tu am sakiTxs exeba, mxolod

imitom, rom TviTonac naxos gamosworebis saSualeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 288).

ironiulad JRers tician tabiZis komentari kaxianis mier gazeT

`komunistis” enisa da stilis kritikuli Sefasebis Sesaxeb:

`komunistebs emarjvebaT TviTkritika” (tabiZe 1966a: 288). mweralTa

kavSiris yrilobaze gamosulma yvela momxsenebelma yuradReba miapyro

imas, Tu rogori mdare eniT iwereboda maSindeli saxelmZRvaneloebi.

tician tabiZe wers: àm saxelmZRvaneloebSi mweralTa cud qarTuls

emateba wignebis SemdgenelTa ufro cudi qarTuli da amrigad ufro

iryvneba qarTuli ena da maxinjdeba axali Taoba” (tabiZe 1966a: 288, 289).

TvalSisacemia bolSeviki momxseneblebis farisevloba – maT TiTqos

ar ician, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi Setanili proletaruli mwerloba

proletaruli gemovnebiT da inteleqtiT iqmneboda, xolo kaxiani ki

saxelmZRvaneloebSi ebrZoda swored proletar `mweralTa cud

qarTuls” (tabiZe 1966a: 289). tician tabiZe faqizad mianiSnebs mkiTxvels

momxseneblis poziciis amgvar winaaRmdegobriobaze.

totalitaruli reJimis yalb ideologias sworedac rom xelovnuri,

mdare enobrivi sistema unda morgeboda – formas ganapirobebda Sinaarsi;

da arsebiTad swored es àmaxinjebda axal Taobas” (tabiZe 1966a: 289).

ìs urCevda axalgazrdobas swavlas, swavlas da swavlas” (tabiZe

1966a: 289) – leninis cnobili sentenciis proletaruli mwerlebis

gasagonad moxmobaSi ironia gamosWvivis. tician tabiZe koreqtulad,

magram pirdapir ambobs saTqmels – `proletmwerlisTvis... upirveles

yovlisa saWiroa Tavisi xelobis codna da ostatoba. es ki pirdapir

emyareba qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis Seswavlas, da swored aq ibadeba

siZnele” (tabiZe 1966a: 290) _ eWvqveS dayenebulia proletmwerlebis

ganaTleba, profesionalizmi, enobrivi kompetencia da zogadi kultura.

werilis avtori plenumze wakiTxuli moxsenebis mimoxilvas sababad

iyenebs imisTvis, rom wamoWras qarTuli enis ganviTarebis problemebi. is

miiCnevs, rom kulturis ganviTarebis stimulad SeiZleba iqces

klasikuri literaturis gamocema da popularizacia: `CvenSi jer kidev

ar gamocemula klasikuri mwerlebi, Tumca maTi ricxvi ruseTTan

50

SedarebiT Zalian mcirea; srulebiT ar moipoveba am mwerlebis

Sesaswavli saxelmZRvaneloebi” (tabiZe 1966a: 290).

tician tabiZe mimarTavs taqtikur xerxs – apelirebs ruseTze,

romelic qarTveli komunistebisaTvis yovelgvari sikeTis etalons

warmoadgenda da ruseTis magaliTis moxmobiT aqezebs maT imisken, rom

qarTuli kulturis da mecnierebis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyon: `ruseTSi

dRe ar gava, rom ar gamovides wigni, romelic exeba

literaturismcodneobas, leqsisa da ritmis sakiTxebs; arseboben mTeli

institutebi enis Sesaswavlad, akademiasac aqvs aseTi ganxra;

specialurad arsebobs mxatvruli sityvis instituti da Jurnalistikis

saxelmwifo institutic... CvenSi ki ubralo saxelmZRvaneloc ar

arsebobs sityvierebis Teoriis Sesaswavlad” (tabiZe 1966a: 290).

statiis avtori msjelobas asrulebs Tavisufali eseisturi stiliT

dawerili pasaJiT. is wydeba plenumis masalebis, oficialuri moxsenebis

mimoxilvas da aRmoCndeba, rom werilis daweris pirvelmizezi yofila

`is mtkivneuli adgili, dRes qarTul mwerlobas rom amCnevia” (tabiZe

1966a: 292). tician tabiZe iCens iniciativas, moiwvion mweralTa federaciis

konferencia, raTa iq daisvas da gadawydes qarTuli mwerlobis

mtkivneuli sakiTxebi.

statiis publicisturi muxti Zaldautaneblad gadadis

literaturaTmcodneobiT-saenaTmecniero msjelobaSi. `mwerali, rac ar

unda daxelovnebuli iyos Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, ...uZveles klasikur

mwerlobaSic, – Tu mas ara aqvs Tanamedrove cxovrebis aTvisebis, axali

ritmisa da yofis gagebis alRo, CvenTvis mkvdari iqneba misi codna”

(tabiZe 1966a: 292). rogorc Cans, tician tabiZes ar moswons, ar

aRafrTovanebs tradiciiT SeboWili Tavisi Tanadrouli mwerloba, misi

arqauli literaturuli ena. misTvis literaturaSi mTavaria

Tanamedroveobis SegrZneba, siaxlis grZnoba; igi prioritets aniWebs ara

civ da usargeblo ganswavlulobas, aramed Tanamedroveobis xedvis

unars; mas miaCnia, rom Tu mwerali Tanamedroveobas ver grZnobs, misi

arqaizebuli `konservatoroba SeiZleba ufro mavnec iyos, vidre

axlandeli Taobis ucodinaroba”.

51

tician tabiZis azriT, siaxle unda eyrdnobodes tradicias; is

tradicias da siZveles xelaRebiT ki ar uaryofs, aramed mas ar moswons

siZvelis xelovnuri aRdgena, is ewinaaRmdegeba usicocxlo siZveles,

romelic siaxles Trgunavs.

imis warmosaCenad, rogor asazrdoebs Tanamedrove enas tradicia,

avtori ramdenime metyvel magaliTs moixmobs _ ,,Tanamedrove frangi

dadaistebi da siurrealistebi am gzas ase aCveneben; filipo supo

emyareba lotreamons da rembos, lotreamonis da rembos Zirebi ki uweven

fransua rablesa da fransua viionamde. ruseTSi velimir xlebnikovi

emyareba tiutCevs da tiutCevidan – ”Слово о Полку Игореве”-s” (tabiZe

1966a: 293).

iseTi novatoruli bunebis Semoqmedi, rogoric tician tabiZe iyo,

enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdege ar SeiZleba yofiliyo. misTvis cxadia,

rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ena ganuwyvetliv icvleboda da

saliteraturo enaSi mudmivad aisaxeboda cocxali sametyvelo formebi.

Eenis problemebze msjelobaSi bunebrivad Cndeba ilia WavWavaZis

figura: `misTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda tradiciis gadatexas, is ar

yofila dogmatikosi...” (tabiZe 1966a: 293). tician tabiZe gulisxmobs

ilias novatorul Zalisxmevas qarTuli saliteraturo enis

gansaaxleblad.

ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli, Tu vityviT, rom tician tabiZis werilis

paTosi ilias enobrivi poziciis aRdgenas da TanamedroveobaSi danergvas

emsaxureba. es statia ilias STagonebiT, iliaseburi tkiviliT aris

dawerili.

uneblieT Cndeba amgvari paraleli: ilia iwunebda kozlovis

erisTaviseul Targmans, – tician tabiZe akritikebs enis armcodne,

ugemovno, magram pretenziul proletkultel mwerlebs: `mwerali,

romelic guSin `lubokiT” iyo aRtacebuli, radgan am mwerlobaze

gaizarda, dRes urcxvad ifarebs novatorobis niRabs, anatol fransobas

iCemebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 293). ilias Tavis movaleobad miaCnda enis

mesveuroba, movla-patronoba da tician tabiZec ilias kvaldakval,

rogorc enis meurve, wers: `CvenSi ubralo saxelmZRvaneloc ar

arsebobs sityvierebis Teoriis Sesaswavlad... Tbilisis saxelmwifo

52

universitetSi qarTuli literaturis Seswavlis saqme saWiro doneze ara

dgas... qarTuli mwerloba kritikulad ar aris Seswavlili... mowveul

iqnes qarTuli enis SeswavlisaTvis konferencia... gamoucemelia bevri

saWiro leqsikoni, uromlisodac mwerali iaraRayrilia. TiTqmis araferi

icis qarTvelma mweralma qarTuli leqsis bunebis Sesaxeb...” (tabiZe 1966a:

293-294); da bolos, sxvadasxva Taobis ori qarTveli poeti erTnairad

ganicdis sakuTari TaviT ukmayofilebas mSobliuri enis dacvis

aucileblobis gacnobierebisas. ilia WavWavaZe werilSi òriode sityva

Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlovis mier `SeSlilis”

Targmanzeda” wers: `Cven yvelani qarTul enis xmarebaSi codvilni varT...

rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi

oriode kaci iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros

da dagvanaxos... borotebis aRiareba naxevari gasworebaa... ena saRvTo ram

aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas kaci codvilis xeliT ar unda Seexos”

(WavWavaZe 2012b: 3-26); xolo tician tabiZe iliaseburi ganwyobiT ambobs:

àr maqvs araviTari pretenzia sakuTari ucodveloba vaRiaro. me

windawin veTanxmebi im mwerlebs, romelnic fanqars aiReben da am

werilSic aRmoaCenen Secdomebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 295).

tician tabiZisTvis mTavari enobrivi problema ar aris misi

normebis dacva, razec apelirebda momxsenebeli kaxiani. tician tabiZe

wers – `gazeT `komunistisTvis” rom moinaxos kargi mTargmnelebi, amiT

xom ar wydeba sakiTxi. enis siwmindis sakiTxi sxva mxaresac emyareba da

swored es unda gaxdes yuradRebis Rirsi” (tabiZe 1966a: 295). es `sxva

mxare” misTvis aris axali enobrivi formebis Zieba da aRmoCena,

sityvaTqmnadoba, SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba enisadmi.

tician tabiZe saubrobs imdroindeli rusuli literaturuli

skolebis paeqrobebis da brZolebis, erTgvari inteleqtualuri

Setakebebis Sesaxeb, ixsenebs cnobil rus poets – velimir xlebnikovs,

romelic sityvis geniad, ènis ainStainad” iyo miCneuli. tician tabiZis

miswrafebaa, rom enobrivi problemebi saqarTveloSic aseTive

inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi damokidebulebis sagani gaxdes. is

miiCnevs, rom am Temaze msjeloba ukavSirdeba saenaTmecniero kvlevebis

gaaqtiurebas, enis ganviTarebisadmi profesiul midgomas, enis siRrmeebSi

53

wvdomis aucileblobas, siaxlis Ziebas. am seriozul misias tician

tabiZe akisrebs qarTul mwerlobas, qarTvel mwerals, romelic, Tu

sakuTar Tavs pativs scems, ìtyvis, rom samSoblo enis codna misTvis

cxovrebaSi miuRweveli idealia da mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

amisTvis unda ibrZodes” (tabiZe 1966a: 295). tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom

qarTveli mwerlebi unda uziarebdnen erTmaneTs TavianT dakvirvebebs,

gamocdilebas da unda `gamonaxon mkvdari wertilidan daZvris

saSualeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 295), rogorc es Tavis droze SeZlo ilia

WavWavaZem: `man Tavis pirovnebas Seuzarda misi Tanamedrove azrovneba da

yofa da amitomac aicila Tavidan epigonoba” (tabiZe 1966a: 294).

tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom Tu iliam Tavis droze `mamaTa”

epigonoba daZlia, dRes dasaZlevia ara mxolod ìveriisa” da `cnobis

furclis”, aramed ukve `komunistis” epigonoba (tabiZe 1966a: 292).

tician tabiZe statiaSi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs msjelobas

dialeqtizmebiTa da provincializmebiT enis damaxinjebis Temaze;

aanalizebs am problemas istoriul-kulturologiuri aspeqtiT da

miiCnevs, rom es èrTgvari erovnuli seni” Zveli feodaluri cxovrebis

ukuRmarTobis da saqarTvelos provinciebad dayofis naSTia.

amis sademonstraciod statiis avtori ixsenebs akaki wereTlis da

vaJa-fSavelas cnobil polemikas.

tician tabiZis azriT, akaki wereTeli imdenad Rrmadaa dajerebuli

Tavisi enobrivi poziciis sisworeSi, rom ver grZnobs, Tu TviTon,

rogorc mwerali, poeti, ramdenad uxvad sazrdoobs imeruli dialeqtiT

da fSauri dialeqtiT gatacebas sayvedurobs vaJas, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom fSauri kilo aris qarTuli enis

avTenturi gamovlineba, myari fundamenti. unda iTqvas, rom tician

tabiZis es Sexeduleba sakmaod originaluria da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

im tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisgan, romelic damkvidrebulia am polemikis

Sesaxeb (tabiZe 1966a: 294).

da bolos, tician tabiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba enis dabinZurebis,

Selaxvis kidev erTi forma – `Tbilisis yizilbaSuri dialeqti”,

romelic `samwuxarod, Cvens mwerlobaSi aqamde karg tonad iTvleboda”

(tabiZe 1966a: 294). mkvlevar salome kapanaZis azriT, am Temaze saubrisas

54

tician tabiZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda is aRmosavluri nakadi, romelic

SemoiWra zogierTi Tbiliseli poetis leqsikonSi da romelmac

gaarTula urTierTobebi maTsa da ,,cisferyanwelebs” Soris.

gasaziarebelia mkvlevaris sityvebi, mimarTuli axalgazrda poetis

moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis demonstrirebisadmi: ,,aRtacebas iwvevs

ocdaerTi wlis Wabukis SemarTeba, mwerluri siTamame da movlenebis

obieqturi Sefasebis unari” (kapanaZe 2005: 185).

es movlena, marTlac, `avzned” unda yofiliyo miCneuli. tician

tabiZe, rogorc esTeti, daxvewili gemovnebis literatori, evropeisti,

evropuli poeziisa da zogadad evropuli kulturis Tayvanismcemeli, ver

egueba aRmosavluri kulturis epigonobis recidivebs Tanamedrove

literaturaSi. misTvis miuRebelia saliteraturo qarTulis Seryvna

vulgarizmebiT, mdare leqsikis da frazeologiis moZaleba.

55

III Tavi

werilebi qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebisSesaxeb

3.1. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili 1-li)

(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №№2 - 10.07.1922.)

im droisTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelsac tician

tabiZe, rogorc Jurnalisti da publicisti, wamowevs wina planze, aris

saxelmwifos mier gamomcemlobis dafinanaseba da wignebis gamocemis

saqmis gaaqtiureba, rac, misi TqmiT, iyo katastroful mdgomareobaSi. es

yofila yvelaze mwvave sakiTxi, radgan saxelmwifo TviTon ar

uzrunvelyofda wignis gamocemas, mas mindobili hqonda es saqme

mecenatebis kerZo iniciativisTvis, es ki gamoricxavda gegmazomier

sagamomcemlo politikas da gzas uxsnida saeWvo gemovnebas.

aSkara iyo, rom Tu sagamomcemlo saqme saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis

sagani ar gaxdeboda, am saqmes gagrZeleba ar ewera. kerZo gamomcemeli

ki, cxadia, mogebas eZebda, Tumca gansakuTrebuli perspeqtiva arc mas

hqonda. tician tabiZe sinanuliT wers: `Cveni eri mcirea statistikiT da

rac unda didi ar iyos mkiTxvelis procenti, mainc ver Seiqneba iseTi

mdgomareoba, rom gamocemas mogeba SeeZlos” (baxtrioni1922a: 1).

werilis avtoris gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs is, rom im

droisTvis jer klasikosebic ar yofilan gamocemuli, sul ramdenime

wigni gamoucia “qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel

sazogadoebas”. werilidan vigebT, rom mweralTa kavSirs memorandumiT

miumarTavs maSindeli saxalxo ganaTlebis ministrisTvis, raTa

`gamomcemlobas saxelmwifo xasiaTi miscemoda~, magram gasabWoebis

Semdeg `faqtiurad gamomcemloba srulebiT SeCerda, radgan umTavresi

56

texnikuri saSualebani, rogorc qaRaldi da stambebia, gaiflanga”

(baxtrioni1922b: 1).

rogorc vxedavT, statia mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs imis

Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg mweralTa

kavSirs waerTva wignebis damoukideblad gamocemis ufleba da

gaCanagebula gamomcemlobis mTeli teqnikuri baza: `me amas maSinve

mivaqcie yuradReba da SarSan amis Sesaxeb gazeT `komunistSi~ werilic

mqonda dastambuli, romelic Seicavda kritikas da aCvenebda

gamomcemlobis saqmis katastrofas” (baxtrioni1922g: 1).

werilis avtori TiTqos agrZelebs gazeT `komunistSi~

gamoqveynebul Tavis statias da axla ufro mwvaved svams sakiTxs:

`dakarguli qaRaldis da stambebis SeZena SeuZlebeli gaxda, da Tan im

TaviTve am saqmes sistema ar eRirsa... Tu saqmes exlave ar mieqca

yuradReba, qarTuli wigni samudamoT moispoba” (baxtrioni1922d: 1).

tician tabiZe qarTuli mwerlobis stimulirebis umTavres pirobad

miiCnevs mwerlobis, rogorc erT-erTi profesiis aRiarebas, rac imas

niSnavs, rom mwerlebi sxvadasxva, maTTvis Seuferebeli samuSaos Zebnas

ki ar daiwyebdnen da bankebSi, kooperativebSi da erobebSi ki aRar

imuSavebdnen, aramed TavianT ZiriTad, mudmiv saqmianobad CaTvlidnen

mwerlobas, sakuTari wignebis gamocemas da aRar gaifanteboda mweralTa

niWi, SemoqmedebiTi unari da dro saarsebo saSualebebis Ziebaze:

`mwerlebi toveben mwerlobas da sxvagan eZeben samuSaos...”

(baxtrioni1922e: 1).

Temas amZafrebs da aRrmavebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti,

romlis aqcentirebisTvis avtori moixmobs ironias. seqtemberSi iwyeba

akademiuri saswavlo weli da saxelmZRvaneloebis dabeWdvis saSualeba

ar aris – `SesaZlebelia enkenisTvidan... Cven isev daubrundeT im pirvel

yofil dros, roca wera-kiTxvas beWze aswavlidnen winandeli ostatebi

Segirdebs” (baxtrioni1922v: 1) – ironia aq, cxadia, mimarTulia im

saxelmwifo struqturebisken, romelTac evalebodaT sagamomcemlo

saqmis regulireba. statiis avtori Tamami didaqtikuri toniT moiTxovs

saxelmwifo manqanisgan qveynis kulturuli winsvlis garantiebs,

romelTagan umTavresia literaturis maRali socialur-

57

saxelmwifoebrivi statusis uzrunvelyofa: `kulturisaTvis saWiroa

aseTi obiektiuri Rirebulebis aRdgena, rogorc mwerlobaa sazogadoT”

(baxtrioni1922z: 2).

avtorisTvis mwerlobas unikaluri mniSvneloba aqvs umZimes

istoriul pirobebSi eris gadarCenisTvis, istoriis da dRevandelobis

mTlianobisTvis. is grZnobs gulgrilobas Tu mizanmimarTul

umoqmedobas saxelmwifos mxridan da amitom amTavrebs statias mwvave da

mtkivneuli sityvebiT: `is krizisi, romelic dRes arsebobs, miva Tavis

logikur daskvnamde da saqarTveloSi warsulis xseneba ar iqneba”

(baxtrioni1922T: 2).

albaT, swored aseTi mtkivneuli patiotuli gancda ar apaties mas

1937 wels...

3.2. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili me-2)(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№ 6 - 25.02.1923.)

tician tabiZes, rogorc Jurnalists da publicists, axasiaTebs

Zvel, mtkivneul TemasTan mibruneba, am Temis kvlav aqtualizeba, misi

axali problemuri momentebis moZebna da gaanalizeba. erT-erTi amgvari

Temaa saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebis daarseba da Semdeg maTi qarTuli

mwerlobis samsaxurSi Cayeneba, rasac tician tabiZe kidev erT statias

uZRvnis.

avtori xazs usvams, rom saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis Seqmnisa da

amoqmedebis koncefcia mweralTa kavSirma imaze adre Seqmna da

waradgina, vidre sabWoTa xelisufleba damyardeboda. sabWoeTSi ki

gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis warmarTva ratomRac muSaTa da glexTa

inspeqcias daevala. garda amisa, rogorc pirvel werilSic iyo

aRniSnuli, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier saxelmwifo qonebis

nacionalizaciis dros stambebis mTeli teqnikuri arsenali ganadgurda.

statiis avtorisTvis yvelaze mTavari mainc is iyo, rom maSindeli

saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis ,,mTavari gamge”, romelic dauflebia

stambebs, qaRalds, presas, wignebs da zogadad mTel qarTul mwerlobas,

58

pirdapir ambobda, aravisTvis saWiro ar aris wignebis gamocema, mainc

aravin waikiTxavso; `Tanac umatebda, rom kavkasiaSi unda SemoRebul

iqnas laTinuri Sriftio... maSin amas cinizmis xasiaTi hqonda” (rubikoni

1923o: 1) – dasZens tician tabiZe.

erTi mxriv, mwerlebis sazogadoebisTvis zedmet adamianebad,

,,umoqmedo pensionerebad” gamocxadeba da, meore mxriv, qarTuli anbanis

laTinuriT Secvlis iniciativiT gamosvla, cxadia, antagonizms badebda

qarTvel inteligencias, qarTvel mwerlebsa da mmarTvel Zalebs Soris.

`daibada undobloba“ (rubikoni 1923p: 1) – ase gamoxatavs protestis

grZnobas tician tabiZe da marTlac gasakviria im wlebSi gamoCenili

misi pirdapiroba da siTamame.

tician tabiZe “TeTri SuriT” Sescqeris ruseTis sagamomcemlo

saqmianobis progress da amas ruseTis imdroindeli saxalxo ganaTlebis

komisris – lunaCarskis iniciativas miawers. amiT is mkiTxvels

mianiSnebs, rom wignis gamocemaze zrunva inteleqtualuri adamianebis

saqmea da ruseTSi `auarebeli wignebis mozRvavebiT, romelsac

vulkaniviT isvris marTla rusuli saxelgami” (rubikoni 1923J: 1), swored

inteleqtualebi arian dakavebulni da ara iseTi ubiri da uwignuri

moxeleebi, rogorebic im dros uZRvebodnen saqarTveloSi kulturis am

sferos.

werilis avtoris azriT, aucilebeli iyo mweralTa CarTva

saxelmwifo gamomcemlobaSi – e.w. `saxelgamSi”. ,,marTlac samarcxvinoa

mwerlebisTvis iRebdnen saxelmwifodan pensiebs da maTi nawerebi

gamoucemeli elagon” (rubikoni 1923r: 1). rogorc Cans, saxelmwifo

manqana iseT politikas atarebda, rom oRond qarTvel mwerlebs araferi

SeeqmnaT, mzad iyvnen isini pensiiT – garkveuli materialuri

anazRaurebiT uzrunveleyoT.AN

rogorc werilidan Cans, honorars ar uxdidnen im mwerlebs,

romlebic siduxWiris miuxedavad ar Ralatobdnen mwerlobas da mainc

aqveynebdnen TavianT nawarmoebebs – `mTavari moZravi Zala, is kadris

mwerloba, romelic dRes arian Semoqmedebis procesSi, sruliad ar

iReben saxelmwifosgan arafers~ (rubikoni 1923s: 1). esec, etyoba,

mweralTa daTrgunvis Taviseburi meTodi iyo.

59

`mwerlobis profesia isev gaxda SimSilis profesia ... isev daiwyo am

profesiis datoveba da sxvagan Tavis Sefareba. saqarTvelosTvisac da

saxelmwifosTvisac metad ufro saWiroa, rom mwerlebi SerCnen

mwerlobas... am TaviTve unda dafiqreba, rom erT dRes mwerloba ar

darCes fiqciaT es iqneba didi ubedureba“ (rubikoni 1923t: 1) – aseT

mwvave Sefasebas aZlevs tician tabiZe saxelmwifos mxridan mwerlobis

aSkara Seviwrovebas, yovelive amas zewolis da terorizebis

kvalifikacias aZlevs da TiTqmis erovnuli katastrofis rangSi ahyavs

mwerlobis gaqrobis problema.

werilis finalSi avtori ajamebs Tavis moTxovnebs: ,,Cveni daskvnaa:

unda ... “ (rubikoni 1923u: 1) _ rogorc Cans, jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyo

mTavrobasTan presis furclebidan amgvari imperatiuli toniT

laparaki.……

3.3. ”qarTuli Jurnali”

(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №7 – 11.03.1923.)

tician tabiZes, rogorc publicists da Jurnalists, axasiaTebs

weris amgvari manera – is xSirad iwyebs msjelobas imiT, rom saubrobs

Temis preistoriaze, ganixilavs am Temis istoriul Zirebs, safuZvlebs,

Semdgom aRwers Tanamedrove viTarebas da dasaxavs momavlis

perspeqtivas. Ees meTodi avtors saSualebas aZlevs, ufro moculobiTi

iyos misi analizi da ufro farTo iyos xedvis rakursi.

tician tabiZis werili `qarTuli Jurnali” iwyeba mcireodeni

eqskursiT qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi – aq dasaxelebuli arian

pirveli qarTuli literaturuli Jurnalebis redaqtorebi,

moxseniebulia maTi Rvawli da Sefasebulia maTi Rirseuli saqmianoba –

`roca saqarTveloSi mkiTxvelebi TiTze daiTvlebodnen da nikoloz

baraTaSvili ojaxebSi kiTxulobda leqsebs, roca mosakiTxi baraTebis

weris garda daviwyebuli iyo mwerloba im eris, romelmac ganicada

rusTaveli da mTawmindelebi, pirvelad mainc daarsebuli iyo Jurnali

`ciskari” (rubikoni 1923f: 1).

60

am asi wlis winandeli viTarebis Sexseneba mkiTxvelisTvis avtors

saSualebas aZlevs, gaavlos paraleli dRevandelobasTan da mTeli

simwvaviT warmoaCinos arsebuli viTareba – is mZime garemoeba, rom

saqarTveloSi arc erTi didtaniani Jurnali ar arsebobs. ,,ivane

kereseliZe Cven dReSiac unda iTvlebodes gmirad, radgan moaxerxa is,

rasac dResac Cvenda samarcxvinod ver axerxebs qarTuli mwerloba”

(rubikoni 1923q: 1).

ivane kereseliZis saredaqtoro RvawlTan erTad avtori saubrobs

ilia WavWavaZis, niko nikolaZis, akaki wereTlis da sxvaTa saredaqcio

saqmianobaze da, cxadia, yvelaze metad gamoarCevs ilias `iverias”:

`pirveli evropiuli stilis didi Jurnali iyo ilia WavWavaZis `iveria”.

es sityva ise ismis XIX saukunis literaturis istoriaSi, rogorc arc

erTi saxeli” (rubikoni 1923R: 1).

tician tabiZes mkafiod aqvs gaazrebuli inteleqtualuri Jurnalis

ganumeorebeli roli da mniSvneloba eris TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebis da

ganviTarebis procesis organizebaSi.N rogorc Cans, mas da mis

Tanamoazreebs Cafiqrebuli hqondaT sabWoTa saxelmwifo iZulebuli

gaexadaT daearsebina da daefinansebina didtaniani literaturuli

Jurnali, romelic Semdgom qarTuli kulturis mTavar kerad SeiZleboda

qceuliyo: `XIX saukunis dasasrulSi da Cven saukunis gadasavalSic

gamodioda didi Jurnali `moambe”... es didi kulturis maCvenebeli ambavi

iyo. aq ibeWdeboda Targmanebi: dostoevskis, ibsenis, balzakis, zolasi,

viktor hiugos, pol burJec ki. aq ibeWdeboda werilebi evropis

mwerlobis ukanasknel Skolebze. ucxoeTis politikis mimoxilvas

awarmoebda niko nikolaZe, aq daiwyes Tavis kariera daviT kldiaSvilma

da Sio aragvispirelma” (rubikoni 1923y: 1).

im pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobda wignis gamomcemlobebi,

mxatvruli literaturis beWdva JurnalSi namdvilad gaacocxlebda

mkiTxvelis interess msoflio klasikis mimarT da aziarebda qarTul

sazogadoebas evropuli kulturis miRwevebs.

Jurnalis saganmanaTleblo funqcia isic unda yofiliyo, rom aesaxa

msoflioSi arsebuli avangarduli literaturuli da saxelovnebo

skolebis da mimdinareobebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi, hqonoda qarTuli

61

kulturis progresis da ganviTarebis mastimulirebeli efeqti. da rac

mTavaria, am JurnalSi gamoCndeboda axali saxelebi, rac xels Seuwyobda

qarTuli erovnuli literaturis winsvlas da ganviTarebas.

rogorc Cans, sworad amas ufrTxodnen `zeda eSelonebSi” da amitom

uwevda tician tabiZes nomridan nomerSi sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis

Txovna, moTxovna da zogjer misi damunaTeba kategoriuli toniT: `da

gana dRes qarTuli sazogadoebis, qarTuli mwerlobis da saqarTvelos

mTavrobaTa Tavmoyvareobis sakiTxi ar unda iyos, rom saqarTveloSi

arsebobdes erTi did taniani Jurnali” (rubikoni 1923S: 1).

tician tabiZe mkacr SefasebasTan erTad ar erideba sabWoTa

mTavrobisTvis aSkarad usiamovno paralelis gavlebasac da mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas miapyrobs im garemoebas, rom didtaniani qarTuli Jurnali

caristuli ruseTis pirobebSic ki gamodioda – im droSi, `roca carizmi

anadgurebda yovelive Canasaxs erovnuli kulturisas”(rubikoni 1923C: 1).

es, cxadia, iyo werilis avtoris sakmaod mZafri gamowveva,

mimarTuli imdroindeli xelisuflebasadmi. werilSi miniSnebuli iyo am

xelisuflebis miswrafeba, SeeboWa da gaenadgurebina erovnuli

kultura.

suraTis gamZafrebis mizniT avtori saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas

adarebs rusul kulturaSi arsebul situacias, aRniSnavs, rom rusi

emigrantebic ki `SimSilobis da maTxovrobis dros” (rubikoni 1923c: 1)

axerxeben vrceli Jurnalis – `Русская Мысль”-is gamocemas, rom aRaraferi

vTqvaT rusul saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebze, `sadac asobiT iTvlebian

aseTi Jurnalebi” (rubikoni 1923Z: 1).

unda aRiniSnos, rom tician tabiZe erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs

vrcel, didtanian Jurnalebs da iseT momcro, elegantur gamocemebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, `meocnebe niamorebi” da `xomaldi”, romlebic

konkretuli mxatvruli fraqciebis an redaqtorebis viwro

literaturul interesebs da gemovnebas emsaxureboda da panoramulad

ver asaxavda epoqis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT process. amgvari momcro

Jurnalebi `Segnebulad icema patara saxiT, radgan dRes evropaSic ki

gadavidnen mebrZoli literaturuli jgufebi patara Jurnalebze... magram

62

samagieroT literaturis istoriis plastebi did JurnalSi iyrian Tavs”

– tician tabiZes surda axali qarTuli Jurnali gamxdariyo

literaturuli procesebisaTvis stimulis mimcemi seriozuli da

mniSvnelovani organo, romelic maqsimalurad gaaaqtiurebda da Semdgom

asaxavda imdroindel samwerlo cxovrebas.

`saqarTvelos muzeumebSi obiT iRrRneba iseTi xelnawerebi,

romelnic gazrdidnen axal Taobas... romelic moklebulia mSobliur

kulturis yovelive miRwevas” (rubikoni 1923w: 1).

tician tabiZe ar upirispirebs erTmaneTs Zvel, klasikur

`samuzeumo eqsponatebs” da Tanamedrove, mimdinare SemoqmedebiT

cxovrebas. is miiCnevs, rom erTi asazrdoebs meores da erTi araferia

meoris gareSe: `marTalia marrineti, roca ebrZvis muzeumebis kulturas,

magram vai im ers da mis mwerlobas, romelic es muzeumi da istoria ar

aqvs” (rubikoni 1923W: 1).

werilis avtori, erTi mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba usicocxlo,

sqolastikur azrovnebas, romelsac Tavi ver dauRwevia warsulis

tyveobisgan, magram, meore mxriv, arasaxarbielod esaxeba im eris xvedri,

romelsac warsuli ar gaaCnia. axali Jurnali, romelic `mwerlobis

TavmoyvareobisTvis” unda arsebobdes, tician tabiZis azriT, iqneboda

qarTuli kulturis istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli

cocxali sivrce.

Jurnalis gamocemis funqcias tician tabiZe akisrebs sruliad

saqarTvelos xelovanTa kavSiris mTavar komitets: `Tu man es mizani ver

Seasrula, maSin es komiteti iqneba fiqcia da ...misi moraluri

avtoriteti gauqmebulad CaiTvleba” (rubikoni 1923x: 1).

moralur avtoritetze apelireba im wlebSi xelisuflebisTvis

marTlac fiqcia iyo.

63

3.4. ”saagarako saxli”

(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№9- 03.04.1923.).

tician tabiZis is werilebi, romlebSic mkveTradaa gamoxatuli

publicisturi paTosi, xSirad dabeWdilia varam gagelis fsevdonimiT. am

fsevdonimis avTenturobas adasturebs ioseb griSaSvilisa (griSaSvili

1987: 31) da givi miqaZis (miqaZe 1984: 51) ,,fsevdonimebis leqsikonebi”. 1

tician tabiZis publicistikaSi faqizad moxelTebuli StrixebiT

ikveTeba dro. is, rogorc wesi, mZimea, damTrgunveli; zogjer

TvalnaTliv Cans Cveni inteligenciis imdroindeli damamcirebeli da

gausaZlisi yofa _ `qarTveli mwerlis profesia – aris profesia

SimSilis. es ase iyo winad da asea axlac... ar unda CamoTvla im

magaliTebs, roca qarTveli mwerlebi kvdebodnen ukidures gaWirvebaSi

da sardafebSi” (rubikoni 1923h15: 1).

werilis avtoris mizania, TanagrZnoba gauRvivos mkiTxvels da, rac

mTavaria, e. w. `kompetentur organoebs~ – profkavSirTa sabWos da

`qarTuli kulturis moyvarulTa sazogadoebas~ mosTxovos

mweralTaTvis saagarako dasasvenebeli saxlis aSeneba an ukve

aSenebulis gadmocema. rogorc werilidan irkveva, im wlebSi TiTqmis

yvela profesiuli kavSiri xsnida Tavis saagarako saxlebs da

`imaragebdnen zafxulSi avadmyof wevrebisaTvis binebs” (rubikoni 1923h16:

1).

amgvari dasasvenebeli saxlebi ixsneboda muSaTa klasisTvis,

ganaTlebis sistemis muSakebisTvis da sxv.

tician tabiZis azriT, dasasvenebeli saxlebi `bevrs avadmyof da

daRlil muSas ixsnis sikvdilisagan...” (rubikoni 1923h17: 1), magram

avtoris survilia, yuradReba mieqces qarTvel xelovanebsa da

1 Gvaram gageli, qarTveli didgvarovani, mefeebis _ Tamaris, laSa giorgis darusudanis msaxurTuxucesi, ibrZoda saqarTvelos dampyroblebis _ monRolebiswinaaRmdeg; iZulebuli iyo Tavi Seefarebina quTaisisTvis (qarTuli... 1977: 611).mkvlevar givi miqaZis dakvirvebiT, XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli avtorebis mier,,fsevdonimad gamoyenebuli iyo ama Tu im istoriuli piris saxeli, rom aReniSnaTTavisi ideuri siaxlove maTTan, magaliTad: varam gageli _ tician tabiZe” (miqaZe 1984:51). MniSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZe fsevdonimad irCevs qveynis erTguli msaxuris,saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mcvelis saxels, romelic misTvis Zvirfas qalaqTan iyoasocirebuli.

64

mwerlebsac. swored mwerlebi iyvnen daviwyebulni: `yovelTvis iyo

dapireba, magram roca saqme saqmeze midioda, yvela iRebda TavisTvis

yvelafers da mxolod mwerlebi da artistebi rCebodnen gariyuli”

(rubikoni 1923h18: 1) – guldawyvetili wers avtori.

sainteresoa, rom profkavSirTa sabWos xalxis SemowirulobebiT

Seuqmnia `miliardebiani fondi da TiTqmis yvela kurortze xsnis

sakuTar sanatoriumebs” (rubikoni 1923h19: 1).

tician tabiZe principulad svams sakiTxs – `daiwyes waRverSi

Seneba mwerlebis saagarako saxlis, romelsac maSin meTaurobda qarTul

kulturis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba...… sakmao fulic Seikriba am

saqmisTvis, yovel mxriv modioda Semowiruleba, magram arc es saxli

aSenebula, da aqamde aravis arc is gamourkvevia, sad wavida es xalxis

fuli” (rubikoni 1923h20: 1).

unda iTqvas, rom metad Tanamedrove motivebi moismis am

sityvebidan. dRevandeli mediis mier mTavrobis mimarT wayenebuli

pretenziis intonacias mogagonebT tician tabiZis mier imdroindeli

mTavrobis mimarT gamoTqmuli sayveduris toni. sxvaTa Soris, is

ramdenjerme aRniSnavs swored mediis mniSvnelovan rols mTavrobis

`gamofxizlebis~ saqmeSi – `qarTul yoveldRiur gamocemebSi xSirad

amoikiTxavs dainteresebuli mkiTxveli, rom...” (rubikoni 1923h21: 1), an

`qarTulma presam miaqcia yuradReba...” (rubikoni 1923h22: 1), an `Cven

[igulisxmeba gazeTis redaqcia – m.t.] moviTxovT...” (rubikoni 1923h23: 1), da

sxv.

sagulisxmoa, rom gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos jer kidev

SesaZlebeli yofila presis meSveobiT mTavrobisTvis Zneladmosasmeni,

arasasurveli simarTlis Tqma. magaliTad, tician tabiZe sruli

gulaxdilobiT xatavs qarTvel mweralTa dakninebul sulier Tu

fizikur mdgomareobas da ar erideba mkacr Sefasebebs: `ar unda bevri

mtkiceba imas, rom iseTia materialuri pirobebi qarTvel mwerlobisa da

artistebis, rom bunebrivi Tandayolili seni rom ar hqondes bevrs,

mainc Tavis cxovrebis pirobebiT Cavardeboda avadmyofobaSi... bevri

avadmyofi da daRlili qarTveli xelovani sTxovs kavSirs daxmarebas,

65

magram iqneba rame gana welsac?” (rubikoni 1923h24: 1) – skeptikur kiTxvas

svams avtori.

tician tabiZis pozicia principulia: `saxelmwifo valdebulia

izrunos im saxlze, romelic hqmnis eris kulturas da saxelmwifosac

aZlevs azrs~ (rubikoni 1923h25: 1) – `saxli~ aq metaforaa da

figuralurad aRniSnavs zrunvas Semoqmed adamianebze.

tician tabiZe gamoTqvams metad mniSvnelovan da dReisTvisac

aqtualur azrs, romelic SeuTavsebelia yovelgvar diqtaturasTan,

adamianis SezRudvasTan, daTrgunvasTan _ im epoqaSi, rodesac

saxelmwifo `gaRmerTda~, saxelmwifom STanTqa yvelaferi, is acxadebda,

rom saxelmwifo ar aris TviTmizani.

Msaxelmwifos rolis arnaxul gaZlierebaze me-20 saukunis

kacobriobis cxovrebaSi msjelobs espaneli filosofosi Oortega-i-

gaseti naSromSi ,,masebis ajanyeba” da am tendenciis zust

gamoxatulebad miiCnevs italiis diqtatoris – musolinis lozungs:

,,yvelaferi saxelmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos miRma, araferi

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg” (ortega-i-gaseti 1991: 150).

Eepoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod tician tabiZe fiqrobs,

rom saxelmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos,

aramed man adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis

pirobebi. arsebiTad, misi azriT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes

kulturas, adamianebis sulier ganviTarebas, Tavisuflebis gafarToebas.

werils axlavs sagulisxmo gagrZeleba, P.S., romelic mkiTxvels

amcnobs, rom es werili awyobili iyo, roca redaqciam miiRo cnoba –

saxalxo komisarTa sabWos da miwaTmoqmedebis komisris gadawyvetilebiT,

dimitri yifianis saxli qviSxeTSi ezoTi gadaeca xelovanTa mTavar

komitets. `amis Sesaxeb gankarguleba gaigzavna adgilobrivad. mTavari

komiteti Seadgens sias im mwerlebisas, romelnic am zafxulSi iqnebian

qviSxeTSi gagzavnili~ (rubikoni 1923h26: 1). rogorc Cans, es sakiTxi

publikaciamde ixileboda redaqciaSic, am ambavma miaRwia `sadac jer

ars~ da werilis gamoqveynebas daaswres gadawyvetilebis miReba. ,,1923

wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis _ saxalxo komisarTa sabWos (saxkomsabWo)

gadawyvetilebiT dimitri yifianis mier qviSxeTSi aSenebuli sasaxle

66

Tavisi ezo-karmidamoTi gadaeca saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirs”

(kverenCxilaZe 2008: 14).

qarTveli mwerlebisTvis gadacemuli ,,saagarako saxlis” bevri

stumari male sabWoTa represiebis msxverpli gaxda.

3.5.”momavali sezoni”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№14– 25.08.1923.)

gazeT `rubikonis” 1923 wlis agvistos nomerSi tician tabiZe

erTgvarad agrZelebs gazeTis wina nomrebSi gamokveTil saxelmwifos

mxridan mweralTa xelSewyobis Temas. `tiflisi” ukve emzadeba momavali

sezonisTvis – saxelmwifom daafinansa Teatrebis SekeTeba, qarTuli

dramis dasi mTeli zafxuli saxelmwifo xarjiT agarakze Tan isvenebda,

Tan axal piesebze muSaobda; CanasaxSi myofma dramatulma studiam

meorejerac daisvena sxva agarakze da amave dros amuSavebda axal

piesebs; sxva axladSemdgari studia isev da isev saxelmwifos xarjze

moskovSi miemgzavreboda kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad; axladdaarsebuli

samxatvro akademia Tavis studentebsa da maswavleblebs moskovis

muzeumebsa da samxatvro galereebSi eqskursiaze agzavnida; saxelmwifo

operisTvis italiidan iwvevdnen tenorebs, Cveni momRerlebi ki italiaSi

midiodnen saswavleblad konservatoriis maswavleblebTan da

studentebTan erTad; moqandakeebsac saxelmwifo wargzavnida evropaSi

saswavleblad; garda amisa, bevri studentisa da maswavleblis

sazRvargareT swavla da agreTve glexebis, muSebis da sxvadasxva dargis

specialistis ucxo qveynis sanaxavad mogzauroba daafinansa

saxelmwifom. marTlac, uSurvelad gauRia xarjebi axladSeqmnil

sabWoTa saxelmwifos xelovnebis aRorZinebisTvis.

Aam fonze tician tabiZis gakvirvebas iwvevs erTi ucnauri garemoeba:

`ara sixarbis grZnobiT, aramed profesionalis TavmoyvareobisTvis unda

aRniSnul iqnes: rom sabedisweroT mxolod mwerlebi arian

gamartoxelebuli, erTad erTi mwerloba ganicdis dRes ukanasknel

agonias. yvelam icis, rom aqamde ase iyo – erovnul kulturas TiTqmis

marto mwerloba asazrdoebda da es mTavari ZarRvi dRes gadaWrilia da

67

unda daSres sisxlidan. ras warmoadgens dRes qarTuli mwerloba, vin

exmareba mas, rom mogonebaT ar iqces mwerlis profesia” (rubikoni

1923h27: 1).

tician tabiZe aRSfoTebiT saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi

mwerlebs erTi Jurnalic ki ara aqvT TavianTi nawarmoebebis

gamosaqveyneblad. saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebis `aRsavlis karebi

daketilia originalur qarTul mweralTa nawerebis gamocemisaTvis. es

karebi albad arasdros ar gaiReba” (rubikoni 1923h28: 1). ver ibeWdeba

klasika, SeboWilia mimdinare literaturuli procesi da gza Caeketa

mweral axalgazrdobas – `ra unda qnas axalgazrdam, rom

mwerlobisaTvis moemzados (Tuki amis survili vinmes eqneba) misTvis

yvela karebi daketilia... amitom xdeba, rom Zveli profesionalebic

stoveben Tavis profesias da iwyeba mwerlobis degeneracia...” (rubikoni

1923h29: 1).

ismis bunebrivi SekiTxva – ratom anebivrebda sabWoTa saxelmwifo

operis momRerlebs, saerTod, musikosebs, dramatuli Teatris reJisorebsa

da msaxiobebs, Teatraluri studiebis dasebs, mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs

da ar wyalobda mwerlebs, literatorebs?

Tu SevecdebiT am movlenis axsnas, davinaxavT, rom sabWoTa

xelisuflebas mkafiod hqonda gaazrebuli Tavisi kulturuli politika.

Teatraluri da musikaluri xelovneba masaze zemoqmedebis ufro

efeqtur da efeqtian saSualebebs flobs, vidre mwerloba da advilad

SeuZlia saqmeSi Cauxedav adamianebs Seuqmnas sazogado keTildReobis,

bednieri cxovrebis iluzia. xelovnebis es dargebi amTlianebs

mravalricxovan mayureblebs an msmenelebs _ darbazSi erTad yofnisas

maT uCndebaT solidarobis grZnoba, euflebaT erTsulovneba – yvela

erTad icinis, mxiarulobs an iwmends cremls, yvela erTad ukravs taSs,

gaismis koleqtiuri SeZaxilebi... sanaxaobrivi Tu saSemsruleblo

xelovneba koleqtivisTvis aris gankuTvnili da koleqtiur grZnobebs

iwvevs. saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis

gamoifineba. L

literatura ki, ase vTqvaT, individualisturia. literaturasTan

mkiTxvelis urTierToba mTlianad da Rrmad intimuria, anu Ees

68

urTierToba mkiTxvelis ganmartoebas gulisxmobs. ufro zustad, es aris

ori adamianis ganmartoeba, rodesac isini, yvelasgan SeTqmulebiviT

gancalkevebulni, erTad fiqroben, Tavisuflad azrovneben. Tavisufali

azri ki diqtaturis yvelaze saSiSi mteria.

amitom gasagebia, rom avtoritaristi da koleqtivizmis mqadagebeli

bolSevikebi mxars uWerdnen xelovnebis ,,koleqtivistur” saxeobebs,

literaturas ki ufro ufrTxodnen, radgan igi ganmartoebuli adamianis

idumali fiqris, azrovnebis sivrceSi ganifineba.

tician tabiZe akvirdeba literaturisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis

aTvalwunebuli damokidebulebis gamovlinebebs da gulistkiviliT

laparakobs “mwerlobis zedmetobaze” (rubikoni 1923h30: 1)

saqarTveloSi.

werilis dasasruls emociis gasamZafreblad tician tabiZe mwvave

ritorikul SekiTxvas svams – `nu Tu ase unda moTavdes es sagmiro

brZola mwerlobisTvis, nu Tu qarTul mwerlobas ar gamoaCndeba

ukanaskneli ZalRone, rom yvelasgan daviwyebulma, TviTon gamonaxos

ukanaskneli saSualeba Tavis gadarCenis...” (rubikoni 1923h31: 1).

sabolood is mweralTa pirovnuli Rirsebis da pasuxismgeblobis,

Tavmoyvareobis sagnad miiCnevs qarTuli mwerlobis SenarCunebas da

aRorZinebas: `siamaye angrevs kldes da ukanaskneli mondomeba yvelafers

gaakeTebs” (rubikoni 1923h32: 1).

qarTvelma `cisferyanwelebma” marTlac `yvelaferi” (rubikoni 1923h4:

1) gaakeTes, magram uZlurebi aRmoCndnen im `kldis” (rubikoni 1923h33: 1)

winaSe, romelmac maTi SemoqmedebiTi Tu fizikuri sicocxle Seiwira.

69

IV Tavi

werilebi axalgazrda Taobis problematikaze

4.1. ”studentobis tradiciebi”

(gaz. ,,rubikoni”, №2 – 28.01.1923.)

qarTveli studentobis – saqarTvelos momavali inteleqtualuri

Taobis bedi tician tabiZes, rogorc Jurnalists da publicists,

gansakuTrebulad aRelvebs.

werils `studentobis tradiciebi” tician tabiZe universitetis

daarsebidan xuTi wlisTavs uZRvnis. es aris Tavisuflebismoyvareobis

suliT erTianad gamsWvaluli statia, romelic kacobriobis yvelaze

Tavisufali nawilis – studentobis Sesaxebaa dawerili da adamianebis

cxovrebis yvelaze Tavisufal, uzrunvel da bednier wlebs moicavs:

`studentoba is droa, roca ar grcxvenia romantizmis, rogori

trivialuric ar unda iyos; aris samudamo keTilSobileba pirvel

siyvarulsa da pirvel aRtacebaSi” (rubikoni 1923a: 1).

tician tabiZe, rogorc simbolisti, momxiblav poetur saburvelSi

xvevs studentobis fenomens, am erTi SexedviT Cveulebriv movlenas: `is

yovelTvis moigonebs am pirvel aRtacebas da uSualod Seqmnil

romantikas, roca gamarTlebulia `SimSilis misticizmi” da `siyvaruli”

(rubikoni 1923b: 1).

studentis keTilSobil `wodebas” tician tabiZe poetis saxels

uTanabrebs da pirvel studentad, romelic imsaxurebs da amarTlebs

amgvar dawyvilebas, asaxelebs hamlets: `Cven yovelTvis vxedavT am

mwuxare daniis princs wigniT xelSi. marTlac, arc erTi namdvili mefe

daniis Tundac dRemde ar aris ise saxelovani, rogorc es efemeri

princi. hamleti mocemulia tragediaSi pirveli siyvaruliT da

megobrobiT”(rubikoni 1923g: 1).

es mwuxare daniis princi Tavis TavSi atarebs msoflio sevdas

adamianTa modgmis usindisobis, araraobis, mzakvrobisa da usamarTlobis

gamo. magram amave dros hamleti ganasaxierebs simarTlisTvis,

70

humanizmisTvis mebrZol, TanagrZnobiT, Semecnebis JiniT da

cnobiswadiliT aRsavse axalgazrda adamians. rogorc Cans, tician

tabiZisTvis studentobis xana, erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeboda skepsiss,

sakuTar ZalebSi daurwmuneblobas da, meore mxriv, simarTlisTvis da

TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli sulis aqtiur qmedebas, mimarTuls samyaros

Secvlisken.

rogorc Cans, tician tabiZe 1923 wels, am werilis daweris dros,

Sinaganad grZnobda qarTveli studentobis gaorebas – TiTqosda Seguebas

arsebul mdgomareobasTan, magram amave dros isev mxolod masSi xedavda

im sufTa Zalas, romelsac raimes Secvlis da gardaqmnis survili

eqneboda.

`cud ambebs vxedavT, kvlavac unda cuds movelodeT!” (Seqspiri 1980:

337) _ Seqspiris es sityvebi albaT yvelaze metad miesadageboda im mZime

wlebs saqarTveloSi.

tician tabiZes studentobaSi aRafrTovanebs udardeloba,

bohemuroba, moxetiale buneba, ris gareSec es umSvenieresi xana `civi

doqtriniorobiT” da `SkoliarobiT” (rubikoni 1923d: 1) iqneboda

aRbeWdili. mas axsendeba misTvis Zvirfasi saxelebi – ` ...bohemielis

temperamentiT aqamde iwvevs Cvens aRtacebas moxetiale poeti fransua

viioni... gamoakeliT studentobis periodi goeTes da liceis puSkins...

dResac CvenTvis haidelbergi ise ismis, rogorc aleqsandria... belgiis

simbolizmi universitetSi daibada, vis ar moagondeba emil verharni...

universitetma Sehqmna rusuli simbolizmic: valeri briusovi, ivan

konevskoi, aleqsandr dobroliubovi, andrei beli... aris mgrZnobiare

analogia imaSic, rom istoriuli gadmocemiT TviTon rusTavelic aTonis

studenti iyo da iqidan SerCa didebuli ritoris paTosi mis poemas”

(rubikoni 1923e: 1).

`vefxistyaosanSi” tician tabiZem albaT dainaxa poemis avtoris

“studentobisdroindeli” axalgazrduli SemarTeba, daudgromloba,

emociuri kamaTebis da paeqrobis suli, gaigona axalgazrduli

maRalfardovani mWevrmetyvelebis da mgznebare saubrebis gamoZaxili.

71

`Cveni drois qarTvelebi sacodavebi viyaviT, rom ucxoelTa karze

gavatareT Cveni axalgazrdoba. miuxedavad patriotuli melanqoliisa,

yvela Cvengani udidesi sinaziT moigonebs moskovis `kozixas”, marTlac

rom iq damarxulia pirveli sicocxle” (rubikoni 1923v: 1). tician

tabiZe ixsenebs Tavisi studentobis erT amaRelvebel epizods. is

Seeswro moskoveli studentebis Sekrebas puSkinis ZeglTan, romelic

dResac Tavisuflebismoyvareobis da avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli adamianebis TavSeyris adgilia: `me magondeba 12 ianvari, roca

rusi studentebi Tavmoxdilni da tiriliT mRerodnen puSkinis ZeglTan...

“Товарищ, верь: взойдёт она -

Звезда пленительного счастья”

(rubikoni 1923z: 1).

puSkinis es ukvdavi sityvebi imediT da rwmeniT aRavsebda qarTvel

studentebs, rom maT samSobloSic kanonzomieri da gardauvali iyo

istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena. rodesac studentur mitingebs

moskovSi policia arbevda, yvelaze did winaaRmdegobas mas qarTveli

studentebi uwevdnen – `Tumca pirvelni mainc qarTvelebi xvdebodnen

cxenosan policielTa ieriSebs”(rubikoni 1923T: 1).

yovelive axlis, progresulis saTaved tician tabiZe universitets

miiCnevs. mas axsendeba ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi”, romelic

ilias maZiebeli, Tavisuflebismoyvare sulis manifestaciaa, oTxi

studenturi wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazrda

adamianis Tamami fiqris gamxelaa. `universitetma Sehqmna ilia WavWavaZis

`mgzavris werilebi”... qarTuli axali literatura peterburgis nislSi

gamoitanja wina Taobam” (rubikoni 1923i: 1).

werilis avtori ixsenebs ramdenime mniSvnelovan literaturul

movlenas, romelsac biZgi misca universitetma – studentobaSi miRebulma

saganmanaTleblo novatorulma impulsebma – `Targmnidnen erTad i.

WavWavaZe da ivane maCabeli `mefe lirs”, ... ugzavnida akaki wereTeli

leqsebs `ciskars” da niko nikolaZe werilebs “Колокол”-s ra iqnebodnen

kirile lorTqifaniZe da giorgi zdaneviCi, rom gamoakldeT studentobis

periodi”(rubikoni 1923k: 1).

72

Tbilisis universitetis daarsebas tician tabiZe yoveli

qarTvelisTvis `meore Sobad” (rubikoni 1923l: 1) aRiqvams da unda

daijeros, rom saqarTvelo am dRes dResaswaulad aqcevs, anu mas surs

saqarTveloSi damkvidrdes codnis, ganaTlebis, Tavisufali da

progresuli azris hegemonia. `me vocnebob imaze, rom cota xnis Semdeg

vera iqneba iseTive saxeli, rogorc laTinuri kvartali da an `kozixa”

(rubikoni 1923m: 1) – tician tabiZe gulisxmobs parizis da moskovis

sauniversiteto ubnebs, sadac moismendiT yvelaze meamboxur azrebs,

mowodebebs da yvelaze Ria, alternatiul mosazrebebs.

tician tabiZe ocnebobs im droze, rodesac Cveni universitetis

studentoba gaxdeba gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis flagmani da

sulisCamdgmeli, rogorc es evropul universitetSi xdeboda xolme – `me

vxedav bednieri qarTveli studentebis manifestacias haidelbergis

maSxalebiT, roca isini veris raionidan mivlen rusTavelis ZeglTan,

romelic unda aimarTos, rogorc meore universiteti” (rubikoni 1923n: 1).

tician tabiZis azriT, rusTavelis humanizmiT unda yofiliyo

nasazrdoebi saqarTvelos bedis ganmsazRvreli yvela axali da

Tavisufali idea.

4.2. ”სtipendiebi”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №8 – 25.03.1923.).

sauniveristeto ganaTlebas, universitets da studentobas tician

tabiZem araerTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani statia miuZRvna. statiaSi

`studentobis tradiciebi” is erTgan werda: `Cveni drois qarTvelebi

sacodavebi viyaviT, rom ucxoelTa karze gavatareT Cveni axalgazrdoba”

(rubikoni 1923j: 1) – es manam, sanam saqarTveloSi sakuTari universiteti

ar arsebobda. magram mas Semdeg, rac qarTuli universiteti daarsda,

mainc aqtualur Temad darCa mecenatoba da niWieri axalgazrdobis

sazRvargareT saswavleblad wargzavna. swored am Temas eZRvneba

sagazeTo werili `stipendiebi”.

73

rogorc Cans, saganmanaTleblo sferoSi seriozuli problemebi

iqmneboda im TvalsazrisiT, rom studentTa sazRvargareT saswavleblad

gasagzavni stipendiebis daniSvnisa da gacemis saqmeSi sruli qaosi iyo

gamefebuli, araviTari racionaluri da samarTliani sistema ar

arsebobda. `yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi es damokidebulia TviTon

gagzavnilis moxerxebaze da unarze~(rubikoni 1923h: 1).

studentobisTvis daxmarebis gawevis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi

damsaxureba qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas

hqonda, romelmac daamkvidra es keTilSobiluri tradicia. aq

aRsaniSnavia, rom, tician tabiZis TqmiT, yoveli stipendiati Rirseulad

`asrulebda Tavis vals da sazogadoebis imeds” (rubikoni 1923h1: 1), rac

imas niSnavda, rom sazRvargareT swavlis dasrulebis Semdgom

aucileblad brundeboda saqarTveloSi da Tavis profesionalizms

qveynis samsaxurs axmarda: `sam meoTxeds qarTvel inteligenciisas,

romelic dRes Cabmulia saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul

muSaobaSi, swavla da ganaTleba miuRia sxvisi daxmarebiT” (rubikoni 1923

h2: 1).

tician tabiZe did erovnul saqmes uwodebs qarTvelTa Soris wera-

kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, WiaTuris Savi qvis mrewvelTa

sazogadoebis Tu kerZo mecenatebis mier ganxorcielebul

qvelmoqmedebas. `marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi aq iyo erTgvari SerCeva

Tavisi xalxis” (rubikoni 1923h3: 1) – wers is, magram, samagierod, `daviT

sarajiSvili... ar arCevda niWierebaSi aravis da daxmarebas uwevda iseT

pirebsac, romlis ideologias ar iziarebda… bevri specialisti...

yofila evropaSi misi mzrunvelobiT da es damtkicda kidec misi

sikvdilis Semdeg daweril nekrologebSi da mogonebebSi” (rubikoni

1923h4: 1).

daviT sarajiSvilis ideologiur miukerZoeblobaze, tolerantobaze

tyuilubralod ar akeTebs aqcents tician tabiZe – misi statia iwereba

epoqaSi, rodesac adamianis Rirseba ukve swored ideologiuri sazomebiT

fasdeboda…

74

rogorc tician tabiZis werilidan Cans, im wlebSi niWieri

axalgazrdebisTvis gzis gakvleva `gamocxadebuli iyo sazogado saqmeT

da mamuliSvilur movaleobaT” (rubikoni 1923h5: 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom

presa mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda sazogadoebrivi azris

CamoyalibebaSi da, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebriv azrs didi gavlena hqonda

qveynis ganviTarebasa da winsvlaze.

samwuxarod, `revoluciis Semdeg miswyda kargi iniciativa am saqmeSi”

(rubikoni 1923h6: 1) – wers tician tabiZe. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa

xelisuflebam Sewyvita rogorc universitetis mier, aseve sxva

dawesebulebebis da calkeuli mecenatebis mier studentebis

sazRvargareT saswavleblad gagzavna, maTi dafinanseba da xelSewyoba.

legendarul pirovnebebad iqcnen studentebi, romlebic saqarTvelos

demokratiulma xelisuflebam miavlina saswavleblad evropaSi, Semdeg

ki uklebliv yvelani dabrundnen saqarTveloSi da 1937 wels maT

winaaRmdeg SeTiTxnili braldebebis tragikul msxverplebad iqcnen.

tician tabiZis werilSi dinamiurad gairbens Cvens Tvalwin

gardasuli cxovrebis mZime kadrebi: `Tavad – aznauroba, romelic

Seadgenda yvelaze ufro SeZlebul koleqtivs da romelic yvelaze met

stipendiatebs zrdida... mTel Tavis qonebas gadascems erovnul

mTavrobas... iyo gamocxadebuli konfiskacia am qonebis... wera-kiTxvis

sazogadoebas TiTqmis likvidacia likvidaciaze uxdeba. misi qonebac

gadaeca mTavrobas... WiaTuris Savi qvis sazogadoebis axal

xelmZRvanels... ar awuxebs aseTi sazogado xasiaTis saqme~(rubikoni

1923h7: 1).@Tavadaznauroba, rogorc werilidan vigebT, `sazogadoebrivi

azris gavleniT” (rubikoni 1923h8: 1), dabali socialuri fenis niWieri

da swavlasmowyurebuli axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas afinansebda. Aase

rom, maTi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis Sewyvetis Semdeg qarTveli

axalgazrdobis es nawili mTlad usaxsrod rCeboda.

tician tabiZe avlens im wlebisTvis moulodnel principulobas da

momTxovnelobas axali sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT da pirdapir

avaldebulebs mas Zveli _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droindeli

mTavrobis iniciativis gagrZelebas – `sruliad bunebrivi iyo da is ki

75

ara pirdapir valdebuleba iyo es mTavrobis, romelic revoluciis

Semdeg Caudga ers saTaveSi, gaegrZelebia es saqme” (rubikoni 1923h9: 1).

tician tabiZe gulistkiviliT mianiSnebs mkiTxvels mware

simarTleze - saqarTvelos materialuri siduxWire da siRaribe

dauZlevel dabrkolebad, moucilebel tvirTad eqca, rac erT did

problemasac qmnida – ganaTlebis gareSe tovebda qarTuli sazogadoebis

yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils, SeWirvebul socialur fenebs: `ar unda

mtkiceba imas, rom saqarTvelo imdenaT CamorCenilia materialur

kulturiT, da imdenaT ukuRma proporcia arsebobs swavlis wyurvilisa

da amis miRebis saSualebis Soris, rom Tu amas ar mieca

saxelmwifoebrivi daxmarebis xasiaTi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ise mogvareba

am saqmis”(rubikoni 1923h10: 1).

aq yuradReba gvinda mivapyroT erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas,

romelzec tician tabiZe sakmaod mkacri da SeSfoTebuli toniT

esaubreba mkiTxvels. werilis dasawyisSi, rogorc davinaxeT, is

msjelobs qarTveli mecenatebis piruTvnelobaze, miukerZoeblobaze.

isini maTTvis ucxo ideologiis, anu socialisturi ideologiis mimdevar

axalgazrdebsac afinansebdnen, Tu maTSi saTanado talants da swavlis

survils aRmoaCendnen.

Tavisi werilis meore naxevarSi ki tician tabiZe ukve sul sxva

viTarebas warmoaCens da amxels – bolSevikuri mTavroba studentebis

sazRvargareT mivlenas ideologiuri principiT axorcielebs, unda, rom

evropaSi gamozardos Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi ,,Svilobilebi” da

amgvar xalxs isev Tavis axloblebsa da naTesavebSi eZebs: `am

SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda Zalian did mikerZoebas, Cven maSinac

agviniSnavs da dResac gavimeorebT, rom mTavrobam amas Sexeda ara

rogorc xalxis saqmes, aramed rogorc Tavis partiis saqmes da

miuxedavad deklaraciisa, rom sazRvar gareT saxelmwifo xarjze unda

gagzavniliyo asi axalgazrda texnikuri codnis misaRebaT, namdvilad

gaagzavnes axalgazrdebi, romelTac erTi specialistoba hqondaT, rom

yavdaT naTesavebi an nacnobebi mTavrobis wevrebSi”(rubikoni 1923h11: 1), –

amgvari basri ironiiT kilavs avtori bolSevikebis viwropartiuli

interesebiT motivirebul amoralur qcevas.

76

Zalian Tanamedroved gaismis tician tabiZis araerTi mosazreba,

fraza – magaliTad, `es sakiTxi kuluarebSi gadawyda~(rubikoni 1923h12: 1).

samwuxarod, dResac saubrobs qarTuli media da sazogadoeba klanur

mentalitetze, proteqcionizmsa da nepotizmze Cvens qveyanaSi. rogorc

werilidan vxedavT, es mavne tendenciebi ar yofila tipuri

revoluciamdeli qarTuli cnobierebisTvis. swored axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirobebSi dainerga amgvari mankiereba. komunisturma

xelisuflebam am mxrivac mZime moraluri daRi daasva qarTul

sazogadoebas, romlis “waSla” dResac rTuli problemaa.

Dda kidev erTi sadReisodac aqtualuri Tema – unda finansdebodes

Tu ara saxelmwifos mier xelovnebis sfero. dRes xSirad moismenT

msjelobas `samTavrobo”, xelisuflebis mier dafinansebul e.w. `karis~

msaxiobebsa da momRerlebze, romlebic valdebulad miiCneven Tavs,

emsaxuron TavianT ,,mecenatebs”. swored am problemas awydeba tician

tabiZec – is msjelobs sazogadoebis im nawilze, `romelic Tavis

profesiiT dganan partiebis gareSe, radgan emsaxurebian iseT saqmes,

rogorc xelovnebaa da kultura, romelic iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric

saqarTveloa, SeuZlebelia masiurad dadges romelime klasis

mxares”(rubikoni 1923h13: 1).

xelovnebis da kulturis Tavisufleba diqtatorul da

totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi yovelTvis izRudeboda materialuri

stimulirebis instrumentebis gamoyenebiTac, moqrTamviT da mosyidviT.

xelovnebis sferos moRvaweebs asec imxrobdnen da ibirebdnen.N tician

tabiZis azriT, saxelmwifo kidevac rom gaimarTos welSi da

ekonomikurad moaxerxos xelovnebis mecenatoba, mainc sasurvelia, rom

es sfero finansdebodes politikuri interesebisgan Tavisufali kerZo

pirebis da, rogorc dRes maT uwodeben, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

mier. `rom moxdes kidec, rom finansuri mdgomareoba Cveni respublikis

gamoicvalos, mainc aSkaraa da gamocdilebiT damtkicebuli, rom ar unda

moiSalos kerZo iniciativa”(rubikoni 1923h14: 1).

daaxloebiT asi wlis win dawerili es werili Tavisi zneobrivi,

adamianuri Rirsebis pativiscemis damamkvidrebeli paTosiT gacilebiT

ufro Tavisuflebismoyvare da patiosania, vidre bevri dRevandeli

77

Zalauflebas CaWidebuli politikosis da maTTan daaxloebuli

“moRvaweebis” angarebiani xedva.

N

4.3. ”Cveni studentoba”

(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№16– 28.10.1923.).

mcire istoriul eqskursSi mimoxilulia me-19 saukunis 60-iani

wlebis qarTul presaSi, universitetis daarsebis mizniT gaCaRebuli

kampania. qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda –

`qarTuli universiteti faqti gaxda~(rubikoni 1923h38: 3), magram, rogorc

CvenSi yovelTvis xdeba xolme, Tavdapirveli enTuziazmi male Senelda:

`pirvelad iyo didi deklaraciebi, dapirebebi – magram Semdeg

mTavrobasac da sazogadoebasac daetyo gulgriloba, da studentoba

darCa Tavis anabarad~(rubikoni 1923h39: 3).

tician tabiZis publicistur statiebs axasiaTebs mZafrad

TanamgrZnobeli toni – `mxolod is vinc akvirdeba tfiliss, SeamCnevs,

rom aCrdiliviT dadian qalaqSi mSieri studentebi, umetesoba imaTgani,

jer kidev provinciidan Camosuli, qalaqs ver SeCvevian da TavianT

sardafebSi da CardaxebSi Rafaven suls~ (rubikoni 1923h40: 3).

siRaribe, usaxsroba, SimSili qmnidnen gausaZlis, damTrgunvel viTarebas

qarTveli axalgazrdobisTvis.

aseT pirobebSi swavla, inteleqtualuri ganviTareba marTlac

SeuZlebeli iyo – `...didi santimentaluri wera ar aris saWiro, sakmao

yovelma Cvenganma moixedos irgvliv, rom mas TvalSi ecema is saSineli

gaWirveba, romelsac ganicdis dRes studentoba~ (rubikoni 1923h41: 3).

namdvil erovnul tragediad da katastrofad miiCnevs werilis avtori,

rom Cveni studentebi amgvar pirobebSi cxovrobdnen da surs miapyros

sazogadoebis yuradReba am umZimes situacias, `...rom SimSiliT ar

gaswydes da ar daZabundes Cveni axalgazrdoba... romelsac niWic aqvs,

78

gamZleobac, magram siRaribe, romelic TiTqmis Cveni erovnuli mteria –

anadgurebs axalgazrdobis energias...~ (rubikoni 1923h42: 3).

TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom tician tabiZe ar uSindeba

menSevikuri xelisuflebis mier studentebis mimarT gaweuli daxmarebis

pozitiur Sefasebas da ar iSurebs komplimentebs mis mimarT. ufro

metic, is ramdenjerme xazgasmiT avlebs paralels da apirispirebs Zveli

mTavrobis yuradRebas, interess studentobisadmi Tanamedrove mTavrobis

uyuradRebobasTan, studentTa siduxWiris demonstraciul, uxeS

ignorirebasTan.

ramdenjerme meordeba fraza amgvari mimaniSnebeli dasawyisiT:

`...dRes aravin ar kiTxulobs...~ (rubikoni 1923h43: 3), `...dRes, roca saerTo

krizisia yvelasaTvis...~ (rubikoni 1923h44: 3), `gansakuTrebiT es xdeba

dRes...~ (rubikoni 1923h45: 3).

statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `winad auarebeli sazogadoebebi exmareboden

studentebs, TiTqmis TviTeuli kulturuli sazogadoeba, rom ar

viangariSoT specialurad studentTa damxmare sazogadoebebi iZleoden

stipendiebs, agrovebden Tanxas swavlis gadasaxadisas da TviTon

saxelmwifoc Tavis Tavad niSnavda stipendiebs da anTavisuflebda

swavlis gadasaxadisgan” (rubikoni 1923h46: 3).

tician tabiZe miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom revoluciis Semdgom

sabWoTa mTavrobam TiTqos ki gamoacxada sayovelTao ufaso swavleba,

magram Tavi iCina mankierma tendenciam - xelisuflebi exmarebodnen da

lobirebas uwevdnen Tavisianebs, rac, samwuxarod, 21-e saukunis

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvisac ar aRmoCnda ucxo.

marTlac didi siTamame sWirdeboda im wlebSi bolSevikebis Sesaxeb

aseTi simarTlis Tqmas: `mmarTveli partia... exmareba pirvel yovlisa

Tavis partiul xalxs... partiuli organizaciebi uniSnaven stipendiebs

Tavis uRaribess wevrebs... asi aTasze meti axalgazrdoba rCeba skolis

gareSe da sabWoTa mTavroba, romelmac ganacxada, rom aT welSi erTi

werakiTxvis ucodinari ar unda iyos sakavSiro respublikaSio, ara Tu

mozrdilTa werakiTxvis ucodinarobis likvidacias ver asdis,

iZulebulia bavSvebi dastovos Skolis gareSe...~ (rubikoni 1923h47: 3).

79

tician tabiZis am werilSi warmoCndeba mniSvnelovani istoriuli

figura – beniamin (benia) CxikviSvili. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis

socialur-demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erT liders benia CxikviSvils

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi ekava Tbilisis meris

Tanamdeboba (1919–1920 wlebSi). rogorc tician tabiZis werilidan vigebT,

Tbilisis meris pozitiuri saqmianobis nawili iyo qarTveli

studentobisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenac: `am oTxi wlis win piradaT

maSindelma qalaqis Tavma b. CxikviSvilma misca maT saukeTeso kafe,

erevnis moedanze... sadac moewyo studentebis sasadilo; igive CxikviSvili

sasadilos fuliTac exmareboda. dRes iq ukve daroJnkovis manufaqturis

maRaziaa da lotos saTamaSo... dRes aravin ar kiTxulobs riTi

sazrdoobs auarebeli axalgazrdoba umaRless saswavleblebSi”

(rubikoni 1923h48: 3).

rogorc cnobilia, beniamin CxikviSvili 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis

mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg menSevikuri mTavrobis sxva wevrebTan

erTad wavida safrangeTSi, xolo 1923 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi,

raTa monawileoba mieRo 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebaSi. is daapatimres,

sulierad ver gatexes da sikvdiliT dasajes 1924 wels. beniamin

CxikviSvilis saxelis da Rvawlis keTilad xseneba tician tabiZis

principulobis, simarTlis erTgulebis STambeWdav gamoxatulebad unda

miviCnioT.

axali – bolSevikuri drois Sesaxeb tician tabiZe wers, rom is

`yvelaze uwin studentebs da poetebs moeCvena Tavis grimasiT” (rubikoni

1923h49: 3).Aavtori am ori kategoriis adamianebs Soris sulier naTesaobas

amCnevda da maT miiCnevda yvelaze daucvel, realobasTan mourgebel

adamianebad sabWoTa saqarTveloSi.

tician tabiZe ramdenjerme imeorebs mosazrebas, rom mTavroba `ver

gaswvdeba am saqmis mogvarebas Tu yovelma moqalaqem Tavis Tavze ar

aiRo mzrunveloba studentobaze – aq aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi

iniciativa” (rubikoni 1923h50: 3).

statiis Sejamebisas avtori Tanamedrove publicistis saqmiani

toniT mimarTavs isev da isev sazogadoebas, radgan mTavrobis imedi ar

aqvs. Mmisi mizandasaxulobaa, moaxdinos qarTuli ganaTlebuli

80

sazogadoebis konsolidacia axalgazrdobis, studentobis gadasarCenad –

`saWiroa daarsdes centrSi da periferiebSi studentTa daxmxmare

sazogadoebebi, saWiroa TviTon studentebisgan Seiqmnas urTierTdamxmare

sazogadoeba, da agreTve yoveli kuTxis saTvistomoebi, saWiroa poetebi,

mwerlebi, artistebi da sazogado moRvaweni Caeban am saqmeSi~ (rubikoni

1923h51: 3).

me-19 saukunis qarTveli 60-ianelebis cnobilma Sexedulebam poetis

sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb _ ,,rom erisa moZme viyo Wmunvasa

da sixarulSi” (WavWavaZe 2012a: 58) mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina

TviT modernistul-avangardistuli orientaciis qarTvel mwerlebzec.

tician tabiZis es statiac, mTel mis publicistikasTan erTad, mowmobs,

rom cisferyanweli poeti, romelic adreul axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod

gaucxoebulad aRiqvamda TergdaleulTa memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT

msgavsad mimarTavs SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas mtkivneuli erovnul-

socialuri problemebis gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaken.

81

V Tavi

werilebi qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb

5.1. ”fondi xelovnebisTvis”

(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №12 - 25.09.1922.)

statia `fondi xelovnebisTvis~ mZafri publicisturi muxtiT aris

dawerili, Sefasebebi principulia da misamarTi konkretuli: `xelovnebis

saqme CvenSi katastrofis win aris damdgari. unda aSkarad iTqvas, rom

dRevandlamde am saqmisTvis ar gakeTebula rame iseTi, romelsac

saxelmwifo masStabiT hqondes gamarTleba~ (baxtrioni 1922i: 1). avtori

iTxovs am sakiTxis saxelmwifoebriv mogvarebas _ misi azriT, mxolod

konkretuli adamianebis kerZo iniciativis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia

Tanamedrove xelovnebis gadarCena da, miT ufro, aRorZineba, ganviTareba.

avtors aucileblad miaCnia `xelovnebis fondis~ Seqmna,

gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadis daweseba xelovanTa kavSirebis

sasargeblod, `rom maT arsebobas mieces azri..., Torem ise ra saWiroa

es kavSirebi, Tu mxolod nominalurad iarsebeben”(baxtrioni 1922k: 1).

aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac

SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi mTlianad moeqca mmarTveli reJimis,

komunisturi partiis diqtatis wnexqveS da Camoyalibda am reJimis erT-

erT Zlier instrumentad, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis daTrgunvis

iaraRad da romelmac 1937 wlis represiebis dros umZimesi roli

Seasrula swored am xelovani adamianebis ganadgurebaSi.

aq xazgasmas saWiroebs erTi garemoeba _ tician tabiZe imas ki ar

moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifom Tavis kmayofaze aiyvanos qarTveli

xelovanebi, arCinos isini. avtoris survilia, xelovanebs SeeqmnaT iseTi

pirobebi, rodesac maT eqnebaT saSualeba, Tavisuflad ganaviTaron

sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi potenciali, icxovron da imuSaon Rirseulad _

saxelmwifosgan is moiTxovs ara wyalobas, aramed SemoqmedebiTi Sromis

xelSewyobas da adekvatur anazRaurebas: `marTalia, saxelmwifom

dauniSna zogierT damsaxurebul mecnierebs da xelovanT pensiebi, magram

82

saqme ise unda moewyos, rom TviTon profesia iyos amuSavebuli, yvela

xom ver miiRebs pensiebs da zogisTvis es Tavmoyvareobis da principis

sakiTxic aris” (baxtrioni 1922l: 1).

unda iTqvas, rom am dros sabWoTa saxelmwifos Tavisi namdvili

saxe jer bolomde ar gamouCenia, jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac

materialuri anazRaurebis safasurad ideologiur morCilebas

moiTxoven; jer kidev SesaZlebelia, poets gulubryvilod egonos, rom

sabWoTa saxelmwifosgan uangaro daxmarebas miiRebs.

yvelaze saintereso am werilSi mainc is aris, rom aq tician tabiZe

arsebiTad wamoWris masobrivi komerciuli xelovnebis problemas,

romelic dRes kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. is msjelobs, ra gavlena

moaxdina e.w. `nep”-ma – ekonomikaSi axali politikis gatarebam _

Tanamedrove kulturaze, xelovnebaze da aRniSnavs, rom moxda maTi

komercializacia, daqvemdebareba, damorCileba masobrivi gemovnebisadmi _

`axal ekonomikur politikas saqme mxolod unda gamoekeTebina _ Cven ki

vxedavT ukuRma proporcias... lamis am axalma ekonomikurma politikam

sruliad gaanadguros xelovneba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo” (baxtrioni

1922m: 1).

tician tabiZe e.w. `nep”-is mier motanil, damkvidrebul xelovnebas

aRiqvams rogorc aReb-micemobis, wvrilburJuaziuli urTierTobebis

Tanmdev xelovnebis surogats. es `xelovneba~ saRdeba, iyideba, radgan

,,momxmareblis”, farTo masebis gemovnebas akmayofilebs; iwyeba

esTetikuri gemovnebis degradireba, xelovnebis aRqmisTvis saWiro faqiz

mgrZnobelobas STanTqavs nepmanuri fsiqologia, `nep”-is diqtati: `nepo”-m

moiTxova Tavis Janri xelovnebis da dRes mxolod kabares stilis

xelovnebas aqvs gasavali. xelovnebisTvis es yvelaze ufro saSiSaria,

amas SeuZlia xelovnebas sruliad daukargos Rirseba~ (baxtrioni 1922n:

1).

meore saSiSroeba, romelic imdroindel qarTul xelovnebas

emuqreboda, tician tabiZis azriT, iyo proletaruli kulturis

(proletkultis) moZaleba. rogorc cnobilia, es iyo Zaladoba

xelovnebis mimarT, rac moiTxovda xelovnebis mkveTr ideologizebas,

83

misTvis sworxazovani tendenciurobis Tavsmoxvevas (totalitarizmi...:

2010).

proletkultis ideologia eyrdnoboda `klasobrivi kulturis~

cnebas, romelic arsebiTad imas gulisxmobda, rom xelovnebis nebismier

nawarmoebs unda gamoexata erTaderTi klasis _ proletariatis _

interesebi da msoflmxedveloba. proletariats esaWiroeboda sakuTari

kulturis Seqmna, romelic plakaturad da paTetikurad gamosaxavda

mSromelTa masebis yoveldRiur standartizebul Sromas da yofas. `Cven

uSualod vuaxlovdebiT raRac marTlac axal kombinirebul xelovnebas,

sadac ukana planze aRmoCndebian wminda adamianuri demonstraciebi,

ubadruki Tanamedrove farisevluri saxiobani da kameruli musika. Cven

mivemarTebiT saganTa aqamde arnaxuli obieqturi demonstraciisken,

meqanizebuli brbosa da sulisSemZvreli Ria grandiozulobisken,

romelic ar cnobs arafers intimursa da liriuls” – werda im wlebSi

proletkultis erT-erTi mTavari ideologi aleqsei gastevi (gastevi:

1919). es arsebiTad moaswavebda totalitaruli reJimis dიqtatis

damyarebas kulturaze.

Atician tabiZe statiaSi `fondi xelovnebisaTvis~ saubrobs im

gamouval mdgomareobaze, romelic seriozul xelovnebas eqmneboda: `am

SemTxvevaSi loRikurad iSleba winaaRmdegoba. erTi mxriv, proletaruli

kultura iTxovs mxolod Tavis klasikur xelovnebas, meore mxriv, `nepo~

kidev Tavis surogats, namdvili xelovneba ki _ is maradi Rirebulebis

Semqmneli _ orive SemTxvevaSi gariyuli rCeba” (baxtrioni 1922o: 2).

Oorive momakvdinebeli saSiSroeba, romelTa winaSe aRmoCnda

Tanamedrove qarTuli kultura, xelovneba da romlebsac statiis avtori

analitikurad akvirdeba da warmoaCens, _E xelovnebis `gasasaRebel~

(baxtrioni 1922p: 2) saqonlad qcevac da xelovnebis ideologizacia,

ideologiur iaraRad qcevac _ kulturis gamasobrivebas gulisxmobda. im

periodis sabWoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia, xelovnebis

ideologizacia ufro warmoadgenda.

proletaruli xelovnebis _ maskulturis nairsaxeobis _ meSveobiT

dიqtatorul reJims unda waremarTa adamianTa erTgvarovan, mdabio,

agresiul masad qcevis procეsi.

84

Ggasagebia, rom tician tabiZe antipaTiurad ekideba maskulturas,

romelic farTo masebis gemovnebas da moTxovnilebebs aris morgebuli

da moklebulia azris, grZnobis siRrmes da sifaqizes, formis simdidres

da daxvewilobas, imas, rac warmoadgens namdvili xelovnebis Rirsebebs

da ris winaSეc qeds ixridnen cisferyanwelebi.

`saWiroa meti dafiqreba, rom surogatma ar gamoacxados Tavis

gegemonia, romelic samudamoთ daRupavs xelovnebas” (baxtrioni 1922J: 2)

_ daaskvnis avtori. samwuxarod, tician tabiZis es erTgvari

winaswarmetყveleba axda _ surogatma marTlac moipova hegemonuri

mdgomareoba.

Aam statiis gamoqveynebis Semdeg gazeT ,,baxtrionSi”, № 14 _

09.10.1922 _ tician tabiZe kvlav ubrundeba SemoqmedebiTi Sromis

xelSewyobis Temas. statiaSi ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis” irkveva, rom

xelovanTa kavSiris mTavar komitets hqonia msjeloba xelovanTa fondis

Seqmnis Sesaxeb da zogierTi praqtikuli nabijic gadaudgams. mas

mounaxavs materialuri xelSewyobis erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba _ mTel

saqarTveloSi gaemarTa momgebiani latarea. komitetis gadawyvetileba

emyareboda im mosazrebas, rom qarTuli xelovnebis mxardaWera qarTveli

xalxis sazrunavi unda yofiliyo da ,,ise aravis ar daewveba guli,

rogorc imave xalxs... amisTvis saWiro moraluri TanagrZnoba yovelTvis

arsebobda Cven xalxSi” (baxtrioni 1922r: 2).

tician tabiZe yovelTvis aris xalxisa da mwerlobis, xalxisa da

xelovanTa urTierTdaxmarebis, urTierTxelSewyobis momxre. sabWoTa

xelisuflebisagan samowyalod mowodebul daxmarebas mas yovelTvis

urCevnia, rom qarTveli xalxi TviTon uangarod edgas mxarSi Tavis

kulturas: ,,rom es saqme TviTon xalxma miiRos Tavis Tavze da ar

Caaqros mraval saukuniani eris kultura” (baxtrioni 1922s: 2).

tician tabiZe operirebs publicistikis Janrobriv-gamomsaxveli

saSualebebiT da maTi meSveobiT statiis paToss ufro efeqturs, xolo

frazas, intonacias ufro metyvels da momTxovns xdis. am SemTxvevaSi es

saSualebaa SekiTxvis, ritorikuli kiTxvis dasma, rasac avtorisave

principuli pasuxi mosdevs: ,,CvenTvis gasakviria, ratom am xnis

85

ganmavlobaSi ar iqna es moxseneba damtkicebuli? vis edeba amaSi brali

_ dawesebulebaTa biurokratizms, Tu TviTon komitetis daudevrobas?

...am saqmis dayovneba safrTxeSi agdebs qarTul xelovnebas”(baxtrioni

1922t: 2).

qarTul xelovnebaze Tavdadebuli zrunva publicist tician

tabiZisTvis moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis demonstrirebis kidev erT

saSualebad iqca.

5.2. ”xelovnebis sasaxle”

(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №15 – 16.10.1922)

tician tabiZe gazeT `baxtrionSi” agrZelebs statiaTa cikls

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos mxridan xelovnebis mxardasaWerad. avtors

miaCnia, rom kulturis ganviTareba saxelmwifos funqciaa da mxolod

kerZo iniciativiT, calkeuli mecenatis ZalisxmeviT SeuZlebelia

mniSvnelovani Zvrebis ganxorcieleba, mZlavri ganmaaxlebeli impulsebis

warmoSoba xelovnebaSi. Aavtori ramdenime mniSvnelovani saqmiani

iniciativiT gamodis.

`qarTvel artistebsa da mwerlebisTvis didi xnis ausrulebeli

ocneba iyo hqonodaT TavianTi saxli, sadac maT SesZlebodaT

erTmaneTTan urTierToba da saerTo saqmiT daintereseba. TiTqmis yvela

kulturul qveynebSi aris aseTi saxlebi da klubebi da metia laparaki

imaze, rom amas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda TviTeul eris xelovnebis

aRorZinebaSi” (baxtrioni 1922:u 1) – mkiTxvelisTvis sevdismomgvrelia es

sityvebi imis gamo, rom maTSi gamosWvivis demokratiuli cnobierebis

mqone adamianis swrafva Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken,

es ki SeuZlebeli iyo bolSevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom es e. w. `nep~-is wlebia, rodesac sul ramdenime

wliT Seiqmna sabWoTa sistemis erTgvari liberalizaciis iluzia da

albaT swored amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli apelacia `kulturul

qveynebze” – im Tavisufal da civilizebul sivrceze, romelsac

86

Sinaganad mieltvodnen da romelsac akuTvnebdnen kidec sakuTar Tavs

qarTveli `cisferyanwelebi”.

5.3. `specebis kuriozi”

(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №15 – 23.09.1923).

tician tabiZis es statia gazeT `rubikonSia~ (#15, 1923 w.) dabeWdili

da, rogorc saTauridan Cans, anomaliur socialur movlenas exeba,

romlisgan Cveni Tanamedroveobac ar aris dazRveuli.

rogorc werilidan vigebT, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis

gansaviTareblad ucxoeTidan sagangebod mowveul specialistebs

`specebs” uwodebdnen. swored am `specebis” anazRaurebis Sefardebas

qarTveli profesionalebis mizerul anazRaurebasTan miiCnevs tician

tabiZe kuriozulad.

avtors meti damajereblobisTvis mohyavs konkretuli magaliTebi,

misi msjeloba faqtebs eyrdnoba: `tiflisSi aris kino Teatris reJisori

i. n. perestiani (me mas piradaT vicnob da kargis meti masze ar SemiZlia

vsTqva rame)... is iRebs TveSi jamagirs 850 maneTs CervoneciT saxelmwifo

kino trestidan... vis unda hqondes amis winaaRmdeg rame. piriqiT, Cven

dainteresebuli varT kino warmoeba ganviTardes saqarTveloSi”


aseTive `speci” yofila saxelmwifo operis TeatrSi mowveuli axali

tenori – mosini, italiidanac moelodnen momRerlebs da 300 maneTze

naklebs aravin jerdeboda.

tician tabiZe, cxadia, kmayofilebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom

Rirseuli materialuri anazRaureba aqvT Tbilisis stumrebs, romelTac

Cveni qveynis ganviTarebaSi SehqondaT wvlili, `magram sad aris

samarTali, rom qarTul dramaSi sami reJisori – sandro axmeteli,

mixeil qoreli da akaki faRava iReben 30 saqonlis maneTs” (rubikoni

1923h35: 1).

87

Camosul da adgilobriv xelovanTa anazRaurebas Soris aseTi

TvalSisacemi disproporcia, etyoba, ara marto tician tabiZis, aramed

bevri sxva qarTveli xelovanis aRSfoTebas iwvevda.

es aRSfoTeba, cxadia, ar iyo gamowveuli qarTvel xelovanTa

mxolod finansuri diskriminaciiT. Ees diskriminacia arsebiTad

gamoxatavda qarTvel xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi srulfasovnebis

auRiareblobas, moaswavebda maT moralur damcirebas da dakninebas:

`gvgonia, rom aseTi damdableba xelfasis ar aris marto qarTveli

artistebis Tavmoyvareobis sakiTxia... es Cven yvelas gvexeba... gana imitom,

rom qarTul xelovnebas ar aqvs eris simciris gamo, didi rezonansi,

gana es sakmaoa imisTvis, rom saukeTeso artistebi SimSilobdnen”


rogorc Cans, xelisuflebas undoda qarTvel xelovanTaTvis

arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba Caenerga, raTa Semdeg ufro advilad

SeZleboda dabeCavebuli adamianebiT manipulireba: `gamodis, rom erTi

kinos reJisori an da erTi tenori ufro mets iRebs, vinem mTeli

qarTveli msaxiobebi reJisorebis mimatebiT... Cven darwmunebuli varT,

rom mTavroba angariSs gauwevs am anomalias” (rubikoni 1923h37: 1).

rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa xelisuflebam sul ramdenime weliwadSi

anomaliuri gaxada saqarTvelos cxovreba.

88

VI Tavi

werilebi xelovnebaze

6.1. musika _ ”zaqaria faliaSvili”

tician tabiZis werili – „zaqaria faliaSvili” (tabiZe 1966a: 103-

107), romelic qarTuli musikis klasikosis gardacvalebis wels (1933)

daibeWda, mniSvnelovani wvlilia, Setanili kritikul da kvleviT-

mecnierul „faliaSvilianaSi“.

cnobilia, rom faliaSvilis musikas imTaviTve aRtacebuli Sefaseba

misca mTelma qarTulma kulturulma sazogadoebam, kerZod ki, ivane

javaxiSvilma, kote marjaniSvilma, sandro axmetelma, agreTve ilia

zurabiSvilma, romelmac saTave daudo faliaSvilis Semoqmedebis

mecnierul kvlevas. samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis es

saintereso werili, gasagebi mizezis gamo, ar figurirebs

faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnil im fundamentur musikismcodneobiT SromebSi,

romlebic ibeWdeboda 1940–50-ian wlebSi – tician tabiZis

reabilitaciamde. es xarvezi dRemde Seuvsebelia, rac sasurvelia,

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnil momaval

musikismcodneobiT publikaciebSi.

zaqaria faliaSvilis gamosaTxovari werili SinaarsiT imdenad

mdidaria da imgvari SemoqmedebiTi gznebiT aris dawerili, rom is

scildeba viwro Janrul CarCos da musikalur-esTetikuri kvlevis saxes

iZens.

statiaSi, romelSic saubaria rogorc qarTuli xalxuri, aseve

profesiuli musikaluri Semoqmedebis Zireuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb,

xazgasmulia zaqaria faliaSvilis istoriuli roli qarTuli

musikaluri klasikis CamoyalibebaSi, Tanamedrove profesiuli qarTuli

musikis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi.

mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli profesiuli musikis fesvebs tician

tabiZe qarTul xalxur musikaSi eZebs. marTlac, TviTon zaqaria

faliaSvili werda: `miznad davisaxe ra... memuSavna umTavresad qarTuli

erovnuli musikis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebaze, me 15 wlis manZilze

89

moviare TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelo, dawyebuli qarTliTa da kaxeTiT, da

damTavrebuli zogjer miuwvdomeli mTiani svaneTiT, vagrovebdi xalxur

simRerebsa da sagaloblebs” (toraZe 2010: 77).

dRes sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azria, rom operaSi `abesalom da

eTeri~ gamoxatuleba hpova ara marto misi avtoris, aramed, sazogadod,

qarTveli xalxis musikalurma geniam da rom faliaSvilis tragikuli

musikis pirquS sidiadeSi aisaxa mTeli qarTveli xalxis

mravalsaukunovani tanjva. Ees opera antikuri tragediuli xelovnebis

simaRlemdea ayvanili (donaZe: 1990).

rodesac tician tabiZe saubrobs qarTuli xalxuri musikis

individualur specifikaze, originalur paralels avlebs qarTul

xalxur poeziasTan _ ixsenebs yivCaRis Sexvedras qarTvel vaJkacTan

muxranis velze, anda vefxvisa da moymis leqss da maT puSkinisa da

Sileris baladebs utolebs. Aaseve originaluria paralelebi vagneris

da skriabinis – poetis sayvareli kompozitorebis – grandiozul

qmnilebebTan – `nibelungebTan” da `promeTes himnTan” (tabiZe 1966a: 103).

avtori, rogorc yovelTvis, avlens qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis

gamokveTisken da misi evropuli xasiaTis warmoCenisken swrafvas.

werilis avtori msjelobs qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sedevrebze

(`xasanbegura”, `Cela” da sxv.), romelTa Soris svanur `liles~ masze

gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba mouxdenia: `gana marTla warRvnas ar

hgavda TbilisSi dadeSqelianisa da margianis svanebis qoros gamoCena?...

mxolod esaa, svaneTis mewyeri uecrad gaqra Tbilisidan da axlac

aravin icis, sad devs es madani” (tabiZe 1966a: 104).

ueWvelia, aseTi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT mdidar xalxs ara erTi an

ori gamoCenili ostati unda hyavdes. ,,am saxelebiT mdidaria Cveni

musikac... gansakuTrebiT zaqaria faliaSvils ergo bedad yofiliyo

Tanamedrove operis pioneri da damamkvidrebeli. „abesalom da eTeriT“

iwyeba qarTuli operis istoria“ (tabiZe 1966a: 104) – wers tician tabiZe.

arsebiTad, es marTlac asea. Tumca, formalurad, „abesaloms“

qronologiurad uswrebda meliton balanCivaZis „Tamar cbieri“

(marTalia, daumTavrebeli), revaz gogniaSvilis „qristine“ (1918) da

90

dimitri arayiSvilis „Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze“ (1919) (qarTuli

musikis istoria: 1990).

sainteresoa msjeloba kompozitor niko sulxaniSvilis _ avtoris

SefasebiT, „niko firosmanis kaxeli oreulis“ (tabiZe 1966a: 104) _

Sesaxeb, romlis mimarTac prioriteti mainc zaqaria faliaSvils eniWeba,

radgan swored man „mogvca mTliani qarTuli musika, romelSic yvela

kuTxea gamoyenebuli, magram Sekrulia sastiki montaJiT” (tabiZe 1966a:

104).

cota ar iyos, subieqturad unda miviCnioT werilis avtoris

SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom operebSi – „daisi” da „latavra” „SeiZleba

meti iyos ostatoba da masalis daufleba”, vidre ”abesalomSi” (tabiZe

1966a: 106). dRes qarTul musikismcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli da

aRiarebulia azri, rom opera „abesalom da eTeri“ uzado mxatvruli

ostatobiT aris Sesrulebuli.

tician tabiZis originaluri dakvirvebiT, am operaSi

gansaxierebulia qarTveli eris nacionaluri xasiaTi: `xalxma icno

Tavisi xma, icno da Seiyvara” (tabiZe 1966a: 106). misi azriT, esaa mizezi

imisa, rom `abesalomi” – `qarTuli operis saTave” – aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi 300-jer daidga saopero Teatris scenaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 106).

`genia ar aris eris movaleoba, _ ufro misi bednierebaa” (tabiZe

1966a: 104) – wers tician tabiZe. rogorc Cans, mas aRafrTovanebda

faliaSvilis sulSiCamwvdomi, siuJetis gmirul da patriotul

motivebTan Serwymuli lirikuli, romantikuli musika. is ixsenebs

nikoloz baraTaSvilis sityvebs poemidan `bedi qarTlisa”, rom is, rac

erTxel xalxis suls daaCndeba, saSviliSvilod gadaecema. Ppublicistis

azriT, zaqaria faliaSvilis Semoqmedeba samudamod aRibeWdeba

msmenelis, eris kulturul mexsierebaSi. da radgan baraTaSvili am

sityvebs krwanisis omSi daRupul gmirebs uZRvnis, amitom SesaZloa

vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZe faliaSvilis SemoqmedebiT Rvawls

samSoblosTvis Tavganwiruli adamianebis Rvawls, maT gmirobas adarebs

da utolebs. kompozitoris Tavdadebuli Sroma SemoqmedebiTi da

samoqalaqo gmirobis rangSia ayvanili.

91

unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis mgrZnobiare, emociuri teqsti

aRbeWdilia avtoris natifi musikaluri alRoTi da wvdomiT.

STabeWdileba rCeba, rom is Sesrulebulia absoluturi musikaluri

smenis mqone profesionalis mier, romelic mkiTxvels sTavazobs niko

sulxaniSvilisa da meliton balanCivaZis musikis intonaciuri

specifikis, ivane faliaSvilis mier ganxorcielebuli operis

orkestrirebisa da zaqaria faliaSvilis musikaluri simfonizmis

kvalificiur analizs.

amave dros werili gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT,

romelic rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qarTul sazogadoebas gauRvivdes

erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da SesaZleblobebis

rwmena.

6.2. Teatri - ,,kote marjaniSvili”

(tabiZe 1966a: 111-117)

,,durujis“ deklaracia”

(tabiZe 1966a: 300-307)

Tavis gamoCenil qarTvel Tanamedroveebs _ reJisor kote

marjaniSvils da sandro axmetels uZRvnis tician tabiZe statiebs _

`durujis deklaracia~-1924w. (tabiZe 1966a: 300-307) da `kote

marjaniSvili~-1933 w. (tabiZe 1966a: 111-117).

tician tabiZes xiblavs am adamianebis novatoruli buneba, maTi

daudgromeli xasiaTi, revoluciuri SemarTeba, is, rom `marjaniSvils

bevri ram Sexvedria da Tavs gadaxdomia cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis

gzaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 111). es is Tvisebebia, romlebic sulierad

anaTesavebda am did Semoqmedebs.

statiaSi `kote marjaniSvili” aris reJisorisadmi miZRvnili aseTi

pasaJi: `mas aqvs mozvavebuli mewyeris STagoneba da Tu zvavad wamovida,

ar gaCerdeba, sxvasac gaitans da TviTonac CainTqmeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 111).

am pasaJma SeuZlebelia mkiTxvels ar gaaxsenos statiis avtoris

cnobili poeturi striqonebi:

92

`me ar vwer leqsebs, leqsi TviTon mwers,

Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan axlavs,

leqss me vuwodeb movardnil mewyers,

rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs~

(tabiZe 1982: 559).

tician tabiZes miaCnda, rom poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi stiqiuroba,

spontanuroba aris mTavari sawyisi da marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebaSic am

sawyiss xedavs da afasebs.

Ppoets izidavs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `daudegroba,

gaafTreba da Tavganwiruloba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 112), anu is, ramac

`cisferyanwelTa“ ordenis poetur amboxs misca impulsi da swored

amgvari Tanxmiereba ganapirobebda, rogorc Cans, tician tabiZis

aRfrTovanebas kote marjaniSviliT.N

`cisferyanwelTa~ SemoqmedebiT kredos da poetur msoflaRqmas,

esTetikas erTgvarad exmianeba tician tabiZis msjeloba marjaniSvilis

Teatraluri koncefciis Sesaxeb _ `misTvis Teatri ar iyo erTi

romelime Teatri, misTvis mTeli qveyana iyo erTi uzarmazari Teatri da

TviTonac, rogorc reJisori, yvelgan iyo, sadac ki Teatris

Tavbrudamxvevi mtveri dadgeboda“ (tabiZe 1966a: 112). uneblieT

gagaxsendeba tician tabiZis poeturi striqoni leqsidan `qaldeas

balagani~ _ `Cemi samSoblo _ saqarTvelo _ sxva Teatria~ (qarTuli

poezia 1982: 495). `cisferyanwelebisTvisac~ da kote marjaniSvilisTvisac

samyaro, qveyana, adamianTa cxovreba warmodgeboda Teatrad – sanaxaobad,

saxiobad, niRbebis TamaSad...

sandro axmetelis da kote marjaniSvilis daudegarma bunebam, maTma

brZolam Teatraluri rutinis winaaRmdeg da ganaxlebisken, novaciisken

swrafvam gamoxatuleba hpova 1924 wels maT garSemo Semokrebili

axalgazrduli Teatraluri koleqtivis _ `durujis~ SeqmnaSi.

rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobTa korporacia `durujis~ saxelwodeba

warmodgeba mdinare durujisgan, romelic kote marjaniSvilis

mSobliuri soflis _ yvarlis – mdinarea. tician tabiZe marjaniSvilis

da misi axalgazrduli dasis temperaments mdinare durujis moulodnel

wyaluxvobas da stiqiur Zalas adarebs _ `kaxeTSi Cemi TvaliT minaxavs,

93

rom am patara mTis mdinares kldeebi dauxeTqia da iseTi ciklopuri

lodebi Camoutania, adamiani verc ki daijerebs aseTi warRvnis

datrialebas~ (tabiZe 1966a: 112).

korporacia `duruji~ miznad isaxavda Teatris SemoqmedebiTi

cxovrebis da organizaciuli formebis gardaqmnas. igi brZolas

ucxadebda Zvel, dromoWmul Teatralur stils. es axalgazrduli

korporacia aRsavse iyo novatoruli suliskveTebiT. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas ,,cisferyanwelTa“ poeturi kredos Sesaxeb.

,,durujis“ modernistuli ideebi stiqioniviT daatyda Tavs

imdroindeli Tbilisis dune da provinciul Teatralur cxovrebas da

tician tabiZe enTuziazmiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvari TavganwirviT

daudga gverdiT am korporacias: `Teatri ar aris is, rac nacionaluri

sircxvilia: erovnul tipad miviRoT naleqi kintoebisa da

yaraCoRelebisa?.. es aris marTla Tavis dasamareba. Cven,

`cisferyanwelebma~, pirvelad SemoviReT `arSin mal alanis~ warmodgenis

dangreva aqac da provinciaSic... es Cveni esTetikuri da erovnuli

siamayis moTxovnileba iyo~ (tabiZe 1966a: 303) _ werda tician tabiZe

axali sareJisoro da Teatraluri koncefciis mxardasaWerad.

,,icavda ra ,,durujis” pozicias, tician tabiZe evropuli Teatris

pozicias icavda... arSin-mal-alanis modur aRmosavlur simRerebs

,,cisferyanwelebic“ da ,,durujelebic“ evropeizmis sapirispiro

movlenad miiCnevdnen“ _ wers Tetrmcodne vasil kiknaZe (kiknaZe 2003: 527).

`duruji~ upirispirdeboda primitiul Sexedulebas, romelic

Teatrs mxolod da mxolod gasarTobis funqcias utovebda da am

ubadruki Sexedulebis nacvlad amkvidrebda Teatris misiis humanistur

gagebas, Teatris maRal moqalaqeobriv paToss, maRalmxatvrulobas,

sadResaswaulo bunebas. es esTetika savsebiT gaiziara da mis dasacavad

xma aimaRla tician tabiZemac.

,,durujma“ Teatralur rutinas daupirispira sinTezuri Teatris

principi _ `Semdeg movida qimia, algebra formis, alqimia... reJisori,

artisti, dramaturgi... Teatrs miuyenes meti moTxovnilebebi... Cveni

artistebis pirvel Taobas mohyva uniWo Taoba. SesaZlebelia niWi

imdenad kidev ar akldaT, ramdenadac kultura, Zieba da teqnikuri

94

miRwevebi~ (tabiZe 1966a: 303) _ rogorc vxedavT, absoluturad kanonier,

bunebriv pretenziebs uyenebs axali esTetika Zvel Teatrs. tician

tabiZis azriT, ar SeiZleba axali saqmis gakeTeba, Tu Zvels ar eTqva

uari: `yoveli axali Zala da mimarTuleba xelovnebaSi gamodis

kadnierebiT da metis moTxovniT _ es yvelasaTvis cxadia, _ mwerlobas,

yovel SemTxvevaSi, es axsovs dawyebuli berZenTa kosmogonis hesiodedan,

da gaTavebuli frang dadaist tristan tcaramde. kadnieri da Seupovari

iyo romantizmi, naturalizmi, simbolizmi, futurizmi, da dRes evropaSi

TiTqmis imdeni skolaa, ramdeni mxatvaricaa da poetic~(tabiZe 1966a: 301).

aq tician tabiZe Cvens winaSe warmodgeba rogorc moazrovne,

romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli standartis damkvidrebas cdilobs,

radgan swored evropuli kulturaa dinamiuri da individualisturi,

masSi yovel xelovans Tavisi gamorCeuli xma, saxe moeTxoveba; swored

evropuli arCevania ganaxleba da radikaluri cvlilebebi, swrafva

progresisken, rac anaTesavebda kote marjaniSvilis, sandro axmetelis

da `cisferyanwelTa~ SemoqmedebiT kredos. ,,cisferyanwelebs miaCndaT,

rom xalasi poeturi xma ikargeboda ugemovnebis zRvaSi. aseve

fiqrobdnenAdurujelebic. Oorive dajgufebam ukompromisod Seutia

Zvels. manifestebi iyo paTetikuri, rixiani, kadnieri, axalgazrdulad

gulwrfeli da Wabukurad mgznebare“ (kiknaZeN2003: 525).

tician tabiZis inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis Semajamebel

formulasaviT JRers misi sityvebi, romlebSic qarTuli kulturis

modernizaciis da universalizaciis aucileblobaa gamokveTili: ”nu

viqnebiT karCaketilebi: msoflio radiusiT gaimarTos xazi qarTuli

xelovnebis da maT Soris, Teatrisac“ (tabiZe 1966a: 307).

`Zvelis dangreva da uaryofa ar aris danaSauli, _ erovnuli

aRorZineba swored amazea damokidebuli... qarTveli eri imiT aris

gamarjvebuli, rom yovelTvis ganaxlebis gzas adgas, Torem isedac

grZeli istoria nacrad aqcevda~ (tabiZe 1966a: 306). Zveli Taobis

Teatralebis dapirispireba kote marjaniSvilTan, agreTve korporacia

`durujTan~ Zalian hgavs e.w. `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolas~ XIX s. 60-70-ian

wlebSi, romlis ZiriTadi arsi iyo cxovrebis patriarqalur-feodaluri

wesis, kulturis, mwerlobis gaqvavebuli formebis damcveli `mamebis~ da

95

cxovrebis, kulturis ganaxlebisken Tavgadadebulad mswrafveli axali

Taobis _ `Svilebis~ _ Seurigebeli dapirispireba. es dapirispireba

umTavresad literaturis sferoSi gamovlinda, magram, faqtobrivad,

moicavda socialuri cxovrebisa da kulturis yvela sferos (qarTuli...

1984: 348). `patriotoba da qarTveloba nu iqneba RonemixdilTa

monopolia. erTxel grigol orbelians egona, rom ilia WavWavaZe

angrevda saqarTvelos, magram is novatori darCa qarTvelobis

dauCrdilvel kolosad~ (tabiZe 1966a: 306).

dRes, rodesac TiTqmis mTeli saukune gavida 1924 wels tician

tabiZis statiis - ,,durujis“ deklaraciis“ daweris Semdeg, sruliad

cxadia, rom tician tabiZe yvelaze progresuli ideebis da yvelaze

niWieri adamianebis damcvelad mogvevlina. `modis axalgazrdoba,

romelmac Segnebulad iwama kote marjaniSvilis misia Teatris

ganaxlebis (aqedan paroli `duruji~). mieciT saSualeba Tqvan Tavisi

sityva: sandro axmeteli, Tamar WavWavaZe, veriko anjafariZe, akaki vasaZe,

akaki xorava, uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe, dodo anTaZe... ra iqneba

qarTuli Teatri, rom eseni gamovricxoT: me vambob Tanamedrove Teatrze.

Zvelebs rad unda swyindeT, rom maTi meTodi Zvelia, maTi kunTebi

moiRalnen...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 306).

dRes zemoCamoTvlili msaxiobebi qarTuli Teatris korifeebad

iTvlebian da maT saxelebs yvela ukavSirebs qarTuli erovnuli Teatris

renesanss. magram im dReebSi, rogorc CvenSi xdeba xolme, maT usamarTlo

kritika da Seuracxyofa ar mohklebiaT: `yvelas axsovs, ra iyo es

warmodgena [igulisxmeba kote marjaniSvilis mier dadgmuli speqtakli –

lope de vegas `cxvris wyaro~, laurensia _ Tamar WavWavaZe _ m.t.], rogor

gadasxvaferda Teatri jadoqari novatoris xelSi... dekoraciebi, musika _

yvelaferi axali iyo da yvelaferi sunTqavda ganaxlebiTa da

aRorZinebiT.N es warmodgena gadaiqca demonstraciad da mitingad~

(tabiZe 1966a: 115).

alaparakda presac da sazogadoebas gauCnda Zlieri interesi axali

Teatris mimarT. qarTul warmodgenebs ucxoelebic eswrebodnen da

Teatri iqca ganuwyveteli, cxare diskusiebis sagnad: `mxolod Zveli

rutinerebi ar cxrebodnen... am warmodgenis meore dResve xelovnebis

96

sasaxleSi marTavdnen sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebs, da axal Teatrs

naTlavdnen jambazebis Teatrad... am Rames mxolod me da paolo iaSvili

vicavdiT kote marjaniSvils...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 115).

rogorc tician tabiZe sinanuliT wers, mas undoda mowinaaRmdege

banaks gamoekveTa Tavisi poziciebi, rom SemdgomSi SeZlebodaT

kamaTisTvis ufro principuli xasiaTis micema, magram, rogorc irkveva,

kamaTi ukve acdenili iyo principul xazs: sadac saWiro iyo sidinje da

analizi, iq mxolod `isteriuli gamZafreba~ yofila: `me axla arc

vasaxeleb am xalxs, radgan dRes TviTonac SercxvebaT TavianTi

CamorCenilobisa~(tabiZe 1966a: 115).

samwuxaro realobaa. retrogradebis brZola novatorebTan xSirad

Trgunavs axlismaZiebel da enTuziazmiT savse axalgazrdobas, magram,

sabednierod, am SemTxvevaSi kote marjaniSvilis mtkice xasiaTma da

Seupovrobam sZlia Surian karCaketilobasa da SezRudulobas.

isev tician tabiZis metafora gvaxsendeba, sadac is marjaniSvilis

xasiaTs mdinare durujis Tvisebebs adarebs _ `amaod cdilobdnen

yvarlelebi mdinarisaTvis dambebi daegoT: adidebuli duruji

nacarmtvers adenda am dambebs da aforiaqebuli milekavda xeobas~

(tabiZe 1966a: 112).

aseTive daudgromeli da Tavdauzogavi ostatebi iyvnen kote

marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli.

SeniSvnis saxiT gvinda davZinoT, rom, samwuxarod, mogvianebiT

korporacia `durujsa~ da marjaniSvils Soris Tavi iCina mwvave

konfliqtma da marjaniSvilma 1926 wels (tician tabiZis mier statiis

daweridan sul raRac oriode wlis Semdeg) Teatri datova, xolo

korporacia `duruji~ daiSala.

kote marjaniSvilis sikvdilis scena tician tabiZes raRac ucnauri

tkiviliT da TiTqos tragikuli winaTgrZnobiTac aqvs aRbeWdili:

`sikvdilma kote marjaniSvils Semoqmedebis qarbuqSi mouswro.

TebervalSi me viyavi moskovs... moskovidanac erTad vimgzavreT da

aqamdisac mgonia, rom erT matarebelSi vzivarT...” (tabiZe 1966a: 116).

97

6.3. ”rusTavelis Teatri”

(tabiZe 1966, t.2: 308-317),

tician tabiZis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani publikacia Teatris

Sesaxeb aris statia `rusTavelis Teatri~.

sayovelTaod cnobilia 1930-ian wlebSi rusTavelis TeatrTan

dakavSirebuli politikuri peripetiebi. am bolo dros Zalian bevri da

mniSvnelovani dokumenti gamoqveynda, romelic adasturebs imdroindeli

mmarTveli wreebis (upirvelesad lavrenti berias) sabediswero

dainteresebas am TeatriT _ misi SemoqmedebiTi koleqtiviT,

repertuariT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT. ,,axmetels da bevr durujels

Zvirad daujdaT maSindeli damoukidebloba. ,,durujis” gverdiT verc

partiuli ujredi da verc komkavSiri veras gaawyobdnen. beria Tavis

werilSi pirdapir faSistur organizacias uwodebs maT, radgan isini ar

scnobdnen zemdgom organoebs”- vkiTxulobT Tetrmcodne vasil kiknaZis

wignSi (kiknaZe 2003: 540).

tician tabiZis statia ,,rusTavelis Teatri“ 1930 welsaa dawerili

da aq TiTqos ukve igrZnoba represiebis moaxloeba. `qarTuli drama male

centralur sakiTxad iqca qarTuli xelovnebis politikaSi da dRemde

aqtiur sakiTxad rCeba, magram aqve aSkara iyo, rom gamZafrebul zrdas

moyveboda aucilebeli mtkivani adgilebis gaxsna~ (tabiZe 1966a: 309).

marjaniSvilis da axmetelis oponentebi acxadebdnen, eseni kargi

reJisorebi ki arian, `magram Teatrs reJisorebi ver Seqmniano~; maTi

meore Tezisi aseTi iyo: `marTalia, moxda erTgvari formis

gadaxaliseba, ganaxleba, magram yvelaferi es xdeba ucxo meTodiT da

sad aris qarTuli erovnuli Teatrio~ (tabiZe 1966a: 309).

rogorc vxedavT, statiis avtori publicisturi simarTliT

warmoaCens, rogor ikvreboda wre marjaniSvilisa da axmetelis garSemo.

cnobilia, rom am orma novatorma reJisorma mTlianad daangria Zveli

patriarqaluri Teatris gaxevebuli principebi da Zlieri reJisoris

`diqtatura~ ganaxorciela. rogorc tician tabiZe wers, sabWoTa

ideologiis poziciebidan es Sefasda rogorc `mavne gadaxra~ (tabiZe

1966a: 309). TviT tician tabiZe ki sareJisoro “diqtaturis” mxardamWerad

98

gvevlineba: `sxvanairad SeuZlebeli iyo reJisoris avtoritetis

dadgineba da ganmtkiceba; aman didi dadebiTi roli iTamaSa” (tabiZe

1966a: 309).

tician tabiZis amgvari Ria mxardaWera reJisorebisadmi, romelTac

ukve `mavneblobaSi~ sdebdnen brals da romelTagan erTi _ kote

marjaniSvili _ sul male, faqtobrivad, gaZevebuli iqneboda qarTuli

Teatridan, xolo meore _ sandro axmeteli _ daxvretili, statiis

avtoris Tamam, ukompromiso nabijad unda CaiTvalos.

cxadia, sabWoTa Teatris `meurveebs~ arc reJisorTa namdvili da

SeubRalavi avtoriteti mosdiodaT TvalSi da arc maTi novatoruli

evropeistuli Teatraluri eqsperimentebi. ,,axmetelis gamorCeuli

Sturmebi qarTveli xalxis artistuli bunebis gamosavlenad, misi

siRrmiseuli svlebi eris sanaxaobiTi kulturis saTaveebTan,

cisferyanwelTa aRtacebas iwvevda” (kiknaZe 2003: 532).

magram yvelaze mtkivneuli sxva ram iyo: `Teatri pirispir miadga

ufro wyeul sakiTxebs _ es sakiTxebia: repertuarisa, erovnulobisa da

revolucionurobisa~ (tabiZe 1966a: 310). cxadia, rom samive es `wyeuli~

sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Teatris

propagandistul manqanad qcevis survils.

literaturas da xelovnebas _ kinos, mxatvrobas, musikas da

gansakuTrebiT Teatrs sabWoTa ideologia yovelTvis akisrebda

masobrivi propagandis funqcias. rodesac kinoxelovneba masebze Zlier

zegavlenas jer kidev ver axdenda, ar arsebobda masobrivi propagandis

iseTi Zlieri saSualeba, rogoricaa televizia, Teatris

propagandistuli roli gansakuTrebuli iyo. Teatri uSualo kontaqtSi

Sedis publikasTan, mas gaaCnia iseTi Zlieri iaraRi, rogoricaa sityva.

sityvis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda uxeSi zemoqmedeba `koleqtiur

qvecnobierze~ da masebi ufro advilad dasamorCileblebi da samarTavebi

xdebodnen.

rusTavelis Teatric unda Camdgariyo xelisuflebis samsaxurSi da

moexdina masebis konsolidacia komunisturi ideebis garSemo.

tician tabiZis statia Aamgvar konteqstSia gansaxilveli.

99

problema, romelic aq kulturologiur planSia ganxiluli,

kulturologiur-TeatrmcodneobiTi rakursiTaa danaxuli, rusTavelis

Teatris repertuarisa da Teatris mayurebelTan urTierTobis dilemebs

moicavs. avtori saubrobs qarTuli Teatris tradiciis or magistralur

mimarTulebaze _ heroikulze da komediurze. erT-erT yvelaze

mniSvnelovan heroikul speqtaklad tician tabiZe miiCnevs al.

sumbaTaSvilis `Ralats~ da mis `momyol dramebs~, xolo komediuri

Janris speqtaklebad _ a. cagarlis `xanumas~ da mis msgavs warmodgenebs.

istoriuli drama `Ralati~ saqarTvelos gmiruli warsulis

nostalgiuri gaxsenebaa. rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklSi tragikulad

Seferili romantikuli paTosi erwymoda WeSmarit realizms, msaxiobebi

TamaSobdnen mgznebare temperamentiT, xolo reJisoris patriotuli

saTqmeli mayureblis sayovelTao aRfrTovanebas iwvevda.

meore mxriv, TeatrSi idgmeboda ugemovno, dabali mxatvruli

Rirebulebis warmodgenebi, romlebic izidavda farTo masebs,

ukmayofilebda sicilis primitiul fiziologiur moTxovnilebas da

arTobda maT. akademiuri Teatris amgvari daknineba aRaSfoTebs tician

tabiZes da is aSiSvlebs am samwuxaro movlenis fesvebs: `Cven axla ar

SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu rogor moxda, rom Tbilisis

eTnografiuli naleqi erovnul saZirkvlad iqca, da kinto kidev

erovnul gmirad,... _ magram saqme is aris, rom am xaziT warimarTa Semdeg

qarTuli opera `qeTo da kote~, ... da Zvel rusTavelis Teatrsac uwia

jer uvnebeli `mzis dabnelebiT~ da Semdeg `dezertirkiT~ da `amerikeli

ZiiT~, romelsac verc gasabWoebam uSvela da verc axalma reJisorulma

xerxebma, radgan fesvebi sxvagan hqonda gamdgari~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311).

naTelia, rom rafinirebuli literaturuli gemovnebis mqone

`cisferyanwel~ poets aRizianebs da Trgunavs rusTavelis Teatris

mizanmimarTuli degradaciac, msaxiobTa TamaSis vulgaruli manerac,

repertuaris simwirec da mayureblis inteleqtualuri krizisic.

modernisti SemoqmedisTvis esTetikurad miuRebelia rogorc

fsevdopaTetikuri scenuri siyalbe da xelovnuri heroikul-isteriuli

stili, aseve saeWvo gemovnebis vodeviluri piesebi da msaxiobTa TamaSis

manera. `Tvalis dabrmaveba iqneba imis ar SemCneva, rom am warmodgenas

100

auarebeli xalxi eswreboda da Teatridan gamotanil intermediebis

kupletebs mTeli Tbilisi mReroda~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311). amgvar

speqtaklebs tician tabiZe miiCnevs mayureblis inteleqtualuri rangis

indikatorad.

rogorc statiidan Cans, saxelmwifos mxridan Teatris mimarT

tardeboda iseTi politika, rom repertuaris gaubraloebiT,

gaprimitiulebiT xalxis farTo masebis mozidva gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli

da advilad moxerxebuliyo seriozuli cxovrebiseuli problemebis

miCqmalva, mtkivneuli Temebis sazogadoebis yuradRebis miRma datoveba.

am speqtaklebze, rogorc Cans, àxalma~, naklebad ganaTlebulma

mayurebelma daiwyo daswreba da misi donis amaRleba TeatrisTvis axal

Znel problemad iqca: àm dadgmas hqonda kidev sxva mniSvnelobac: aq

pirvelad gausinjes pulsi axal mayurebels _ mayurebeli xom

TeatrisTvis naxevari saqmea _ da aSkarad gamoCnda, rom ufro didi

RonisZiebaa saWiro, raTa mayurebeli gardaiqmnas, rom amas jer kidev

didi muSaoba sWirdeba da rom es arc ioli, amasTan erTad arc marto

Teatris sakiTxia~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311).

revoluciuri Teatri, tician tabiZis azriT, erovnul-paTetikuri

Teatris principebs unda dayrdnoboda: àq mocemulia mebrZoli

temperamenti da qarTuli erovnuli gmirobis kulti; Tu am sagmiro

paTetikurobas Sinaarsi Seecvleba, misi aRorZineba dResac drois

moTxovnilebaa, vinaidan revolucia warmoudgenelia am sagmiro motivis

gareSe. es gmiruli toni zedmiwevniT udgeba Cvens qariSxlian,

revoluciur epoqas” (tabiZe 1966a: 312).

tician tabiZe xedavs, rom qarTuli xelovneba, Semoqmedeba

midrekilia paTetikisken, Zlieri vnebebis gamoxatvisken, heroikisken

(aseTia TviT misi poeziac). amitom is fiqrobs, rom `revoluciuroba~

erovnuli stiliT unda gaixsnas da amiT erovnuli gaxdes. ucxo, axali

Tema unda Seerwyas qarTul bunebas, qarTul esTetikas. amiT tician

tabiZe icavs erovnulobas xelovnebaSi.

tician tabiZe kritikulad aris ganwyobili xmamaRali da xelovnuri

paTetikurobis mimarT, Torem namdvili eqspresiiT aRbeWdil da

emociurad mZafr srulfasovan heroikul speqtaklebs, piriqiT, savsebiT

101

pozitiurad afasebs: `gmiruli toniT Caatara rusTavelis Teatrma

`lamara~, romelic erT-erT saukeTeso dadgmad unda CaiTvalos~ (tabiZe

1966a: 312).

rogorc vxedavT, statiis avtors pretenzia aqvs ara romelime

Teatraluri Janris an stilis mimarT, aramed igi TatrSi icavs daxvewil

gemovnebas, maRalmxatvrulobas. Tu paTetika moklebulia Rrma saTqmels,

seriozul da mniSvnelovan Sinaarsobriv sayrdenebs, is cariel

ritorikad iqceva: `gmirul tons Sinaarsi unda, uamisod advili

SesaZlebelia is ritorikaSi gadavides da mayurebelze araviTari

STabeWdileba ar moaxdinos~ (tabiZe 1966a: 312).

erT-erT amgvar warmodgenaze msjelobisas avtori ambobs: `aq

imdenad aSkara iyo sqematuroba da ritorika, namdvil yofasTan mowyveta,

rom verc reJisoris xelma, verc artistebis mondomebam veraferi

uSvela~ (tabiZe 1966a: 313).

amgvarad, tician tabiZem statiaSi gaxsna, gaaanaliza is `Sinagani

tkivilebi~, romelic wlebis manZilze problemad eqca rusTavelis

Teatrs. mTavari `tkivili~ mainc iyo Rirseuli mxatvruli repertuari,

romelsac marjaniSvili da axmeteli Tavisi mxatvruli dasiT namdvilad

daZlevdnen, moereodnen. piesebis Tematikis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad

tician tabiZes miaCnia cxovrebasTan siaxlove da `saqarTvelos

cxovrebidan dawerili~ (tabiZe 1966a: 313) namdvili adamianuri dramis

warmoCenisken swrafva.

6.4. ”cxvris wyaro” qarTul scenaze”

lope de vegas piesis mixedviT, dadgma k. marjaniSvilisa

(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №21 - 15.07.1922.)

tician tabiZis statia `cxvris wyaro~ qarTul scenaze” eZRvneba

kote marjaniSvilis mier 1922 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmul

revoluciur-heroikul speqtakls, romelic qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebas

daedo safuZvlad. es iyo marjaniSvilis – qarTuli scenis WeSmariti

102

novatoris _ pirveli Sedevri saqarTveloSi. `kote marjaniSvilma

usaTuod Sehqmna Tavisi epoqa qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi. Cvenma

redaqciam marjaniSvilis CamosvlisTanave aiRo pozicia am

reJisorisadmi~ (baxtrioni 1922c: 1) – saxelovnebo Jurnalistikis

movaleobac swored es aris – Tvalsawieridan ar gamorCes

mniSvnelovani, epoqaluri movlenebi da ara marto gaaSuqos isini, aramed

Tavisi obieqturi kritikiT da SefasebiT stimuli misces dargis

warmatebul ganviTarebas.

Tanamedrove qarTveli Teatrmcodneebi ar kamaToben imaze, rom,

ramdenad paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, es speqtakli

erTdroulad iyo pirveli qarTuli sabWoTa speqtaklic, romelic

revoluciuri paTosiT iyo aRbeWdili da amave dros pirveli qarTuli

evropuli rangis speqtaklic.

`cxvris wyarom~ daamarcxa is nihilizmi, romelic sufevda

imdroindel qarTul TeatrSi. Teatris `sikvdilze TviTon reJisorebi da

artistebic laparakobdnen ase daJinebiT~ (baxtrioni 1922Z: 1) – swored

amitom tician tabiZe am movlenas ganixilavs rogorc gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovan erovnul-patriotul aqts. `rasakvirvelia, ar kmara marto

patriotuli frazeologia... mxolod saqme da namdvili Sroma gamoaCens

mamuliSvils. 26 wlis emigrantobis Semdeg kote marjaniSvili daubrunda

saqarTvelos, rom erTad miezRo misTvis Tavisi codnis, gamocdilebis,

da talantis SenaZeni~ (baxtrioni 1922w: 1). tician tabiZe speqtakls

`saswauls~ (baxtrioni 1922W: 1) uwodebs da es revoluciuri paTosiT

aRsavse dadgma Cveni erovnuli kulturis miRwevad miaCnia.

araviTari disonansi ar SeimCneva am speqtaklis Sesaxeb tician

tabiZis – TviTmxilveli mayureblisa da kritikosis – da Tanamedrove

qarTveli Teatrmcodnis – nodar gurabaniZis msjelobaTa Soris. tician

tabiZis azriT: `samxreTis mcxunvare mze, temperamenti da `uTvalavi

feri~ bunebis... am Rames es iyo swored mocemuli” (baxtrioni 1922x: 1);

nodar gurabaniZe ki vrclad msjelobs imaze, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda naTel-Crdilebis Senacvlebas, ara mxolod ganaTebis, aramed

grZnobaTa cvalebadobis, grZnobaTa dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT

(gurabaniZe 2012).

103

es ùTvalavi feri~ anu speqtaklis intonaciuri, ritmuli

mravalferovneba, saxeobrivi sirTule, msaxiobTa TamaSis nairgvari

stili, dekoraciis, ganaTebis, musikaluri gaformebis simdidre

gansakuTrebulad efeqturs xdida am monumentur da dramatul

warmodgenas.

qarTuli Teatris mkvlevarebis azriT, es Teatraluri saSualebebi,

cxadia, cnobili iyo marjaniSvilis winamorbedi reJisorebisTvisac –

aleqsandre wuwunavasTvis, mixeil qorelisTvis, akaki faRavasTvis, magram

maTi aseTi intensiuri gamoyeneba, yvela Teatraluri komponentis aseTi

organuli Serwyma saintereso da STambeWdavi siaxle yofila ,,cxvris

wyaros” mayureblisTvis.

aq yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT tician tabiZis erT wiaRsvlaze,

romelsac is am statiaSi gvTavazobs da romelic metyvelebs misi

patriotuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis saerTodac damaxasiaTebel, mis

publicistur statiebSi xSirad gamovlenil iliasebur jansaR

kriticizmze. tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT, qarTvels, rogorc wesi, erTi

suli aqvs, Seeswros Tavisi niWierebiT gamorCeuli kolegis

warumateblobas, sazogadoebac mzad aris, gaiziaros Tavisianis –

gamoCenili qarTvelis – damarcxebis sixaruli: ùnda iTqvas marTali,

rom qarTvel xelovanis genia ara marto mis Tana profesiis xalxs

exarbeba, sazogadod qarTveli yovelTvis xarbobs uTuod qarTvel

xelovanis damarcxebas~ (baxtrioni 1922:j 1). magram am SemTxvevaSi moxda

sapirispiro ram – àm Rames, am SemTxvevaSi moxda saswauli, ase

gulwrfelad arasdros ar gauxaria mas [sazogadoebas – m.t.] am

ukanasknel wlebSi. kote marjaniSvili am Rames mogebuli darCa~

(baxtrioni 1922h: 1). tician tabiZes ukvirs rusTavelis Teatris

koleqtivis, msaxiobTa uSurveloba, saerTo sixaruli, aRfrTovaneba

kolegebis warmatebisa da didi saqmis erTad ganxorcielebis gamo. am

saerTo sazeimo ganwyobas qarTuli sazogadoebac iziarebda da ubamda

mxars: `Cven arasdros ar gvinaxavs ase gaxarebuli qarTuli Teatri,

qarTuli sazogadoeba, rogorc am Rames~ (baxtrioni 1922h1: 2).

tician tabiZe speqtaklis aseTi warmatebis safuZvels msaxiobebis

maRal xelovnebaSic xedavs.

104

kote marjaniSvilma `cxvris wyaroSi~ mTavari roli debiutant

msaxiobs – Tamar WavWavaZes miando, romelic Zlieri gancdis mqone

artisti aRmoCnda. man erTbaSad daipyro scena da mayurebeli. tician

tabiZe imowmebs veriko anjafariZis da uSangi CxeiZis Sefasebebs: `misi

laurensia hgavda aboboqrebul niaRvars”, `Tamar WavWavaZes wilad xvda

yofiliyo qarTul TeatrSi pirveli dadgmis bairaxtari, gamarjvebis

bairaRi man Rirseulad miitana im mwvervalamde, romelsac miaRwia

qarTulma Teatrma maSin – 1922 wlis 25 noembers” (baxtrioni 1922h2: 2)

tician tabiZis sityviT, “mTeli eqzotiuroba da temperamenti am

warmodgenis Tavze gaditana Tamar WavWavaZem (laurencia). ar unda Tqma,

rom k. marjaniSvilma qarTul Teatrs aRmouCina Tamar WavWavaZe. am

msaxiob qals aqvs yvelaferi, rac saWiroa kargi artistisTvis da Cven

gvgonia, is darCeba qarTul scenis damSvenebad. `cxvris wyaros~ am Rames

gaamarjvebina Tamar WavWavaZem” (baxtrioni 1922h3: 2). am mosazrebas

iziarebs Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatrmcodneobac. tician tabiZe

aRniSnavs sxva axalgazrda damwyebi msaxiobebis ostatur TamaSsac (akaki

vasaZe, aleqsandre imedaSvili, elene donauri-vaCnaZe). mis yuradRebas ar

gamorCenia, agreTve masobrivi scenebi, romelTa eqspresiulobaze da

dinamizmze dRemde saubrobs Teatraluri kritika.

tician tabiZe, rogorc Teatraluri kritikosi da Jurnalisti, ki

ar aRwers Teatralur faqtebs, aramed Tavisi koncefciis, esTetikis

prizmaSi gaatarebs mxatvrul movlenebs da mZafr STagonebas da

stiqiur Zalas moiTxovs qarTuli Teatrisagan.

6.5. qandakeba - ”akakis Zegli”

(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni” №24, - 24.07.1922.)

tician tabiZe gansakuTrebulad afasebs patriotul-kulturul

Zalisxmevas, romelic uxmaurod, upretenziod, zar-zeimis gareSe

xorcieldeba. ase uxmaurod daudgams niko nikolaZes operis baRSi akaki

wereTlis Zegli: `saqarTveloSi ase Cumad da ubralod jer ar

gakeTebula arc erTi erovnuli saqme. akakis Zeglis amarTvas... ar

uZRvoda win araviTari agitacia, piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi ubralo da

105

aucilebeli ceremonialic Zeglis gaxsnisas ar yofila” (baxtrioni

1922h4: 1).

werilis avtors TiTqos ukvirs qarTvelebisgan, rom isini saqmes

vinmes dasanaxad ar akeTeben: `sruliad moumzadeblad erT dRes

moqalaqeni tfilisSi, operis baRSi gaaCera akakis monumentma... es iyo

Zalian moulodneli” (baxtrioni 1922h5: 1).

Aam sasiamovno moulodnelobiT STagonebul tician tabiZis werilSi

Cans siTbo da siyvaruli akakis pirovnebis, misi adamianuri bunebis

mimarT da agreTve aRfrTovaneba misi gamorCeulobis niSniT aRbeWdili

garegnuli xatiT: `visac unaxavs akaki wereTeli sibereSi, is samudamoT

daijerebda, rom am RvTiur WurWelSi bibliur winaswarmetyvelis TaviT

da fafariT usaTuod unda yofiliyo didi niWis matarebeli suli”

(baxtrioni 1922h6: 1).

aucilebelia iTqvas, rom `cisferyanwelebi” da maT Soris tician

tabiZec Tavidan upirispirdebodnen swored akakis, rodesac uaryofdnen

klasikur literaturas rogorc modernistebi da avangardistebi;

swored akaki miaCndaT im poeziis gansaxierebad, romelic unda daeZliaT

da gadaelaxaT (avaliani 1992: 103). gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rodesac

isini gamoCndnen qarTul poeziaSi, aq akakis epigonebi iyvnen

gabatonebulni da ufro isini iwvevdnen “cisferyanwelebis” gaRizianebas,

vidre uSualod TviTon akaki. TandaTan “cisferyanwelebs” simwife

moemataT da ufro daafases akaki wereTeli.

tician tabiZe Tavisebur Sefasebas aZlevs akaki wereTlis poetur

figuras da miiCnevs, rom Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris akakis, SesaZloa, ar

rgeboda upirvelesi roli, magram rogorc poeturi simbolo, poeturi

xati, akaki Seudarebeli iyo, mas veravin aRemateboda.

tician tabiZe akakis iersaxes aRiqvams rogorc xelovnebis

mSvenier qmnilebas, romelic saamayo iyo qarTvelebisTvis, radgan is

metyvelebda mTeli eris maRal rangze: `literaturis istoriaSi sxva

Tavis TanamedroveTa SemoqmedebasTan kidec rom daiCrdilos akaki

wereTeli, mas mainc veravin waarTmevs pirvelobas, rogorc biologiuraT

gamarTlebulis yoveli mxriv damSvenebas qarTuli rassisas”(baxtrioni

1922h7: 1).

106

im periodSi, bolSevikuri reJimis pirobebSi, qarTvel

inteleqtualebs gamZafrebuli hqondaT erovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba,

rogorc erTgvari TavdacviTi reaqcia, ramac gamovlineba hpova tician

tabiZis statiaSic.

tician tabiZe or monaTesave suls, Semoqmeds, mxcovan aristokrats

– akaki wereTels da iakob nikolaZes axvedrebs da amTlianebs Tavis

aRqmaSi; mkiTxveli xedavs akakis Zegls da xedavs iakob nikolaZis mZime

saWreTelsac: `iakob nikolaZe, romelic TviTon atarebs qarTuli rassis

ukeTilSobiless profils, da romelic SeerTebuli iyo akakisTan didi

xnis megobrobiT, albad didxans swavlobda akakis saxes da amitomac

aris, rom am qandakebas etyoba did ostatobasTan erTad didi

aRfrTovaneba da STagoneba” (baxtrioni 1922h8: 1). rogorc poeti,

Semoqmedi, tician tabiZe faqizad wvdeba iakob nikolaZis mier Seqmnili

portretis Taviseburebas, mTavar ideas.

statiaSi gvxvdeba lirikuli da romantikuli pasaJi, romelic

gagvaxsenebs akakis cnobil striqonebs – `mTawminda Cafiqrebula...”

(wereTeli 1978: 202) – `didi saxlebi rom ar hfaravdnen win adgils,

maSin akaki pirdapir Sexedavda Tavis saflavs mTawmindaze” (baxtrioni

1922h9: 1). cnobilia, rom moqandakeebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWeben skulpturis ganTavsebis adgils, garemomcvel landSafts,

sivrces da panoramas, romelic konceptualurad avsebs Zeglis Sinaarss.

tician tabiZem marTlac originalurad amoikiTxa iakob nikolaZis am

skulpturis koncefcia, romlis Sesaxebac albaT bevri Tbiliseli ar

dafiqrebula.

tician tabiZe gamoarCevs qandakebis or umniSvnelovanes funqcias

qalaqisTvis – `pirveli – es aris damoukidebeli Semoqmedeba moqandakisa

da SeiZleba iTqvas qarTuli masStabiT Sedevric, meore mxriv es aris

damSveneba qalaqis” (baxtrioni 1922h10: 1). qarTuli kulturis da yofis

evropeizaciisaken mswrafvel poets, cxadia, qalaqSi maRalmxatvruli,

evropuli yaidis skulpturuli namuSevris gamoCena kmayofilebas

mogvrida _ evropa xom cnobilia Zeglebisa da qandakebebis siuxviT.

magram aq Tavs iCenda erTi mniSvnelovani problema – ar idgmeboda

sxva qarTvel istoriul pirovnebaTa da sazogado moRvaweTa Zeglebi.

107

`sircxvilia, rom saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqSi, romelic saukunoebiT

gadarecxilia qarTuli sisxliT – ar iyos qandakebani im qarTvelebis,

romelTac adides saqarTvelo da Seewirnen mis ukvdavebas” (baxtrioni

1922h11: 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli moRvaweebis ukvdavyofas komunisti

xelisuflebi bolo dromde ufrTxodnen, radgan eSinodaT Taobebis

mexsierebaSi samudamod ar aRbeWdiliyo maTi saxelebi da xsovna.

samagierod, komunistebi Zalisxmevas ar aklebdnen qveyanaSi TavianTi

beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomavlobis revolucionerebis Zeglebis

dadgmas. Znelia, umkacresi cenzuris pirobebSi warmoidgino ufro

gulwrfeli saubari am Temaze – `Cven araferi gvaqvs sawinaaRmdego, rom

yovel quCaze idgnen Zeglebi Tundac ucxoelebis, romelTac TavianTi

sicocxle SeuwiravsT kacobriobisTvis, magram Cven gvaqvs ufleba

moviTxovoT, rom umravlesoba am Zeglebisa, iyos qarTvelebis... am mxriv

SeiZleboda bevris Tqma, magram ra azri aqvs...” (baxtrioni 192212: 1).

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, marTlac, ra azri hqonda sabWoTa

xelisuflebasTan laparaks, magram tician tabiZe, rogorc principuli

moqalaqe da Jurnalisti, daJinebiT moiTxovs Cveni Rirseuli, oRond

daufasebeli moRvaweebis xelSewyobas – `Cven gvgonia, rom qalaqis

aRmaskomi daafasebs iakob nikolaZis Rvawls da premiis saxiT gaiRebs

iseT sagrZnobel Tanxas, rom artistma SesZlos sxva axali qandakebac

daiwyos, es iqneboda elementaruli samarTlianoba” (baxtrioni 1922h13: 1).

tician tabiZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu akakis biusti ubralo

qvisgan aris gamoqandakebuli da Tu mas rodenis balzakis

monumenturoba aklia, es mxolod Zeglis avtoris usaxsrobiT iyo

gamowveuli.

tician tabiZis teqsti moicavs publicistis _ patrioti moqalaqis _

amao Segonebas sabWoTa Cinovnikebisadmi – `sakmaoa iakob nikolaZes

mieces saWiro materialuri ekvivalenti misi niWis, rom verc tfiliss

Semdeg kaci ver icnobs, ise gamoscvlis mas Semoqmedeba” (baxtrioni

1922h14: 1). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCnia statiis avtors vaJa

fSavelas da SoTa rusTavelis monumenturi Zeglebis dadgma.

sainteresoa is piroba, romlis Sesrulebasac avtori aucileblad

miiCnevs rusTavelis Zeglis dadgmisas – `visurvebT agreTve, male

108

amxdariyos qarTveli eris samudamo survili, rom xalxis fuliT

daedgas Zegli rusTavels” (baxtrioni 1922h15: 1).

tician tabiZe mourideblad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan qarTvel xalxs

da sabWoTa xelisuflebas da ocnebobs, rusTavelis, rogorc eris

sakraluri simbolos, monumenti erma komunistebis daxmarebis gareSe

aRmarTos piedestalze.

totalitaruli reJimebi Zalian aqtiurad cdiloben Secvalon ama

Tu im qveynis kulturuli landSafti. amisTvis pirvel rigSi iyeneben

arqiteqturas, qandakebas, monumentur mxatvrobas. amis dasturia leninis,

stalinis, mao Ze dunis, sxva `beladebis” mravalricxovani Zeglebi

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

tician tabiZe ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs SenarCuneboda

qarTuli saxe. ra Tqma unda, komunisturi simbolikis `mewyers” igi ver

SeaCerebda, magram mas surda, qveyanaSi nacionaluri kulturuli

simbolikac yofiliyo. es iyo, arsebiTad, Taviseburi brZola erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis dasacavad totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi.

tician tabiZe Tavis garegnul loialobas reJimis mimarT swored am

brZolis interesebisTvis iyenebda.

statiis paToss da azrs exmianeba ufro adre, 1917 wels gazeT

,,saqarTveloSi” (№ 139, 28.06.1917. gv.2-3) gamoqveynebuli tician tabiZis

statia ,,tiflisi”. aqac Cans, rom avtors, rogorc bevr sxva qarTvel

inteligents, gansakuTrebiT axali Taobisas, aRelvebda Tbilisis

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT WeSmaritad qarTul qalaqad Camoyalibebis

problema. am problemis gadaWra, misi azriT, poezias da saerTod

xelovnebas unda etvirTa Tbilisis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT da

gamokveTiT. ,,gana SemTxveviTia, rom arc erT qarTvel poets, an mwerals

azrad ar mosvlia gamoenakvTa Tbilisis saxe?... qarTvel mxatvrisTvis

Tbilisi fiqciaa. saWiroa gamrTeleba Tbilisis darRveuli sulis, rom

iman aametyvelos Semoqmedi. Cvenma modgmam unda gamoasworos

daudevrobisgan gafuWebuli saqme. TbilisSi Cven unda movnaxoT Cveni

Tbilisi” (saqarTvelo1917: 3). unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis am

sityvebSi miniSnebuli xarvezi qarTulma literaturam da xelovnebam

109

srulad Seavso da Tbilisi, rogorc TviTmyofadi socio-kulturuli

fenomeni, qarTul mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi myarad damkvidrda.

6.6. mxatvroba - ”niko firosmani”

(tabiZe 1966, t.2: 142-163)

,,iyo sawyali erTi ostati _

aseT ostatebs zrdis saqarTvelo...”

(tabiZe 1982: 548)

tician tabiZis statiebis Sesavali yovelTvis raime mniSvnelovans

ambobs am statiis Sesaxeb – is xan moniSnavs yvelaze arsebiT, mTavar

saTqmels, problemas da Semdgom exmareba avtors Temis damuSavebaSi, xan

warmoadgens faqiz miniSnebas mkiTxvelisTvis _ Tavisi tonalobiT,

intonaciiT an Temis metaforuli gaazrebiT Seamzadebs mas statiaSi

Seqmnil atmosferosTan Sesaxvedrad.

Aamgvari Sesavali aqvs tician tabiZis vrcel statias `niko

firosmani”, sadac es ucnauri biografiis pirovneba da mxatvari

Sedarebulia im Zvel ostatebTan, `odesRac saqarTvelo rom aavses

TavianTi RvawliT, rasac axlac xedavs yoveli qarTveli miviwyebul,

zogjer gaveranebul didebul taZrebsa da darbazTa nangrevebze” (tabiZe

1966a: 142).

firosmanis mxatvroba tician tabiZem miamsgavsa gacrecil freskebs,

romlebic saukuneebis siRrmidan keTilSobilebis SuqiT anaTeben Cvens

yoveldRiurobas.

firosmanis Tavdaviwyebuli Sroma, tician tabiZis SefasebiT,

wilnayaria ucnobi agiografi avtorebisTvis damaxasiaTebel qristianul

TavmdablobasTan da sakuTari pirovnebis da Rvawlis srul

nivelirebasTan – `mxolod oblad miwerili saxeli da gvari morCili

ostatisa da zogjer sruli anonimebic aRbeWdaven im Sromasa da

110

SemoqmedebiTs Tavgametebas, rac maT dautovebiaT STamomavlobisaTvis”

(tabiZe 1966a: 142).

tician tabiZis azriT, TviTon firosmanis survili iyo

`damsgavseboda mis winapar, CvenTvis gamoucnob, `usaxelo ostatebs”

(tabiZe 1966a: 142). magram bevri swored amgvari `utexi mxatvari da

pirovneba” usamarTlod gawira cxovrebam da `daviwyebis civi Crdili

faravs axla maT gardasul saxelebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 142).

tician tabiZes miaCnia, rom firosmanis msgavsad, beqa opizaric `jer

kidev auxsneli ieroglifia qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisaTvis” (tabiZe

1966a: 142). am rangis SemoqmedTa Rvawlis daufaseblobas da

auRiareblobas maT sicocxleSi qarTuli sinamdvilis Tanmdev samwuxaro

movlenad miiCnevs tician tabiZe: `magram ra aris gasakviri, rom CvenTvis

ase ucnobad wavidnen usaxelo ostatebi qarTuli freskebisa da

qimerebisa, roca sul Cven Tvalwin CvenTvis Seucnobi da daufasebeli

wavida niko firosmani!” (tabiZe 1966a: 142). TviTkritikuli intonaciac

moismis sityvebSi `Cven Tvalwin”, `CvenTvis Seucnobi”, miT umetes, rom es

werili firosmanis sikvdilidan sul raRac aTiode wlis Semdeg daiwera

– `jer kidev aTi weli ar aris, rac autanel siRaribesa da sardafebis

jurRmulSi dalia Tavisi didebuli suli niko firosmanma” (tabiZe 1966a:

142).

tician tabiZe amCnevs erTgvar gaucxoebas firosmansa da

saqarTvelos Soris, firosmansa da im dros Soris, rodesac mas mouwia

cxovreba: `TiTqos is windawin momzadebuli iyo... fantastiurad

daSoreboda Cvens Tanamedroveobas” (tabiZe 1966a: 142).

tician tabiZis azriT, firosmanma imdenad uCveulo, arastandartuli

cxovrebiT icxovra, rom xelovnebaTmcodneobis, xelovnebis istoriis

poziciebidan saerTod SeuZlebelia misi biografiis Seswavla da

gaazreba, radgan `yvelaferi, rac exeba niko firosmanis miwier

cxovrebas, moculia iseTi saidumlo burusiT, rom momavalSic

SeuZlebelia savsebiT aRdgenili iqnas misi biografia, Tuki hqonda mas,

sazogadod, biografia xelovnebis istoriisaTvis miRebuli

TvalsazrisiT” (tabiZe 1966a: 143).

111

xelovnebis istorikosebi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva niSniT axdenen

xolme ama Tu im mxatvris Semoqmedebis periodizacias: adreuli periodi,

simwifis periodi, romelime mimdinareobis farglebSi moqceuli Tu

romelime sxva mxatvris zegavleniT aRbeWdili periodi... sainteresoa,

rom tician tabiZis azriT, niko firosmanis cxovreba da mxatvroba erTi

mTlianobaa, `erTi ganuwyveteli rgolia grigaliani Semoqmedebisa –

albaT Zalian gawafuli xelovnebis meistoriec, romelic yvelaferze

ufro meTods da klasifikacias afasebs, ver aRadgens misi Semoqmedebis

periodebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 143).

es TiTqosda biografias moklebuli adamiani tician tabiZes

warmoudgeba rogorc zRapruli Tu miTologiuri personaJi, romelic

providencialuri Zalebis mier iyo movlenili amqveynad, raTa Tavis

TavSi ganexorcielebina eris genia: `Cven piradad is gvexateba, rogorc

gaRviZebuli goliaTi, romelmac igrZno magiuri Zala saRebavisa,

niaRvariviT gamoxeTqa masSi dagubebulma geniam, raTa madliT da niWis

cecxliT moerwyo Cveni drois saqarTvelos mxatvrobis yamiri miwa”

(tabiZe 1966a: 143).

tropuli saSualebebis amgvari siuxve da mravalferovneba

axasiaTebs tician tabiZis mxatvrul stils, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac mas surs mZafrad da poetizebulad gamoTqvas Tavisi saTqmeli.

magram, rogorc wesi, es stili iqve `damiwebulia” xolme Jurnalisturi

“rutiniT”.AN stilis amgvari cvalebadoba, elastiuroba imiT aris

gamowveuli, rom avtors surs, azrs yovelTvis zustad miusadagos

forma.

tician tabiZe sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom araviTari `dalagebuli“

masala, amomwuravi informacia ar arsebobs firosmanis cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. arada, es umniSvnelovanesi saqme swored misi –

tician tabiZis Taobis specialistebs, firosmanis Tanamedrove adamianebs

unda eTavaT. magram firosmani qarTvelebma verc ki SeamCnies, verc

mixvdnen, vin cxovrobda maT gverdiT – `rogori ucnauric ar unda iyos

es da SeiZleba Cveni TanamedroveTaTvis samwuxaroc, magram aucilebeli

faqtia, rom niko firosmani aRmoaCina frangma mxatvarma le-dantium”

(tabiZe 1966a: 143).

112

cnobilia, rom le-dantium im wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi,

SeniSna es genialuri mxatvari, aRfrTovanda misi naxatebiT da niko

firosmanis ramdenime suraTi parizSi waiRo. tician tabiZes erTgvari

uxerxulobis grZnoba uCndeba imis gamo, rom pirveli statia-recenziac

firosmanis Sesaxeb rusul presaSi gamoqveynebula. 1913 wels Zmebs –

ilia da kirile zdaneviCebs rom ar daewyoT niko firosmanis naxatebis

`mogroveba miviwyebuli sardafidan” da koleqciis Segroveba, dRes es

naxatebi dakarguli iqneboda da ver gadaurCeboda `daRupvas” (tabiZe

1966a: 143).

rogorc cnobilia, ilia zdaneviCi rusuli futurizmis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli iyo, kirile zdaneviCi – cnobili mxatvari. Aam ori

inteleqtualuri pirovnebis Rvawli fasdaudebelia firosmanis naxatebis

da misi saxelis gadarCenis saqmeSi. tician tabiZe aRniSnavs agreTve

lado gudiaSvilis mcdelobasac, Seeqmna da daetovebina CvenTvis

firosmanis portreti. magram misTvis mainc mtkivneulia, rom “gvixdeba

dRes sruliad SemTxveviTi masalebis da ucxo pirTa naambobiT aRdgena

niko firosmanis cxovrebisa” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).

unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis werilis am pasaJma garkveuli

gaugebroba gamoiwvia. 1927 wlis 2 ianvriTaa daTariRebuli cnobili

mxatvris – daviT kakabaZis mier tician tabiZis saxelze parizidan

mowerili piradi werili, sadac erTgvari sayveduria gamoTqmuli imis

gamo, rom le-dantiu frang mxatvrad aris moxseniebuli statiaSi:

`gTxovT macnoboT, ra sabuTi gaqvT imisi, rom le-dantiu frangi

mxatvaria, rodesac cnobilia, rom le-dantiu rusi mxatvari iyo, vinaidan

es sakiTxic aq [igulisxmeba parizSi – m.t.] sakamaTod aris“2.

mosazrebas, rom le-dantiu marTlac rusi mxatvaria, amyarebs ilia

zdaneviCis piradi werili daviT kakabaZisadmi, sadac avtori xazs usvams

Tavisi Zmis – kirile zdaneviCis da le-dantius – rusi mxatvris –

damsaxurebas firosmanis `aRmoCenaSi”: `1913 wels me... vcdilobdi

mimepyro Cemi megobrebis yuradReba firosmanisTvis... damWirda omi da

revolucia, rom damemtkicebina Cveni mosazrebebis marTebuloba... le-

2 daviT kakabaZis werili tician tabiZes, parizi, 1927. [xelmisawvdomia 25.12 2013].http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/5%20davit%20kakabadzis%20tserili%20tician%20tabidzes.pdf

113

dantiu, cxadia, rusi da, amasTan, gamoCenili mxatvaria – 1911 wels igi

memarcxeneobis braldebiT iZulebuli gaxades daetovebina samxatvro

akademia... is daiRupa 1917 wels...“ – vkiTxulobT ilia zdaneviCis

werilSi, romelic, rogorc Cans, gaxda daviT kakabaZis tician

tabiZisadmi mowerili werilis safuZveli.3

statiis avtoris survilia, firosmanis TanamedroveTa mogonebebidan

Tu monaTxrobidan Sekribos masalebi am ucnauri cxovrebis gzis mqone

adamianis biografiis dasawerad: `zogierTebs darCeniaT maxsovrobaSi

iseTi detalebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba daaxloebiTi aRdgena misi adamianuri

saxisa. rasakvirvelia, es srulebiTac ar iqneba iseTi dasrulebuli da

yovelmxriv Seswavlili biografia, romlis Rirsic is aris“ (tabiZe 1966a:

144). magram statiis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli, romelsac rCeba

araCveulebrivad Tbili, sevdiani da mwuxare gancda, ukve xvdeba, rom

garegnuli faqtobrivi momentebi saerTod ar qmnidnen am genialuri

Semoqmedis namdvil biografias.

`niko firosmani marto imitom ki ar aris saintereso, rom is

gamarTlebulia, rogorc mZlavri mxatvari, aramed imiTac, rom is gamoxatavs

qarTveli xalxis mxatvrul potencias da am mxriv is enaTesaveba mTebis

poets vaJa fSavelas~(tabiZe 1966a: 144) – wers tician tabiZe. firosmanis

Sedareba vaJasTan albaT, erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeba maT erTgvar

“gariyulobas”, ganmartoebis, Tavis TavSi Caketvis survils, xolo meore

mxriv _ maT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, xalxur `gulubryvilobas“,

pirvelyofil bunebriobas, samyaros “naturfilosofiur” xedvas,

inteleqtualur “primitivizms“.

tician tabiZe statiaSi erTgan ixsenebs mxatvar dimitri SevardnaZis

mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `qarTuli akademiuri mxatvroba firosmans

gulcivad xvdeboda da teqnikas uwunebdao; es, rasakvirvelia, asec unda

yofiliyo, radgan oficialuri mxatvroba uTuod ver miiRebda niko

firosmans, romelic iyo misi sruli polaroba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 146). Ees

msjeloba gvaxsenebs akaki wereTlis mier vaJa-fSavelas dialeqtizmebiT

2ilia zdaneviCis werili daviT kakabaZes [xelmisawvdomia 25.12 2013].

http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/6%20ilia%20zdanevichi%20davit%20kakabadzes.pdf

114

gajerebuli, ,,araakademiuri” poeturi stilis dawunebas saliteraturo

enis TvalsazrisiT (qarTuli poezia 1978: 294).

werilis avtori firosmans da vaJas `jerac amouxsnel amocanad“

aRiqvams qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi: òrive am didebul primitivists

axasiaTebs araadamianuri fantazia, xalxis gmiruli sulis gaRmerTeba da

goliaTis simZlavre“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158).

tician tabiZe vaJas msoflmxedvelobrivad ufro rTul movlenad

miiCnevs, vidre firosmans. misi azriT, vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ufro metia

refleqsia, kriticizmi samyaros mimarT, vaJas inteleqti ufro gawafulia,

mas meti aqvs SeTvisebuli msoflio kulturuli gamocdilebidan:

ùeWvelia, maT Soris aris gansxvaveba: vaJa fSavela ufro daeWvebulia da

axlos aris kulturasTan, vinem firosmani, magram maT aerTebs erTi ram:

orives Semoqmedebas Ziri Sig xalxis gulSi aqvs da orive Ziramde amowuravs

xalxur Semoqmedebas... qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi oriveni Sevlen,

rogorc siamis tyupebi, monaTesave geniebi, romelTac xalxma yvelaferi

misca, rac aRniSnavs udides niWs, magram romelTac daakldaT mocemulis

sruli gamoyeneba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158).

tician tabiZis sityvebidan sayveduri moismis imis gamo, rom qveyanam,

ufro sworad ki, drom, garemom ver misca qarTveli xalxis sulieri

energiis mTeli sisavsis damtev am or genias sruli TviTganxorcielebis

da ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.

tician tabiZe firosmans ,,did primitivists” (tabiZe 1966a: 145) uwodebs

da cdilobs daadginos misi, rogorc mxatvrisa da Semoqmedis, cxovrebis

erTi umniSvnelovanesi momenti – sad, visTan iswavla man xatva, sad gaiara

profesiuli skola, an, rogorc es bunebrivia Semoqmedebis dasawyisSi, vis

gavlenas ganicdida. mogonebebis, arsebuli cnobebisa da sakuTari

dakvirvebis safuZvelze statiis avtori askvnis, rom firosmans saerTod ar

hqonia Segirdobis periodi. àm mxriv bevrjer masze bednierni iyvnen Zveli

qarTveli ostatebi, romelTac TavianTi xeloba uswavliaT saqarTvelosa da

bizantiis didostatebTan” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).

werilis avtori aRniSnavs, rom `firosmanis drois saqarTveloSi arc

ki yofila iseTi amqari, rogorc dRes aris xolme mRebavebisa, rom iq mainc

115

mieRo elementaruli codna saRebavis xmarebisa. miT umetes ar iyo skola

mxatvrobisa, da niko firosmani ki Tbiliss CrdiloeTiT arasdros

gascilebia” (tabiZe 1966a: 144). amitom igi askvnis, rom firosmanma sruliad

damoukideblad, TviTon, `uSualod” iswavla xatva. `da Tu Cven ase

gvakvirvebs misi saRebavis simdidre da moxmareba, es mxolod da mxolod misi

sakuTari mignebaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). avtori alqimiurs uwodebs mxatvris

mier saRebavis damzadebis sakuTar teqnikasac.

tician tabiZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs imas, rom sanam 1916 wels berlinidan

ar Camovida mxatvari dimitri SevardnaZe da TbilisSi ar danerga xelovanTa

evropuli kluburi Tanacxovrebis stili, manam aq aravis gaxsenebia niko

firosmanis arseboba: `dimitri SevardnaZe... Seudga qarTvel mxatvarTa

SekavSirebas. am mizniT mas ganuzraxavs qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis

daarseba, Seudgenia qarTvel mxatvarTa sia da am siaSi Seutania, rogorc

xalxuri mxatvari, niko firosmani” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). statiis avtori

eyrdnoba dimitri SevardnaZis mogonebebs, sadac is ambobs, rom rodesac

gadauwyvetiaT krebaze am legendaruli mxatvris miwveva, `es arc ise advili

aRmoCnda, radgan aravin icoda misi gza da kvali” (tabiZe 1966a: 145).

mopatiJeba da krebaze moyvana miundiaT mxatvrebisTvis – lado

gudiaSvilisTvis da zaziaSvilisTvis, romlebmac bevri Zebnis Semdeg

marTlac moxarxes `sardafebsa da sirajxanebSi kiTxva-kiTxviT misi moZebna

da krebaze dapatiJeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 145).

tician tabiZe, rogorc publicisti da Jurnalisti, socio-kulturul

planSi ganixilavs im mankier movlenas, rom saqarTveloSi xSirad

gulgrilobas iCenen, TiTqos xazgasmulad zurgs aqceven uniWieres

adamianebs, romlebic Cvens gverdiT cxovroben da qmnian, magram sikvdilis

Semdeg raRac nekrofiluri vnebiT axsendebaT isini da legendad aqceven

maT.

tician tabiZes dimitri SevardnaZis mogonebebidan mohyavs vrceli

citata, sadac vkiTxulobT: “firosmanze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina im

garemoebam, rom mas yuradReba miaqcies mxatvrebma” (tabiZe 1966a: 145), Tumca

iqve amayad ganucxadebia – `me axla safrangeTSiac var cnobilio”. saxeSi

hqonda frangi mxatvris le-dantius werilebi – frangul Jurnalsa Tu

116

gazeTebSi moTavsebuli” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). aq arapirdapir Cans, rogor

awuxebda qarTuli sazogadoebis da qarTuli presis dumili Tavmoyvare

mxatvars.

tician tabiZe niko firosmanis portrets sxvadasxva meTodiT qmnis –

gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebebsa da Sefasebebs, iSveliebs TanamedroveTa

mogonebebs, STabeWdilebebs, saqmian dokumentebsac ki.

`Cven ganzrax moverideT am werilSi gamogvetana bevri daumuSavebeli

masala, romelsac ase Tu ise mniSvneloba aqvs n. firosmanis biografiisTvis.

aseTia, magaliTad, qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis oqmebi...” (tabiZe 1966a:

158) – rogorc taqtiani, delikaturi adamiani, agreTve rogorc Jurnalisti,

romelic icavs profesiul eTikas da erideba respondentis pirad

sivrceSi uxeS SeWras, sakmaod mZime informaciis gasajaroebas, romelic,

SesaZloa, TviTon mxatvrisTvis yofiliyo damamcirebuli da

Seuracxmyofeli, magram ramdenime oqmidan amonaweri mainc ambobs mware

simarTles: `krebaze mdgara sakiTxi mxatvris n. firosmanis naxatebis

gamoZebnisa da SeZenisa, agreTve misi binadrobis aRmoCenisa da cnobebis

Sekrebisa... magram radgan gamgeobas fuli ar hqonia...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158) da a.

S.

Semdeg oqmSi aRniSnulia: `Seikribos cnobebi, Tu sad imyofeba axla n.

firosmaniSvili, Tu cocxalia – materialuri daxmareba aRmoeCinos.

miRebuli iqnes zomebi misi biografiis cnobebis Sesakrebad” (tabiZe 1966a:

159). ase mSralad ixileboda xolme sakiTxi komisiis sxdomebze. rogorc

tician tabiZe wers, am komisias araviTari masala ar Seukrebia. maSin jer

kidev SesaZlebeli yofila TviTon niko firosmanis mier moTxrobili

avtobiografiis Cawera, `magram yvelaferi es darCa ausrulebeli...” (tabiZe

1966a: 159). gadawyvetili yofila niko firosmanis suraTebis gamofenis

mowyobac, magram es ganzraxvac ganuxorcielebeli darCa.

tician tabiZis werilis striqonebs Soris igrZnoba Tbiliseli

mxatvrebis erTgvari SiSi firosmanis auxsneli, gaugebari pirovnebis

mimarT. Eam mxatvrebs, rogorc Cans, erCiaT gaqceodnen im fsiqologiur

problemas, romelsac aseTi niWieri da miusafari mxatvris am qalaqSi

arseboba uqmnidaT. isini TiTqos gaurbodnen firsmanTan Sexvedras –

117

gaurbodnen sakuTar Tavs da sindiss, radgan, TviTon materialuri

keTildReobiT uzrunvelyofilebs da socialurad aRiarebulebs,

uWirdaT firosmanisTvis Tvalis gasworeba.

Tumca, saqarTveloSi ician mogvianebiT (Tu dagvianebiT) sakuTari

Tavis kritikulad danaxva. tician tabiZes mohyavs citata Tbilisis erT-erT

gazeTSi firosmanis Sesaxeb dabeWdili werilidan, romelsac xels awerdnen

iakob nikolaZe, aleqsandre wuwunava, ilia zdaneviCi da sxvebi:

`TanamedroveTa samarcxvinod mTeli Tavisi sicocxle gaatara sardafebSi

da kabakebSi... n. firosmani Rirsia ukvdavebis. misi muSambebi Seadgenen

momavali muzeumis saukeTeso darbazs, misi cxovreba Rirsia yuradRebiT

Seswavlisa...” (tabiZe 1966a: 159).

tician tabiZe xazgasmuli intensivobiT aRwers niko firosmanis

sikvdilisSemdgom sazogadoebriv aJiotaJs, im RonisZiebaTa erTgvar

isteriul kaskads, romelTac axorcielebdnen mxatvrebi, Jurnalistebi,

xelovnebaTmcodneebi da sxvebi firosmanis saxelis ukvdavsayofad,

arsebiTad ki sakuTari Secdomis gamosasworeblad: iqmneboda firosmanis

koleqciebi – saqarTvelos erovnuli galereis, saqarTvelos xelovnebis

sasaxlis, kerZo koleqcionerebis mier; firosmani sxva mxatvrebTan erTad

iyo gamofenili 1919 wels qarTvel mxatvarTa pirvel gamofenaze, rac,

rogorc Cans, imas niSnavda, rom cnobilma mxatvrebma igi aRiares

profesionalad da dasdes pativi, maT gverdiT gamofeniliyo; mxatvarma

sergei sudeikinma gazeT `saqarTveloSi“ jotos Seadara firosmani; gazeTma

`baxtrionma“, romelic gamodioda giorgi leoniZis redaqtorobiT, mTeli

nomeri uZRvna niko firosmans, sadac daibeWda Salva dadianis, dimitri

SevardnaZis, tician tabiZis, giorgi leoniZis, kirile zdaneviCis, lado

gudiaSvilis da sxvaTa werilebi;

am nomris gamoZaxilis saxiT redaqcias uamravi werili mosdioda

firosmanis biografiis masalebiT; politganaTlebis JurnalSi daibeWda

kirile zdaneviCis werili, romelsac darTuli hqonda firosmanis

reproduqciebi; daviT kakabaZem parizSi gamosca wigni, sadac niko firosmani

daaxasiaTa rogorc axali qarTuli mxatvrobis mamamTavari; da bolos,

firosmani Tavisi `fantastiuri cxovrebiT“ ukve gadavida poeziaSi: `n.

118

firosmani TavisTavad iwvevs STagonebas da misi uwyalo bedi atirebs

poetebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 161) – wers tician tabiZe da asaxelebs im poetebs,

romelTac leqsebi uZRvnes mxatvars – sandro SanSiaSvils, valerian

gafrindaSvils da sxvebs.

tician tabiZem RonisZiebaTa am energiuli, ritmuli CamonaTvaliT

gansakuTrebulad TvalSisacemi gaxada is inertuloba da pasiuroba,

romelic firosmanis sicocxleSi gamoiCina qarTulma sazogadoebam mis

mimarT.

Aavtori aRniSnavs, rom werilSi ver iyenebs yvela im masalas, romelic

Seikriba niko firosmanis auarebel nacnobTa da megobarTa gamokiTxviT _

uxerxulobas qmnida is, rom `TiTqmis yvela vinc ki axsenebda niko firosmans,

imeorebda erTsa da imaves: yvelani aRniSnavdnen mis loTobas, upatrono

cxovrebas da patiosnebas“ (tabiZe 1966a: 161).

firosmanis sicocxlis bolo dReebis warmosaxvisas tician tabiZe

gvTavazobs interviu-monologs, Cawerils mis mier. TiTqos uSualod

Cagvesmis meCeqme arCil maisuraZis xma, romelic erTaderTi mowme iyo

firosmanis ukanaskneli dReebisa, rac ufro amZafrebs mkiTxvelis

SegrZnebebs: `Casuliyo sardafSi, iwva nestiansa da bnel iatakze... ori-sami

dRis Semdeg SemTxveviT Caveli da did sibneleSi wavawydi mas. Kkvnesoda

mwared. me ver vicani da SevsZaxe: – vina xar-meTqi? _ me varo, – da

maSinve xmaze vicani nikalai. man ki veRar micno. Mmxolod es miTxra:

cudad gavxdio. sami dRea aq vwevar da veRar avdeqio...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 161-

162).

intervius mosdevs avtoris Txroba: `Semdeg arCil maisuraZem

Cagviyvana sardafSi, romelic saflaviviT bneli iyo da nagviT savse.

sardafi iqneba erT-naxevari kvadrati saJeni. roca asanTi gavanaTeT,

gveca saSineli sicive, irgvliv yvelaferi savse iyo aguris natexebiT,

mavTulebis nawyvetebiT da RorRiT...” (tabiZe 1966a: 162).

niko firosmaniSvilis tragikuli aRsasrulis ambiT aboloebs Tavis

werils tician tabiZe: `mTeli saqarTvelos win saSinel siRaribesa da

araadamianur tanjvaSi gardaicvala ostati... vin icis, ramden xans

moundeba lodini saqarTvelos, rom kidev amovardes aseTi uecari madani

kulturisa da Semoqmedebisa. aseTi bednierebiT buneba iSviaTad

119

asaCuqrebs xalxs... niko firosmanma aseT gamwarebaSi dalia suli da mas

ver gauges misma Tanamedroveebma” (tabiZe 1966a: 162).

swored es Tema _ `mTeli saqarTvelos win“ (tabiZe 1966a: 162) adamianis

sikvdili, gaucxoeba firosmansa da mis Tanamedroveebs Soris _ aris am

teqstis laitmotivi. tician tabiZis werilSi TvalnaTliv Cans, erTi mxriv,

samxatvro sazogadoebis sicive da, meore mxriv, mTeli sociumis

indiferentizmi, rac aRmoCnda kidec Semoqmedi adamianis Tavis TavSi

Caketvis mizezi. tician tabiZe xatavs firosmanis portrets da warmoaCens

mis introvertul xasiaTs – sakuTar Sinagan cxovrebaSi CaZiruli adamianis

bunebas.

tician tabiZis statia `niko firosmani” 1926 wels aris dawerili.

imdroindel evropul, amerikul, rusul, qarTul prozaSi xSirad gvxvdeba

fsiqoanalitikuri skolis mamamTavrebis – froidis, iungis da sxvaTa ideebis

anarekli. swored 20-ian wlebSi iwereboda mixeil javaxiSvilis da sxva

qarTveli mwerlebis fsiqologizmiT aRbeWdili moTxrobebi, sadac

avtorebi mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen moexelTebinaT adamianis sulis

mTeli sirTule, amoecnoT adamianis sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomierebebi

Tu ucnaurobebi, idumaleba.

amgvar idumalebiT savse, ucnaur adamianad gamoiyureba mxatvari niko

firosmanaSvili tician tabiZis werilSi.

tician tabiZes adamianze dakvirvebis unari, faqizi, adamianis sulis

siRrmeebSi Camwvdomi intuicia aZlevda imis saSualebas, rom Seeqmna

mxatvris realisturi, utyuari portreti.

pirovnebaze dakvirvebis, misi qcevis analizis tician tabiZiseul

meTodTan yvelaze axlos dgas cnobili fsiqologis – karl gustav iungis

analitikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi principebi, pirovnebis sulieri wyobis

iungiseuli analizi (iungi 1995b: 652-660). iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad, ori

tendencia – eqstraversia da introversia Tanaarsebobs adamianSi, magram

maT Soris romelime xdeba xolme dominanturi. eqstraverti moZravia,

aqtiuri mosaubrea, advilad amyarebs urTierTobebs da ar uWirs

adamianebTan Segueba, Tanacxovreba. gareSe faqtorebi misTvis

gadamwyvetia. introverti, piriqiT _ asocialuria, CaZirulia sakuTari

120

fiqrebis, grZnobebisa da sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi; is

midrekilia gansjisken, TavSekavebisken, ganmartoebisken, survili aqvs,

ganeridos gareSe da ucxo obieqtebs, misi interesebi fokusirebulia

sakuTar Tavze.

tician tabiZis werilSi TiTqos gaTvaliswinebulia es

dakvirvebebi adamianTa fsiqotipebze, saerTod, gaTvaliswinebulia misi

Tanadrouli fsiqologiis xedvis rakursebi. statiis mTavari personaJis

fsiqikaSi zemoTnaxsenebi ori tendencia ebrZvis erTmaneTs. Mmas xSirad

ecvleba xasiaTi – xan impulsuria, mSfoTvare, agresiuli, mometebulad

agznebulia, metwilad ki depresiulia, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, Cumi,

arakomunikabeluri, axasiaTebs socialur urTierTobaTa simcire,

rigidulia, anu uWirs, xSirad ki saerTod ar SeuZlia Secvalos raime,

rac obieqturad moiTxovs Secvlas, radgan uZneldeba garemosTan

urTierTqmedeba. tician tabiZe Tavisi werilis personaJis _ niko

firosmanis fsiqologiur portrets swored misi mravalgvari emociuri

impulsebis, grZnobebis, ganwyobis warmoCeniT xatavs.

tician tabiZe mxatvruli saTqmelis gamdidrebisTvis da

gamravalferovnebisTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebs detals, amZafrebs mis

funqcias da datvirTvas. magram yvela detali funqcionirebs ara

izolirebulad, aramed koordinirebulad _ isini qmnian mxatvrul

mniSvnelobaTa mTlian, mwyobr sistemas.

biografiuli detalebis meSveobiT gamoisaxeba TavSekavebuli, arcTu

ise maRali TviTSefasebis mqone adamiani. rodesac mxatvrebma sTxoves

firosmans, miewodebina maTTvis cnobebi Tavisi vinaobis Sesaxeb, man

lakonurad, mokled upasuxa – me kaxeli var, rva wlisa davobldi da mas

Semdeg vcxovrob TbilisSi, axla ki 60-ze meti wlis viqnebio – `me axlac

vfiqrob, rom is uTuod ametebda Tavis xnovanebas, radgan araferi amxelda

masSi xsenebul wlebs“ – ixsenebs dimitri SevardnaZis sityvebs tician

tabiZe da axdens im mosazrebis pedalirebas, rom gaWirvebiT da

ubedurebiT damZimebuli es adamiani Sinaganad ufro asakovnad grZnobda

Tavs, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo.

tician tabiZe gadmogvcems im cnobebs mxatvris Sesaxeb, romelic

Salva dadianma 1922 wels, firosmanis sikvdilis Semdeg misi TxovniT

121

Caiwera sofel mirzaanSi da gansakuTrebulad miapyrobs yuradRebas

firosmanis bavSvobas _ mzrunvelobasmoklebuli martoxela bavSvis

cnobierebaSi samudamod aRbeWdili cxovrebis simkacres, rac mis

aracnobiersac, cxadia, daasvamda daRs.

tician tabiZe Zalian mgrZnobiarea niko firosmanis cxovrebis da

biografiis ,,prozauli” detalebisadmi, rac mxatvrul damajereblobas

sZens mis teqsts. aseTi detalebia, magaliTad, mxatvris rkinigzaze

konduqtorad muSaoba, avad gaxdoma da amis gamo samsaxuridan daTxovna,

Semdgom veris daRmarTTan `budkis“ gaxsna da sarZeo produqtebiT vaWroba

Tu sxva amgvari _ misTvis Seuferebeli, SemoqmedebiT procesTan

SeuTavsebeli saqmianoba.

Mmainc yvelaze mtkivneuladaa danaxuli firosmanis mimarT

adamianebis, maT Soris yvelaze axloblebis gulgriloba: nikos dis –

fefes mier Senaxuli Zmis ramdenime werili. saxlSi Camosul wvimas daulpia

da dakargula iseTi dokumentebi, romelTac, tician tabiZis TqmiT,

`SeeZloT STamomavlobisaTvis gaerkviaT firosmanis damokidebuleba

ojaxTan da misi weris manera“ (tabiZe 1966a: 148); firosmani bolos ise

daSorebia Tavis naTesaobas, rom misi sikvdilic ver gaugiaT – mxatvris

mimarT ugulo damokidebulebis Temas tician tabiZe kvlav da kvlav

ubrundeba.

niko firosmanis Seulamazebeli, realisturad marTali portretis

dasaxatad avtori TanamedroveTa mogonebebs maTi metyvelebis ubralo

stils redaqtirebis gareSe, Seucvlelad gadmogvcems. Salva dadianis

respondenti – firosmaniSvilis kargi nacnobi da erT dros misi kompanioni

simon papiaSvili mogviTxrobs – `Tavisda-gunebisad xatavda. sma uyvarda.

ufro arays etaneboda. xamuS-xamuS svamda yoveldRe. ojaxi ar hyolia. erT

frang qals hyvarobda, mgoni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qali calke

cxovrobda, saxeli ar maxsovs. megobrebi saerTod, ara mgonia, vinme

hyolodes...” (tabiZe 1966a: 149).

statiaSi moyvanilia fragmentebi mxatvar lado gudiaSvilis

mogonebebidan, sadac mxatvris garegnuli iersaxis metyveli Strixebia

SemCneuli: `niko firosmani iyo maRali tanisa, SeWaRaravebuli da ukan

122

gadavardnili TmebiT. mis mkrTalsa da motexil saxes Tan sdevda ieri raRac

kulturuli sirbilisa da siwynarisa, wveri hqonda mokreWili da ulvaSebi

qveviT daSvebuli. ecva nacrisferi pijaki, sqeli, WuWyiani da saRebavebiT

moTxvrili Sarvali. erTi sityviT, Cven Tvalwin idga uRaribesi ubnis

mcxovrebi, gatexili da dabeCavebuli...” (tabiZe 1966a: 151-152). amgvari faqizi

da metyveli garegnuli portreti, cxadia, avsebs da srulyofilebas sZens

personaJis fsiqologiur portretsac.

`TiTqmis yvela naambobSi erTi ram aSkaravdeba – es is, rom firosmani

alkoholis msxverpli gamxdara” (tabiZe 1966a: 150) – wers gulistkiviliT

tician tabiZe. `ulmobeli seni – loToba, romelic usaTuod Sedegi aris

misi daudegari cxovrebisa da siRaribisa, kidev ufro uSlida xels, rom

misi niWi bunebrivad ganviTarebuliyo da eCvenebina mTeli Zala Tavisi

talantisa“ (tabiZe 1966a: 151).

tician tabiZes yvelaze tragikulad is eCveneba, rom mxatvris

sicocxlis bolo, ukanasknel wlebSi, rodesac is Turme raRac ucnauri

SemarTebiT, `gansakuTrebiT mieca Semoqmedebas, ar hqonda sakuTari bina,

karidan karze dadis, xandaxan sul ubinaos uxdeba sxvis duqnebSi Ramis Teva,

anda sardafis notio jurRmulebSi gdeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 151).

tician tabiZe rbilad unacvlebs erTmaneTs mxatvris fizikuri da

sulieri diskomfortis scenebs, riTac warmoaCens mis fizikur da fsiqikur

Taviseburebebs: `maxsovs erTxel SeviyvaneT mxatvarTa sazogadoebis

krebaze, gulze xelebgadajvaredinebuli ijda da gayinuli, gaqvavebuli

erT wertils misCereboda. misi saxe gamosaxavda farul sixaruls da did

gakvirvebas. ase ijda is mTeli sxdomis ganmavlobaSi da xma ar amouRia“

(tabiZe 1966a: 152) – gaqvavebuli mzera, gayinuli Tvalebi, sixarulis

damalvis survili da erTgvari gaxeveba – es niSanTa is erTobliobaa,

romelic qmnis adamianis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis saerTo suraTs,

erTgvar anamnezs.

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani kidev erTi fragmenti

lado gudiaSvilis mogonebidan: ` – sad cxovrobs aq mxatvari

firosmaniSvili? – vekiTxebi ezoSi moTamaSe bavSvebs. miCveneben kibis qveS

moqceul sardafs...” (tabiZe 1966a: 152). adamianis sacxovrebeli garemos

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aRwera tician tabiZisTvis personaJis bunebis gaxsnis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani xerxia. firosmanis nivTebi, oTaxi, iq Seqmnili atmosfero

aqaurobis binadris areuli da Tavgzaabneuli, araordinaruli cxovrebis

Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. oTaxi `kibis qveS iyo moTavsebuli. patara, ramdenime

nabiji sigrZiT da siganiT, dgoma SeuZlebeli iyo. kuTxeSi idga logini

WuWyiani qveSagebiT, kedelze patara kolofi iyo mikruli, es iyo misi

`Skafi“, meore kuTxeSi dayrili iyo sxvadasxva xelsawyo mRebarisa da

mxatvris: vedro, klionka, saRebavebi, funjebi. davakakune, TviTon niko

gamoCnda. – vin gnebavT? – mekiTxeba. – batoni firosmaniSvili. – me var,

gTxovT... – gaaRo kari, daviRune da Sevedi. uecrad SemaCerda da mkiTxa: –

rogor moxveliT, rogorc mteri, Tu rogorc moyvare? – da Tan miyurebs

araCveulebrivi TvalebiT. `xom ar gagiJda!“ – gavifiqre gulSi. – ara, –

vupasuxe me, – Tqvenc mxatvari xarT da mec, ra mteri unda viyo me Tqveni, me

gudiaSvili var, ar gaxsovT? – diax, diax, – daiwyo man TiTqo caxcaxiT, –

gTxovT mobrZandeT, gTxovT, lado, ara? – diax, lado. – dabrZandiT,

Zmobilo! ai, ase, es aris Cemi oTaxi, rogorc xedavT. o! romelia Tqveni

saxeli? lado, diax, lado! SeiZleba wyali dalioT. – daasxa da momitana

wyali WiqiT. – bodiSs vixdi, rom limonaTi ara maqvs... iqneba puri? ai, gTxovT,

– da gamoiRo `Skafidan“ xmeli puris naWeri... rogor geZaxian Tqven? Llado,

ara? o, lado...” (tabiZe 1966a: 153).

werilis mxatvrul qsovilSi dialogis, adamianebis xmebis Semoyvana

ufro humanurs xdis teqsts, TanagrZnobas uRvivebs mkiTxvels personaJis

mimarT, radgan mkiTxveli TiTqos saubris uSualo msmeneli da

Tanamonawile xdeba.

tician tabiZis am werilis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mxatvruli

maxasiaTebelia kontrasti. aq TvalSisacemia, erTi mxriv, firosmanis yofis

siduxWire, xolo meore mxriv, mxatvris Sinagani keTilSobileba, swrafva

TviTganxorcielebisken, muSaobis wyurvili – yovelive es, arsebiTad,

Semoqmedi adamianis bunebrivi survilia, iyos Tavisi xelovnebiT bednieri:

`uecrad aiWra, daiwyo raRacis Zebna. kuTxeSi monaxa gaqonili wviriani

qaRaldi. – xedavT? ...Cemi portreti, me gadamiRo viRac gogolaSvilma da

124

Semdeg gazeTSi moaTavsa...” (tabiZe 1966a: 153-154) – masac undoda, yofiliyo

aRiarebuli da dafasebuli.

`– axla raze muSaobT? – vekiTxebi. – arafers ar vakeTeb. vasruleb

mxolod SenakveTs restoranSi... siRaribeSi vcxovrob agre, xan matyueben da

xan ar maZleven fuls... ai es aris raRac. – maCvena suraTebi: `lomi“ da `Tamar

dedofali“ – aq bavSvebi miSlian xels. yvirian da qvebs isvrian fanjrebSi,

mawvaleben uRmerTod...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 154) – da iqve: `ra gvinda, Zmebo, iciT, –

ganagrZobda niko, – usaTuod saWiroa avaSenoT didi xis saxli sadme, qalaqis

SuagulSi, rom yvelasaTvis iyos axlo... SeviyarneT xolme, viyidoT didi

stoli da samovari, vsvaT Cai, bevri vsvaT da vilaparakoT xelovnebaze”

(tabiZe 1966a: 152) – aq firosmani moCans adamianur siTbos mowyurebuli, Ria,

komunikabeluri adamiani, gulkeTili da gaxsnili urTierTobebisTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc statiidan Cans, firosmans ar moswonda

kostumebSi da halstuxebSi gamowkepili, golovinze moseirne rafinirebuli

mxatvrebi da maT uxeSi, yoveldRiuri damqancveli muSaobisken mouwodebda,

tician tabiZe gviCvenebs, rom firosmani mainc gaabedniera axalgazrda

mxatvrebis yuradRebam, dainteresebam mis mimarT da manac didi

gulwrfelobiT gaiwia maTken. mkiTxvelisTvis gadmomdebia avtoris

TanagrZnoba adamianis mimarT, romelsac gadatanili hqonda amdeni

`damcireba da motyueba... ukulturo SemkveTlebisgan” (tabiZe 1966a: 155) da

cxovrebaSi pirvelad igrZno yuradReba, pativiscema, romelic ocnebobda

kolegebTan profesiul da inteleqtualur urTierTobaze. tician tabiZes

prozaikosis niWierebiT aqvs aRbeWdili mis mimarT mtruli da damTrgunveli

Zalebis pirispir Tavis TavSi Caketili, sakuTari SemoqmedebiT moculi

adamianis SeboWiloba, erTi mxriv da, meore mxriv, misi gulgaxsniloba

keTilganwyobili adamianebis mimarT.

personaJis cxovrebis peripetiebisa da xasiaTis kontrastuli

Tvisebebis CvenebiT tician tabiZe mis mravalmxriv, stereoskopul,

moculobriv mxatvrul saxes qmnis.

tician tabiZe aanalizebs niko firosmanis mier ganvlil SemoqmedebiT

gzas da misi naxatebis erTgvar prezentirebas axdens – axarisxebs maT

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Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, mkiTxvels sTavazobs

firosmanis tiloebis sistematizacias:

1. istoriuli portretebi da istoriuli Tematika – `n. firosmani

gacnobili yofila qarTul istorias da Tanamedroveobas“ – `Tamar mefe”,

`SoTa rusTaveli”, `wminda giorgi”, `giorgi saakaZe”, `Samili”, ìaponiis omi”,

`vefxistyaosnis” ilustraciebi, da sxv.

2. cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaro – cocxali buneba – `mis farTo

interess aRniSnaven agreTve danarCeni misi suraTebi: aq didi codnaa

cxovelTa da frinvelTa; misi lomebi, Jirafebi, daTvebi, niamorebi da irmebi

momxiblavia”.

3. qarTuli soflis yofa _ `rTveli kaxeTSi”, `dReoba”, `kalo

kaxeTSi”, `mwyemsebi”, `dReoba”, `didi marxva” da sxv. – ès waruSleli

suraTebia soflis bunebisa, romlis badali marTlac ar moipoveba qarTul

mxatvrobaSi”.

4. Tbilisi – `funikuliori”, òrTaWalis lamazebi”, `mearRne”,

`meezove”, `qali wiTeli buStiT” da sxv.

5. portretebi – àRdgomis sufra”, àqtrisa margarita” da sxv.

6. socialuri Tema _ `milioneri uSvilo da sawyali qali bavSvebiT”

(tabiZe 1966a: 156-157).

sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT, rom tician tabiZis statiis dasrulebis

Semdeg mkiTxvels tragizmis SegrZneba imis gamoc uCndeba, rom avtoris

bedi firosmanis bedis msgavsad tragikuli aRmoCnda. Mmwerals iseTi Rrma

TanagrZnoba da empaTia aReZra personaJis mimarT, rom TiTqos sakuTar

sicocxlesTan da sikvdilTan gaaigiva misi sicocxle da sikvdili.

`didxans ar dagvinaxavso, gvipasuxebdnen SekiTxvaze... veraferi gviTxres

samisamarTo magidaSiac. mas Semdeg niko firosmani samudamod miikarga. nikom

Tavisi wuTisofeli sadRac migdebul adgilebSi dalia, magram rodis

mokvda, ra pirobebSi, an vin damarxa, es aravin icis” (tabiZe 1966a: 155) – es

sityvebi mZafri intuiciis mqone adamianis tragikuli winaTgrZnobiT aris

dawerili, romelic aseve gaqra 1937 wlis erT dRes.A

126

tician tabiZis werili `niko firosmani“ gajerebulia mwerlis mier

miRebuli Zlieri STabeWdilebebiT. igrZnoba, rom avtori mTlianad moculia

Tavisi personaJis biografiiTa da bedisweriT.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi niko firosmanis Tema mxolod tician

tabiZisTvis ar iyo mimzidveli. magaliTad, sainteresoa cnobili

qarTveli literatorisa dა moazrovnis – geronti qiqoZis statia

`qarTuli mxatvroba da firosmaniSvili” (qiqoZe: 1925), memarcxene

xelovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis – beno gordezianis werili

`xedvis ostati – niko firosmanaSvili” (gordeziani: 1927), leo esakias

SesaniSnavi xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi naSromi ,,axali mxatvroba” (esakia:

1927), da sxv.

geronti qiqoZe misTvis Cveuli inteleqtualuri siRrmiT, gamWriaxobiT

aanalizebs firosmanis Semoqmedebas da ganixilavs mas qarTuli mxatvruli

kulturis im nakadis konteqstSi, romelsac dasavlurad miiCnevs _ mozaika,

freskuli mxatvroba, saRmrTo werilis ilustracia, minanqris xelovneba,

oqromWedloba. rogorc gvaxsovs, freskul mxatvrobasTan firosmanis

siaxloves tician tabiZec aRniSnavs.

geronti qiqoZe ar iviwyebs firosmanis SemoqmedebiTi manerisa da misi

mxatvrobis motivebis meore – aRmosavlur wyarosac (sparsuli dekoracia,

miniatura), Tumca fiqrobs, rom aRmosavluri kulturis gavlena

firosmanze gacilebiT sustia, vidre dasavlurisa. Mmainc, geronti qiqoZis

azriT, firosmanis mxatvrobis yvelaze uxvi wyaro xalxuri Semoqmedeba

iyo. rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, amgvar mosazrebas gamoTqvams tician

tabiZec, rodesac niko firosmanisa da vaJa-fSavelas msgavsebaze

saubrobs. Aavtoris azriT, orive maTgans `Semoqmedebis Ziri Sig xalxis

gulSi aqvs da Ziramde amowuravs xalxur Semoqmedebas” (tabiZe 1966a: 158).

geronti qiqoZis da tician tabiZis mosazrebebi niko firosmanis Sesaxeb

sxva aspeqtSic emTxveva erTmaneTs – isini ar miiCneven mxatvars maRali

inteleqtualuri kulturis mqone Semoqmedad. maT miaCndaT, rom firosmans

ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli da gacnobierebuli sakuTari esTetikuri Teoria,

koncefcia. isini Tanamoazreebi arian im sakiTxSic, rom es pirvelqmnili,

xalasi da miamituri mxatvroba SeiZleba iqces raRac Zalian mniSvnelovanis,

127

axlis safuZvlad _ geronti qiqoZe: `es duqnebSi moxetiale mxatvari

saqarTvelos mxatvrul atmosferaSi sunTqavda da misi Semoqmedeba

daumuSavebel, magram noyier niadags warmoadgens momavali

reformatorisaTvis”; tician tabiZe: `mas SeuZlia Taviseburad gamoiyenos,

zogjer kidev sruliad Sescvalos Zveli forma da saTaveSi Caudges axal

skolas” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).

avtorebi Tanxmdebian im sakiTxSic, rom niko firosmans araviTari

profesiuli akademiuri ganaTleba ar miuRia – tician tabiZe: `Cven viciT,

rom niko firosmans aseTi skola ar gauvlia – saeWvoa, rom mas saerTod

gaevlos raime skola” (tabiZe 1966a: 144); geronti qiqoZec misTvis Cveuli

STambeWdaobiT gamoTqvams amave mosazrebas – `mas araviTari skola ar

gauvlia, arc akademiis, arc muzeumis, arc ateliesi, ar Seuswavlia arc

sanimuSo mxatvruli tiloebi, arc mxatvruli kedlebi, man qveyanas uSualod

Sexeda, cidan Camovardnili bavSvis TvalebiT. amitom mis mxatvrul xilvas

gasaocari gulubryvilobisa, moulodnelobisa da pirvelyofilobis beWedi

azis... xatavs ubralod, Zaldautaneblad, ise rogorc Cven vsunTqavT,

davdivarT...” (qiqoZe1925: 153).

rac tician tabiZem, rogorc poetma, lirikosma intuiturad igrZno -

rom niko firosmani aris qarTveli xalxis sulis, erovnuli geniis

gamoxatuleba, is geronti qiqoZem, rogorc Teoretikosma, zusti cnebebiT

gaiazra da Camoayaliba.

statiaSi `xedvis ostati – niko firosmani“ beno gordeziani

upirispirdeba Sexedulebas, rom niko firosmani gulubryvilo

`primitivisti“ da saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis – kaxeTis mxatvaria:

`firosmanaSvilSi vxedav did ostats, is ar aris primitivisti da marto

erTi kuTxis (kaxeTis) gadmomcemi. firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba ufro

panteisturia da metafizikas moklebuli... primitiuli kulturis xatva ar

niSnavs mxatvris primitivistobas“ (gordeziani1927: 232).

aq beno gordeziani ekamaTeba tician tabiZis mosazrebas, rom niko

firosmani kaxeTis, qiziyis namdvili Svilia da `yvela misi suraTi

aRniSnavs mis kaxur sisxlsa da jiSs… saqarTveloSi ar aris sxva mxatvari,

128

romelsac aseTi simarTliT da zedmiwevniT gadmoeca Tavisi kuTxe“(tabiZe

1966a: 147).

beno gordezianis azriT, firosmanis suraTebi did ubraloebasTan

erTad ar aris moklebuli gawaful profesionalizms, romlis

gamovlinebacaa misi naxatebis kompoziciis gasaocari simwyobre. `didi

ostati xedvis, funjis erTi mosmiT sWris geometrizaciis principebs”

(gordeziani 1927: 233).

garda amisa, beno gordeziani firosmanis mxatvrobaSi aRmoaCens

moulodnel modernistul plasts, romelsac primitivizmTan

SeuTavseblad miiCnevs: `misi Semoqmedebis texnika, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis

orkestrovkis dros ramodenimed aris kino-texnikis ganviTarebis erT-erTi

problema... firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba gaugebari darCeba, Tu kargaT ar

iqna Seswavlili misi reJisoruli kino-Tvali... Semoqmedebis dros misi

tvinis laboratoriidan ise gadmodian sagnebi tiloze... rogorc kargi

operatorisgan gadaRebuli suraTebi. yvela gamosul negativs Tavis

adgilze aTavsebs gasaocari proporciiT” (gordeziani 1927: 232,236,237).

beno gordeziani, tician tabiZis da geronti qiqoZis sapirispirod,

gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom niko firosmani Segnebulad ,,arRvevs yovel

akademiur mxatvrul kanonebs da qmnis sakuTars“ da, amgvarad, avangardist

novator mxatvrad warmogvidgens TviTnaswavlad miCneul firosmans. igi

wers, rom firosmani ,, gansxvavdeba freskebis klasikebidan” (gordeziani

1927: 237) da amjeradac ekamaTeba tician tabiZesa da geronti qiqoZes.

beno gordeziani ironiulad laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

`gaaaristokrates“ firosmanaSvilis gvari _ igi firosmaniSvilad

gadaakeTes. mas aRizianebs amgvari `fonetiuri esTetizmi“: firosmanaSvili

`albaT simboliur smenas examuSeboda“ (gordeziani 1927: 232). mas

mxedvelobaSi aSkarad hyavs tician tabiZe da geronti qiqoZe _ gasagebia,

vis eqneboda `simboliuri“ smena da vin SeiZleboda wodebuliyo esTetad...

tician tabiZe da sxva qarTveli inteligentebi axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirobebSi cdilobdnen, rom qarTul kulturaSi

129

cxovelmyofeli sawyisebi aRmoeCinaT da gaeZlierebinaT. maTi mizani iyo,

rac SeiZleba farTod da mdidrulad warmoeCinaT qarTuli kultura, raTa

qarTvel xalxs Tavisi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba SeZleboda

internacionaluri diqtaturis pirobebSi.

tician tabiZem da misma Tanamoazreebma firosmanSi dainaxes

qarTveli xalxis sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi Zala da dasaxes igi xalxis

niWis da energiis simbolod. maT firosmanSi _ xalxis SvilSi, ,,ubralo”

kacSi, ara elitis, aramed demosis warmomadgenelSi _ eris amouwuravi

SesaZleblobebi ganWvrites; Mmisi figura aRiqves imis imedismomcem

niSnad, rom qarTuli demosi didi potencialis mqonea.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisis

moSvelieba Znel droSi _ Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli xalxis

gadamrCenia misi elitis Sevseba da gadaxaliseba xalxis wiaRidan.

6.7. ”qimerioni”

(gazeTi ,,barrikadi”,M№5 – 22.01.1922.)

albaT valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsSi ,,provincialuri

gazafxuli” (gafrindaSvili 2010: 42) daxatulma aprilis tragikulma

suraTma Caagona tician tabiZes `qimerionis” dasawyisi – `rac ar unda

moabrunos valerian gafrindaSvilma ukuRma peizaJi, veravin ityvis, rom

iyos meti sixaruli, garda aprilis siTeTrisa” (barrikadi 1922a: 2).

statia dawerilia erTgvari mxatvruli daudevrobiT, ,,uceremonio”

TavisuflebiTa da artistulobiT; teqsti datvirTulia dokumenturi

informaciiT, portretebiT, saxeebiTa da saxelebiT, landebiT,

istoriuli eqskursebiT, politikuri SefasebebiT, pikanturi Wornarevi

komentarebiTa da paTetikuri frazebiT. vis ar gadaawydebiT aq –

ruseTis samoqalaqo oms gamoqceul inteligentebs, bohemur Semoqmedebs,

akademikos poets, gretxenisTvalebian germanel qals, kolombinas

kostiums da niRabs Sefarebul qarTvel aristokrats; aqve arian `Zveli

130

kokotkebi... Julikebi, spekuliantebi, mxatvrebi, Jonglerebi, rembo,

andrei beli...~ (barrikadi 1922b: 2). rogorc TviTon tician tabiZe ambobs,

`da yvelaferi ireva qimerebSi... da ar aqvs daTvla am qimerebs~(barrikadi

1922g: 2).

statiis kompoziciur wyobas SeiZleba vuwodoT organizebuli qaosi,

saidanac TandaTan amoizideba da gamokveTil saxes iZens kafe `qimerioni~

Tavisi istoriiT da bohemuri yoveldRiurobiT, – rogorc xelovnebis

nimuSi da rogorc xelovanTa savane, navsayudeli.

rogorc cnobilia, mweralTa kavSirma `aristokratuli

sazogadoebis SenobaSi” (dRevandeli rusTavelis Teatri), yofil

restoran `anonaSi~ xelovanTa kafe gamarTa, romelsac Semdgom

`qimerioni~ ewoda.

`qimerionSi~ imarTeboda literaturuli Sexvedrebi, mwerlebi da

poetebi kiTxulobdnen da ixilavdnen axal nawarmoebebs. patara scenaze

gamodiodnen im drois gamoCenili qarTveli da ucxoeli momRerlebi da

mocekvaveebi. `saerTod es kafe Zalian Tvalwarmtaci sanaxaoba iyo.

Sadrevnebis irgvliv, magidebs Soris, Tavisuflad daseirnobdnen Svlebi

da xandaxan sufraze mwvanilsac waswiwknidnen xolme~ – igonebs

mxatvari lado gudiaSvili.4

ruseTis samoqalaqo omisa da revoluciis aCrdili Tan sdevs am

werils – aq Cndebian emigrantebi, `romelnic ruseTis samoqalaqo omma

gadmoyara saqarTveloSi” (barrikadi 1922d: 2) da swored am omis

gamanadgurebeli suraTebis fonze iqmneba kontrasti: TbilisSi

adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben, qmnian, Tavs bednierad grZnoben.

erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da saintereso figurad statiaSi

warmoCndeba sergei sudeikini _ rusi fermweri, grafikosi, Teatris

mxatvari, romelic qarTvel mxatvrebTan erTad qmnida kafe `qimerionis~

freskebs. `me arasdros ar migrZvnia sikvdilis metafizika ise

dajerebiT, rogorc sudeikinTan saubarSi” (barrikadi 1922e: 2) – wers Aam

`sneul da nerveb ganadgurebul” (barrikadi 1922v: 2) adamianze tician

tabiZe. rodesac TviTon sudeikins da mis megobrebs dahkargviaT

4 http://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/08/23/gudiashili-qimerioni/ lado gudiaSvili _ kafe ,,qimerioni”[xelmisawvdomia 25.12.2013].

131

avadmyofi mxatvris gadarCenis imedi, Turme swored maSin urCies mas

saqarTveloSi wamosvla.

susxiani ruseTis mkacri peizaJebi tician tabiZis mier apokalipturi

poeturi saxeebiT aris gacocxlebuli: `ruseTi sami wlis win – es iyo

raRac фantasmagoria, marTla astraluri mtveri gayinuli siciviT

sTovda maSin ruseTSi; samoqalaqo omis ganadgureba, Crdilo poliusis

okeanis sicive, SimSili dasuli misteriamde” (barrikadi 1922z: 2).

rusuli zamTris ulmobel klimats statiaSi erTvis da amZafrebs

daundobeli, sastiki politikuri klimati: `sisxliani `Ceka~, rogorc

egviptis sasjeli, gadmocvenili emigrantebi, rogorc landebi raRac ara

adamianuri teroris qveS mTeli Tavis arsebiT gamoTqvamen raRac

gaumeorebels. bibliis dauTvlel gamogonebul koSmarebSi albaT verc

erTi ver miaRwevs am teroramde” (barrikadi 1922T: 2).

sainteresoa, rom 1966 wels dastambul tician tabiZis TxzulebaTa

akademiuri gamocemis II tomSi – `werilebi literaturasa da

xelovnebaze” – vrceli kupiura swored `qimerionis~ am monakveTs Seexo.

cxadia, 60-iani wlebis sabWoTa cenzura ver moiTmenda bolSevikuri

teroris amgvar aSkarad negatiur Sefasebas. teqstidan amoWrilia

frazac, romelSic laparakia `moskovis koSmarze, siciveze, roca

adamiani cxovelze ufro mdablad grZnobs Tavs” (barrikadi 1922i: 2).

statiaSi ,,qimerioni’’ `iobis wignis” Tu egviptidan aRTqmuli miwis

gzaze damdgar bibliur personaJebTan arian Sedarebulni revoluciuri

teroris msxverplni. isini emsgavsebian im ebraelebs, romlebic, bibliis

mixedviT, tyved iyvnen ayvanilni, damonebulni da romelTac sastikad

awamebdnen, devnidnen da Cagravdnen. bolSevizmi warmodgeba rogorc

Zveli, arqauli saSinelebis da sisastikis aRdgena axal droSi.

sinamdvileSi avtori ase aRiqvamda bolSevizms.

albaT marTlac aRTqmul miwad esaxebodaT ruseTidan gamoqceulebs

Tbili da stumarTmoyvare, Tavisufali saqarTvelo. tician tabiZe

ixsenebs, rom `kulturuli adamianebi kocnidnen miwas Cveni Tvalis win

tfilisSi da stiroden, roca xedavden eleqtronis sinaTles, TiTqo

saflavSi gamoRviZebuli xalxi ver itevden haers da sinaTles”

(barrikadi 1922k: 2).

132

saqarTveloSi yofnis bednierebis eiforias iziarebs rusi emigranti,

`yvelaze ufro bogema da gabeduli” (barrikadi 1922l: 2). poeti vasili

kamenski, romelic, tician tabiZis TqmiT, `stenka razinis temperamentiT

da xlisturi samarTliT” (barrikadi 1922m: 2) hyveboda ruseTis ambebs.

adamianebi TiTqosda religiuri egzaltaciiT, aRfrTovanebiT da

cremlebiT gamoxatavdnen saqarTvelos siyvaruls. ruseTSi darCenilebs

ki ocnebad hqondaT gadaqceuli aq Camosvla: `maSin Cven gvesmoda es

fraza... akademikosi poeti iv. Bunini ambobs – RmerTo, damsva erTi mainc

saqarTveloSi”. aqedan warmodga legenda saqarTvelos oazisobis, aqedan

ganmeorda bibliuri legenda, rom samoTxe unda yofiliyo efratis

gadmoRma” (barrikadi 1922n: 2).

rus emigrantTa amgvari saxeebis SeqmniT, agreTve rus da qarTvel

xelovanTa urTierTobebis warmodgeniT publicisti cdilobs gviCvenos

ori qveynis urTierTobis optimaluri formac da Sinaarsic. Tavisufali,

demokratiuli saqarTvelo yovelgvari kompleqsis, resentimentis gareSe

amyarebs kavSirs rusul kulturasTan. kulturebi erTmaneTs amdidreben,

avseben, kulturebs ara aqvT sazRvrebi, kulturaSi ar arsebobs

metropolia da kolonia. 1921 wels, ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril

statiaSi tician tabiZe dagvanaxebs, rom saqarTvelos da ruseTis

urTierToba okupantis da okupirebulis urTierToba ki ar unda iyos,

aramed Tanaswori da Tavisufali, kulturis Semoqmedi pirovnebebis

Tanaziaroba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dResac metad aqtualuria. statiis

qveteqstSi ikiTxeba, rom ruseTi SiSismomgvreli saxiT ki ar unda

evlinebodes saqarTvelos, aramed unda uCvenebdes mas Tavis kulturul

saxes, romelic uTuod pativiscemas imsaxurebs.

`qimerionSi~ gaielveben portretebi, ufro xSirad ki Strixebi

portretebisTvis, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc kinokamera gadaiRebda

msubuqi garbeniT kafe `qimerionis~ fantasmagoriulad dabindul

interierSi msxdom adamianebs. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT

qmnis tician tabiZe kafes realuri Tu virtualuri stumrebis mxatvruli

saxeebis kaskads. Kkoloritulad ixateba, magaliTad, sergei sudeikinis

megobari, peterburgeli mxatvari saveli sorini, sudeikinis haerovani

muza _ misi coli da ganuyreli megobari vera arturovna luri,

133

`germanuli jiSi, gretxenis TvalebiT, romelic aCerebden erT dros

tfilisSi yvela gamvlels, visac hqonda rame esTetikis” (barrikadi

1922o: 2).

ucxoel mxatvrebs, cxadia, maspinZloben qarTveli poetebi –

,,pirveli Sexvedris reJisori, rogorc yovelTvis, iyo paolo iaSvili...

gabedva, paФosi, mocartoba... grigol robaqiZis romauli profili,

bodleris Sublis naoWebiT da intelektiT... n. miwiSvils pirvelad im

dRes daarqva sudeikinma napoleoni...” (barrikadi 1922p: 2).

tician tabiZe gansakuTrebiT emociurad ixsenebs misi da sudeikinis

erT Sexvedras, roca isini saubrobdnen qarTul mxatvrobaze: `pirveli

gakvirveba es iyo niko firosmani. genia auxsneli da saqarTvelos

gammarTlebeli” (barrikadi 1922J: 2).

tician tabiZe ,,qimerions” xatavs rogorc cisferyanwelebis da

maTTan daaxloebul SemoqmedTa uCveulo Teatrs. `moulodnelad

daiwyeboda leqsebis Tqma: pirvelad daiwyebda da Semdeg sxva gamosvlebs

diriJorobda paolo iaSvili. leqsebs ambobden: grigol robaqiZe, tician

tabiZe, Salva amirejibi, leli jafariZe, leqsi uTqvams balmonts, sergei

gorodeckis, i. zdaneviCs da bevr sxvas” (barrikadi 1922r: 2).

tician tabiZis statiaSi xan xelovnebiT, poeziiT bednieri da

STagonebuli adamianebi Canan – idumalni da magiurad momxibvlelni, xan

pragmatuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romlebic keTil saqmeebs

aRasruleben: `qarTul xelovnebisTvis aravis imdeni ar gaukeTebia im

dros, rogorc benia CxikviSvils... mas uyvarda qarTuli xelovneba... didi

umadurobaa amis ar Tqma, rom b. CxikviSvili iyo erTad erTi Segnebuli

mecenati qarTvel xelovanTa. yovel iubileze is gamoCndeba don-kixotis

figuriT da yvelaze didi saCuqari da aRtacebuli sityva misi iyo”

(barrikadi 1922s: 2). Tavis araerT statiaSi madlierebiT moixseniebs

tician tabiZe benia CxikviSvils rogorc qvelmoqmeds da qarTuli

xelovnebis qomags, rac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, im droisTvis

gabeduli Jesti iyo.

statiis Sua nawilSi landebi qreba da vecnobiT kafe `qimerionis~

Seqmnis istorias – rogorc gadaeca yofili `anona~ mweralTa kavSirs,

rogor awyobdnen kafes, rogor arqmevdnen mas saxels da bolos, rogor

134

qmnidnen moxatulobas. es informaciuli pasaJi gajerebulia iumoriT –

mRebav `maliarebs~ gudiaSvilma daarqva malarme da sxv. `albad mTel

qveyanaze ar aris kaФe, romelic itevdes imden STagonebas da

Semoqmedebas, rogorc `qimerioni” (barrikadi 1922t: 2) – wers tician

tabiZe da Tavidan iwyebs did darbazSi msxdomi stumrebis portretebis

xatvas, romlebic, `qimerionis~ kedlebze gamosaxulni, TiTqos kafes

`gamtydar sarkeebSi~ ireklebian: `ludovik bavarieli, rembo, andrei

beli, ulamazesi qalebi, madonna, vera... TiTqo meore `Notr Dame de Paris~

mucelmogvi madonna, wiTeli kata kafeSi, kamelias TeZoebi, da

androginebi...” (barrikadi 1922u: 2).

statia mTavrdeba tkiviliani emociuri akordiT – sudeikinebi

samudamod miemgzavrebian saqarTvelodan parizSi, aq toveben guliTadi

megobrebis siyvaruls da ,,mogonebas Tavadi miSkinisas, es iyo CvenTvis

sudeikini” (barrikadi 1922f: 2). kafe ,,qimerionSi” aravis uWirda

eRiarebina kolegisa da megobris gamorCeuloba, aRfrTovaneba gamoexata

erTmaneTis mimarT, magram `amis Sesaxeb araferi ician filisterebma”

(barrikadi 1922q: 2). filisterebs, viwro obivateluri Tvalsawieris

mqone adamianebs, romlebic albaT gars exvivnen `qimerionis~ binadrebs,

marTlac araferi SeiZleboda scodnodaT nislovani fantaziis mier

yofis simZimisgan gaTavisuflebuli adamianebis cxovrebisa da gancdebis

Sesaxeb.

`qimerioni~ nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili. kafes atmosfero

Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis gancdas utovebs mkiTxvels. es

warsuli poeturad zeaweulia.

werilis stili msubuqia, Tavisufali da amiT kafes ideas ireklavs.

Aamgvari stiliT ixateba daudevari, niWieri da bednieri adamianebis

Wreli, Tavisufali samyaro – kafe `qimerioni~.

“qimerionis” saxiT tician tabiZe qmnis Tavisuflebis apologias

axladdamyarebuli bolSevikuri reJimis pirobebSi.

135

daskvna

tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc publicistisTvis, organulia

saWirboroto, mwvave sazogadoebrivi Temebisadmi, problemebisadmi mZafri

interesi. mas gansakuTrebulad aRuZravs cnobiswadils socialuri

cxovrebis dinamika. es imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom misTvis

axlobeli iyo samyaros Secvlis, ganaxlebis avangardistuli paTosi.

mniSvnelovania dakvirveba tician tabiZis zogierTi narkvevis

sabWoTa publicistur paTosze, rac unda ganvixiloT represiuli

reJimis pirobebSi, sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCenili pirovnebis

TviTgadarCenis instinqtis aracnobier tragikul gamoZaxilad,

gaucnobierebel prevenciul saSualebad, romelic mimarTulia

sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli situaciis aRsakveTad.

tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ganxilvas efuZneba

daskvna, rom mis narkvevebSi kompoziciuri elementebis siuxve

(portretebi, peizaJebi, lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, istoriuli eqskursebi,

sinamdvilis cocxali suraTebi da sxv.), narkvevTa kompoziciuri

simwyobre da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi

poeziidan, literaturidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis

komponentebia.

tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi

manera, is qmnis tropebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. Mmisi narkvevebis

kompoziciis mravalferovan elementebs erT mTlianobad kravs

publicistis mkafio Tu uCinari avtoportreti.

tician tabiZis gansjas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb me-20 saukunis

dasawyisis inteleqtualuri da emociuri atmosferos zegavlena emCneva.

aq Tavs iCens qarTuli mesianizmis idea. avtoris cnobiereba erTianad

aris moculi saqarTvelos daRupvisa da gadarCenis ideiT da swored mas

ukavSirdeba erovnuli mesianizmi.

qarTuli mesianizmi arsebiTad politikuri neoromantizmis

gamovlineba iyo da ara Sovinizmis an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da

egoizmisa. saqarTvelos xsnis gzis Ziebisas tician tabiZe mkveTrad

136

amJRavnebs Tavis dasavlur kulturul-politikur orientacias. Mmisi

azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da amiT saqarTvelo

samsaxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis erTgvari gamtari, misi

ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre, forposti aziaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis aseTi geopolitikuri xedva dResac

Zalian mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis.

tician tabiZis sagangebo da pozitiuri msjeloba omis fenomenis

Sesaxeb cxadyofs, rom avtoris interesi am sakiTxisadmi pirvel

msoflio omSi saqarTvelos monawileobiT, saqarTvelos

gaTavisuflebisTvis misi mniSvnelobiT aris ganpirobebuli. yvelaze

antihumanur movlenad statiaSi miCneulia araTavisufleba. avtoris

azriT, arsebobs omze, sikvdilze uaresi boroteba – monoba, anu

gamudmebuli kvdoma.

sabWoTa reJimis damyarebam saqarTveloSi ukve sruliad sxva

erovnuli problemebi wamoWra publicistis winaSe. tician tabiZe

gansakuTrebiT mwvaved grZnobs qarTuli enis gadarCenis problemas. igi

xedavs, rom Aenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enis

gaprimitiulebas, viTomda gaxalxurebas, mwerlebis da moazrovneebis

individualur stilTa nivelirebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli,

ideologizebuli enis damkvidrebas. swored amitom, umZimes istoriul

pirobebSi eris gadarCenisTvis, misi sulieri cxovrebis TviTmyofadobis

SenarCunebisTvis avtori aucileblobad miiCnevs da daJinebiT moiTxovs

qarTuli saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis arsebobas da literaturuli

procesebisaTvis stimulis mimcemi seriozuli da mniSvnelovani organos

_ axali Jurnalis daarsebas, romelic iqneboda qarTuli kulturis

istoriis da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli cocxali sivrce.

mweralTa yofis da SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobesebis problemas tician tabiZe farTo planiT xedavs.

publicisti, Tavisi epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod, miiCnevda,

rom saxelmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos,

aramed man adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis

pirobebi. tician tabiZis logikiT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes

137

kulturas, adamianebis sulier ganviTarebas, maTi Tavisuflebis

gafarToebas.

studentTa TemiT publicistis dainteresebis siRrmiseul motivad

warmoCndeba is, rom igi studentobas yvelaze Tavisuflebismoyvare da

sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis damamkvidrebel socialur jgufad miiCnevs.

studentebis cxovrebis mZime pirobebs tician tabiZe maT mimarT

xelisuflebis gulgrilobiT da uyuradRebobiT xsnis. gansakuTrebiT

mankier movlenad igi saxavs xelisuflebis studentobisadmi

damokidebulebis diferencirebas imis mixedviT, ideologiurad ramdenad

axloblebi arian isini misTvis. Ppublicisti kritikulad gamokveTs

sabWoTa xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo politikis mizans _ mas surs,

studentoba Tavisi ideologiis adeptad aqcios.

studentobisadmi miZRvnili statiebi, tician tabiZis mTel

publicistikasTan erTad, mowmobs, rom cisferyanweli poeti, romelic

adreul axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod gaucxoebulad aRiqvamda

TergdaleulTa memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT msgavsad mimarTavs

SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas mtkivneuli erovnul-socialuri problemebis

gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaken.

qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis ganxilvisas vlindeba

publicistis _ demokratiuli cnobierebis mqone adamianis _ swrafva

Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken, rac SeuZlebeli iyo

bolSevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi. tician tabiZe analitikurad

akvirdeba da warmoaCens or saSiSroebas, romelTa winaSe

aRmoCnda Tanamedrove qarTuli kultura, xelovneba _ xelovnebis

komercializacia, misi `gasasaRebel saqonlad” qcevac da xelovnebis

ideologizacia, ideologiur iaraRad qcevac kulturis gamasobrivebas

gulisxmobda. im periodis sabWoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia,

xelovnebis ideologizacia ufro warmoadgenda. proletaruli

xelovnebis meSveobiT diqtatorul reJims unda waremarTa adamianTa

erTgvarovan, mdabio, agresiul masad Camoyalibebis procesi.

xelovnebisadmi miZRvnil statiebSi avtori avlens qarTuli

kulturis TviTmyofadobis gamokveTisken da misi evropuli xasiaTis da

donis warmoCenisken swrafvas.Mme-20 saukunis qarTuli klasikuri musikis

138

fuZemdeblis _ zaqaria faliaSvilis Sesaxeb dawerili emociuri statia

gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT _ gauRvivdes qarTul

sazogadoebas erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da

SesaZleblobebis rwmena. amitom ambobs tician tabiZe, rom genia eris

bednierebaa.

qarTuli Teatris reformatoris – kote marjaniSvilis tician

tabiZiseul Sefasebas gansazRvravs is, rom misTvis poeziaSi,

xelovnebaSi mTavari sawyisi stiqiuroba, spontanurobaa da igi

marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebaSic am sawyiss xedavs da afasebs. poets da

publicists izidavs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gaafTreba da

Tavganwiruloba~, anu is, ramac `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis poetur

amboxs misca impulsi da swored amgvari Tanxmiereba ganapirobebda

tician tabiZis aRfrTovanebas kote marjaniSviliT. Teatrze

msjelobisas tician tabiZe warmodgeba rogorc publicisti da

moazrovne, romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli kulturuli standartis

damkvidrebas cdilobs.

TbilisSi iakob nikolaZis mier akaki wereTlis qandakebis dadgmis

pozitiuri Sefasebis paralelurad tician tabiZe TvalnaTliv

warmogvidgens, Tu rogor aqtiurad cdilobs totalitaruli reJimi,

Secvalos qveynis kulturuli landSafti. komunistebi Zalisxmevas ar

aklebdnen qveyanaSi TavianTi beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

revolucionerebis Zeglebis dadgmas. aseT viTarebaSi tician tabiZe,

rogorc publicisti, ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs

SenarCuneboda qarTuli saxe.

tician tabiZe, rogorc publicisti, cdilobs axali, sabWoTa

xelisuflebis pirobebSi qarTul kulturaSi aRmoaCinos da gaaZlieros

cxovelmyofeli sawyisebi. is eswrafis mTeli simdidriT warmoCndes

qarTuli kultura, raTa qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi erovnuli

TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba SeZlos internacionaluri diqtaturis

pirobebSi. niko firosmanis pirovnebisa da mxatvrobisadmi miZRvnil

vrcel statiaSi, romelSic Rrmad da STambeWdavadaa gaxsnili am

adamianis Sinagani samyaro da misi niWis buneba, es Semoqmedi dasaxulia

qarTveli xalxis sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi energiis simbolod. man

139

firosmanSi _ xalxis SvilSi, ,,ubralo” kacSi eris amouwuravi

SesaZleblobebi ganWvrita. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis

Tvalsazrisis moSvelieba Znel droSi _ Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli

xalxis gadamrCenia misi elitis Sevseba da gadaxaliseba xalxis

wiaRidan.

nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili tician tabiZis werili

`qimerioni~. kafes atmosfero Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis

gancdas utovebs mkiTxvels. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT

qmnis tician tabiZe kafes stumrebis mxatvruli saxeebis fantasmagoriul

kaskads da Tavisuflebis apologias axladdamyarebuli bolSevikuri

reJimis pirobebSi. 1921 wels, ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril statiaSi

tician tabiZe dagvanaxebs, rom ruseTis da saqarTvelos urTierToba

okupantis da okupirebulis urTierToba ki ar unda iyos, aramed

Tanaswori da Tavisufali, kulturis Semoqmedi pirovnebebis

Tanaziaroba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dResac metad aqtualuria.

Jurnalistika, publicistika tician tabiZisTvis mimzidveli da

saintereso aRmoCnda imiT, rom aqac, iseve rogorc literaturaSi, Tumca

gansxvavebuli xerxebiT da rakursebiT, ixateba cxovreba. publicistikaSi

tician tabiZem aRmoaCina imis SesaZlebloba, rom moexelTebina dro,

cocxali Tanamedroveoba da mravalganzomilebiani sinamdvile mkveTrad

subieqturi interpretaciis sagnad eqcia. misTvis Ppublicistika am

sinamdvilis mtkivneul problemebSi garkvevis, sakuTari moqalaqeobrivi

poziciis da mrwamsis demonstrirebis da sazogadoebrivi azris

formirebaSi uSualo monawileobis saSualebaa. is principuli, amave

dros TanamgrZnobeli Jurnalisti da publicistia, amkvidrebs

”humanisturi Jurnalistikis” principebs _ gulwfelad interesdeba

adamianis bediT da mkacr epoqaSi adamianur keTilganwyobas da siTbos

inarCunebs.

tician tabiZis weris sada, Stampebisgan absoluturad dazRveuli

stili, mkafiod gamovlenili inteleqtualizmi, warmosaxvis cocxali

unari, simarTlismoyvareoba misi, rogorc publicistis, arsebiTi

Tvisebebia. Ees gamorCeuli poeti warmogvidgeba rogorc drois mZafri

SegrZnebiT aRWurvili, emociuri da gamWriaxi publicisti.

140

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66. qarTuli... 1990: qarTuli musikis istoria, t. I. Tbilisi: ganaTleba,

1990.

67. qarTuli... 2010: qarTuli პublicistika _ qrestomaTia. XXs. nakveTi

I. [Semdgeneli _ dali CikvilaZe] Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2010.

68. qiqoZe 1919: qiqoZe, geronti. erovnuli energia. Tbilisi: mTavrobis

stamba, 1919.

69. qiqoZe 1925: qiqoZe, geronti. QqarTuli mxatvroba da

firosmaniSvili. Jurn. ,,mnaTobi” №3. 1925.

145

70. qiqoZe 2003: qiqoZe, geronti. Tanamedrovis Canawerebi. Tbilisi:

arete, 2003.

71. Seqspiri 1980: Seqspiri, uiliam. tragediebi. wigni I. Tbilisi:


72. CxeiZe 1949: CxeiZe, uSangi. kote marjaniSvili. Tbilisi: xelovneba,

1949.

73. caiSvili 1986: caiSvili, sargis. winamorbedni da Tanamedroveni.

Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1986.

74. wereTeli 1978: qarTuli poezia. t.8. akaki wereTeli. Tbilisi:

nakaduli, 1978.

75. WavWavaZe 2012a: WavWavaZe, ilia. Eeqvstomeuli.Ppublicisturi

werilebi, t.1. Tbilisi: palitra L. 2012.

76. WavWavaZe 2012b: WavWavaZe, ilia. Eeqvstomeuli.Ppublicisturi

werilebi, t.3. Tbilisi: palitra L. 2012.

77. WavWavaZeebi L2009: WavWavaZeebi, lika da Tamar. Teatraluri

mogonebebi. Tbilisi: 2009.

78. xomeriki 2004: xomeriki, manana. genealogiur-biografiuli Ziebani.

firosmani. Tbilisi: mematiane, 2004.

79. jafariZe 2010: jafariZe, Temo. naxatis siCume. Tbilisi: kavkasiuri

saxli, 2010.

80. heli, zigleri 1997: Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. Теории личности. Санкт Петербург:

Питер, 1997.

81. hese 1987: Гессе, Герман. Письма по кругу. Москва: Прогресс, 1987.

HH

146

periodika:

1. barrikadi 1920a: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.

2. barrikadi 1920b: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.

3. barrikadi 1920g: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.

4. barrikadi 1920d: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.

5. barrikadi 1920e: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.

6. barrikadi 1922a: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

7. barrikadi 1922b: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

8. barrikadi 1922g: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

9. barrikadi 1922d: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

10. barrikadi 1922e: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

11. barrikadi 1922v: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

12. barrikadi 1922z: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

13. barrikadi 1922T: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

14. barrikadi 1922i: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

15. barrikadi 1922k: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

16. barrikadi 1922l: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

17. barrikadi 1922m: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

18. barrikadi 1922n: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

19. barrikadi 1922o: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

20. barrikadi 1922p: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

21. barrikadi 1922J: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

22. barrikadi 1922r: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

23. barrikadi 1922s: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

24. barrikadi 1922t: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

25. barrikadi 1922u: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

26. barrikadi 1922f: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

27. barrikadi 1922q: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.

147

28. baxtrioni 1922a: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.1.

29. baxtrioni 1922b: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.1.

30. baxtrioni 1922g: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.1.

31. baxtrioni 1922d: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2, 1922,

gv.1.

32. baxtrioni 1922e: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.1.

33. baxtrioni 1922v: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.1.

34. baxtrioni 1922z: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2, 1922,

gv.2.

35. baxtrioni 1922T: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,

1922, gv.2.

36. baxtrioni 1922i: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.1.

37. baxtrioni 1922k: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.1.

38. baxtrioni 1922l: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.1.

39. baxtrioni 1922m: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.1.

40. baxtrioni 1922n: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.1.

41. baxtrioni 1922o: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.2.

42. baxtrioni 1922p: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.2.

148

43. baxtrioni 1922J: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,

gv.2.

44. baxtrioni 1922r: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,

gv.2.

45. baxtrioni 1922s: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,

gv.2.

46. baxtrioni 1922t: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,

gv.2.

47. baxtrioni 1922u: ,,xelovnebis sasaxle”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №15, 1922, gv.1.

48. baxtrioni 1922f: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

49. baxtrioni 1922q: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

50. baxtrioni 1922R: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

51. baxtrioni 1922y: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

52. baxtrioni 1922S: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

53. baxtrioni 1922C: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,

1922, gv.1.

54. baxtrioni 1922c: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

55. baxtrioni 1922Z: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

56. baxtrioni 1922w: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

57. baxtrioni 1922W: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

58. baxtrioni 1922x: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

59. baxtrioni 1922j: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

60. baxtrioni 1922h: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.

61. baxtrioni 1922h1: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.2.


149


64. baxtrioni 1922h4: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.












76. rubikoni: 1923a: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

77. rubikoni: 1923b: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

78. rubikoni: 1923g: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

79. rubikoni: 1923d: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

80. rubikoni: 1923e: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

81. rubikoni: 1923v: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

82. rubikoni: 1923z: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

83. rubikoni: 1923T: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

150

84. rubikoni: 1923i: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

85. rubikoni: 1923k: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

86. rubikoni: 1923l: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

87. rubikoni: 1923m: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

88. rubikoni: 1923n: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,

gv. 1.

89. rubikoni: 1923o: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv. 1.

90. rubikoni: 1923p: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

91. rubikoni: 1923J: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

92. rubikoni: 1923r: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

93. rubikoni: 1923s: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

94. rubikoni: 1923t: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

95. rubikoni: 1923u: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,

1923, gv.1.

96. rubikoni 1923f: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

97. rubikoni 1923q: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

98. rubikoni 1923R: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

99. rubikoni 1923y: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

100.rubikoni 1923S: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

101. rubikoni 1923C: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

102. rubikoni 1923c: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

151

103. rubikoni 1923Z: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

104.rubikoni 1923w: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

105. rubikoni 1923W: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

106.rubikoni 1923x: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.

107. rubikoni 1923j: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.

108. rubikoni 1923h: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.

109. rubikoni 1923h1: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.














123. rubikoni 1923h15: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.

124.rubikoni 1923h16: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.








152



134. rubikoni 1923:h26 ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.

135. rubikoni 1923:h27 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.





140.rubikoni 1923:h32 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.


142.rubikoni 1923:h34 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.

143. rubikoni 1923:h35 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.

144.rubikoni 1923:h36 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.

145. rubikoni 1923:h37 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.

146.rubikoni 1923h38: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.

147. rubikoni 1923h39: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.













160. saqarTvelo 1916a: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.

153

161. saqarTvelo 1916b: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.

162. saqarTvelo 1916g: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.

163. saqarTvelo 1916d: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.

164. saqarTvelo 1916e: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916,gv.2.

165. saqarTvelo 1916v: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.

166. saqarTvelo 1916z: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916,gv.2.

167. saqarTvelo 1916T: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.3.

168. saqarTvelo 1916i: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

169. saqarTvelo 1916k: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

170. saqarTvelo 1916l: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

171. saqarTvelo 1916m: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

172. saqarTvelo 1916n: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

173. saqarTvelo 1916o: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.

174. saqarTvelo 1916p: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.2.

175. saqarTvelo 1916J: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.

176. saqarTvelo 1916r: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.

177. saqarTvelo 1916s: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.2.

178. saqarTvelo 1916t: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.

179. saqarTvelo 1916u: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

180. saqarTvelo 1916f: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

181. saqarTvelo 1916q: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

182. saqarTvelo 1916R: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.

183. saqarTvelo 1916y: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.

184. saqarTvelo 1917: „tiflisi“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №139, 1917, gv.3.

185. daviT kakabaZe 1927: werili tician tabiZes. parizi: 1927.

[xelmisawvdomia 25.12.2013]

http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/5%20davit%20kakab

adzis%20tserili%20tician%20tabidzes.pdf

186. ilia zdaneviCi: ilia zdaneviCis werili daviT kakabaZes.

[xelmisawvdomia 25.12. 2013]

154

http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/6%20ilia%20zdanevic

hi%20davit%20kakabadzes.pdf

187. http://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/08/23/gudiashili-qimerioni/

lado gudiaSvili _ kafe ,,qimerioni” [xelmisawvdomia 25.12.2013].

G

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